Eugenics

Logo of the Second International Congress of Eugenics, 1921.

Ohio Democrat and eugenicist Allen W. Thurman,[1] the son of segregationist and white supremacist U.S. senator Allen G. Thurman.

Eugenics was a progressive movement which tried to eliminate "dangerous human pests" and "the rising tide of imbeciles" through what has been euphemistically called "selective breeding." What this meant, in actual practice, was forced sterilization of American immigrants and minorities (particularly in California),[2] and then the promotion of abortion by liberal whites in black and Hispanic communities.

The Progressive Movement promoted birth control for eugenic purposes, and its association with the racist legacy of eugenics continues to this day.

## Contents

* 1 Connection with the theory of evolution
* 2 Etymology and history
* 2.1 Eugenics in America
* 2.2 Eugenics in Europe
* 2.3 Genocide
* 2.4 American scientists and Nazi Germany
* 3 Liberal eugenics
* 4 Eugenics in film
* 5 See also
* 6 References

## Connection with the theory of evolution[edit]

The theory of evolution suggests that humans are merely evolving animals. The claimed biological struggle for survival that brought humans here is continuing. Man's long-term survival is, according to evolution, a biological survival of the fittest. Evolution theory teaches that there must be a biological struggle for survival among various human races and groups.

Charles Darwin declared in The Descent of Man:[3]

At some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilized races of man will almost certainly exterminate, and replace, the savage races throughout the world. At the same time the anthropomorphous apes, as Professor Schaaffhausen has remarked,* will no doubt be exterminated. The break between man and his nearest allies will then be wider, for it will intervene between man in a more civilized state, as we may hope, even than the Caucasian, and some ape as low as a baboon, instead of as now between the negro or Australian and the gorilla.

Darwin was not the first to claim racial superiority. But he was the first to teach that some races of man "will almost certainly exterminate, and replace" other races of man. His followers developed a new intellectual field called "eugenics" for this mythical biological struggle.

In fact, the term "eugenics" was coined by Darwin's cousin, Francis Galton.[4]

Defenders of Darwin, and Darwinism, often try to argue that Darwin, and Darwinism, have no logical connection to eugenics at all. However, in a 1914 speech, Charles Darwin's son, Francis Darwin, wrote: "In the first edition of The Descent of Man, 1874, [my father] distinctly gives his adherence to the eugenic idea by his assertion that many might by selection do something for the moral and physical qualities of the race."[5] He based his ideas on his cousin's work.

Francis Darwin's clear statement that his father endorsed Galton's conception of eugenics is important because many people try to distance Darwin from the taint of eugenics by pointing out that Darwin himself never advocated for it by name. But Galton coined the word after Darwin's death, so naturally, he wouldn't have used the word 'eugenics.' Darwin's son can be expected to have understood his father's theory well enough to know whether or not his father's book, "The Descent of Man", 'gave adherence to the eugenic idea.'

## Etymology and history[edit]

The word "eugenics" is based on Greek roots meaning "well-born." The Merriam-Webster dictionary provides 1883 as the date of origin for the term. Later, Darwin's son, Leonard, served as the president of the First Congress of Eugenics in 1912 in London.

The encyclopedia describes eugenics as now being "in disrepute,"[6] although Professor Peter Singer of Princeton University has sought to remove the stigma from it. Evolutionist and atheist Richard Dawkins has stated in one letter his wish that it no longer be banned from polite discussion.[7]

The Spartans in ancient Greece practiced a primitive form of eugenics, wherein babies which were judged to be too "weak" or "sickly" would be left to die.

In the early 1900s, many influential officials advocated Darwinism and eugenics. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes became a strong proponent. So did many others in prominent government and academic positions. Members of the British Eugenics Society, including the International Planned Parenthood Federation, are listed.[8]

### Eugenics in America[edit]

Categories

Between 1907 and 1937, 32 American states passed eugenics laws requiring sterilization of citizens deemed to be misfits, such as the mentally infirm. Oliver Wendell Holmes and all but one conservative Democratic Justice upheld such laws in a Supreme Court decision that included Holmes' offensive statement that "three generations of imbeciles are enough." Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200, 207 (1927).[9] In fact, the third generation "imbecile" was very bright but was declared by a eugenics "expert" as "supposed to be a mental defective," apparently without an examination.

