Tokyo

Short description: Capital and most populous prefecture of Japan

Tokyo

東京都

Metropolis

Tokyo Metropolis

Clockwise from top:

* Nishi-Shinjuku and Mount Fuji
* Tokyo Tower
* National Diet Building
* Tokyo Station
* Tokyo Imperial Palace
* Shibuya Crossing
* Tokyo Skytree
* and Rainbow Bridge

Flag

Seal

Emblem

Anthem: "Tokyo Metropolitan Song"
(東京都歌, Tōkyō-to Ka)
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Interactive map outlining Tokyo

Location within Japan

Coordinates:  [ ⚑ ] : 35°41′23″N 139°41′32″E﻿ / ﻿35.68972°N 139.69222°E﻿ / 35.68972; 139.69222
Country| Japan
Region| Kantō
Island| Honshu
Capital| Tokyo[1]
Divisions| 23 special wards, 26 cities, 1 district, and 4 subprefectures
Government

• Body| Tokyo Metropolitan Government
• Governor| Yuriko Koike (Indp.)
• Representatives| 42
• Councilors| 11
Area

[2]

• Total| 2,194.07 km2 (847.14 sq mi)
• Metro

| 13,452 km2 (5,194 sq mi)
Area rank| 45th in Japan
Highest elevation

[3]

| 2,017 m (6,617 ft)
Lowest elevation

| 0 m (0 ft)
Population

(2023)[4]

• Total| 14,094,034
• Rank| 1st in Japan
• Density| 6,363/km2 (16,480/sq mi)
• Urban

| 39,105,000
• Metro

[5]

| 40,800,000
• Metro density| 3,000/km2 (7,900/sq mi)
• Dialects

* Tokyo
* Tama
* Northern Izu Islands

Demonym(s)| Tokyoite
GDP [6]

• Total| JP¥109.692 trillion
US$1.027 trillion (2020)
• Metro| JP¥222.129 trillion
US$2.084 trillion (2020)
Time zone| UTC+09:00 (Japan Standard Time)
ISO 3166-2|

JP-13

Flower| Yoshino cherry
Tree| Ginkgo
Bird| Black-headed gull
Website| tokyotokyo.jp
www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp

Tokyo (/ˈtoʊkioʊ/;[7] Japanese: 東京, Tōkyō, [toːkʲoː] (listen)), officially the Tokyo Metropolis (東京都, Tōkyō-to), is the capital of Japan and one of the most populous cities in the world with a population of over 14 million residents as of 2023.[8] The Tokyo metropolitan area, which includes Tokyo and nearby prefectures, is the world's most-populous metropolitan area with 40.8 million residents (As of 2023),[9] and is the second-largest metropolitan economy in the world after New York, with a 2023 gross metropolitan product estimated at US$2 trillion.

Located at the head of Tokyo Bay, Tokyo is part of the Kantō region on the central coast of Honshu, Japan's largest island. Tokyo serves as Japan's economic center and the seat of both the Japanese government and the Emperor of Japan. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government administers Tokyo's central 23 special wards (which formerly made up Tokyo City), various commuter towns and suburbs in its western area, and two outlying island chains known as the Tokyo Islands. Despite most of the world knowing Tokyo as a city, since 1943 its governing structure has been more akin to a prefecture, with an accompanying Governor and Assembly taking precedence over the smaller municipal governments which make up the metropolis.

Prior to the 17th century, Tokyo was predominantly a fishing village and was named Edo. In 1603, however, the city ascended to political prominence after being named the seat of the Tokugawa shogunate. By the mid-18th century, Edo emerged as one of the world's most-populous cities with a population of over one million people. Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the imperial capital in Kyoto was moved to Edo, and the city was renamed Tokyo (lit. Eastern Capital). In 1923, Tokyo was damaged substantially by the Great Kantō earthquake, and the city was later decimated by allied bombing raids during World War II in retaliation for Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. Beginning in the mid-20th century, Tokyo underwent rapid reconstruction and expansion that contributed to the era's so-called Japanese economic miracle in which Japan's economy propelled to the second-largest in the world behind the United States .[10] Tokyo is categorized as an Alpha+ city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network and is part of an industrial region that includes Yokohama, Kawasaki, and Chiba. (As of 2023), the city is home to 29 of the world's largest 500 companies listed in the annual Fortune Global 500.[11]

In 2020, Tokyo ranked fourth on the Global Financial Centres Index behind New York City , London, and Shanghai.[12] The city is home to the world's tallest tower, Tokyo Skytree,[13] and the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility, the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel in Kasukabe, Saitama, a Tokyo suburb.[14] The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line, which opened in 1927, is the oldest underground metro line in East Asia.[15] Tokyo is recognized as one of the world's most livable cities; it was ranked fourth in the world in Global Livability Ranking, published in 2021.[16]

In the 20th and 21st centuries, Tokyo has hosted several major international events, including the 1964 Summer Olympics and 1964 Summer Paralympics, the 2020 Summer Olympics, and three G7 summits in 1979, 1986, and 1993. Tokyo is an international research and development hub and an academic center with several major universities, including the University of Tokyo. Tokyo Station is the central hub for the Shinkansen, Japan's high-speed railway network, and Shinjuku Station in Tokyo is the world's busiest train station. Notable special wards in Tokyo include Chiyoda, the site of the National Diet Building and the Tokyo Imperial Palace, Shinjuku, the city's administrative center, and Shibuya, a commercial, cultural, and business hub in the city.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Pre-1869 (Edo period)
* 2.2 1869–1943
* 2.3 1943–1945
* 2.4 1945–present
* 3 Geography and government
* 3.1 Municipalities
* 3.1.1 Municipal mergers
* 3.2 National parks
* 3.3 Earthquakes
* 3.3.1 Minor quakes
* 3.3.2 Infrequent powerful quakes
* 3.4 Volcanic eruptions
* 3.5 Water management
* 3.6 Climate
* 4 Cityscape
* 5 Environment
* 6 Demographics
* 7 Economy
* 8 Transportation
* 9 Education
* 10 Culture
* 11 Sports
* 12 In popular culture
* 13 International relations
* 13.1 Sister cities and states
* 13.2 Friendship and cooperation agreements
* 13.3 International academic and scientific research
* 14 See also
* 15 References
* 16 Bibliography
* 17 Further reading
* 17.1 Guides
* 17.2 Contemporary
* 18 External links

## Etymology

Tokyo

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Tokyo was originally known as Edo (江戸), a kanji compound of 江 (e, "cove, inlet") and 戸 (to, "entrance, gate, door").[17] The name, which can be translated as "estuary", is a reference to the original settlement's location at the meeting of the Sumida River and Tokyo Bay. During the Meiji Restoration in 1868, the name of the city was changed to Tokyo (東京, from 東 tō "east", and 京 kyō "capital"), when it became the new imperial capital,[18] in line with the East Asian tradition of including the word capital (京) in the name of the capital city (for example, Kyoto (京都), Keijō (京城), Beijing (北京), Nanjing (南京), and Xijing (西京)).[17] During the early Meiji period, the city was sometimes called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same characters representing "Tokyo", making it a kanji homograph. Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei";[19] however, this pronunciation is now obsolete.[20]

## History

For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of Tokyo.

### Pre-1869 (Edo period)

Tokyo was originally a village called Edo, in what was formerly part of the old Musashi Province. Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the late twelfth century. In 1457, Ōta Dōkan built Edo Castle. In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved from Mikawa Province (his lifelong base) to the Kantō region. When he became shōgun in 1603, Edo became the center of his ruling. During the subsequent Edo period, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century.[21]

Edo was still the home of the Tokugawa shogunate and not the capital of Japan (the Emperor himself lived in Kyoto almost continuously from 794 to 1868).[22] During the Edo era, the city enjoyed a prolonged period of peace known as the Pax Tokugawa, and in the presence of such peace, the shogunate adopted a stringent policy of seclusion, which helped to perpetuate the lack of any serious military threat to the city.[23] The absence of war-inflicted devastation allowed Edo to devote the majority of its resources to rebuilding in the wake of the consistent fires, earthquakes, and other devastating natural disasters that plagued the city.

This prolonged period of seclusion however came to an end with the arrival of American Commodore Matthew C. Perry in 1853. Commodore Perry forced the opening of the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate, leading to an increase in the demand for new foreign goods and subsequently a severe rise in inflation.[24] Social unrest mounted in the wake of these higher prices and culminated in widespread rebellions and demonstrations, especially in the form of the "smashing" of rice establishments.[25] Meanwhile, supporters of the Emperor leveraged the disruption that these widespread rebellious demonstrations were causing to further consolidate power by overthrowing the last Tokugawa shōgun, Yoshinobu, in 1867.[26] After 265 years, the Pax Tokugawa came to an end.

