Schedule

A schedule (Template:IPA-cen, Template:IPA-cen)[1][2] or a timetable, as a basic time-management tool, consists of a list of times at which possible tasks, events, or actions are intended to take place, or of a sequence of events in the chronological order in which such things are intended to take place. The process of creating a schedule — deciding how to order these tasks and how to commit resources between the variety of possible tasks — is called scheduling,[3][4] and a person responsible for making a particular schedule may be called a scheduler. Making and following schedules is an ancient human activity.[5]

Some scenarios associate this kind of planning with learning life skills.[6][7] Schedules are necessary, or at least useful, in situations where individuals need to know what time they must be at a specific location to receive a specific service, and where people need to accomplish a set of goals within a set time.

Schedules can usefully span both short periods, such as a daily or weekly schedule, and long-term planning for periods of several months or years.[8] They are often made using a calendar, where the person making the schedule can note the dates and times at which various events are planned to occur. Schedules that do not set forth specific times for events to occur may instead list algorithmically an expected order in which events either can or must take place.

In some situations, schedules can be uncertain, such as where the conduct of daily life relies on environmental factors outside human control.[9] People who are vacationing or otherwise seeking to reduce stress and achieve relaxation may intentionally avoid having a schedule for a certain period of time.[10]

## Contents

* 1 Kinds of schedules
* 1.1 Publicly available schedules
* 1.2 Internal schedules
* 1.2.1 Project management scheduling
* 1.2.2 In computing
* 1.2.3 In wireless communications
* 1.2.4 In operations research
* 1.2.5 In transportation planning
* 1.3 In education
* 2 See also
* 3 References

## Kinds of schedules

### Publicly available schedules

Certain kinds of schedules reflect information that is generally made available to the public, so that members of the public can plan certain activities around them. These may include things like:

* Hours of operation of businesses, tourist attractions, and government offices, which allow consumers of these services to know when they can obtain them.
* Transportation schedules, such as airline timetables, train schedules, bus schedules, and various public transport timetables are published to allow commuters to plan their travels. From the perspective of the organization responsible for making transportation available, schedules must provide for the possibility of schedule delay, a term in transport modeling which refers to a difference between a desired time of arrival or departure and the actual time. Despite the use of "delay", it can refer to a difference in either the early or late direction.
* In broadcast programming, the minute planning of the content of a radio or television broadcast channel, the result of that activity is the generation of a list of shows to be broadcast at regular times or at specific times, which is then distributed to the public so that the potential audience for the show will know when it will be available to them.
* Concerts and sporting events are typically scheduled so that fans can plan to buy tickets and attend the events.

### Internal schedules

An internal schedule is a schedule that is only of importance to the people who must directly abide by it. It has been noted that "groups often begin with a schedule imposed from the outside, but effective groups also develop an internal schedule that sets goals for the completion of micro-tasks".[11] Unlike schedules for public events or publicly available amenities, there is no need to go to the time and effort of publicizing the internal schedule. To the contrary, an internal schedule may be kept confidential as a matter of security or propriety.

#### Project management scheduling

Main article: Engineering:Schedule (project management)

A schedule may also involve the completion of a project with which the public has no interaction public prior to its completion. In project management, a formal schedule will often be created as an initial step in carrying out a specific project, such as the construction of a building, development of a product, or launch of a program. Establishing a project management schedule involves listing milestones, activities, and deliverables with intended start and finish dates, of which the scheduling of employees may be an element.[12] A production process schedule is used for the planning of the production or the operation, while a resource schedule aids in the logistical planning for sharing resources among several entities.

In such cases, a schedule "is obtained by estimating the duration of each task and noting any dependencies amongst those tasks".[4] Dependencies, in turn, are tasks that must be completed in order to make other tasks possible, such as renting a truck before loading materials on the truck (since nothing can be loaded until the truck is available for things to be loaded on).[4] Scheduling of projects, therefore, requires the identification of all of the tasks necessary to complete the project, and the earliest time at which each task can be completed.[4] In creating a schedule, a certain amount of time is usually set aside as a contingency against unforeseen days. This time is called scheduling variance,[13] or float,[14] and is a core concept for the critical path method.

#### In computing

Scheduling is important as an internal process in computer science, wherein a database transaction schedule is a list of actions from a set of transactions in databases, and scheduling is the way various processes are assigned in computer multitasking and multiprocessing operating system design. This kind of scheduling is incorporated into the computer program, and the user may be completely unaware of what tasks are being carried out and when. Scheduling operations and issues in computing may include:

* The operation of a network scheduler or packet scheduler, an arbiter program that manages the movement of certain pieces of information in the computer.
* Open-shop scheduling, Job Shop Scheduling, Flow Shop Scheduling Problem, optimization problems in computer science.
* I/O scheduling, the order in which I/O requests are submitted to a block device in operating systems.
* Job scheduler, an enterprise software application in charge of unattended background executions.

#### In wireless communications

Wireless networks should have a flexible service architecture to integrate different types of services on a single air-interface because terminals have different service requirements. On top of the flexible service architecture, effective quality of service (QoS) management schemes are also needed. Therefore, wireless resources need to be shared among all terminals carefully and it is desirable to schedule the usage of wireless resources as efficiently as possible, while maximizing the overall network performance.[15]

#### In operations research

The scheduling of resources, usually subject to constraints, is the subject of several problems that are in the area of research known as operations research, usually in terms of finding an optimal solution or method for solving.