Eugenics was taught as part of the evolution curriculum of many science classes in America in the early 1900s. For example, it was featured in the textbook used in the famous Scopes trial in 1925.

"By 1928, the American Genetics Association boasted that there were 376 college courses devoted exclusively to eugenics. High-school biology textbooks followed suit by the mid-1930s, with most containing material favorable to the idea of eugenic control of reproduction. It would thus have been difficult to be an even moderately educated reader in the 1920s or 1930s and not have known, at least in general terms, about the claims of eugenics."[10]

Important remnants of the evolution-eugenics approach exist today, in part because many of Justice Holmes' opinions are still controlling law. The very first quote in the infamous Roe v. Wade abortion decision is an unprincipled statement of Justice Holmes in a 1905 opinion. Indeed, Holmes once wrote favorably in a letter to a future Supreme Court Justice about "restricting propagation by the undesirables and putting to death infants that didn't pass the examination.[11]

Existing laws requiring students to receive controversial vaccines are based on a eugenics-era decision granting the State the power to forcibly vaccinate residents.[12] That decision, in fact, was the cited precedent for Justice Holmes' offensive "imbeciles" holding quoted above.

For the same reason that evolution teaching led to eugenics, evolution teaching today encourages acceptance of abortion and euthanasia. Under evolution theory, after all, we are merely animals fighting for biological survival.

### Eugenics in Europe[edit]

German Darwinist Ernst Haeckel promoted evolution by drawing fraudulent pictures of humans embryos, to pretend that their developmental stages imitate a historical evolution of humans from other species.[13]

In 1904, Haeckel reiterated the view of Darwin quoted above: "These lower races … are psychologically nearer to the mammals (apes or dogs) than to civilized Europeans; we must, therefore, assign a totally different value to their lives." [14]

It wasn't long before intellectuals viewed war as an essential evolutionary process. Vom Heutigen Kriege, a popular book by Geberal Bernhardi, "expounded the thesis that war was a biological necessity and a convenient means of ridding the world of the unfit. These views were not confined to a lunatic fringe, but won wide acceptance especially among journalists, academics and politicians."[15] In America, Justice Holmes similarly wrote that "I always say that society is founded on the death of men - if you don't kill the weakest one way you kill them another."[16]

World War I entailed a brutality unknown in the history of mankind. Gregg Easterbrook, a senior editor of the liberal New Republic magazine, observed that "prior to the Scopes trial in 1925, William Jennings Bryan had been on a revival tour of Germany and had been horrified by the signs of incipient Nazism. Before this point, Bryan had been moderate in the evolution debate; for instance, he had lobbied the Florida legislature not to ban the teaching of Darwin, only to specify that evolution must be taught as a theory rather than a fact. But after hearing the National Socialists talk about the elimination of genetic inferiority, [historian Gary] Wills wrote, Bryan came to feel that evolutionary ideas had become dangerous; he began both to oppose and to lampoon them."

The march of evolution/eugenics continued unabated in Germany. By the 1920s, German textbooks were teaching evolution concepts of heredity and racial hygiene. The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics was founded in 1927.

In 1933, Germany passed the Law for the Protection of Heredity Health. Next was the Nazi sterilization law entitled "Eugenics in the service of public welfare." It required compulsory sterilization for the prevention of progeny with hereditary defects in cases including congenital mental defects, schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, and hereditary epilepsy.

The German schools indoctrinated their students. In 1935, a German high-school math textbook included the following problem:[10] "… how much does it cost the state if:

a. 868 [mentally infirm] patients stay longer than 10 years?
b. 260 [mentally infirm] patients stay longer than 20 years?
c. 112 [mentally infirm] patients stay longer than 2 years?"