* Gallery
* Edo Castle, 17th century

* Commodore Matthew Perry expedition and his first arrival in Japan in 1853

* Famous Edo Places. Yamanote (above), Nihonbashi (center) and Shitamachi (below), c. 1858.

* Suruga street with Mount Fuji by Hiroshige (1856)

Edo, 1865 or 1866. Photochrom print. Five albumen prints joined to form a panorama. Photographer: Felice Beato.

### 1869–1943

Edo was renamed Tokyo (Eastern Capital) on September 3, 1868, as the new government was consolidating its power after the fall of the Edo shogunate. The young Emperor Meiji visited once at the end of that year and eventually moved in in 1869. Tokyo was already the nation's political center,[27] and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. The city of Tokyo was officially established on May 1, 1889.

The Tokyo Metro Ginza Line portion between Ueno and Asakusa was the first subway line built in Japan and East Asia completed on December 30, 1927.[15] Central Tokyo, like Osaka , has been designed since about 1900 to be centered on major railway stations in a high-density fashion, so suburban railways were built relatively cheaply at street level and with their own right-of-way. Though expressways have been built in Tokyo, the basic design has not changed.[citation needed]

Tokyo went on to suffer two major catastrophes in the 20th century: the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which left 140,000 dead or missing; and World War II.[28]

* Gallery
* An aerial view of the Sumida River with Taitō-ku (west) and Sumida-ku (east) in Tokyo, c. 1930

* Nihonbashi after Great Kanto Earthquake, 1 September 1923

* The Ginza area in 1933

* "The first underground railway in the Orient", Tokyo Underground, opened on 30 December 1927

### 1943–1945

In 1943, the city of Tokyo merged with the prefecture of Tokyo to form the "Metropolitan Prefecture" of Tokyo. Since then, the Tokyo Metropolitan Government served as both the prefecture government for Tokyo, as well as administering the special wards of Tokyo, for what had previously been Tokyo City. World War II wrought widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs. The bombing of Tokyo in 1944 and 1945 is estimated to have killed between 75,000 and 200,000 civilians and left more than half of the city destroyed.[29]

The deadliest night of the war came on March 9-10, 1945, the night of the American "Operation Meetinghouse" raid;[30] as nearly 700,000 incendiary bombs rained on the eastern half of the city, mainly in heavily residential wards. Two-fifths of the city were completely burned, more than 276,000 buildings were demolished, 100,000 civilians were killed, and 110,000 more were injured.[31][32] Between 1940 and 1945, the population of Japan's capital city dwindled from 6,700,000 to less than 2,800,000, with the majority of those who lost their homes living in "ramshackle, makeshift huts".[33]

* Gallery
* The bombing of Tokyo in 1945

* The aftermath of the bombing of Tokyo, March 1945

* Nihonbashi in 1946

### 1945–present

After the war, Tokyo became the base from which the United States under Douglas MacArthur administered Japan for six years. Tokyo struggled to rebuild as occupation authorities stepped in and drastically cut back on Japanese government rebuilding programs, focusing instead on simply improving roads and transportation. Tokyo did not experience fast economic growth until the 1950s.[34]

After the occupation of Japan ended in 1952, Tokyo was completely rebuilt and was showcased to the world during the 1964 Summer Olympics, such as the Yoyogi National Gymnasium and the 0 Series Shinkansen, the first bullet train of its class in the world. The 1970s and the 1980s brought new high-rise developments. In 1978, Sunshine 60 – the tallest skyscraper in Asia until 1985, and in Japan until 1991[35] – and Narita International Airport were constructed, and the population increased to about 11 million in the metropolitan area.[36] The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum has historic Japanese buildings that existed in the urban landscape of pre-war Tokyo.

Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world[37] as more and more people moved to the area. In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during a real estate and debt bubble. The bubble burst in the early 1990s, and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with mortgage-backed debts while real estate was shrinking in value. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "Lost Decade",[38] from which it is now slowly recovering.

Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. Recent projects include Ebisu Garden Place, Tennōzu Isle, Shiodome, Roppongi Hills, Shinagawa (Shinagawa Station, a major hub for Shinkansen), and the Marunouchi side of Tokyo Station. Buildings of significance have been demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills.[39]

Land reclamation projects in Tokyo have also been going on for centuries. The most prominent is the Odaiba area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Various plans have been proposed[40] for transferring national government functions from Tokyo to secondary capitals in other regions of Japan, to slow down rapid development in Tokyo and revitalize economically lagging areas of the country. These plans have been controversial[41] within Japan and have yet to be realized.

The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of the northeastern coast of Honshu was felt in Tokyo. However, due to Tokyo's earthquake-resistant infrastructure, damage in Tokyo was very minor compared to areas directly hit by the tsunami,[42] although activity in the city was largely halted.[43] The subsequent nuclear crisis caused by the tsunami has also largely left Tokyo unaffected, despite occasional spikes in radiation levels.[44][45]

On September 7, 2013, the IOC selected Tokyo to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo thus became the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice.[46] However, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020 Olympic Games took place from July 23, 2021, to August 8, 2021. It is also unclear how the city will deal with an increasing number of issues, urging scholars to offer possible alternatives approaches to tackle the most urgent problems.[47] Although, the COVID-19 pandemic in Tokyo has impeded the growth of many industries, the real estate market in Japan is yet to be negatively impacted. Japanese real estate has become one of the safest investments for foreign investors around the world.[48]

* Gallery
* Tokyo Tower, built in 1958

* Yoyogi National Gymnasium, built for the 1964 Summer Olympics

* Sunshine 60, at 239.7 m (786 ft), the tallest building in Asia until 1985, and in Japan until 1991

## Geography and government

A satellite photo of Tokyo in 2018 taken by ESA Sentinel-2

The Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building

The mainland portion of Tokyo lies northwest of Tokyo Bay and measures about 90 km (56 mi) east to west and 25 km (16 mi) north to south. The average elevation in Tokyo is 40 m (131 ft).[49] Chiba Prefecture borders it to the east, Yamanashi to the west, Kanagawa to the south, and Saitama to the north. Mainland Tokyo is further subdivided into the special wards (occupying the eastern half) and the Tama area (多摩地域) stretching westwards. Tokyo has a latitude of 35.65 (near the 36th parallel north), which makes it more southern than Rome (41.90), Madrid (40.41), New York City (40.71) and Beijing (39.91).[50]

Within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the Izu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands, which stretch more than 1,000 km (620 mi) away from the mainland. Because of these islands and the mountainous regions to the west, Tokyo's overall population density figures far under-represent the real figures for the urban and suburban regions of Tokyo.[51]

Under Japanese law, the prefecture of Tokyo is designated as a to (都), translated as metropolis.[52] Tokyo Prefecture is the most populous prefecture and the densest, with 6,100 inhabitants per square kilometer (16,000/sq mi); by geographic area it is the third-smallest, above only Osaka and Kagawa. Its administrative structure is similar to that of Japan's other prefectures. The 23 special wards (特別区, tokubetsu-ku), which until 1943 constituted the city of Tokyo, are self-governing municipalities, each having a mayor, a council, and the status of a city.

In addition to these 23 special wards, Tokyo also includes 26 more cities (市 -shi), five towns (町 -chō or machi), and eight villages (村 -son or -mura), each of which has a local government. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government administers the whole metropolis including the 23 special wards and the cities and towns that constitute the prefecture. It is headed by a publicly elected governor and metropolitan assembly. Its headquarters is in Shinjuku Ward.

### Municipalities

A map with Nishi-Tama District in green

A map of the Izu Islands with black labels

A map of the Ogasawara Islands with black labels

Since 2001, Tokyo consists of 62 municipalities: 23 special wards, 26 cities, 5 towns and 8 villages. Any municipality of Japan has a directly elected mayor and a directly elected assembly, each elected on independent four-year cycles. 23 of Tokyo's municipalities cover the area that had been Tokyo City until WWII, 30 remain today in the Tama area (former North Tama, West Tama and South Tama districts), 9 on Tokyo's outlying islands.

