Hematology

Hematology (spelled haematology in British English) is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood.[1][2] It involves treating diseases that affect the production of blood and its components, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, bone marrow, platelets, blood vessels, spleen, and the mechanism of coagulation. Such diseases might include hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, blood clots (thrombus), other bleeding disorders, and blood cancers such as leukemia, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma.[3] The laboratory analysis of blood is frequently performed by a medical technologist or medical laboratory scientist.

## Contents

* 1 Specialization
* 2 Training
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Specialization

Physicians specialized in hematology are known as hematologists or haematologists.[2] Their routine work mainly includes the care and treatment of patients with hematological diseases, although some may also work at the hematology laboratory viewing blood films and bone marrow slides under the microscope, interpreting various hematological test results and blood clotting test results. In some institutions, hematologists also manage the hematology laboratory.[3] Physicians who work in hematology laboratories, and most commonly manage them, are pathologists specialized in the diagnosis of hematological diseases, referred to as hematopathologists or haematopathologists. Hematologists and hematopathologists generally work in conjunction to formulate a diagnosis and deliver the most appropriate therapy if needed. Hematology is a distinct subspecialty of internal medicine, separate from but overlapping with the subspecialty of medical oncology. Hematologists may specialize further or have special interests, for example, in:

* treating bleeding disorders such as hemophilia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura,[2] with the latter of these two conditions being continuously studied by hematologists due to its unknown cause.[4]
* treating hematological malignancies such as lymphoma and leukemia (cancers)
* treating hemoglobinopathies, including α-thalassemias and β-thalassemias (thalassemia syndromes) and hemoglobin S, hemoglobin C, and hemoglobin E (abnormal hemoglobins).[5]
* the science of blood transfusion and the work of a blood bank, known as transfusion medicine
* bone marrow and stem cell transplantation, especially with the use of technologies to extract and isolate hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs).[6]

## Training

Starting hematologists (in the US) complete a four-year medical degree followed by three or four more years in residency or internship programs. After completion, they further expand their knowledge by spending two or three more years learning how to experiment, diagnose, and treat blood disorders.[7] Some exposure to hematopathology is typically included in their fellowship training. Job openings for hematologists require training in a recognized fellowship program to learn to diagnose and treat numerous blood-related benign conditions and blood cancers. Hematologists typically work across specialties to care for patients with complex illnesses, such as sickle cell disease, who require complex, multidisciplinary care, and to provide consultation on cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombosis and other conditions that can occur in hospitalized patients.[8]

## See also

* Hematopathology

## References

1. ↑ "Hematology". https://www.healio.com/hematology-oncology/news/online/{2dd178d0-7f92-46a8-add9-2c7d634d2cea}/what-is-hematology.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "What is Hematology?". 24 November 2009. https://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Hematology.aspx.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Hematology". American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/specialty/hematology.
4. ↑ "Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura". Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 5 (3): 410–414. July 2014. doi:10.4103/0976-237X.137976. PMID 25191085.
5. ↑ "Hemoglobinopathies: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment". Deutsches Ärzteblatt International 108 (31–32): 532–540. August 2011. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0532. PMID 21886666.
6. ↑ "Advances in Transfusion Medicine - Hematology.org" (in en). https://www.hematology.org/about/history/50-years/transfusion-medicine-advances.
7. ↑ "Resources for Medical Students and Residents". American Society of Hematology. https://www.hematology.org/education/trainees/medical-student-resident-resources.
8. ↑ "Systems-based hematology: highlighting successes and next steps". Blood Advances 4 (18): 4574–4583. September 2020. doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002947. PMID 32960959.

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Transfusion medicine

General concepts|

* Apheresis (plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis, leukapheresis)
* Blood transfusion
* Blood typing
* Coombs test (direct and indirect)
* Cross-matching
* Exchange transfusion
* International Society of Blood Transfusion
* Intraoperative blood salvage
* ISBT 128
* Transfusion reactions

Blood group systems /
blood types|

* ABO
* Secretor status
* Chido-Rodgers
* Colton
* Cromer
* Diego
* Dombrock
* Duffy
* Er
* FORS
* Gerbich
* GIL
* GLOB
* Hh
* Ii
* Indian
* JR
* JMH
* Kell (Xk)
* Kidd
* Knops
* Lan
* Lewis
* Lutheran
* LW
* MNS
* OK
* P
* Raph
* Rh and RHAG
* Scianna
* T-Tn
* Vel
* Xg
* Yt
* Other

Blood products /
blood donation|

* Whole blood
* Platelets
* Red blood cells
* Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 (Cryoprecipitate \+ Cryosupernatant)
* Blood substitutes

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* e

Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood tests (R70–R79, 790)

Red blood cells|

| Size|

* Anisocytosis
* Macrocyte
* Microcyte

|

Shape|

* Poikilocytosis
* membrane abnormalities:
* Acanthocyte
* Codocyte
* Ovalocyte
* Spherocyte
* Dacrocyte
* Echinocyte
* Schistocyte
* Degmacyte
* Drepanocyte
* Stomatocyte
* Knizocyte

Hemoglobinization|

* Anisochromia
* Hypochromia

Inclusion bodies|

* Developmental
* Howell–Jolly body
* Basophilic stippling
* Pappenheimer bodies
* Cabot rings
* Hemoglobin precipitation
* Heinz body