One German student was Josef Mengele, who studied anthropology and paleontology and received his Ph.D. for his thesis entitled "Racial Morphological Research on the Lower Jaw Section of Four Racial Groups." In 1937, Mengele was recommended for and received a position as a research assistant with the Third Reich Institute for Hereditary, Biology and Racial Purity at the University of Frankfort. He became the "Angel of Death" for directing the operation of gas chambers of the Holocaust and for conducting horrific medical experiments on inmates in pursuit of eugenics.

### Genocide[edit]

The liberal American Medical Society provided this summary:[17]

"The publication of Darwin's Origin of Species in 1859 led to the rise of the eugenics movement in Europe. Eugenics supporters believed that races could be improved by selective breeding. The Nazi Party adopted this belief and began a campaign against the Jews. Many physicians joined the Nazi Party because they needed jobs."

Many genocides have been committed in the name of Eugenics, most notably the Holocaust. Adolf Hitler was a strong believer in eugenics and evolution and believed that Jewish people were closest to apes, followed by Africans, Asians, non-Aryan Europeans, and finally, Aryans, who he believed were most evolved.

Pat Milmoe McCarrick and Mary Carrington Coutts, reference librarians for the National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature at Georgetown University, were more succinct: "The Nazi racial hygiene program began with involuntary sterilizations and ended with genocide." [18]

### American scientists and Nazi Germany[edit]

From The Nazi Connection:[19]

“  |  When Hitler published Mein Kampf in 1924, he held up a foreign law as a model for his program of racial purification: The U.S. Immigration Restriction Act of 1924, which prohibited the immigration of those with hereditary illnesses and entire ethnic groups. When the Nazis took power in 1933, they installed a program of eugenics—the attempted "improvement" of the population through forced sterilization and marriage controls—that consciously drew on the U.S. example. By then, many American states had long had compulsory sterilization laws for "defectives," upheld by the Supreme Court in 1927. Small wonder that the Nazi laws led one eugenics activist in Virginia to complain, "The Germans are beating us at our own game."

In The Nazi Connection, Stefan Kuhl uncovers the ties between the American eugenics movement and the Nazi program of racial hygiene, showing that many American scientists actively supported Hitler's policies. After introducing us to the recently resurgent problem of scientific racism, Kuhl carefully recounts the history of the eugenics movement, both in the United States and internationally, demonstrating how widely the idea of sterilization as a genetic control had become accepted by the early twentieth century. From the first, the American eugenicists led the way with radical ideas. Their influence led to sterilization laws in dozens of states—laws which were studied, and praised, by the German racial hygienists. With the rise of Hitler, the Germans enacted compulsory sterilization laws partly based on the U.S. experience, and American eugenists took pride in their influence on Nazi policies. Kuhl recreates astonishing scenes of American eugenicists traveling to Germany to study the new laws, publishing scholarly articles lionizing the Nazi eugenics program, and proudly comparing personal notes from Hitler thanking them for their books. Even after the outbreak of war, he writes, the American eugenicists frowned upon Hitler's totalitarian government, but not his sterilization laws. So deep was the failure to recognize the connection between eugenics and Hitler's genocidal policies, that a prominent liberal Jewish eugenicist who had been forced to flee Germany found it fit to grumble that the Nazis "took over our entire plan of eugenic measures."

By 1945, when the murderous nature of the Nazi government was made perfectly clear, the American eugenicists sought to downplay the close connections between themselves and the German program. Some of them, in fact, had sought to distance themselves from Hitler even before the war. But Stefan Kuhl's deeply documented book provides a devastating indictment of the influence—and aid—provided by American scientists for the most comprehensive attempt to enforce racial purity in world history.

|  ”

|
|

## Liberal eugenics[edit]

Some argue that parents who abort infants with a genetic mutation or other disabilities are practicing a form of eugenics.[20] Some doctors and scientists have defended this practice and named it "liberal eugenics" in order to differentiate it from traditional forms of eugenics such as Nazi eugenics.[21] Eugenicists in the United States and elsewhere have been known to employ or advocate abortion as a method of eugenics.

## Eugenics in film[edit]

In the 2006 satirical comedy Idiocracy, the entire movie is premised on the idea that the out-breeding of the stupid over the intelligent will lead to a uniformly stupid world run by advertisers, marketers, and anti-intellectualism.