* The special wards (特別区, tokubetsu-ku) of Tokyo comprise the area formerly incorporated as Tokyo City. The special wards use the word "city" in their official English name (e.g. Chiyoda City). The wards differ from other cities in having a unique administrative relationship with the prefectural government. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. To pay for the added administrative costs, the prefecture collects municipal taxes, which would usually be levied by the city.[53] The "three central wards" of Tokyo – Chiyoda, Chūō and Minato – are the business core of the city, with a daytime population more than seven times higher than their nighttime population.[54] Chiyoda Ward is unique in that it is in the very heart of the former Tokyo City, yet is one of the least populated wards. It is occupied by many major Japanese companies and is also the seat of the national government, and the Japanese emperor. It is often called the "political center" of the country.[55] Akihabara, known for being an otaku cultural center and a shopping district for computer goods, is also in Chiyoda.
* To the west of the special wards, Tokyo Metropolis consists of cities, towns, and villages that enjoy the same legal status as those elsewhere in Japan. While serving as "bed towns" for those working in central Tokyo, some of them also have a local commercial and industrial base, such as Tachikawa. Collectively, these are often known as the Tama area or Western Tokyo. The far west of the Tama area is occupied by the district (gun) of Nishi-Tama. Much of this area is mountainous and unsuitable for urbanization. The highest mountain in Tokyo, Mount Kumotori, is 2,017 m (6,617 ft) high; other mountains in Tokyo include Takanosu (1,737 m (5,699 ft)), Odake (1,266 m (4,154 ft)), and Mitake (929 m (3,048 ft)). Lake Okutama, on the Tama River near Yamanashi Prefecture, is Tokyo's largest lake. The district is composed of three towns (Hinode, Mizuho and Okutama) and one village (Hinohara). The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area,[56] as part of its plans to relocate urban functions away from central Tokyo.
* Tokyo has numerous outlying islands, which extend as far as 1,850 km (1,150 mi) from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in Shinjuku, local subprefectural branch offices administer them. The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are Izu Ōshima, Toshima, Nii-jima, Shikine-jima, Kōzu-shima, Miyake-jima, Mikurajima, Hachijō-jima, and Aogashima. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Izu Ōshima and Hachijojima are towns. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village. The Ogasawara Islands include, from north to south, Chichi-jima, Nishinoshima, Haha-jima, Kita Iwo Jima, Iwo Jima, and Minami Iwo Jima. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and at 1,850 km (1,150 mi) the most distant island from central Tokyo, and Okinotorishima, the southernmost point in Japan.[57] Japan's claim on an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) surrounding Okinotorishima is contested by China and South Korea as they regard Okinotorishima as uninhabitable rocks which have no EEZ.[58] The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but hosts Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel. Local populations are only found on Chichi-Jima and Haha-Jima. The islands form both Ogasawara Subprefecture and the village of Ogasawara, Tokyo.

Flag, name w/o suffix | Full name  | District or
Subprefecture  | Population  | LPE code
(w/o checksum)

|
|
|
|

Japanese | Transcription | Translation
Adachi  | 足立区 | Adachi-ku | Adachi Ward | N/A  | 674,067 | 13121
Arakawa  | 荒川区 | Arakawa-ku | Arakawa Ward  | 213,648 | 13118
Bunkyō  | 文京区 | Bunkyō-ku | Bunkyō Ward  | 223,389 | 13105
Chiyoda  | 千代田区 | Chiyoda-ku | Chiyoda Ward  | 59,441 | 13101
Chūō  | 中央区 | Chūō-ku | Chūō Ward
(Central Ward)  | 147,620 | 13102
Edogawa  | 江戸川区 | Edogawa-ku | Edogawa Ward
(Edo River Ward)  | 685,899 | 13123
Itabashi  | 板橋区 | Itabashi-ku | Itabashi Ward  | 569,225 | 13119
Katsushika  | 葛飾区 | Katsushika-ku | Katsushika Ward
(after Katsushika District) | 447,140 | 13122
Kita  | 北区 | Kita-ku | Kita Ward
(North Ward)  | 345,063 | 13117
Kōtō  | 江東区 | Kōtō-ku | Kōtō Ward  | 502,579 | 13108
Meguro  | 目黒区 | Meguro-ku | Meguro Ward  | 280,283 | 13110
Minato  | 港区 | Minato-ku | Minato Ward
(Harbor/Port District)  | 248,071 | 13103
Nakano  | 中野区 | Nakano-ku | Nakano Ward  | 332,902 | 13114
Nerima  | 練馬区 | Nerima-ku | Nerima Ward  | 726,748 | 13120
Ōta  | 大田区 | Ōta-ku | Ōta Ward  | 722,608 | 13111
Setagaya  | 世田谷区 | Setagaya-ku | Setagaya Ward  | 910,868 | 13112
Shibuya  | 渋谷区 | Shibuya-ku | Shibuya Ward  | 227,850 | 13113
Shinagawa  | 品川区 | Shinagawa-ku | Shinagawa Ward  | 392,492 | 13109
Shinjuku  | 新宿区 | Shinjuku-ku | Shinjuku Ward  | 339,211 | 13104
Suginami  | 杉並区 | Suginami-ku | Suginami Ward  | 570,483 | 13115
Sumida  | 墨田区 | Sumida-ku | Sumida Ward  | 260,358 | 13107
Taitō  | 台東区 | Taitō-ku | Taitō Ward  | 200,486 | 13106
Toshima  | 豊島区 | Toshima-ku | Toshima Ward
(after Toshima District) | 294,673 | 13116
Akiruno  | あきる野市 | Akiruno-shi | Akiruno City  | 80,464 | 13228
Akishima  | 昭島市 | Akishima-shi | Akishima City  | 111,449 | 13207
Chōfu  | 調布市 | Chōfu-shi | Chōfu City  | 240,668 | 13208
Fuchū  | 府中市 | Fuchū-shi | Fuchū City
(provincial capital city) | 260,891 | 13206
Fussa  | 福生市 | Fussa-shi | Fussa City  | 58,393 | 13218
Hachiōji  | 八王子市 | Hachiōji-shi | Hachiōji City  | 579,330 | 13201
Hamura  | 羽村市 | Hamura-shi | Hamura City  | 55,596 | 13227
Higashikurume  | 東久留米市 | Higashi-Kurume-shi | Higashi-Kurume City
East Kurume City
(as opposed to Kurume City, Western Japan) | 116,869 | 13222
Higashimurayama  | 東村山市 | Higashi-Murayama-shi | Higashi-Murayama City
East Murayama City
(after Murayama Region) | 150,984 | 13213
Higashiyamato  | 東大和市 | Higashi-Yamato-shi | Higashi-Yamato City
(here: Tokyo's Yamato City)[59]
(as opposed to Kanagawa's Yamato City) | 85,229 | 13220
Hino  | 日野市 | Hino-shi | Hino City  | 185,133 | 13212
Inagi  | 稲城市 | Inagi-shi | Inagi City  | 87,927 | 13225
Kiyose  | 清瀬市 | Kiyose-shi | Kiyose City  | 74,495 | 13221
Kodaira  | 小平市 | Kodaira-shi | Kodaira City  | 194,757 | 13211
Koganei  | 小金井市 | Koganei-shi | Koganei City  | 121,516 | 13210
Kokubunji  | 国分寺市 | Kokubunji-shi | Kokubunji City
(provincial temple city) | 122,787 | 13214
Komae  | 狛江市 | Komae-shi | Komae City  | 81,671 | 13219
Kunitachi  | 国立市 | Kunitachi-shi | Kunitachi City  | 75,867 | 13215
Machida  | 町田市 | Machida-shi | Machida City  | 429,040 | 13209
Mitaka  | 三鷹市 | Mitaka-shi | Mitaka City  | 189,168 | 13204
Musashimurayama  | 武蔵村山市 | Musashi-Murayama-shi | Musashi-Murayama City
(as opposed to Murayama City, Dewa Province) | 70,649 | 13223
Musashino  | 武蔵野市 | Musashino-shi | Musashino City
(after Musashino Region) | 143,686 | 13203
Nishitokyo  | 西東京市 | Nishi-Tōkyō-shi | Nishi-Tokyo City
(Western Tokyo City)  | 200,102 | 13229
Ōme  | 青梅市 | Ōme-shi | Ōme City  | 136,071 | 13205
Tachikawa  | 立川市 | Tachikawa-shi | Tachikawa City  | 184,183 | 13202
Tama  | 多摩市 | Tama-shi | Tama City
(after Tama district/area/river) | 147,953 | 13224
Hinode  | 日の出町 | Hinode-machi | Hinode Town | Nishi-Tama
(Western Tama District, Musashi (ja))  | 17,141 | 13305
Hinohara  | 檜原村 | Hinohara-mura | Hinohara Village  | 2,194 | 13307
Mizuho  | 瑞穂町 | Mizuho-machi | Mizuho Town  | 33,117 | 13303
Okutama  | 奥多摩町 | Okutama-machi | Okutama Town
(Rear/Outer Tama Town)  | 5,177 | 13308
Hachijō  | 八丈町 | Hachijō-machi | Hachijō Town
(on Hachijō Island) | Hachijō  | 7,516 | 13401
Aogashima  | 青ヶ島村 | Aogashima-mura | Aogashima Village
(on Aogashima) | 169 | 13402
Miyake  | 三宅村 | Miyake-mura | Miyake Village
(on Miyake Island) | Miyake  | 2,451 | 13381
Mikurajima  | 御蔵島村 | Mikurajima-mura | Mikurajima Village
(Mikura Island Village)  | 328 | 13382
Ōshima  | 大島町 | Ōshima-machi | Ōshima Town
([Izu] Grand Island Town) | Ōshima  | 7,762 | 13361
To-shima  | 利島村 | Toshima-mura | To-shima Village
(on homonymous island) | 309 | 13362
Niijima  | 新島村 | Niijima-mura | Niijima Village
(on homonymous island) | 2,697 | 13363
Kōzushima  | 神津島村 | Kōzushima-mura | Kōzushima Village
(on homonymous island) | 1,856 | 13364
Ogasawara  | 小笠原村 | Ogasawara-mura | Ogasawara Village
(on homonymous islands) | Ogasawara  | 3,029 | 13421
Tokyo  | 東京都 | Tōkyō-to | Tokyo "Metropolis"
functionally: ~ Prefecture
literally/etymologically: ~ Capital | – | 13,960,236 | 13000
ISO: JP-13

* Tama

* Hachioji

* Musashino

#### Municipal mergers

When Tokyo reached its current extent except for smaller border changes in 1893, it consisted of over 170 municipalities, 1 (by definition: district-independent) city, nine districts with their towns and villages, plus the island communities that had never part of ritsuryō[clarification needed] districts. By 1953, the number of municipalities had dropped to 97. The current total of 62 was reached in 2001.

