Elias James Corey

Short description: American chemist (born 1928)

E.J. Corey

Corey in 2007

Born|

Elias James Corey

(1928-07-12) July 12, 1928 (age 96)

Methuen, Massachusetts, U.S.

Alma mater| Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Known for| Retrosynthetic analysis
Synthon
Corey–Bakshi–Shibata catalyst
Corey–Chaykovsky reaction
Corey–Fuchs reaction
Corey–Gilman–Ganem oxidation
Corey–House synthesis
Corey–Itsuno reduction
Corey–Kim oxidation
Corey–Link reaction
Corey–Nicolaou macrolactonization
Corey–Peterson olefination
Corey–Seebach reaction
Corey–Suggs reagent
Corey–Winter olefin synthesis
Awards|

* ACS Award in Pure Chemistry (1960)
* Ernest Guenther Award (1968)
* Centenary Medal (1971)
* Linus Pauling Award (1973)
* George Ledlie Prize (1973)
* Arthur C. Cope Award (1976)
* William H. Nichols Medal (1977)
* Franklin Medal (1978)
* Chemical Pioneer Award (1981)
* Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award (1981)
* Paul Karrer Gold Medal (1982)
* Tetrahedron Prize (1983)
* Willard Gibbs Award (1984)
* Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1986)
* National Medal of Science (1988)
* Japan Prize (1989)[1]
* Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1990)
* ForMemRS (1998)[2]
* Priestley Medal (2004)

Scientific career
Fields| Organic chemistry
Institutions| University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Harvard University
Thesis| The synthesis of N,N-diacylamino acids and analogs of penicillin (1951)
Doctoral advisor| John C. Sheehan
Notable students|

* Phil Baran
* Rajender Leleti
* Eric Block
* Dale L. Boger
* Weston T. Borden
* David E. Cane
* Rick L. Danheiser
* William L. Jorgensen
* John Katzenellenbogen
* Alan P. Kozikowski
* Bruce H. Lipshutz
* David Liu
* Gojko Lalic
* Albert Meyers
* K. C. Nicolaou
* Ryōji Noyori
* Gary H. Posner
* Bengt I. Samuelsson
* Dieter Seebach
* Vinod K. Singh
* Brian Stoltz
* Hisashi Yamamoto
* Ramakanth Sarabu
* Jin-Quan Yu

Website| chemistry.harvard.edu/people/e-j-corey

Elias James Corey (born July 12, 1928) is an American organic chemist. In 1990, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis",[3] specifically retrosynthetic analysis.[4][5] Regarded by many as one of the greatest living chemists, he has developed numerous synthetic reagents, methodologies and total syntheses and has advanced the science of organic synthesis considerably.

## Contents

* 1 Biography
* 2 Major contributions
* 2.1 Reagents
* 2.2 Methodology
* 2.3 Total syntheses
* 2.4 Publications
* 3 Altom suicide
* 4 Corey Group members
* 5 Woodward–Hoffmann rules
* 6 Awards and honors
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Biography

E.J. Corey (the surname was anglicized from Levantine Arabic Khoury, meaning priest) was born to Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christian immigrants Fatima (née Hasham) and Elias Corey in Methuen, Massachusetts, 50 km (31 mi) north of Boston.[6] His mother changed his name from William to "Elias" to honor his father, who died eighteen months after Corey's birth. His widowed mother, brother, two sisters, aunt and uncle all lived together in a spacious house, struggling through the Great Depression. As a young boy, Corey was independent and enjoyed sports such as baseball, football, and hiking. He attended a Catholic elementary school and Lawrence High School in Lawrence, Massachusetts.

At the age of 16 Corey entered MIT, where he earned both a bachelor's degree in 1948 and a Ph.D. under Professor John C. Sheehan in 1951. Upon entering MIT, Corey's only experience with science was in mathematics, and he began his college career pursuing a degree in engineering. After his first chemistry class in his sophomore year he began rethinking his long-term career plans and graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. Immediately thereafter, at the invitation of Professor John C. Sheehan, Corey remained at MIT for his Ph.D. After his graduate career he was offered an appointment at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he became a full professor of chemistry in 1956 at the age of 27. He was initiated as a member of the Zeta chapter of Alpha Chi Sigma at the University of Illinois in 1952.[7] In 1959, he moved to Harvard University, where he is currently an emeritus professor of organic chemistry with an active Corey Group research program. He chose to work in organic chemistry because of "its intrinsic beauty and its great relevance to human health".[8] He has also been an advisor to Pfizer for more than 50 years.[9]

Among numerous honors, Corey was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1988,[10] the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1990,[5] and the American Chemical Society's greatest honor, the Priestley Medal, in 2004.[11]

## Major contributions

### Reagents

Corey has developed several new synthetic reagents:

* PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate), also referred to as the Corey-Suggs reagent, is widely used for the oxidation of alcohols to corresponding ketones and aldehydes.[12] PCC has several advantages over other commercial oxidants. An air-stable yellow solid, it is only slightly hygroscopic. Unlike other oxidizing agents, PCC requires only about 1.5 equivalents to complete a single oxidation (scheme 1).

In the reaction, the alcohol nucleophilically displaces chlorine from the electropositive chromium(VI) metal. The chloride anion then acts as a base to afford the aldehyde product and chromium(IV).

The slightly acidic character of PCC makes it useful for cyclization reactions with alcohols and alkenes (Scheme 2).[13]

The initial oxidation yields the corresponding aldehyde, which can then undergo a Prins reaction with the neighboring alkene. After elimination and further oxidation, the product is a cyclic ketone. Conversely, powdered sodium acetate co-reagent inhibits reaction after formation of the aldehyde.

PCC's oxidatory robustness has also rendered it useful in the realm of total synthesis (Scheme 3). This example illustrates that PCC is capable of performing a Dauben oxidative rearrangement with tertiary alcohols through a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.[14]

* t-Butyldimethylsilyl ether (TBS),[15] triisopropylsilyl ether (TIPS), and methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM) are popular alcohol protecting groups. The development of these protecting groups allowed the synthesis of several natural products whose functional groups could not withstand standard chemical transformations. Although the synthetic community attempts to minimize the use of protecting groups, it is still rare that a published natural-product synthesis omits them entirely. Since 1972 the TBS group has become the most popular silicon protecting group (Scheme 4).[16][17] TBS is stable to chromatography and labile enough to cleave under basic and acidic conditions. More importantly, TBS ethers are stable to such carbon nucleophiles as Grignard reagents and enolates.[18][19][20]

CSA (Camphorsulfonic acid) selectively removes a primary TBS ether in the presence of TIPS and tertiary TBS ethers. Other TBS deprotection methods include acids (also Lewis acids), and fluorides.

TIPS protecting groups provide increased selectivity of primary over secondary and tertiary alcohol protection. Their ethers are more stable under acidic and basic conditions than TBS ethers, but less labile for deprotection.[21] The most common cleavage reagents employ the same conditions as TBS ether, but longer reaction times.

