Crinozoa

Crinozoa is a subphylum of mostly sessile echinoderms, of which the crinoids, or sea lilies and feather stars, are the only extant members.[1][2] Crinozoans have an extremely extensive fossil history.

## Contents

* 1 Classes within Crinozoa
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 3.1 Works cited

## Classes within Crinozoa

As published in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Crinozoa included all stemmed groups except for the few stemmed basal solutes.[3] When Blastozoa was erected to contain stalked forms with brachioles rather than arms, only Crinoidea and Paracrinoidea remained within Crinozoa.[4][5] Recent cladistic work has placed Paracrinoidea under Blastozoa,[6] although some sources continue to include Paracrinoidea.[2]

One proposal for the cladistic placement of the Homalozoan classes groups Stylophora together with crinoids to form Crinozoa.[7] A 2024 survey of recent research finds more support for Homalozoa as a paraphyletic assemblage along the echinoderm stem group, but noted that the position of Stylophora in particular was uncertain.[8]

If neither Paracrinoidea nor Stylophora can be included, Crinozoa would be equivalent to the Crinoidea total group.

## See also

* List of echinoderm orders
* Blastoids, superficially similar-appearing echinoderms that belong to a different echinoderm subphylum.

## References

1. ↑ Newton & Dennis 2021
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Crinozoa". https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=147423.
3. ↑ Ubaghs 1967, pp. S51–S52
4. ↑ Sprinkle 1973, p. 4
5. ↑ Sprinkle 1980, p. 26
6. ↑ Limbeck et al. 2024
7. ↑ David et al. 2000, pp. 547–551
8. ↑ Rahman & Zamora 2024, pp. 308–310

### Works cited

* David, Bruno; Lefebvre, Bertrand; Mooi, Rich; Parsley, Ronald (December 2000). "Are homalozoans echinoderms? An answer from the extraxial-axial theory". Paleobiology 26 (4): 520–555. doi:10.1666/0094-8373(2000)026<0529:AHEAAF>2.0.CO;2.
* Limbeck, Maggie R.; Bauer, Jennifer E.; Deline, Bradley; Sumrall, Colin D. (2024). "Initial quantitative assessment of the enigmatic clade Paracrinoidea (Echinodermata)". Palaeontology 67 (3). doi:10.1111/pala.12695.
* Newton, Alisa L.; Dennis, Michelle M. (2021-03-23), LaDouceur, Elise E.B., ed., "Echinodermata" (in en), Invertebrate Histology (Wiley): pp. 1–18, doi:10.1002/9781119507697.ch1, ISBN 978-1-119-50765-9, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119507697.ch1, retrieved 2023-08-04
* Rahman, Imran A.; Zamora, Samuel (July 2024). "Origin and early evolution of echinoderms". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 52: 295–320. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-113343.
* Sprinkle, James (1973). "Morphology and evolution of blastozoan echinoderms". Special Publication of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. https://archive.org/details/morphologyevolut00spri/mode/2up. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
* Sprinkle, J. (1980). "An Overview of the Fossil Record". Notes for a Short Course: Studies in Geology 3: 15–26. doi:10.1017/S0271164800000063.
* Ubaghs, Georges (1967). "General Characters of Echinodermata". Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part S: Echinodermata 1. 1. University of Kansas Press. pp. S3–S60. https://journals.ku.edu/InvertebratePaleo/issue/view/519. Retrieved 29 October 2024.

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