### National parks

Ogasawara National Park, a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site

As of March 31, 2008, 36% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (second only to Shiga Prefecture), namely the Chichibu Tama Kai, Fuji-Hakone-Izu, and Ogasawara National Parks (the last a UNESCO World Heritage Site); Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park; and Akikawa Kyūryō, Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō, Sayama, Takao Jinba, Takiyama, and Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Parks.[60]

A number of museums are located in Ueno Park: Tokyo National Museum, National Museum of Nature and Science, Shitamachi Museum and National Museum for Western Art, among others. There are also artworks and statues at several places in the park. There is also a zoo in the park, and the park is a popular destination to view cherry blossoms.

### Earthquakes

#### Minor quakes

A bilingual sign in Shibuya with instructions (in Japanese and English) in case of an earthquake

Tokyo is near the boundary of three plates, making it an extremely active region for smaller quakes and slippage which frequently affect the urban area with swaying as if in a boat, although epicenters within mainland Tokyo (excluding Tokyo's 2,000 km (1,243 mi)–long island jurisdiction) are quite rare. It is not uncommon in the metro area to have hundreds of these minor quakes (magnitudes 4–6) that can be felt in a single year, something local residents merely brush off but can be a source of anxiety not only for foreign visitors but for Japanese from elsewhere as well. They rarely cause much damage (sometimes a few injuries) as they are either too small or far away as quakes tend to dance around the region. Particularly active are offshore regions and to a lesser extent Chiba and Ibaraki.[61]

#### Infrequent powerful quakes

Tokyo has been hit by powerful megathrust earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855, 1923, and much more indirectly (with some liquefaction in landfill zones) in 2011;[62][63] the frequency of direct and large quakes is a relative rarity. The 1923 earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 8.3, killed 142,000 people, the last time the urban area was directly hit.

### Volcanic eruptions

Mount Fuji is about 100 km (62 mi) southwest of Tokyo. There is a low risk of eruption. The last recorded was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707, and ended about January 1, 1708 (16 days).[64] During the Hōei eruption, the ash amount was 4 cm in southern Tokyo (bay area) and 2 cm to 0.5 cm in central Tokyo.[65] Kanagawa had 16 cm to 8 cm ash and Saitama 0.5 to 0 cm.[65] If the wind blows north-east it could send volcanic ash to Tokyo metropolis.[66] According to the government, less than a millimeter of the volcanic ash from a Mount Fuji eruption could cause power grid problems such as blackouts and stop trains in the Tokyo metropolitan area.[66] A mixture of ash with rain could stick to cellphone antennas, power lines and cause temporary power outages.[66] The affected areas would need to be evacuated.[66]

### Water management

The MAOUDC is the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility.

Tokyo is located on the Kantō Plain with five river systems and dozens of rivers that expand during each season.[67] Important rivers are Edogawa, Nakagawa, Arakawa, Kandagawa, Megurogawa and Tamagawa.[68] In 1947, Typhoon Kathleen struck Tokyo, destroying 31,000 homes and killing 1,100 people.[67] In 1958, Typhoon Ida dropped 400 mm (16 in) of rain in a single week, causing streets to flood.[67] In the 1950s and 1960s, the government invested 6–7% of the national budget on disaster and risk reduction.[67] A huge system of dams, levees and tunnels was constructed.[67] The purpose is to manage heavy rain, typhonic rain, and river floods.[67]

Tokyo has currently the world's largest underground floodwater diversion facility called the Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel (MAOUDC).[14][67] It took 13 years to build and was completed in 2006. The MAOUDC is a 6.3 km (3.9 mi) long system of tunnels, 22 meters (72 ft) underground, with 70-meter (230 ft) tall cylindrical tanks, each tank being large enough to fit a space shuttle or the Statue of Liberty.[67] During floods, excess water is collected from rivers and drained to the Edo River.[68] Low-lying areas of Kōtō, Edogawa, Sumida, Katsushika, Taitō and Arakawa near the Arakawa River are most at risk of flooding.[68]

### Climate

The former city of Tokyo and the majority of Tokyo prefecture lie in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen climate classification: Cfa),[69] with hot, humid summers and mild to cool winters with occasional cold spells. The region, like much of Japan, experiences a one-month seasonal lag. The warmest month is August, which averages 26.9 °C (80.4 °F). The coolest month is January, averaging 5.4 °C (41.7 °F). The record low temperature was −9.2 °C (15.4 °F) on January 13, 1876. The record high was 39.5 °C (103.1 °F) on July 20, 2004. The record highest low temperature is 30.3 °C (86.5 °F), on August 12, 2013, making Tokyo one of only seven observation sites in Japan that have recorded a low temperature over 30 °C (86.0 °F).[70]

Annual rainfall averages nearly 1,600 millimeters (63.0 in), with a wetter summer and a drier winter. The growing season in Tokyo lasts for about 322 days from around mid-February to early January.[71] Snowfall is sporadic, and occurs almost annually.[72] Tokyo often sees typhoons every year, though few are strong. The wettest month since records began in 1876 was October 2004, with 780 millimeters (30 in) of rain,[73] including 270.5 mm (10.65 in) on the ninth of that month.[74] The most recent of four months on record to observe no precipitation is December 1995.[70] Annual precipitation has ranged from 879.5 mm (34.63 in) in 1984 to 2,229.6 mm (87.78 in) in 1938.[70]

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Template:Graph:Weather monthly history

Tokyo's climate has warmed significantly since temperature records began in 1876. Script error: No such module "weather box".

The western mountainous area of mainland Tokyo, Okutama also lies in the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification: Cfa).

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The climates of Tokyo's offshore territories vary significantly from those of the city. The climate of Chichijima in Ogasawara village is on the boundary between the tropical savanna climate (Köppen classification: Aw) and the tropical rainforest climate (Köppen classification: Af). It is approximately 1,000 km (621 mi) south of the Greater Tokyo Area, resulting in much different climatic conditions. Script error: No such module "weather box".

Tokyo's easternmost territory, the island of Minamitorishima in Ogasawara village, is in the tropical savanna climate zone (Köppen classification: Aw). Tokyo's Izu and Ogasawara islands are affected by an average of 5.4 typhoons a year, compared to 3.1 in mainland Kantō.[86]

## Cityscape

Architecture in Tokyo has largely been shaped by Tokyo's history. Twice in recent history has the metropolis been left in ruins: first in the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake and later after extensive firebombing in World War II.[87] Because of this, Tokyo's urban landscape consists mainly of modern and contemporary architecture, and older buildings are scarce.[87] Tokyo features many internationally famous forms of modern architecture including Tokyo International Forum, Asahi Beer Hall, Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower, NTT Docomo Yoyogi Building and Rainbow Bridge. Tokyo features two distinctive towers: Tokyo Tower and Tokyo Skytree, the latter of which is the tallest tower in both Japan and the world, and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.[13] Mori Building Co started work on Tokyo's new tallest building which was set to be finished in March 2023. The project will cost 580 billion yen ($5.5 billion).[88]

Tokyo contains numerous parks and gardens. There are four national parks in Tokyo Prefecture, including the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, which includes all of the Izu Islands.