Usually TBAF severs TBS ethers, but the hindered TBS ether above survives primary TIPS removal (scheme 5).[22]

The MEM protecting group was first described by Corey in 1976.[23] This protecting group is similar in reactivity and stability to other alkoxy methyl ethers under acidic conditions. Acidic conditions usually accomplish cleavage of MEM protecting groups, but coordination with metal halides greatly enhances lability (scheme 6).[24]

* 1,3-Dithianes are a temporary modification of a carbonyl group that reverses their reactivity in displacement and addition reactions. Dithianation introduced umpolung chemistry, now a key concept in organic synthesis.[25] The formations of dithianes can be accomplished with a Lewis acid (scheme 7) or directly from carbonyl compounds.[26]

The pKa of dithianes is approximately 30, allowing deprotonation with an alkyl lithium reagent, typically n-butyllithium.

The reaction between dithianes and aldehydes is now known as the Corey-Seebach reaction. The dithiane, once deprotonated, serves as an acyl anion, attacking incoming electrophiles. Dithiane deprotection, usually with HgO, constructs a ketone product.[25]

* Corey also commenced detailed studies on cationic polyolefin cyclizations utilized in enzymatic production of cholesterol from simpler plant terpenes.[27] Corey established the details of the remarkable cyclization process by first studying the biological synthesis of sterols from squalene.

### Methodology

Several reactions developed in Corey's lab have become commonplace in modern synthetic organic chemistry. At least 302 methods have been developed in the Corey group since 1950.[28] Several reactions have been named after him:

* Corey-Itsuno reduction, also known as the Corey-Bakshi-Shibata reduction, is an enantioselective reduction of ketones to alcohols through an oxazaborolidine catalyst, with various boranes as the stoichiometric reductant.[29] The Corey group first demonstrated the catalyst's synthesis using borane and the chiral amino acid proline (scheme 9).[30][31]

Later, Corey demonstrated that substituted boranes were easier to prepare and much more stable.

The reduction mechanism begins with the oxazoborolidine, only slightly basic at nitrogen, coordinating to a borane reductant (scheme 10).[31] Poor donation from the nitrogen to the boron leaves the Lewis acidity mostly intact, allowing coordination to the ketone substrate. The complexation of the substrate occurs from the most accessible lone pair of the oxygen, restricting rotation around the B-O bond due to the sterically neighboring phenyl group.[32]

Migration of the hydride from borane to the electrophilic ketone center occurs via a 6-membered ring transition state, leading to a four-membered ring intermediate, ultimately providing the chiral product and regeneration of the catalyst.[33]

The reaction has also been of great use to natural products chemists (scheme 11).[33][34] The synthesis of dysidiolide by Corey and co-workers was achieved via an enantioselective CBS reduction using a borane-dimethylsulfide complex.

* Corey-Fuchs alkyne synthesis is the synthesis of terminal alkynes through a one-carbon homologation of aldehydes using triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrabromide.[30][35] The mechanism is similar to that of a combined Wittig reaction and Appell reaction. Reacting a phosphorus ylide formed in situ with the aldehyde substrate yields a dibromoolefin.[36]

On treatment with two equivalents of n-butyllithium, lithium halogen exchange and deprotonation yields a lithium acetylide species that undergoes hydrolysis to yield the terminal alkyne product (scheme 12).[30]

More recent developments include a modified procedure for one-pot synthesis.[37]

This synthetic transformation has been proven successful in the total synthesis (+)-taylorione by W.J. Kerr and co-workers (scheme 13).[38]

* The Corey–Kim oxidation was a new conversion of alcohols into corresponding aldehydes and ketones.[30][39][40] This combination of N-chlorosuccinimidosulfonium chloride (NCS), dimethylsulfide (DMS), and triethylamine (TEA) offers a less toxic alternative to chromium-based oxidations. The Corey-Kim reagent is formed in situ when the succinimide and sulfide react to form a dimethylsuccinimidosulfonium chloride species (scheme 14).[30]

Triethylamine deprotonates the alkoxysulfonium salt at the α position to afford the oxidized product. The reaction accommodates a wide array of functional groups, but allylic and benzylic alcohols are typically transformed into chlorides instead.[39]

Its application in synthesis is based on the mild protocol conditions and functional and protecting group compatibility. In the total synthesis of ingenol, Kuwajima and co-workers exploited the Corey-Kim oxidation by selectively oxidizing the less hindered secondary alcohol(scheme 15).[41]

* Corey-Winter olefination is a stereospecific transformation of 1,2-diols to alkenes involving the diol substrate, thiocarbonyldiimidazole, and excess trialkylphosphite.[30][42] The exact mechanism is unknown, but has been narrowed down to two possible pathways.[43] The thionocarbonate and trialkylphosphite either form a phosphorus ylide or carbenoid intermediate. The reaction is stereospecific for most substrates unless the product would lead to an exceedingly strained structure, as discovered when Corey et al attempted to form sterically hindered trans alkenes in certain 7-membered rings. Stereospecfic alkenes are present in several natural products as the method continues to be exploited to yield a series of complex substrates. Professor T.K.M Shing et al used the Corey-Winter olefination reaction to synthesize (+)-Boesenoxide (scheme 16).[44]

* CBS-type enantioselective Diels–Alder reaction has been developed using a similar scaffold to the enantioselective CBS reduction.[31] After the development of this reaction the CBS reagent proved to be a very versatile reagent for a series of several powerful synthetic transformations. The use of a chiral Lewis acid such as the CBS catalyst includes a broad range of unsaturated enones substrates. The reaction likely proceeds via a highly organized 6-membered ring pre-transition state to deliver highly enantio-enriched products (scheme 17).[45]

This transition state likely occurs because of favorable pi-stacking with the phenyl substituent.[31][46] The enantioselectivity of the process is facilitated from the diene approaching the dienophile from the opposite face of the phenyl substituent.

The Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most powerful transformations in synthetic chemistry. The synthesis of natural products using the Diels-Alder reaction as a transform has been applied especially to the formation of six-membered rings(scheme 18).[47]

* Corey-Nicolaou macrolactonization provides the first method for preparing medium-to-large-size lactones.[30][48] Previously, intermolecular outcompeted intramolecular lactonization even at low concentrations. One big advantage of this reaction is that it is performed under neutral conditions allowing the presence of acid and base-labile functional groups. As of 2016, rings of 7–44 members have been successfully synthesized using this method.[49][50]

The reaction occurs in the presence of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide and triphenylphosphine with reflux of a nonpolar solvent such as benzene. The mechanism begins with formation of the 2-pyridinethiol ester (scheme 19). Proton-transfer provides a dipolar intermediate in which the alkoxide nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbonyl center, providing a tetrahedral intermediate that yields the macrolactone product.[51]

One of the first examples of this protocol was applied to the total synthesis of zearalenone (scheme 20).[51]

* The Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky reaction synthesizes epoxides and cyclopropanes.[30] The reaction forms a sulfur ylide in situ that reacts with enones, ketones, aldehydes, and imines to form corresponding epoxides, cyclopropanes, and aziridines.[52] Two sulfur ylide variants have been employed that give different chemeoselective products (scheme 21).The dimethylsulfoxonium methylide provides epoxides from ketones, but yields the cyclopropanes when enones are employed. Dimethylsulfonium methylide transforms ketones and enones to the corresponding epoxides. Dimethylsulfonium methylide is much more reactive and less stable than dimethylsulfoxonium methylide, so it is generated at low temperatures.[53]