For example, the nurse scheduling problem is concerned with scheduling a number of employees with typical constraints such as rotation of shifts, limits on overtime, etc. The travelling salesman problem is concerned with scheduling a series of journeys to minimize time or distance. Some of these problems may be solved efficiently with linear programming, but many scheduling problems require integer variables. Although efficient algorithms exist to give integer solutions in some situations (see network flow models), most problems that require integer solutions cannot yet be solved efficiently.

#### In transportation planning

Scheduling is useful in transportation planning. The important components of transportation improvement proposals include (a) comprehensive evaluations of the scope of work to be completed, (b) reasonably accurate cost estimates for finishing the task, and (c) a feasible project schedule. If any of these factors are not accurately defined, then there is a strong possibility of unexpected difficulties. Poor scoping and/or scheduling may result in serious budget problems, delays and cancellations of transportation improvements, and sometimes even a domino effect that can negatively impact the entire area's transportation planning.[16]

### In education

In an educational institution, a timetable must be established that refers students and teachers to classrooms each hour. The challenge of constructing this schedule for larger institutions was addressed by Gunther Schmidt and Thomas Ströhlein in 1976.[17] They formalized the timetable construction problem, and indicated an iterative process using logical matrices and hypergraphs to obtain a solution.

## See also

| Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Schedule.

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* Automated planning and scheduling
* Calendaring software
* Employee scheduling software
* Notation for theoretic scheduling problems
* Timeblocking

## References

1. ↑ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
2. ↑ Jones, Daniel (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6
3. ↑ See Hojjat Adeli, Asim Karim, Construction Scheduling, Cost Optimization and Management (2003), p. 54.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Ofer Zwikael, John Smyrk, Project Management for the Creation of Organisational Value (2011), p. 196: "The process is called scheduling, the output from which is a timetable of some form".
5. ↑ James (15 September 2014). Science Unshackled. Johns Hopkins University Press (published 2014). p. 14. ISBN 978-1421415000. "This obsession with timekeeping isn't anything new, though. Ancient schedules revolved around annual, seasonal, monthly, or daily rhythms, and innumerable examples of timekeeping structures and rock carvings from these early cultures still pepper our planet in famous places like Stonehenge in Wiltshire County, England, and in less famous places like the V-V Ranch Petroglyph site near Sedona, Arizona."
6. ↑ Kohl Coston, Phyllis (August 2013). Celebration of Success. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse (published 2013). p. 26. ISBN 9781491802311. https://books.google.com/books?id=cSN7AAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 2014-09-02. "[Allison] and Evan believe this kind of planning teaches responsibility and consideration for others as well as helping the boys learn life skills such as time management, the importance of being a team member, and ownership of calendar details."
7. ↑ Karniol, Rachel (12 April 2010). Social Development as Preference Management: How Infants, Children, and Parents Get What They Want from One Another. Cambridge University Press (published 2010). p. 129. ISBN 978-1139484008. "[P]arents have agendas that dictate how they prioritize their own behavior. These agendas necessarily require them to plan and set up schedules and children's preferences may play a subsidiary role in these schedules."
8. ↑ Dennis Coon, John Mitterer, Psychology: Modules for Active Learning (2007), p. 7.
9. ↑ In this case they are referred to as Stochastic scheduling. Compare some aspects of hunter-gatherer society: Lee, Richard B. (1998). "What hunters do for a living, or, how to make out on scarce resources". in Gowdy, John. Limited Wants, Unlimited Means: A Reader On Hunter-Gatherer Economics And The Environment. Island Press. p. 52. ISBN 9781559635554. https://books.google.com/books?id=YiKLuuEIUEoC. Retrieved 2014-09-09. "The hunters[' ...] schedule is uneven. it is not unusual for a man to hunt avidly for a week and then do no hunting at all for two or three weeks. Since hunting is an unpredictable business and subject to magical control, hunters sometimes experience a run of bad luck and stop hunting for a month or longer. During these periods, visiting, entertaining, and especially dancing are the primary activities of men."
10. ↑ Kelly Turner, "Health Nut: Working out on Vacation ", OutdoorsNW.com (2014): "Traveling is all about packing a bag and setting out on an adventure with no itinerary, no appointments and no schedule. Vacations are a time to relax and take a time out from your daily responsibilities".
11. ↑ Michael E. Gorman, Transforming Nature: Ethics, Invention and Discovery (1998), p. 308.
12. ↑ Identifying milestones "Identify and Describe MILESTONES and CONTROL POINTS" Phil Richardson
13. ↑ Calin M. Popescu, Project Planning, Scheduling, and Control in Construction (1995), p. 522.
14. ↑ Project Management Institute (2004). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide). Project Management Institute, 4 Original edition (December 31, 2008). https://archive.org/details/guidetoprojectma00proj.
15. ↑ Guowang Miao; Guocong Song (2014). Energy and spectrum efficient wireless network design. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107039889.
16. ↑ Amir R. Hessami; Dazhi Sun; Gabriel J. Odreman; Xiaohuan Zhou; Ali Nejat; Mohammadhossein Saeedi (2017). Project Scoping Guidebook for Metropolitan Planning Organization Transportation Projects. Texas A&M University–Kingsville. "TxDOT Project 0-6929(Title: Enhanced Cost Estimating and Project Development Procedures for MPOs)".
17. ↑ Gunther Schmidt and Thomas Ströhlein (1976) "A Boolean matrix iteration in timetable construction", Linear Algebra and Its Applications 15(1):27–51.

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