A panoramic view of Tokyo from the Tokyo Skytree

## Environment

Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor Shintaro Ishihara created Japan's first emissions cap system, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emission by a total of 25% by 2020 from the 2000 level.[89] Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island, and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards.[90][91] According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government,[92] the annual mean temperature has increased by about 3 °C (5.4 °F) over the past 100 years. Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate".[90]

In 2006, Tokyo enacted the "10 Year Project for Green Tokyo" to be realized by 2016. It set a goal of increasing roadside trees in Tokyo to 1 million (from 480,000), and adding 1,000 ha (2,500 acres) of green space, 88 ha (220 acres) of which will be a new park named "Umi no Mori" (Sea Forest) which will be on a reclaimed island in Tokyo Bay which used to be a landfill.[93] From 2007 to 2010, 436 ha (1,080 acres) of the planned 1,000 ha of green space was created and 220,000 trees were planted, bringing the total to 700,000. (As of 2014), roadside trees in Tokyo have increased to 950,000, and a further 300 ha (740 acres) of green space has been added.[94]

## Demographics

Tokyo prefecture population pyramid in 2020

Historical population

Year| Pop.| ±%
1870| 590,268| —
1880| 712,259| +20.7%
1890| 1,389,684| +95.1%
1900| 1,580,124| +13.7%
1910| 2,202,079| +39.4%
1920| 3,699,428| +68.0%
1925| 4,485,144| +21.2%
1930| 5,408,678| +20.6%
1935| 6,369,919| +17.8%
1940| 7,354,971| +15.5%
1945| 3,488,284| −52.6%
1950| 6,277,500| +80.0%
1955| 8,037,084| +28.0%
1960| 9,683,802| +20.5%
1965| 10,869,244| +12.2%
1970| 11,408,071| +5.0%
1975| 11,673,554| +2.3%
1980| 11,618,281| −0.5%
1985| 11,829,363| +1.8%
1990| 11,855,563| +0.2%
1995| 11,773,605| −0.7%
2000| 12,064,101| +2.5%
2005| 12,576,601| +4.2%
2010| 13,159,388| +4.6%
2015| 13,515,271| +2.7%
2020| 13,982,112| +3.5%

As of October 2012, the official intercensal estimate showed 13.506 million people in Tokyo, with 9.214 million living within Tokyo's 23 wards.[95] During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4 million during the day.[96]

In 1889, the Home Ministry recorded 1,375,937 people in Tokyo City and a total of 1,694,292 people in Tokyo-fu.[97] In the same year, a total of 779 foreign nationals were recorded as residing in Tokyo. The most common nationality was English (209 residents), followed by American (182) and Chinese nationals (137).[98]

Tokyo historical population since 1920

|  Registered foreign nationals[99] | Nationality  | Population (2018)

|

China  | 199,949
South Korea  | 90,438
Vietnam  | 32,334
Philippines  | 32,089
Nepal  | 26,157
Taiwan  | 18,568
North America
(United States and Canada) | 17,578
India  | 11,153
Myanmar  | 9,719
Thailand  | 7,958
Others  | 75,557

This chart is growth rate of municipalities of Tokyo, Japan. It is estimated by census carried out in 2005 and 2010. Increase

10.0% and over

7.5–9.9%

5.0–7.4%

2.5–4.9%

0.0–2.4%

Decrease

0.0–2.4%

2.5–4.9%

5.0–7.4%

7.5–9.9%

10.0% and over

|  Population of Tokyo[96] | By area1 |

Tokyo
Special wards
Tama Area
Islands

12.79 million
8.653 million
4.109 million
28,000

|
|

By age2 |

Juveniles (age 0–14)
Working (age 15–64)
Retired (age 65+)

1.461 million (11.8%)
8.546 million (69.3%)
2.332 million (18.9%)

By hours3 |

Day
Night

14.978 million
12.416 million

By nationality  |

Foreign residents

364,6534 (2.9% of total)

| 1 Estimates as of October 1, 2007.

2 as of January 1, 2007.

| 3 (As of 2005) National Census.

4 as of January 1, 2006.

|

## Economy

Tokyo Skytree, at 634 m (2,080 ft), the tallest tower in the world

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Ginza is a popular upscale shopping area in Tokyo.

Bank of Japan headquarters in Chūō, Tokyo

Marunouchi in Chiyoda, Tokyo

Tokyo Tower at night

Shibuya Crossing in Shibuya, also known as "the Times Square of the Orient", attracts many tourists.

Tokyo has the second-largest metropolitan economy in the world, after New York City, with a gross metropolitan product estimated at US$2 trillion.

Tokyo is a major international finance center;[100] it houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest investment banks and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, electronics and broadcasting industries. During the centralized growth of Japan's economy following World War II, many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as Osaka (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.

Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive (highest cost-of-living) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006, when it was replaced by Oslo, and later Paris.[101][102]

Tokyo emerged as a leading international financial center (IFC) in the 1960s and has been described as one of the three "command centers" for the world economy, along with New York City and London.[103] In the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index, Tokyo was ranked as having the fourth most competitive financial center in the world (alongside cities such as New York City, London, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Singapore, Beijing, San Francisco, Shenzhen and Zürich in the top 10), and second most competitive in Asia (after Shanghai).[12] The Japanese financial market opened up slowly in 1984 and accelerated its internationalization with the "Japanese Big Bang" in 1998.[104] Despite the emergence of Singapore and Hong Kong as competing financial centers, the Tokyo IFC manages to keep a prominent position in Asia. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is Japan's largest stock exchange, and third largest in the world by market capitalization and fourth largest by share turnover. In 1990 at the end of the Japanese asset price bubble, it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value.[105] Tokyo had 8,460 hectares (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003,[106] according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. Komatsuna and spinach are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the komatsuna sold at its central produce market.[citation needed]

With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of timber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers. Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijō-Jima. Skipjack tuna, nori, and aji are among the ocean products.[107]

Tourism in Tokyo is also a contributor to the economy. In 2006, 4.81 million foreigners and 420 million Japanese visits to Tokyo were made; the economic value of these visits totaled 9.4 trillion yen according to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Many tourists visit the various downtowns, stores, and entertainment districts throughout the neighborhoods of the special wards of Tokyo. Cultural offerings include both omnipresent Japanese pop culture and associated districts such as Shibuya and Harajuku, subcultural attractions such as Studio Ghibli anime center, as well as museums like the Tokyo National Museum, which houses 37% of the country's artwork national treasures (87/233).

The Toyosu Market in Tokyo is the largest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world since it opened on October 11, 2018.[108] It is also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind. It is located in the Toyosu area of Kōtō ward. The Toyosu Market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor, the Tsukiji Fish Market and Nihonbashi fish market, and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day. Retailers, whole-sellers, auctioneers, and public citizens alike frequent the market, creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries.[109]

## Transportation

Tokyo Station is the main intercity rail terminal in Tokyo.

Haneda Airport

Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway are two main subway operators in Tokyo.

Hamazakibashi JCT in Shuto Expressway

Tokyo, which is the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, is Japan's largest domestic and international hub for rail and ground transportation. Public transportation within Tokyo is dominated by an extensive network of "clean and efficient"[110] trains and subways run by a variety of operators, with buses, monorails and trams playing a secondary feeder role. There are up to 62 electric train lines and more than 900 train stations in Tokyo.[111] Shibuya Crossing is the "world's busiest pedestrian crossing", with around 3,000 people crossing at a time.[112][113][114]

Narita International Airport in Chiba Prefecture is the major gateway for international travelers to Japan. Japan's flag carrier Japan Airlines, as well as All Nippon Airways, have a hub at this airport. Haneda Airport on the reclaimed land at Ōta, offers domestic and international flights.

Various islands governed by Tokyo have their own airports. Hachijō-jima (Hachijojima Airport), Miyakejima (Miyakejima Airport), and Izu Ōshima (Oshima Airport) have services to Tokyo International and other airports.

Rail is the primary mode of transportation in Tokyo,[115] which has the most extensive urban railway network in the world and an equally extensive network of surface lines. JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. It operates rail lines in the entire metropolitan area of Tokyo and in the rest of the northeastern part of Honshu. JR East is also responsible for Shinkansen high-speed rail lines.

Two different organizations operate the subway network: the private Tokyo Metro and the governmental Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation. The Metropolitan Government and private carriers operate bus routes and one tram route. Local, regional, and national services are available, with major terminals at the giant railroad stations, including Tokyo, Shinagawa, and Shinjuku.

Expressways link the capital to other points in the Greater Tokyo Area, the Kantō region, and the islands of Kyushu and Shikoku. To build them quickly before the 1964 Summer Olympics, most were constructed above existing roads.[116] Other transportation includes taxis operating in the special wards and the cities and towns. Also, long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports.

## Education

Tokyo has many universities, junior colleges, and vocational schools. Many of Japan's most prestigious universities are in Tokyo, including University of Tokyo, Hitotsubashi University, Meiji University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Waseda University, Tokyo University of Science, Sophia University, and Keio University.[117] Some of the biggest national universities in Tokyo are:

* Hitotsubashi University
* National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies
* Ochanomizu University
* Tokyo Gakugei University
* Tokyo Institute of Technology
* Tokyo Medical and Dental University
* Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
* Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
* Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
* Tokyo University of the Arts
* University of Electro-Communications
* University of Tokyo

There is only one non-national public university: Tokyo Metropolitan University. There are also a few universities well known for classes conducted in English and for the teaching of the Japanese language, including the Globis University Graduate School of Management, International Christian University, Sophia University, and Waseda University

Tokyo is also the headquarters of the United Nations University.