* Based on their reactivity, another distinct advantage of these two variants is that kinetically they provide a difference in diastereoselectivity. The reaction is very well established, and enantioselective variants (catalytic and stoichiometric) have also been achieved. From a retrosynthetic analysis standpoint, this reaction provides a reasonable alternative to conventional epoxidation reactions with alkenes (scheme 22). Danishefsky utilized this methodology for the synthesis of taxol. Diastereoselectivity is established by 1,3 interactions in the transition state required for epoxide closure.[54]

### Total syntheses

E. J. Corey and his research group have completed many total syntheses. At least 265 compounds have been synthesized in the Corey group since 1950.[55]

His 1969 total syntheses of several prostaglandins are considered classics.[56][57][58][59] Specifically the synthesis of Prostaglandin F2α presents several challenges. The presence of both cis and trans olefins as well as five asymmetric carbon atoms renders the molecule a desirable challenge for organic chemists. Corey's retrosynthetic analysis outlines a few key disconnections that lead to simplified precursors (scheme 23).

Molecular simplification began first by disconnecting both carbon chains with a Wittig reaction and Horner-Wadsworth Emmons modification. The Wittig reaction affords the cis product, while the Horner-Wadsworth Emmons produces the trans olefin. The published synthesis reveals a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of the carbonyl reduction using zinc borohydride. However, years later Corey and co-workers established the CBS reduction. One of the examples that exemplified this protocol was an intermediate in the prostaglandin synthesis revealing a 9:1 mixture of the desired diastereomer (scheme 24).[33]

The iodolactonization transform affords an allylic alcohol leading to a key Baeyer-Villiger intermediate. This oxidation regioselectively inserts an oxygen atom between the ketone and the most electron-rich site. The pivotal intermediate leads to a straightforward conversion to the Diels-Alder structural goal, which provides the carbon framework for the functionalized cyclopentane ring. Later Corey developed an asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction employing a chiral oxazoborolidine, greatly simplifying the synthetic route to the prostaglandins.

Other notable syntheses:

* Longifolene[60][61]
* Ginkgolides A[62] and B[63][64]
* Lactacystin[65]
* Miroestrol[66]
* Ecteinascidin 743[67]
* Salinosporamide A[68]

### Publications

E.J. Corey has more than 1100 publications.[69] In 2002, the American Chemical Society (ACS) recognized him as the "Most Cited Author in Chemistry". In 2007, he received the first ACS Publications Division "Cycle of Excellence High Impact Contributor Award"[70] and was ranked the number one chemist in terms of research impact by the Hirsch Index (h-index).[71] His books include:

* Corey, E. J. (2010). Enantioselective chemical synthesis : methods, logic and practice. Dallas, Texas: Direct Book Publishing. ISBN 978-0-615-39515-9. OCLC 868975499.
* Corey, E. J. (1995). The logic of chemical synthesis. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-11594-0. OCLC 45734016.
* Corey, E. J. (2007). Molecules and medicine. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-26096-8. OCLC 156819246.
* Li, Jie (2011). Name Reactions in Heterocyclic Chemistry II. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-08508-0. OCLC 761319808.
* Li, Jie (2007). Name reactions for functional group transformations. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-74868-7. OCLC 85851580.

## Altom suicide

Jason Altom, one of Corey's students, committed suicide in 1998.[72] Altom's suicide caused controversy because he explicitly blamed Corey, his research advisor, for his suicide.[73] Altom cited in his 1998 farewell note "abusive research supervisors" as one reason for taking his life. Altom's suicide note also contained explicit instructions on how to reform the relationship between students and their supervisors.

Altom was the third member of Corey's lab to commit suicide since 1980.[74] Corey was reportedly devastated and bewildered by his student's death.[75] Corey said, "That letter doesn't make sense. At the end, Jason must have been delusional or irrational in the extreme." Corey also claimed he never questioned Altom's intellectual contributions. "I did my best to guide Jason as a mountain guide would to guide someone climbing a mountain. I did my best every step of the way," Corey states. "My conscience is clear. Everything Jason did came out of our partnership. We never had the slightest disagreement."[72] The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP) cited The New York Times article on Altom's suicide as an example of problematic reporting, arguing that Altom presented warning signs of depression and suicidal ideation and that the article had scapegoated Corey despite a lack of secondary evidence that the advisor's behavior had contributed to Altom's distress.[76][77] According to The Boston Globe, students and professors said Altom actually retained Corey's support.[75]

## Corey Group members

As of 2010, approximately 700 people have been Corey Group members including notable students Eric Block, Dale L. Boger, Rajender Reddy Leleti, Weston T. Borden, David E. Cane, Rick L. Danheiser, William L. Jorgensen, John Katzenellenbogen, Alan P. Kozikowski, Bruce H. Lipshutz, David R. Liu, Albert Meyers, K. C. Nicolaou, Ryōji Noyori, Gary H. Posner, Bengt I. Samuelsson, Dieter Seebach, Vinod K. Singh, Brian Stoltz, Alice Ting, Hisashi Yamamoto, Phil Baran and Jin-Quan Yu. A database of 580 former members and their current affiliation was developed for Corey's 80th birthday in July 2008.[78]

## Woodward–Hoffmann rules

When awarded the Priestley Medal in 2004, E. J. Corey created a controversy with his claim to have inspired Robert Burns Woodward prior to the development of the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. Corey wrote:

"On May 4, 1964, I suggested to my colleague R. B. Woodward a simple explanation involving the symmetry of the perturbed (HOMO) molecular orbitals for the stereoselective cyclobutene → 1,3-butadiene and 1,3,5-hexatriene → cyclohexadiene conversions that provided the basis for the further development of these ideas into what became known as the Woodward–Hoffmann rules."[79]

This was Corey's first public statement on his claim that starting on May 5, 1964, Woodward put forth Corey's explanation as his own thought with no mention of Corey and the conversation of May 4. Corey had discussed his claim privately with Hoffmann and close colleagues since 1964. Corey mentions that he made the Priestley statement "so the historical record would be correct".[80]

Corey's claim and contribution were publicly rebutted by Roald Hoffmann in the journal Angewandte Chemie. In the rebuttal, Hoffmann states that he asked Corey over the course of their long discussion of the matter why Corey did not make the issue public. Corey responded that he thought such a public disagreement would hurt Harvard and that he would not "consider doing anything against Harvard, to which I was and am so devoted." Corey also hoped that Woodward himself would correct the historical record "as he grew older, more considerate, and more sensitive to his own conscience."[81] Woodward died suddenly of a heart attack in his sleep in 1979.