Other|

* Rouleaux
* Reticulocyte
* Elevated ESR

Lymphocytes|

* Smudge cell
* Downey cell

Granulocytes|

* Hypersegmented neutrophil
* Pelger–Huet anomaly
* Döhle bodies
* Toxic granulation
* Toxic vacuolation
* Critical green inclusion

Small molecules|

| Blood sugar|

* Hypoglycemia
* Hyperglycemia
* Prediabetes
* Impaired fasting glucose
* Impaired glucose tolerance
* Oxyhyperglycemia

|

Nitrogenous|

* Azotemia
* Hyperuricemia
* Hypouricemia

Proteins|

| LFT|

* Elevated transaminases
* Elevated ALP
* Hypoproteinemia
* Hypoalbuminemia

|

Other|

* Elevated cardiac markers
* Elevated alpha-fetoprotein

Minerals|

* Iron overload disorder

Pathogens/sepsis|

* Bacteremia
* Viremia
* Fungemia
* Parasitemia
* Algaemia

Template:Hematology blood tests

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Diseases of red blood cells

| Polycythemia|

* Polycythemia vera

|

| Anemia|

| Nutritional|

* Micro-: Iron-deficiency anemia
* Plummer–Vinson syndrome

* Macro-: Megaloblastic anemia
* Pernicious anemia

|

Hemolytic
(mostly normo-)|

| Hereditary|

* enzymopathy: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
* glycolysis
* pyruvate kinase deficiency
* triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
* hexokinase deficiency

* [[Biology:Hemoglobinopathemoglobinopathy]]: Thalassemia
* alpha
* beta
* delta
* Sickle cell disease/trait
* Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin

* membrane: Hereditary spherocytosis
* Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome
* Hereditary elliptocytosis
* Southeast Asian ovalocytosis
* Hereditary stomatocytosis

|

Acquired|

| AIHA|

* Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
* Cold agglutinin disease
* Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia
* Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
* Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia

|

* membrane
* paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

* Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
* Thrombotic microangiopathy
* Hemolytic–uremic syndrome

* Drug-induced autoimmune
* Drug-induced nonautoimmune

* Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Aplastic
(mostly normo-)|

* Hereditary: Fanconi anemia
* Diamond–Blackfan anemia

* Acquired: Pure red cell aplasia
* Sideroblastic anemia
* Myelophthisic

Blood tests|

* Mean corpuscular volume
* normocytic
* microcytic
* macrocytic
* Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
* normochromic
* hypochromic

Other|

* Methemoglobinemia
* Sulfhemoglobinemia
* Reticulocytopenia

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* e

Disorders of bleeding and clotting

Coagulation * coagulopathy * Bleeding diathesis

Clotting|

| By cause|

* Clotting factors
* Antithrombin III deficiency
* Protein C deficiency
* Activated protein C resistance
* Protein S deficiency
* Factor V Leiden
* Prothrombin G20210A
* Platelets
* Sticky platelet syndrome
* Thrombocytosis
* Essential thrombocythaemia
* DIC
* Purpura fulminans
* Antiphospholipid syndrome

|

Clots|

* Thrombophilia
* Thrombus
* Thrombosis
* Virchow's triad
* Trousseau sign of malignancy

By site|

* Deep vein thrombosis
* Bancroft's sign
* Homans sign
* Lisker's sign
* Louvel's sign
* Lowenberg's sign
* Peabody's sign
* Pratt's sign
* Rose's sign
* Pulmonary embolism
* Renal vein thrombosis

Bleeding|

| By cause|

| Thrombocytopenia|

* Thrombocytopenic purpura: ITP
* Evans syndrome
* TM
* TTP
* Upshaw–Schulman syndrome

* Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
* May–Hegglin anomaly

|

Platelet function|

* adhesion
* Bernard–Soulier syndrome
* aggregation
* Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
* platelet storage pool deficiency
* Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
* Gray platelet syndrome

Clotting factor|

* Haemophilia
* A/VIII
* B/IX
* C/XI
* von Willebrand disease
* Hypoprothrombinemia/II
* Factor VII deficiency
* Factor X deficiency
* Factor XII deficiency
* Factor XIII deficiency
* Dysfibrinogenemia
* Congenital afibrinogenemia

Signs and symptoms|

* Bleeding
* Bruise
* Haematoma
* Petechia
* Purpura
* Nonthrombocytopenic purpura

By site|

* head
* Epistaxis
* Haemoptysis
* Intracranial haemorrhage
* Hyphaema
* Subconjunctival haemorrhage
* torso
* Haemothorax
* Haemopericardium
* Pulmonary haematoma
* abdomen
* Gastrointestinal bleeding
* Haemobilia
* Haemoperitoneum
* Haematocele
* Haematosalpinx
* joint
* Haemarthrosis

Template:Myeloid malignancy

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Medicine

Specialties
and
subspecialties|

Surgery

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Internal medicine

* Allergy / Immunology
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* Cardiology
* Endocrinology
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* Hepatology
* Geriatrics
* Hematology
* Hospital medicine|
* Infectious disease
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* Radiology
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Other specialties

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Medical education|

* Medical school
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