Most publicly run kindergartens, elementary schools (years 1 through 6), and junior high (lower secondary) schools (7 through 9) are operated by local wards or municipal offices. Most public senior high (upper secondary) schools in Tokyo are run by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Board of Education and are called "Metropolitan High Schools". Tokyo also has many private schools from kindergarten through high school:

* Yasuda Auditorium at the University of Tokyo in Bunkyō

* Okuma Auditorium at Waseda University in Shinjuku

* Hibiya High School in Chiyoda

## Culture

The National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, also known as "Miraikan"

Takeshita Street in Harajuku

Tokyo has many museums. In Ueno Park, there is the Tokyo National Museum, the country's largest museum and specializing in traditional Japanese art; the National Museum of Western Art and Ueno Zoo. Other museums include the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation in Odaiba; the Edo-Tokyo Museum in Sumida, across the Sumida River from the center of Tokyo; the Nezu Museum in Aoyama; and the National Diet Library, National Archives, and the National Museum of Modern Art, which are near the Imperial Palace.

Tokyo has many theaters for performing arts. These include national and private theaters for traditional forms of Japanese drama. Noteworthy are the National Noh Theatre for noh and the Kabuki-za for Kabuki.[118] Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform modern and traditional music. The New National Theater Tokyo in Shibuya is the national center for the performing arts, including opera, ballet, contemporary dance and drama.[119] Tokyo also hosts modern Japanese and international pop, and rock music at venues ranging in size from intimate clubs to internationally known areas such as the Nippon Budokan.

The Sanja Festival in Asakusa

Many different festivals occur throughout Tokyo. Major events include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, and the biennial Kanda Festivals. The last features a parade with elaborately decorated floats and thousands of people. Annually on the last Saturday of July, an enormous fireworks display over the Sumida River attracts over a million viewers. Once cherry blossoms bloom in spring, many residents gather in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden for picnics under the blossoms.

Harajuku, a neighborhood in Shibuya, is known internationally for its youth style, fashion[120] and cosplay.

In November 2007, Michelin released their first guide for fine dining in Tokyo, awarding 191 stars in total, or about twice as many as Tokyo's nearest competitor, Paris. As of 2017, 227 restaurants in Tokyo have been awarded (92 in Paris). Twelve establishments were awarded the maximum of three stars (Paris has 10), 54 received two stars, and 161 earned one star.[121]

## Sports

Japan National Stadium

Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo wrestling arena

Tokyo, with a diverse array of sports, is home to two professional baseball clubs, the Yomiuri Giants who play at the Tokyo Dome and Tokyo Yakult Swallows at Meiji-Jingu Stadium. The Japan Sumo Association is also headquartered in Tokyo at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan sumo arena where three official sumo tournaments are held annually (in January, May, and September). Soccer clubs in Tokyo include F.C. Tokyo and Tokyo Verdy 1969, both of which play at Ajinomoto Stadium in Chōfu, and FC Machida Zelvia at Nozuta Stadium in Machida. Rugby Union is also played in Tokyo, with multiple Japan Rugby League One clubs based in the city including: Black Rams Tokyo (Setagaya), Tokyo Sungoliath (Fuchū) and Toshiba Brave Lupus Tokyo (Fuchū).

Basketball clubs include the Hitachi SunRockers, Toyota Alvark Tokyo and Tokyo Excellence.

Tokyo hosted the 1964 Summer Olympics, thus becoming the first Asian city to host the Summer Games. The National Stadium, also known as the Olympic Stadium, was host to a number of international sporting events. In 2016, it was to be replaced by the New National Stadium. With a number of world-class sports venues, Tokyo often hosts national and international sporting events such as basketball tournaments, women's volleyball tournaments, tennis tournaments, swim meets, marathons, rugby union and sevens rugby games, soccer exhibition games, judo, and karate. Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, in Sendagaya, Shibuya, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena. According to Around the Rings, the gymnasium has played host to the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, despite the International Gymnastics Federation's initial doubt in Tokyo's ability to host the championships following the March 11 tsunami.[122] Tokyo was also selected to host a number of games for the 2019 Rugby World Cup, and to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and the Paralympics which had to be rescheduled to the summer of 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan.

## In popular culture

Akihabara is the most popular area for fans of anime, manga, and games.

FCG Building, home of Fuji TV headquarters

As the largest population center in Japan and the site of the country's largest broadcasters and studios, Tokyo is frequently the setting for many Japanese movies, television shows, animated series' (anime), web comics, light novels, video games, and comic books (manga). In the kaiju (monster movie) genre, landmarks of Tokyo are usually destroyed by giant monsters such as Godzilla and Gamera.

Tokyo is also a popular foreign setting for non-Japanese media. Some Hollywood directors have turned to Tokyo as a backdrop for movies set in Japan. Postwar examples include Tokyo Joe, My Geisha, Tokyo Story and the James Bond film You Only Live Twice; recent examples include Kill Bill, The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, Lost in Translation, Babel, Inception, The Wolverine and Avengers: Endgame.

Japanese author Haruki Murakami has based some of his novels in Tokyo (including Norwegian Wood), and David Mitchell's first two novels (number9dream and Ghostwritten) featured the city. Contemporary British painter Carl Randall spent 10 years living in Tokyo as an artist, creating a body of work depicting the city's crowded streets and public spaces.[123][124][125][126][127]

## International relations

Tokyo is the founding member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and is a member of the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations. Tokyo was also a founding member of the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.

### Sister cities and states

(As of 2022), Tokyo has twinning or friendship agreements with the following twelve cities and states:[128]

* New York City , United States (since February 1960)
* Beijing, China (since March 1979)
* Paris, France (since July 1982)[129]
* New South Wales, Australia (since May 1984)
* Seoul, South Korea (since September 1988)
* Jakarta, Indonesia (since October 1989)
* São Paulo State, Brazil (since June 1990)
* Cairo, Egypt (since October 1990)
* Moscow, Russia (since July 1991)
* Berlin, Germany (since May 1994)
* Rome, Italy (since July 1996)
* London, United Kingdom (since October 2015)

### Friendship and cooperation agreements

* Tomsk Oblast, Russia (since May 2015)[130]
* Brussels, Belgium (since October 2016)
* Mumbai , India (since November 2016)
* Los Angeles County, United States (since August 2021)[131]

### International academic and scientific research

Research and development in Japan and the Japanese space program are globally represented by several of Tokyo's medical and scientific facilities, including the University of Tokyo and other universities in Tokyo, which work in collaboration with many international institutions. Especially with the United States, including NASA and the many private spaceflight companies,[132] Tokyo universities have working relationships with all of the Ivy League institutions (including Harvard and Yale University),[133] along with other research universities and development laboratories, such as Stanford, MIT, and the UC campuses throughout California,[134][135] as well as UNM and Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico.[136][137][138] Other partners worldwide include Oxford University in the United Kingdom,[139] the National University of Singapore in Singapore,[140] the University of Toronto in Canada,[141] and Tsinghua University in China.[142]

## See also

* List of cities proper by population
* List of cities with the most skyscrapers
* List of tallest structures in Tokyo
* List of development projects in Tokyo
* List of largest cities
* List of metropolitan areas in Asia
* List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees
* List of urban agglomerations in Asia
* List of urban areas by population
* Megacity
* Tokyo dialect
* Yamanote and Shitamachi