## Awards and honors

E.J. Corey has received more than 40 major awards including the Linus Pauling Award (1973), Franklin Medal (1978), Tetrahedron Prize (1983), Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1986), National Medal of Science (1988), Japan Prize (1989), Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1990), Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1991),[82] Roger Adams Award (1993), and the Priestley Medal (2004).[11] He was inducted into the Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame in 1998.[7] As of 2008, he has been awarded 19 honorary degrees from universities around the world including Oxford University (UK), Cambridge University (UK), and National Chung Cheng University.[83] In 2013, the E.J. Corey Institute of Biomedical Research (CIBR) opened in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China.[84]

Corey was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1998.[2]

## References

1. ↑ Laureates of the Japan Prize . japanprize.jp
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Professor Elias Corey ForMemRS Foreign Member". London: Royal Society. https://royalsociety.org/people/elias-corey-11263/.
3. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1990". Nobelprize.org. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1990/index.html.
4. ↑ E. J. Corey, X-M. Cheng, The Logic of Chemical Synthesis, Wiley, New York, 1995, ISBN:0-471-11594-0.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Corey, E.J. (1991). "The Logic of Chemical Synthesis: Multistep Synthesis of Complex Carbogenic Molecules (Nobel Lecture)". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 30 (5): 455–465. doi:10.1002/anie.199104553.
6. ↑ Elias James Corey – Autobiography . nobelprize.org
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Fraternity – Awards – Hall of Fame – Alpha Chi Sigma
8. ↑ Corey, E.J. (1990). "Nobel Prize Autobiography". Nobelprize.org: The Official Site of the Nobel Prize. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1990/corey.html.
9. ↑ "Compiled Works of Elias J. Corey, Notes, Pfizer, Celebrating your 80th birthday". June 27, 2008. http://ejcorey.org/corey/notes/notes.php.
10. ↑ National Science Foundation – The President's National Medal of Science
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 See the E.J. Corey, About E.J. Corey, Major Awards tab "Compiled Works of Elias J. Corey". July 12, 2008. http://ejcorey.org/corey/about/majorawards.html.
12. ↑ Corey, E.J.; Suggs, W. (1975). "Pyridinium chlorochromate. An efficient reagent for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to carbonyl compounds". Tetrahedron Lett. 16 (31): 2647–2650. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)75204-x.
13. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Boger, D. (1978). "Oxidative cationic cyclization reactions effected by pyridinium chlorochromate". Tetrahedron Lett. 19 (28): 2461–2464. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(01)94800-2.
14. ↑ Yang (2010). "Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Caribenol A". Journal of the American Chemical Society 132 (39): 13608–13609. doi:10.1021/ja106585n. PMID 20831198.
15. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Venkateswarlu, A. (1972). "Protection of hydroxyl groups as tert-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94 (17): 6190–6191. doi:10.1021/ja00772a043.
16. ↑ Mori (1998). "Formal Total Synthesis of Hemibrevetoxin B by an Oxiranyl Anion Strategy". J. Org. Chem. 63 (18): 6200–6209. doi:10.1021/jo980320p. PMID 11672250.
17. ↑ Furstner (2001). "Alkyne Metathesis: Development of a Novel Molybdenum-Based Catalyst System and Its Application to the Total Synthesis of Epothilone A and C". Chem. Eur. J. 7 (24): 5299–5317. doi:10.1002/1521-3765(20011217)7:24<5299::aid-chem5299>3.0.co;2-x. PMID 11822430.
18. ↑ Kocienski, P.J. Protecting Groups; Georg Thieme Verlag: Germany, 2000
19. ↑ Friesen, R. W. (1991). "A highly stereoselective conversion of α-allenic alcohols to 1,2-syn amino alcohol derivatives via iodocarbamation". Tetrahedron Lett. 31 (30): 4249–4252. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)97592-0.
20. ↑ Imanieh (1992). "A facile generation of α-silyl carbanions". Tetrahedron Lett. 33 (4): 543–546. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)93991-1.
21. ↑ Ogilvie (1974). "Selective protection of hydroxyl groups in deoxynucleosides using alkylsilyl reagents.". Tetrahedron Lett. 116 (33): 2865–2868. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(01)91764-2.
22. ↑ Kadota (1998). "Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of Hemibrevetoxin B". J. Org. Chem. 63 (19): 6597–6606. doi:10.1021/jo9807619.
23. ↑ Corey (1976). "A new general method for protection of the hydroxyl function". Tetrahedron Lett. 17 (11): 809–812. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)92890-9.
24. ↑ Chiang (1989). "Total synthesis of L-659,699, a novel inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis". J. Org. Chem. 54 (24): 5708–5712. doi:10.1021/jo00285a017.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Corey (1982). "Total synthesis of aplasmomycin". Journal of the American Chemical Society 104 (24): 6818–6820. doi:10.1021/ja00388a074.
26. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Seebach, D. (1965). "Synthesis of 1,n-Dicarbonyl Derivates Using Carbanions from 1,3-Dithianes". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 4 (12): 1077–1078. doi:10.1002/anie.196510771.
27. ↑ Wendt, K.U.; Schulz, G.E.; Liu, D.R.; Corey, E.J. (2000). "Enzyme Mechanisms for Polycyclic Triterpene Formation". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 39 (16): 2812–2833. doi:10.1002/1521-3773(20000818)39:16<2812::aid-anie2812>3.3.co;2-r. PMID 11027983.
28. ↑ See the Methods tab"Compiled Works of Elias J. Corey". July 12, 2008. http://ejcorey.org/corey/methods/methods.php.
29. ↑ Corey, E. J. (1998). "Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds with Chiral Oxazaborolidine Catalysts: A New Paradigm for Enantioselective Catalysis and a Powerful New Synthetic Method". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 37 (15): 1986–2012. doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19980817)37:15<1986::aid-anie1986>3.0.co;2-z. PMID 29711061.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 Kürti, L.; Czakó, B. Strategic Applications of Named Reactions in Organic Synthesis; Elsevier: Burlington, 2005.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Corey, E.J.; Kürti, L. Enantioselective Chemical Synthesis; Direct Book Publishing: Dallas, 2010
32. ↑ Corey, E.J.; Bakshi, R.K.; Shibata, S. (1987). "Highly enantioselective borane reduction of ketones catalyzed by chiral oxazaborolidines. Mechanism and synthetic implications". Journal of the American Chemical Society 109 (18): 5551–5553. doi:10.1021/ja00252a056.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Corey (1987). "A stable and easily prepared catalyst for the enantioselective reduction of ketones. Applications to multistep syntheses". Journal of the American Chemical Society 109 (25): 7925–7926. doi:10.1021/ja00259a075.
34. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Roberts, B. E. (1997). "Total Synthesis of Dysidiolide". Journal of the American Chemical Society 119 (51): 12425–12431. doi:10.1021/ja973023v.
35. ↑ Corey, E.J.; Fuch, P.L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1972, 3769
36. ↑ Eymery et al Synthesis 2000, 185
37. ↑ Michel (1999). "A one-pot procedure for the synthesis of alkynes and bromoalkynes from aldehydes". Tetrahedron Lett. 40 (49): 8575–8578. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(99)01830-4.
38. ↑ Donkervoot (1996). "Development of modified Pauson-Khand reactions with ethylene and utilisation in the total synthesis of (+)-taylorione". Tetrahedron 52 (21): 7391–7420. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(96)00259-1.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Corey, E.J.; Kim, C. U. (1972). "New and highly effective method for the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols to carbonyl compounds". Journal of the American Chemical Society 94 (21): 7586–7587. doi:10.1021/ja00776a056.
40. ↑ E. J. Corey; C. U. Kim (1974). "A method for the oxidation of sec,tert-1,2-diols to α-hydroxy ketones without carbon-carbon cleavage". Tetrahedron Letters 15 (3): 287–290. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)82195-X.
41. ↑ Kuwajima (2003). "Total Synthesis of Ingenol". Journal of the American Chemical Society 125 (6): 1498–1500. doi:10.1021/ja029226n. PMID 12568608.
42. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Winter, A. E. (1963). "A New, Stereospecific Olefin Synthesis from 1,2-Diols". Journal of the American Chemical Society 85 (17): 2677–2678. doi:10.1021/ja00900a043.
43. ↑ Block (1984). "Olefin Synthesis by Deoxygenation of Vicinal Diols". Organic Reactions. 30. p. 457. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or030.02. ISBN 978-0-471-26418-7.
