Morphological freedom

Short description: Proposed civil right

Template:Human enhancement sidebar Morphological freedom refers to a proposed civil right of a person to either maintain or modify their own body, on their own terms, through informed, consensual recourse to, or refusal of, available therapeutic or enabling medical technology.[1]

The term may have been coined by transhumanist Max More in his 1993 article, “Technological Self-Transformation: Expanding Personal Extropy”, where he defined it as "the ability to alter bodily form at will through technologies such as surgery, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, uploading". The term was later used by science debater and futurist Anders Sandberg as "an extension of one’s right to one’s body, not just self-ownership but also the right to modify oneself according to one’s desires."[2]

The Massachusetts-headquartered charity, the Freedom of Form Foundation, was founded in 2018 to advocate and fund scientific research furthering progress on morphological freedom, the tools required to achieve it and its general acceptance in society at large.[3][4]

## Contents

* 1 Politics
* 2 Religion
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 External links

## Politics

Ben Ramanauskas, an economist at the University of Oxford argues that reforming the laws and taking a more liberal approach to body modification and transhumanism could tap into the potential for improvements to health and well-being, and would eventually allow humanity to flourish.[5]

## Religion

According to authors Calvin Mercer and Tracy J. Trothen there is tension between religion and transhumanists, particularly the Abrahamic traditions, with regards to morphological freedom. While religion generally recognizes the need to heal people and improve their situation from a medical perspective they are generally hesitant to promote a wholesale modification of the body as they see it ultimately belonging to God.[6]

## See also

* Artistic freedom
* Autonomy
* Bodily integrity
* Cognitive liberty
* Gender-affirming hormone therapy
* Gender-affirming surgery
* My body, my choice
* Neuroenhancement
* Otherkin
* Postgenderism
* Reproductive rights
* Self-ownership

## References

1. ↑ Bostrom, N. (2005). "In Defense of Posthuman Dignity". Bioethics 19 (3): 202–214. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00437.x. PMID 16167401.
2. ↑ Bradshaw, H. G.; Ter Meulen, R. (2010). "A Transhumanist Fault Line Around Disability: Morphological Freedom and the Obligation to Enhance". Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 35 (6): 670–684. doi:10.1093/jmp/jhq048. PMID 21076073.
3. ↑ "About us" (in en-US). https://freedomofform.org/about-us/.
4. ↑ Athena (6 May 2021). "Transhuman Spotlight: Freedom of Form Foundation" (in en). https://iamtranshuman.org/2021/05/06/transhuman-spotlight-freedom-of-form-foundation/.
5. ↑ Ramanauskas, Ben (19 February 2020). "BDSM, body modification, transhumanism, and the limits of liberalism". Economic Affairs 40 (1): 85-92. doi:10.1111/ecaf.12394.
6. ↑ Calvin Mercer; Tracy J. Trothen (17 November 2014). Religion and Transhumanism: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement: The Unknown Future of Human Enhancement. ABC-CLIO. pp. 303–311. ISBN 978-1-4408-3326-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=3GFhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA303.

## External links

* Carrico, Dale (2006). "The Politics of Morphological Freedom". https://amormundi.blogspot.com/2006/08/politics-of-morphological-freedom.html. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
* Sandberg, Anders (2001). "Morphological Freedom -- Why We not just Want it, but Need it". https://www.aleph.se/Nada/Texts/MorphologicalFreedom.htm. Retrieved 2024-03-07.

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