## References

1. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. http://www.chijihon.metro.tokyo.jp/sonota/syozaiti.htm.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Tokyo+Metropolitan+Government&rft_id=http://www.chijihon.metro.tokyo.jp/sonota/syozaiti.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Tokyo"> Shinjuku is the location of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Office. But Tokyo is not a "municipality". Therefore, for the sake of convenience, the notation of prefectural is "Tokyo".
2. ↑ "Reiwa 1 nationwide prefectures, cities and towns area statistics (October 1)" (in ja). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. December 26, 2019. https://www.gsi.go.jp/KOKUJYOHO/MENCHO201910-index.html.
3. ↑ "Mountains of Tokyo Metropolis" (in ja). Geospatial Information Authority of Japan. https://www.gsi.go.jp/kihonjohochousa/kihonjohochousa41153.html.
4. ↑ "東京都の人口（推計）とは" (in ja). May 30, 2023. https://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm.
5. ↑ "Major Agglomerations of the World". February 28, 2023. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations.
6. ↑ "県民経済計算（平成23年度 - 令和２年度）（2008SNA、平成27年基準計数）＜47都道府県、4政令指定都市分＞". https://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/data/data_list/kenmin/files/contents/main_2020.html.
7. ↑ "Tokyo". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Tokyo.
8. ↑ "Major Agglomerations of the World". February 28, 2023. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations.
9. ↑ Nations, United. "The World's Cities in 2018". https://www.un.org/en/events/citiesday/assets/pdf/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf.
10. ↑ "External Economic Relations: From Recovery to Prosperity to Making a Positive Contribution". https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1985/1985-3-1.htm#:~:text=After a brief recession in,in the world in 1968..
11. ↑ "Major European capital slips out of Fortune Global 500's top 5 cities for the first time in 5 years" (in en). https://fortune.com/2023/08/03/fortune-global-500-top-5-cities/.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "The Global Financial Centres Index 28". September 2020. https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_28_Full_Report_2020.09.25_v1.1.pdf.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Tokyo – GoJapanGo". Tokyo Attractions – Japanese Lifestyle. Mi Marketing Pty Ltd. http://www.gojapango.com/tokyo/.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Metropolitan Area Outer Underground Discharge Channel". http://www.afar.com/places/metropolitan-area-outer-underground-discharge-channel-kasukabe.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Hornyak, Tim (December 16, 2017). "Heart of gold: The Ginza Line celebrates its 90th birthday". Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/16/national/history/heart-gold-ginza-line-celebrates-90th-birthday/.
16. ↑ "The Global Liveability Index 2021". The Economist. https://pages.eiu.com/rs/753-RIQ-438/images/global-liveability-index-2021-free-report.pdf. Retrieved February 5, 2023.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Room, Adrian. Placenames of the World. McFarland & Company (1996), p. 360 . ISBN:0-7864-1814-1.
18. ↑ US Department of State. (1906). A digest of international law as in diplomatic discussions, treaties and other international agreements (John Bassett Moore, ed.), Volume 5, p. 759 ; excerpt, "The Mikado, on assuming the exercise of power at Yedo, changed the name of the city to Tokio".
19. ↑ Fiévé, Nicolas; Paul Waley (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. p. 253.
20. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja). Tokyo Metropolitan Archives. 2004. http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/0715tokei.htm.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=Tokyo+Metropolitan+Archives&rft_id=http://www.soumu.metro.tokyo.jp/01soumu/archives/0715tokei.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Tokyo">
21. ↑ McClain, James, James (1994). Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era. p. 13.
22. ↑ Sorensen, Andre (2004). The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty-First Century. p. 16.
23. ↑ Naitō, Akira (2003). Edo, the City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History. pp. 33, 55.
24. ↑ Naitō, Akira (2003). Edo, the City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History. pp. 182–183.
25. ↑ Naitō, Akira (2003). Edo, the City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History. p. 186.
26. ↑ Naitō, Akira (2003). Edo, the City That Became Tokyo: An Illustrated History. p. 188.
27. ↑ "History of Tokyo". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/PROFILE/overview01.htm.
28. ↑ "Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1421140/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
29. ↑ Tipton, Elise K. (2002). Modern Japan: A Social and Political History. Routledge. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-585-45322-4.
30. ↑ "9 March 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy". Wired. March 9, 2011. https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2011/03/0309incendiary-bombs-kill-100000-tokyo/. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
31. ↑ "1945 Tokyo Firebombing Left Legacy of Terror, Pain". Common Dreams. http://www.commondreams.org/headlines05/0310-08.htm.
32. ↑ Cybriwsky, Roman (1997). Historical Dictionary of Tokyo. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. p. 22.
33. ↑ Hewitt, Kenneth (1983). "Place Annihilation: Area Bombing and the Fate of Urban Places". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 73 (2): 257–284. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1983.tb01412.x.
34. ↑ Andre Sorensen. The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. ISBN:0-415-35422-6.
35. ↑ "Sunshine 60". http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=1777.
36. ↑ "Tokyo Narita International Airport (NRT) Airport Information (Tokyo, Japan)". http://tokyo-nrt.airports-guides.com/.
37. ↑ "Rail Transport in The World's Major Cities". http://www.jrtr.net/jrtr25/pdf/f04_oka.pdf.
38. ↑ Japan's Lost Decade: Origins, Consequences and Prospects for Recovery. Blackwell Publishing Limited. 2004. ISBN 978-1-4051-1917-7.
39. ↑ Worrall, Julian. "The view from the Hills: Minoru Mori defends the Omotesando Hills development and reveals big plans for Tokyo". http://metropolis.co.jp/tokyo/619/feature.asp.
40. ↑ "Shift of Capital from Tokyo Committee". Japan Productivity Center for Socio-Economic Development. http://www.jpc-sed.or.jp/eng/committee/committee06.html.
41. ↑ "Policy Speech by Governor of Tokyo, Shintaro Ishihara at the First Regular Session of the Metropolitan Assembly, 2003". Tokyo Metropolitan Government. http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/GOVERNOR/SPEECH/2003/0301/2.htm.
42. ↑ "Despite Major Earthquake Zero Tokyo Buildings Collapsed Thanks to Stringent Building Codes". March 11, 2011. http://inhabitat.com/despite-record-breaking-earthquake-no-buildings-in-tokyo-collapsed-thanks-to-stringent-building-codes/.
43. ↑ Williams, Carol J. (March 11, 2011). "Japan earthquake disrupts Tokyo, leaves capital only lightly damaged". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/11/world/la-fgw-japan-quake-tokyo-20110311.
44. ↑ "Tokyo Radiation Levels". Metropolis Magazine. http://metropolis.co.jp/quake/quake-2011-03/tokyo-radiation-levels-historical/.
45. ↑ "Tokyo radiation levels – daily updates – April". http://chottomatte.net/2011/04/01/tokyo-radiation-levels-daily-updates-april/.
46. ↑ "IOC selects Tokyo as host of 2020 Summer Olympic Games". http://www.olympic.org/tokyo-2020-summer-olympics.
47. ↑ Imai, Heide; Matjaz Ursic (2020). Creativity in Tokyo: Revitalizing a Mature City. Palgrave. ISBN 978-9811566868.
48. ↑ "Hot Market: Tokyo Residential Real Estate sees Strong Demand in a Tight Market, Prices Surge! – Housing Japan" (in en-US). April 13, 2022. https://housingjapan.com/blog/tokyo-residential-real-estate-sees-strong-demand/.
49. ↑ "Population of Tokyo, Japan". http://population.mongabay.com/population/japan/1850147/tokyo.
50. ↑ "Tokyo, Japan Geographic Information". September 2020. http://www.latlong.net/place/tokyo-japan-8040.html.
51. ↑ "Population of Tokyo – Tokyo Metropolitan Government". October 2015. https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/HISTORY/history03.htm#:~:text=With a population density of,average 1.94 persons per household..
52. ↑ "Local Government in Japan". Council of Local Authorities for International Relations. p. 8. http://70.86.96.100/pdfs/en/localg2006.pdf.
53. ↑ The Structure of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government (Tokyo government webpage)
54. ↑ The Population of Tokyo – Tokyo Metropolitan Government (Retrieved on July 4, 2009)
55. ↑ "Pray For Tokyo: Chiyoda". http://www.karisjapan.org/2014/05/pray-for-japan-chiyoda/.
56. ↑ "Development of the Metropolitan Center, Subcenters and New Base". Bureau of Urban Development, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. http://www.toshiseibi.metro.tokyo.jp/plan/pe-011.htm.
57. ↑ "Ogasawara Islands: World Natural Heritage" (Adobe Flash). Ogasawara Village Industry and Tourist Board. http://www.gotokyo.org/book/0008-002-en/.
58. ↑ Yoshikawa, Yukie (2005). "Okinotorishima: Just the Tip of the Iceberg". Harvard Asian Quarterly 9 (4). http://pranj.org/papers/yoshikawa-haq06.htm.
59. ↑ Literally, 東/Higashi- means East; but when Yamato Town was renamed to Higashi-Yamato City in 1970, 東 was meant to represent the 東/Tō- in Tokyo, see Higashi-Yamato City: 市の名称 「東大和」の名称について (Japanese: On the city name "Higashi-Yamato"), retrieved July 6, 2021.
60. ↑ "General overview of area figures for Natural Parks by prefecture". Ministry of the Environment. http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/nps/park/doc/files/np_6.pdf.
61. ↑ Matsu'ura, Ritsuko S. (January 28, 2017). "A short history of Japanese historical seismology: past and the present". Geoscience Letters 4 (1): 3. doi:10.1186/s40562-017-0069-4. Bibcode: 2017GSL.....4....3M.
62. ↑ Grunewald, Elliot D.; Stein, Ross S. (2006). "A New 1649–1884 Catalog of Destructive Earthquakes near Tokyo and Implications for the Long-term Seismic Process". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 111 (B12): B12306. doi:10.1029/2005JB004059. Bibcode: 2006JGRB..11112306G.
63. ↑ "A new probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for greater Tokyo". http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/reports/reprints/Stein_PRSLA_364.pdf.
64. ↑ Masato Oyama (March 2007). "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja). Shizuoka University. http://sk01.ed.shizuoka.ac.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/1707.html.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Masato+Oyama&rft.au=Masato+Oyama&rft.date=March+2007&rft.pub=Shizuoka+University&rft_id=http://sk01.ed.shizuoka.ac.jp/koyama/public_html/Fuji/fujid/1707.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Tokyo">
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Volcanic-ash-downfall_map_of_Mt.Fuji_Hoei-eruption01.jpg Ashfall distribution map for examining disaster prevention measures (Mt. Fuji Hoei eruption)
66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 "Mt Fuji eruption could cripple Tokyo". Nippon TV News 24 Japan. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJjugxAdPYQ.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 67.5 67.6 67.7 "The underground cathedral protecting Tokyo from floods". November 29, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20181129-the-underground-cathedral-protecting-tokyo-from-floods.
68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 "Floods in Tokyo and Safety Tips and Preparation". February 28, 2020. https://www.realestate-tokyo.com/living-in-tokyo/emergency-disaster/flood-in-tokyo-japan/.
69. ↑ Peel, M.C., Finlayson, B.L., and McMahon, T.A.: Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification , Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1633–1644, 2007.
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71. ↑ "Average Weather in Tokyo, Japan, Year Round - Weather Spark". https://weatherspark.com/y/143809/Average-Weather-in-Tokyo-Japan-Year-Round.
72. ↑ "Tokyo observes latest ever 1st snowfall". https://weather-and-climate.com/average-monthly-Rainfall-Temperature-Sunshine,Tokyo,Japan.
73. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". Japan Meteorological Agency. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=���H�x��&block_no=47662&block_ch=���H&year=&month=&day=&elm=rank&view=.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19≺_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1█_no=47662█_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year;=&month;=&day;=&elm;=rank&view;=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Tokyo">
74. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". Japan Meteorological Agency. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19&prec_ch=���H�x��&block_no=47662&block_ch=���H&year=&month=10&day=&view=.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=19≺_ch=%8B%FA%98H%8Ex%92%A1█_no=47662█_ch=%8B%FA%98H&year;=&month;=10&day;=&view;=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Tokyo">
75. ↑ The JMA Tokyo, Tokyo (東京都 東京) station is at 35°41.4′N 139°45.6′E, JMA: "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". Japan Meteorological Agency. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/select/prefecture.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view=.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/select/prefecture.php?prec_no=44█_no=47662&year;=&month;=&day;=&view;=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Tokyo">
76. ↑ "47662: Tokyo (Japan)". OGIMET. November 7, 2023. https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=47662&ano=2023&mes=11&day=8&hora=0&min=0&ndays=30.
77. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja). Japan Meteorological Agency. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&prec_ch=�����s&block_no=47662&block_ch=����&year=&month=&day=&elm=normal&view=.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44≺_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E%93s█_no=47662█_ch=%93%8C%8B%9E&year;=&month;=&day;=&elm;=normal&view;=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Tokyo">
78. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja). Japan Meteorological Agency. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47662&year=&month=&day=&view=a1.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44█_no=47662&year;=&month;=&day;=&view;=a1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Tokyo">
79. ↑ "Tokyo, Japan - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast" (in en). Yu Media Group. https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/japan/tokyo-climate.
80. ↑ "Climate & Weather Averages in Tokyo". Time and Date. https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/japan/tokyo/climate.
81. ↑ "Station Name: TOKYO WMO Station ID: 47662". Japan Meteorological Agency. https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/monthly_s3_en.php?block_no=47662&view=3.
82. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". Japan Meteorological Agency. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=0365&year=&month=&day=&view=.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_amd_ym.php?prec_no=44█_no=0365&year;=&month;=&day;=&view;=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Tokyo">
83. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". Japan Meteorological Agency. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47971&year=&month=&day=&view=h0.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44█_no=47971&year;=&month;=&day;=&view;=h0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Tokyo">
84. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in ja). Japan Meteorological Agency. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47971&year=&month=&day=&view=p1.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/nml_sfc_ym.php?prec_no=44█_no=47971&year;=&month;=&day;=&view;=p1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Tokyo">
85. ↑ "Error: no `|title=` specified when using {{Cite web}}". Japan Meteorological Agency. http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44&block_no=47971&year=&month=&day=&view=h0.Error:+no+`|title=`+specified when+using+{{[[Template:Cite+web|Cite+web]]}}&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Japan+Meteorological+Agency&rft_id=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rank_s.php?prec_no=44█_no=47971&year;=&month;=&day;=&view;=h0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Place:Tokyo">
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108. ↑ Kato, Issei (September 29, 2018). "As Tokyo's historic Tsukiji market closes, fishmongers mourn". Reuters. https://widerimage.reuters.com/story/as-historic-tsukiji-market-closes-fishmongers-mourn.
109. ↑ Hannerz, Ulf (2005). "The Fish Market at the Center of the World (Review)". The Journal of Japanese Studies 31 (2): 428–431. doi:10.1353/jjs.2005.0044.
110. ↑ "A Country Study: Japan". The Library of Congress. Chapter 2, Neighborhood. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html.
111. ↑ "Orientation – Tokyo Travel Guide | Planetyze" (in en). https://planetyze.com/en/japan/tokyo/orientation.
112. ↑ 井上恵一朗 (April 22, 2016). p. 29.
113. ↑ . August 25, 2019. https://www.cnn.co.jp/travel/35141167.html.
114. ↑ "The World's Busiest Pedestrian Crossing" (in en). March 5, 2018. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-world-s-busiest-pedestrian-crossing.html.
115. ↑ Chorus, Paul (2016). "Transit oriented development in Tokyo" (in en). Transit Oriented Development: Making it Happen. Routledge. pp. 245–258. ISBN 978-1-317-00732-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=8fmXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270.
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118. ↑ Milner, Rebecca (2013). "Pocket Tokyo." 4th Edition. Lonely Planet Publications. ISBN:978-1-74220-581-6
119. ↑ Ozaki, Motoki (June 22, 2019). "About us. The Heart Of Performing Arts In Japan". New National Theatre, Tokyo. https://www.nntt.jac.go.jp/english/about/.
120. ↑ Perry, Chris (April 25, 2007) (Flash). ﻿Rebels on the Bridge: Subversion, Style, and the New Subculture﻿ (Report). Self-published (Scribd). https://www.scribd.com/doc/38260/Harajuku-Rebels-on-the-Bridge. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
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## Bibliography