44. ↑ Shing (1998). "Enantiospecific Syntheses of (+)-Crotepoxide, (+)-Boesenoxide, (+)-β-Senepoxide, (+)-Pipoxide Acetate, (−)- iso -Crotepoxide, (−)-Senepoxide, and (−)-Tingtanoxide from (−)-Quinic Acid 1". J. Org. Chem. 63 (5): 1547–1554. doi:10.1021/jo970907o.
45. ↑ Nair (2007). "Intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions in targeted syntheses". Tetrahedron 63 (50): 12247–12275. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2007.09.065.
46. ↑ Corey, E. J. (2004). "Enantioselective and Structure-Selective Diels−Alder Reactions of Unsymmetrical Quinones Catalyzed by a Chiral Oxazaborolidinium Cation. Predictive Selection Rules". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (15): 4800–4802. doi:10.1021/ja049323b. PMID 15080683.
47. ↑ Corey (1994). "Demonstration of the Synthetic Power of Oxazaborolidine-Catalyzed Enantioselective Diels-Alder Reactions by Very Efficient Routes to Cassiol and Gibberellic Acid". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116 (8): 3611–3612. doi:10.1021/ja00087a062.
48. ↑ Corey (1975). "Synthesis of novel macrocyclic lactones in the prostaglandin and polyether antibiotic series". Journal of the American Chemical Society 97 (3): 653–654. doi:10.1021/ja00836a036. PMID 1133366.
49. ↑ Nicolaou, K. C. (1977). "Synthesis of macrolides". Tetrahedron 33 (7): 683–710. doi:10.1016/0040-4020(77)80180-4.
50. ↑ Shin, Inji; Hong, Suckchang; Krische, Michael J. (2016-11-02). "Total Synthesis of Swinholide A: An Exposition in Hydrogen-Mediated C–C Bond Formation" (in en). Journal of the American Chemical Society 138 (43): 14246–14249. doi:10.1021/jacs.6b10645. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 27779393.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Corey, E. J.; Nicolaou, K. C. (1974). "Efficient and mild lactonization method for the synthesis of macrolides". Journal of the American Chemical Society 96 (17): 5614–5616. doi:10.1021/ja00824a073.
52. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Chaykovsky (1962). "Dimethylsulfoxonium Methylide". Journal of the American Chemical Society 84 (5): 867–868. doi:10.1021/ja00864a040.
53. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Chaykovsky (1965). "Dimethyloxosulfonium Methylide ((CH3)2SOCH2) and Dimethylsulfonium Methylide ((CH3)2SCH2). Formation and Application to Organic Synthesis". Journal of the American Chemical Society 87 (6): 1353–1364. doi:10.1021/ja01084a034.
54. ↑ Danishefsky (1996). "Total Synthesis of Baccatin III and Taxol". Journal of the American Chemical Society 118 (12): 2843–2859. doi:10.1021/ja952692a.
55. ↑ See the Syntheses tab"Compiled Works of Elias J. Corey". ejcorey.org. July 12, 2008. http://ejcorey.org/corey/syntheses/syntheses.php.
56. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Weinshenker, N. M.; Schaaf, T. K.; Huber, W. (1969). "Stereo-controlled synthesis of dl-prostaglandins F2.alpha. and E2". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (20): 5675–5677. doi:10.1021/ja01048a062. PMID 5808505.
57. ↑ K. C. Nicolaou, E. J. Sorensen, Classics in Total Synthesis, VCH, New York, 1996, ISBN:3-527-29231-4.
58. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Schaaf, T. K.; Huber, W.; Koelliker,V.; Weinshenker, N. M. (1970). "Total Synthesis of Prostaglandins F2α and E2 as the Naturally Occurring Forms". Journal of the American Chemical Society 92 (2): 397–8. doi:10.1021/ja00705a609. PMID 5411057.
59. ↑ For a review see Axen, U.; Pike, J. E.; and Schneider, W. P. (1973) p. 81 in The Total Synthesis of Natural Products, Vol. 1, ApSimon, J. W. (ed.) Wiley, New York.
60. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Ohno, M.; Vatakencherry, P. A.; Mitra, R. B. (1961). "TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF d,l-LONGIFOLENE". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 83 (5): 1251–1253. doi:10.1021/ja01466a056.
61. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Ohno, M.; Mitra, R. B.; Vatakencherry, P. A. (1964). "Total Synthesis of Longifolene". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86 (3): 478–485. doi:10.1021/ja01057a039.
62. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Ghosh, A. K. (1988). "Total synthesis of ginkgolide a". Tetrahedron Lett. 29 (26): 3205–3206. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(88)85122-0. PMID 31595095.
63. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Kang, M.; Desai, M. C.; Ghosh, A. K.; Houpis, I. N. (1988). "Total synthesis of (.+-.)-ginkgolide B". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 (2): 649–651. doi:10.1021/ja00210a083. PMID 31527923.
64. ↑ Corey, E. J. (1988). "Robert Robinson Lecture. Retrosynthetic thinking?essentials and examples". Chem. Soc. Rev. 17: 111–133. doi:10.1039/cs9881700111.
65. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Reichard, G. A. (1992). "Total Synthesis of Lactacystin". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (26): 10677–10678. doi:10.1021/ja00052a096.
66. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Wu, L. I. (1993). "Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Miroestrol". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115 (20): 9327–9328. doi:10.1021/ja00073a074.
67. ↑ Corey, E. J.; Gin, D. Y.; Kania, R. S. (1996). "Enantioselective Total Synthesis of Ecteinascidin 743". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118 (38): 9202–9203. doi:10.1021/ja962480t.
68. ↑ Reddy Leleti, Rajender; Corey, E. J. (2004). "A Simple Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Salinosporamide A". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (20): 6230–6232. doi:10.1021/ja048613p. PMID 15149210.
69. ↑ See Publications in "Compiled Works of Elias J. Corey". ejcorey.org. November 15, 2013. http://ejcorey.org/corey/index.html.
70. ↑ Baum, Rudy (August 21, 2007). "E.J. Corey: Chemist Extraordinaire". C&EN Meeting Weblog, 234th ACS National Meeting &Exposition, August 19–23, 2007, Boston, Massachusetts.. http://cenboston.wordpress.com/2007/08/21/ej-corey-chemist-extraordinaire/.
71. ↑ Van Noorden, Richard (April 23, 2007). "Hirsch index ranks top chemists". RSC: Advancing the Chemical Sciences, Chemistry World. http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2007/April/23040701.asp.
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Schneider, Alison (1998). "Harvard Faces the Aftermath of a Graduate Student's Suicide". The Chronicle of Higher Education. http://chronicle.com/article/Harvard-Faces-the-Aftermath-of/6469/.
73. ↑ Hall, Stephen S. (November 29, 1998). "Lethal Chemistry at Harvard". The New York Times. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E5DB1F30F93AA15752C1A96E958260.
74. ↑ Hall, Stephen (December 29, 1998). "Lethal Chemistry at Harvard". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/29/magazine/lethal-chemistry-at-harvard.html.
75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 English, Bella. "Grad-student suicides spur big changes at Harvard chem labs". http://www.boston.com/dailyglobe2/002/living/Grad_student_suicides_spur_big_charges_at_Harvard_chem_labs+.shtml. , The Boston Globe via Archive.org (January 2, 2001).
76. ↑ "For the Media: Examples of Good and Problematic Reporting, Scapegoating, New York Times Magazine: Lethal Chemistry at Harvard". American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP). 2010. https://www.afsp.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewpage&page_id=92569BDA-A491-50C6-17ED3B1618AF3291.
77. ↑ The AFSP incorrectly identifies the author and date of The New York Times article as Keith B. Richburg and November 28, 1998. The author was Stephen S. Hall and the date of publication was November 29, 1998.H, H; M.A. (2010). "For the Media: Problematic Reporting, Scapegoating". American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP). https://www.afsp.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.viewpage&page_id=92569BDA-A491-50C6-17ED3B1618AF3291.
78. ↑ "Group Members: Elias James Corey". http://ejcorey.org/corey/members/members.php.
79. ↑ See the E. J. Corey, Impossible Dreams tabCorey, E.J. (April 30, 2004). "Impossible Dreams". 69. JOC Perspective. pp. 2917–2919. http://ejcorey.com/.
80. ↑ Johnson, Carolyn Y. (March 1, 2005). "Whose idea was it?". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/health_science/articles/2005/03/01/whose_idea_was_it?pg=2.
81. ↑ Hoffman, Roald (December 10, 2004). "A Claim on the Development of the Frontier Orbital Explanation Electrocyclic Reactions". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 43 (48): 6586–6590. doi:10.1002/anie.200461440. PMID 15558636.
82. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". American Academy of Achievement. https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration.
83. ↑ See the E.J. Corey, About E.J. Corey, Honorary Degrees tab"Compiled Works of Elias J. Corey". July 12, 2008. http://ejcorey.org/corey/about/honorarydegress.html.
84. ↑ "The grand opening ceremony of E.J. Corey Institute of Biomedical Research (CIBR)". E.J. Corey Institute of Biomedical Research. June 29, 2013. http://www.cibrnobel.org/news_show.aspx?cateid=61&newsid=71.