## See also[edit]

* Genetic engineering
* Planned Parenthood
* Margaret Sanger
* Liberalism
* Abortion
* Daniel Kevles
* Biotechnology

## References[edit]

1. ↑ September 26, 1912. Predicting Ohio's Bankruptcy. The New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2021.
2. ↑ Crichton, Michael (2004). "Why politicized science is dangerous". Excerpt from State of Fear (New York: Harper). Retrieved from March 15, 2007 archive of MichaelCrichton.com at Internet Archive on September 17, 2014.
3. ↑ Darwin, Charles (1901). "Chapter 1". The Descent of Man (London: John Murray), pp. 241-42 (footnote * is a reference to Anthropological Review, April, 1867, p. 236).
4. ↑ Multiple references:
* Cavanaugh-O'Keefe (2000). "Chapter two: Francis Galton and the Eugenics Society". Roots of Racism and Abortion: An Exploration of Eugenics. Retrieved from February 4, 2012 archive of Eugenics Watch at Internet Archive on September 17, 2014.
* Francis Galton (1883). Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development (London: Macmillan and Co., 1883), 24-25." Retrieved August 11, 2015 from http://www.eugenics.us.
5. ↑ Francis Darwin (1914). "The Galton Lecture, as found in The Eugenics Review." Retrieved August 11, 2015 from http://www.eugenics.us.
6. ↑ http://web.archive.org/web/20010224015950/www.fwkc.com/encyclopedia/low/articles/e/e007001431f.html
7. ↑ Dawkins, Richard (November 19, 2006). "Eugenics may not be bad". Sunday Herald [Scotland]. Retrieved from January 13, 2009 archive at Internet Archive on September 24, 2014.
8. ↑ "British Eugenics Society" (1997). Eugenics Watch. Retrieved from August 1, 1997 archive at Internet Archive on September 24, 2014.
9. ↑ United States Supreme Court (May 2, 1927). "Buck v. Bell", 274 U.S. 200, 207. Retrieved from FindLaw on September 24, 2014.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 See Allen, Garland E. (August–September 1996). "Science misapplied: the eugenics age revisited". Technology Review, vol. 99, no. 6, at p. 22(10).
11. ↑ Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. (September 3, 1921). "Letter to Felix Frankfurter". For a detailed criticism of Justice Holmes' judicial Darwinism, see Professor Albert W. Alschuler's Law Without Values: The Life, Work, and Legacy of Justice Holmes (Univ. of Chicago Press 2000).
12. ↑ United States Supreme Court (February 20, 1905). "Jacobson v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts", 197 U.S. 11. Retrieved from FindLaw on September 25, 2014.
13. ↑ See Haeckel diagrams. These fraudulent drawings remain a part of American textbooks and were only exposed a century later as false by the New York Times.
14. ↑ Haeckel, Ernst (1904). The Wonders of Life (New York: Harper), pp. 56-57.
15. ↑ Carr, William (October 1991). A History of Germany 1815-1990 (London: Bloomsbury), 4th ed., p. 205.
16. ↑ Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. (February 26, 1922). "Letter to Sir Frederick Pollock".
17. ↑ Barondess, Jeremiah A. (November 27, 1996). "Medicine against society: lessons from the Third Reich". The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 276, no. 20, p. 1657(5).
18. ↑ McCarrick, Pat Milmoe and Coutts, Mary Carrington et al. (June 1995). "Introduction". Eugenics, Scope Note series, no. 28. Georgetown University/The Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics/National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature website. Retrieved from October 13, 2004 archive at Internet Archive on September 18, 2014.
19. ↑ Kühl, Stefan (2002). The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism [preview] (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Preview retrieved from GoogleBooks on September 25, 2014.
20. ↑ Kristof, Nicholas D. (July 4, 2003). "The new eugenics". The New York Times. Reprinted at CNN.com International/U. S. webpage. Retrieved on September 18, 2014.
21. ↑ Hauskeller, Michael (November 2, 2005). "Review of Liberal Eugenics: In Defence of Human Enhancement", Agar, Nicholas (2004, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing). Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. Retrieved on September 25, 2014.

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