* Fiévé, Nicolas and Paul Waley. (2003). Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN:978-0-7007-1409-4; OCLC 51527561
* McClain, James, John M Merriman and Kaoru Ugawa. (1994). Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN:978-0-8014-2987-3; OCLC 30157716
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN:978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
* Sorensen, Andre. (2002). The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN:978-0-415-22651-6; OCLC 48517502

## Further reading

### Guides

* Bender, Andrew, and Timothy N. Hornyak. Tokyo (City Travel Guide) (2010)
* Mansfield, Stephen. Dk Eyewitness Top 10 Travel Guide: Tokyo (2013)
* Waley, Paul. Tokyo Now and Then: An Explorer's Guide. (1984). 592 pp
* Yanagihara, Wendy. Lonely Planet Tokyo Encounter

### Contemporary

* Allinson, Gary D. Suburban Tokyo: A Comparative Study in Politics and Social Change. (1979). 258 pp.
* Bestor, Theodore. Neighborhood Tokyo (1989). online edition
* Bestor, Theodore. Tsukiji: The Fish Market at the Centre of the World. (2004) online edition[yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
* Fowler, Edward. San'ya Blues: Labouring Life in Contemporary Tokyo. (1996) ISBN:0-8014-8570-3.
* Friedman, Mildred, ed. Tokyo, Form and Spirit. (1986). 256 pp.
* Jinnai, Hidenobu. Tokyo: A Spatial Anthropology. (1995). 236 pp.
* Jones, Sumie et al. eds. A Tokyo Anthology: Literature from Japan's Modern Metropolis, 1850–1920 (2017); primary sources excerpt
* Perez, Louis G. Tokyo: Geography, History, and Culture (ABC-CLIO, 2019).
* Reynolds, Jonathan M. "Japan's Imperial Diet Building: Debate over Construction of a National Identity". Art Journal. 55#3 (1996) pp. 38+.
* Sassen, Saskia. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. (1991). 397 pp.
* Sorensen, A. Land Readjustment and Metropolitan Growth: An Examination of Suburban Land Development and Urban Sprawl in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area (2000)
* Taira, J. [re]TOKYO. (2018). San Francisco: ORO Editions. ISBN:978-1-940743-66-0
* Waley, Paul. "Tokyo-as-world-city: Reassessing the Role of Capital and the State in Urban Restructuring". Urban Studies 2007 44(8): 1465–1490. ISSN 0042-0980 Fulltext: Ebsco

## External links

* Official website (in Japanese)
* Official website (in English)
* Go Tokyo travel guide
* Tokyo Convention & Visitors Bureau

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