## External links

* Compiled Works of E.J. Corey
* Miss nobel-id as parameter
* Elias James Corey Nobel Lecture (PDF)
* Podcast interview with E.J. Corey about his Lifelong Pursuit of Learning – May 30, 2018

* v
* t
* e

Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry

1901–1925|

* 1901: Jacobus van 't Hoff
* 1902: Emil Fischer
* 1903: Svante Arrhenius
* 1904: William Ramsay
* 1905: Adolf von Baeyer
* 1906: Henri Moissan
* 1907: Eduard Buchner
* 1908: Ernest Rutherford
* 1909: Wilhelm Ostwald
* 1910: Otto Wallach
* 1911: Marie Curie
* 1912: Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier
* 1913: Alfred Werner
* 1914: Theodore Richards
* 1915: Richard Willstätter
* 1916
* 1917
* 1918: Fritz Haber
* 1919
* 1920: Walther Nernst
* 1921: Frederick Soddy
* 1922: Francis Aston
* 1923: Fritz Pregl
* 1924
* 1925: Richard Zsigmondy

1926–1950|

* 1926: Theodor Svedberg
* 1927: Heinrich Wieland
* 1928: Adolf Windaus
* 1929: Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin
* 1930: Hans Fischer
* 1931: Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius
* 1932: Irving Langmuir
* 1933
* 1934: Harold Urey
* 1935: Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie
* 1936: Peter Debye
* 1937: Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer
* 1938: Richard Kuhn
* 1939: Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička
* 1940
* 1941
* 1942
* 1943: George de Hevesy
* 1944: Otto Hahn
* 1945: Artturi Virtanen
* 1946: James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley
* 1947: Robert Robinson
* 1948: Arne Tiselius
* 1949: William Giauque
* 1950: Otto Diels / Kurt Alder

1951–1975|

* 1951: Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg
* 1952: Archer Martin / Richard Synge
* 1953: Hermann Staudinger
* 1954: Linus Pauling
* 1955: Vincent du Vigneaud
* 1956: Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov
* 1957: Alexander Todd
* 1958: Frederick Sanger
* 1959: Jaroslav Heyrovský
* 1960: Willard Libby
* 1961: Melvin Calvin
* 1962: Max Perutz / John Kendrew
* 1963: Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta
* 1964: Dorothy Hodgkin
* 1965: Robert Woodward
* 1966: Robert S. Mulliken
* 1967: Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter
* 1968: Lars Onsager
* 1969: Derek Barton / Odd Hassel
* 1970: Luis Federico Leloir
* 1971: Gerhard Herzberg
* 1972: Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein
* 1973: Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson
* 1974: Paul Flory
* 1975: John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog

1976–2000|

* 1976: William Lipscomb
* 1977: Ilya Prigogine
* 1978: Peter D. Mitchell
* 1979: Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig
* 1980: Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger
* 1981: Kenichi Fukui / Roald Hoffmann
* 1982: Aaron Klug
* 1983: Henry Taube
* 1984: Robert Merrifield
* 1985: Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle
* 1986: Dudley R. Herschbach / Yuan T. Lee / John Polanyi
* 1987: Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen
* 1988: Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel
* 1989: Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech
* 1990: Elias Corey
* 1991: Richard R. Ernst
* 1992: Rudolph A. Marcus
* 1993: Kary Mullis / Michael Smith
* 1994: George Olah
* 1995: Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / F. Sherwood Rowland
* 1996: Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley
* 1997: Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou
* 1998: Walter Kohn / John Pople
* 1999: Ahmed Zewail
* 2000: Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Hideki Shirakawa

2001–present|

* 2001: William Knowles / Ryoji Noyori / K. Barry Sharpless
* 2002: John B. Fenn / Koichi Tanaka / Kurt Wüthrich
* 2003: Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon
* 2004: Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose
* 2005: Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin
* 2006: Roger D. Kornberg
* 2007: Gerhard Ertl
* 2008: Osamu Shimomura / Martin Chalfie / Roger Y. Tsien
* 2009: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath
* 2010: Richard F. Heck / Akira Suzuki / Ei-ichi Negishi
* 2011: Dan Shechtman
* 2012: Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka
* 2013: Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel
* 2014: Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner
* 2015: Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar
* 2016: Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa
* 2017: Jacques Dubochet / Joachim Frank / Richard Henderson
* 2018: Frances Arnold / Gregory Winter / George Smith
* 2019: John B. Goodenough / M. Stanley Whittingham / Akira Yoshino

* v
* t
* e

1990 Nobel Prize laureates

Chemistry|

Elias James Corey (United States)

Literature|

Octavio Paz (Mexico)

Peace|

Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet Union)

Physics|

* Jerome I. Friedman (United States)
* Henry Way Kendall (United States)
* Richard E. Taylor (Canada)

Physiology or Medicine|

* Joseph E. Murray (United States)
* E. Donnall Thomas (United States)

Economic Sciences|

* Harry Markowitz (United States)
* Merton Miller (United States)
* William F. Sharpe (United States)

Nobel Prize recipients
1990

2000

* v
* t
* e

United States National Medal of Science laureates

Behavioral and social science

| 1960s|

1964
Roger Adams
Othmar H. Ammann
Theodosius Dobzhansky
Neal Elgar Miller

|

1980s|

1986
Herbert A. Simon
1987
Anne Anastasi
George J. Stigler
1988
Milton Friedman

1990s|

1990
Leonid Hurwicz
Patrick Suppes
1991
Robert W. Kates
George A. Miller
1992
Eleanor J. Gibson
1994
Robert K. Merton
1995
Roger N. Shepard
1996
Paul Samuelson
1997
William K. Estes
1998
William Julius Wilson
1999
Robert M. Solow

2000s|

2000
Gary Becker
2001
George Bass
2003
R. Duncan Luce
2004
Kenneth Arrow
2005
Gordon H. Bower
2008
Michael I. Posner
2009
Mortimer Mishkin

2010s|

2011
Anne Treisman
2014
Robert Axelrod
2015
Albert Bandura

Biological sciences

| 1960s|

1963
C. B. van Niel
1964
Marshall W. Nirenberg
1965
Francis P. Rous
George G. Simpson
Donald D. Van Slyke
1966
Edward F. Knipling
Fritz Albert Lipmann
William C. Rose
Sewall Wright
1967
Kenneth S. Cole
Harry F. Harlow
Michael Heidelberger
Alfred H. Sturtevant
1968
Horace Barker
Bernard B. Brodie
Detlev W. Bronk
Jay Lush
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
1969
Robert Huebner
Ernst Mayr

|

1970s|

1970
Barbara McClintock
Albert B. Sabin
1973
Daniel I. Arnon
Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
1974
Britton Chance
Erwin Chargaff
James V. Neel
James Augustine Shannon
1975
Hallowell Davis
Paul Gyorgy
Sterling B. Hendricks
Orville Alvin Vogel
1976
Roger Guillemin
Keith Roberts Porter
Efraim Racker
E. O. Wilson
1979
Robert H. Burris
Elizabeth C. Crosby
Arthur Kornberg
Severo Ochoa
Earl Reece Stadtman
George Ledyard Stebbins
Paul Alfred Weiss

1980s|

1981
Philip Handler
1982
Seymour Benzer
Glenn W. Burton
Mildred Cohn
1983
Howard L. Bachrach
Paul Berg
Wendell L. Roelofs
Berta Scharrer
1986
Stanley Cohen
Donald A. Henderson
Vernon B. Mountcastle
George Emil Palade
Joan A. Steitz
1987
Michael E. DeBakey
Theodor O. Diener
Harry Eagle
Har Gobind Khorana
Rita Levi-Montalcini
1988
Michael S. Brown
Stanley Norman Cohen
Joseph L. Goldstein
Maurice R. Hilleman
Eric R. Kandel
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1989
Katherine Esau
Viktor Hamburger
Philip Leder
Joshua Lederberg
Roger W. Sperry
Harland G. Wood

1990s|

1990
Baruj Benacerraf
Herbert W. Boyer
Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
Edward B. Lewis
David G. Nathan
E. Donnall Thomas
1991
Mary Ellen Avery
G. Evelyn Hutchinson
Elvin A. Kabat
Salvador Luria
Paul A. Marks
Folke K. Skoog
Paul C. Zamecnik
1992
Maxine Singer
Howard Martin Temin
1993
Daniel Nathans
Salome G. Waelsch
1994
Thomas Eisner
Elizabeth F. Neufeld
1995
Alexander Rich
1996
Ruth Patrick
1997
James Watson
Robert A. Weinberg
1998
Bruce Ames
Janet Rowley
1999
David Baltimore
Jared Diamond
Lynn Margulis

2000s|

2000
Nancy C. Andreasen
Peter H. Raven
Carl Woese
2001
Francisco J. Ayala
Mario R. Capecchi
Ann Graybiel
Gene E. Likens
Victor A. McKusick
Harold Varmus
2002
James E. Darnell
Evelyn M. Witkin
2003
J. Michael Bishop
Solomon H. Snyder
Charles Yanofsky
2004
Norman E. Borlaug
Phillip A. Sharp
Thomas E. Starzl
2005
Anthony S. Fauci
Torsten N. Wiesel
2006
Rita R. Colwell
Nina Fedoroff
Lubert Stryer
2007
Robert J. Lefkowitz
Bert W. O'Malley
2008
Francis S. Collins
Elaine Fuchs
J. Craig Venter
2009
Susan L. Lindquist
Stanley B. Prusiner

2010s|

2010
Ralph L. Brinster
Shu Chien
Rudolf Jaenisch
2011
Lucy Shapiro
Leroy Hood
Sallie Chisholm
2014
May Berenbaum
Bruce Alberts
2015
Stanley Falkow
Rakesh K. Jain
Mary-Claire King
Simon Levin

Chemistry

| 1980s|

1982
F. Albert Cotton
Gilbert Stork
1983
Roald Hoffmann
George C. Pimentel
Richard N. Zare
1986
Harry B. Gray
Yuan Tseh Lee
Carl S. Marvel
Frank H. Westheimer
1987
William S. Johnson
Walter H. Stockmayer
Max Tishler
1988
William O. Baker
Konrad E. Bloch
Elias J. Corey
1989
Richard B. Bernstein
Melvin Calvin
Rudolph A. Marcus
Harden M. McConnell

|

1990s|

1990
Elkan Blout
Karl Folkers
John D. Roberts
1991
Ronald Breslow
Gertrude B. Elion
Dudley R. Herschbach
Glenn T. Seaborg
1992
Howard E. Simmons Jr.
1993
Donald J. Cram
Norman Hackerman
1994
George S. Hammond
1995
Thomas Cech
Isabella L. Karle
1996
Norman Davidson
1997
Darleane C. Hoffman
Harold S. Johnston
1998
John W. Cahn
George M. Whitesides
1999
Stuart A. Rice
John Ross
Susan Solomon

2000s|

2000
John D. Baldeschwieler
Ralph F. Hirschmann
2001
Ernest R. Davidson
Gábor A. Somorjai
2002
John I. Brauman
2004
Stephen J. Lippard
2006
Marvin H. Caruthers
Peter B. Dervan
2007
Mostafa A. El-Sayed
2008
Joanna Fowler
JoAnne Stubbe
2009
Stephen J. Benkovic
Marye Anne Fox

2010s|

2010
Jacqueline K. Barton
Peter J. Stang
2011
Allen J. Bard
M. Frederick Hawthorne
2014
Judith P. Klinman
Jerrold Meinwald
2015
A. Paul Alivisatos
Geraldine L. Richmond

Engineering sciences

| 1960s|

1962
Theodore von Kármán
1963
Vannevar Bush
John Robinson Pierce
1964
Charles S. Draper
1965
Hugh L. Dryden
Clarence L. Johnson
Warren K. Lewis
1966
Claude E. Shannon
1967
Edwin H. Land
Igor I. Sikorsky
1968
J. Presper Eckert
Nathan M. Newmark
1969
Jack St. Clair Kilby

|

1970s|

1970
George E. Mueller
1973
Harold E. Edgerton
Richard T. Whitcomb
1974
Rudolf Kompfner
Ralph Brazelton Peck
Abel Wolman
1975
Manson Benedict
William Hayward Pickering
Frederick E. Terman
Wernher von Braun
1976
Morris Cohen
Peter C. Goldmark
Erwin Wilhelm Müller
1979
Emmett N. Leith
Raymond D. Mindlin
Robert N. Noyce
Earl R. Parker
Simon Ramo

1980s|

1982
Edward H. Heinemann
Donald L. Katz
1983
Bill Hewlett
George Low
John G. Trump
1986
Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
Tung-Yen Lin
Bernard M. Oliver
1987
Robert Byron Bird
H. Bolton Seed
Ernst Weber
1988
Daniel C. Drucker
Willis M. Hawkins
George W. Housner
1989
Harry George Drickamer
Herbert E. Grier

1990s|

1990
Mildred Dresselhaus
Nick Holonyak Jr.
1991
George H. Heilmeier
Luna B. Leopold
H. Guyford Stever
1992
Calvin F. Quate
John Roy Whinnery
1993
Alfred Y. Cho
1994
Ray W. Clough
1995
Hermann A. Haus
1996
James L. Flanagan
C. Kumar N. Patel
1998
Eli Ruckenstein
1999
Kenneth N. Stevens

2000s|

2000
Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
2001
Andreas Acrivos
2002
Leo Beranek
2003
John M. Prausnitz
2004
Edwin N. Lightfoot
2005
Jan D. Achenbach
Tobin J. Marks
2006
Robert S. Langer
2007
David J. Wineland
2008
Rudolf E. Kálmán
2009
Amnon Yariv

2010s|

2010
Shu Chien
2011
John B. Goodenough
2014
Thomas Kailath

Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences

| 1960s|

1963
Norbert Wiener
1964
Solomon Lefschetz
H. Marston Morse
1965
Oscar Zariski
1966
John Milnor
1967
Paul Cohen
1968
Jerzy Neyman
1969
William Feller

|

1970s|

1970
Richard Brauer
1973
John Tukey
1974
Kurt Gödel
1975
John W. Backus
Shiing-Shen Chern
George Dantzig
1976
Kurt Otto Friedrichs
Hassler Whitney
1979
Joseph L. Doob
Donald E. Knuth

1980s|

1982
Marshall Harvey Stone
1983
Herman Goldstine
Isadore Singer
1986
Peter Lax
Antoni Zygmund
1987
Raoul Bott
Michael Freedman
1988
Ralph E. Gomory
Joseph B. Keller
1989
Samuel Karlin
Saunders Mac Lane
Donald C. Spencer

1990s|

1990
George F. Carrier
Stephen Cole Kleene
John McCarthy
1991
Alberto Calderón
1992
Allen Newell
1993
Martin David Kruskal
1994
John Cocke
1995
Louis Nirenberg
1996
Richard Karp
Stephen Smale
1997
Shing-Tung Yau
1998
Cathleen Synge Morawetz
1999
Felix Browder
Ronald R. Coifman

2000s|

2000
John Griggs Thompson
Karen Uhlenbeck
2001
Calyampudi R. Rao
Elias M. Stein
2002
James G. Glimm
2003
Carl R. de Boor
2004
Dennis P. Sullivan
2005
Bradley Efron
2006
Hyman Bass
2007
Leonard Kleinrock
Andrew J. Viterbi
2009
David B. Mumford

2010s|

2010
Richard A. Tapia
S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2011
Solomon W. Golomb
Barry Mazur
2014
Alexandre Chorin
David Blackwell
2015
Michael Artin

Physical sciences

| 1960s|

1963
Luis W. Alvarez
1964
Julian Schwinger
Harold Clayton Urey
Robert Burns Woodward
1965
John Bardeen
Peter Debye
Leon M. Lederman
William Rubey
1966
Jacob Bjerknes
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Henry Eyring
John H. Van Vleck
Vladimir K. Zworykin
1967
Jesse Beams
Francis Birch
Gregory Breit
Louis Hammett
George Kistiakowsky
1968
Paul Bartlett
Herbert Friedman
Lars Onsager
Eugene Wigner
1969
Herbert C. Brown
Wolfgang Panofsky

|

1970s|

1970
Robert H. Dicke
Allan R. Sandage
John C. Slater
John A. Wheeler
Saul Winstein
1973
Carl Djerassi
Maurice Ewing
Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
Vladimir Haensel
Frederick Seitz
Robert Rathbun Wilson
1974
Nicolaas Bloembergen
Paul Flory
William Alfred Fowler
Linus Carl Pauling
Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
1975
Hans A. Bethe
Joseph O. Hirschfelder
Lewis Sarett
Edgar Bright Wilson
Chien-Shiung Wu
1976
Samuel Goudsmit
Herbert S. Gutowsky
Frederick Rossini
Verner Suomi
Henry Taube
George Uhlenbeck
1979
Richard P. Feynman
Herman Mark
Edward M. Purcell
John Sinfelt
Lyman Spitzer
Victor F. Weisskopf

1980s|

1982
Philip W. Anderson
Yoichiro Nambu
Edward Teller
Charles H. Townes
1983
E. Margaret Burbidge
Maurice Goldhaber
Helmut Landsberg
Walter Munk
Frederick Reines
Bruno B. Rossi
J. Robert Schrieffer
1986
Solomon J. Buchsbaum
H. Richard Crane
Herman Feshbach
Robert Hofstadter
Chen-Ning Yang
1987
Philip Abelson
Walter Elsasser
Paul C. Lauterbur
George Pake
James A. Van Allen
1988
D. Allan Bromley
Paul Ching-Wu Chu
Walter Kohn
Norman F. Ramsey
Jack Steinberger
1989
Arnold O. Beckman
Eugene Parker
Robert Sharp
Henry Stommel

1990s|

1990
Allan M. Cormack
Edwin M. McMillan
Robert Pound
Roger Revelle
1991
Arthur L. Schawlow
Ed Stone
Steven Weinberg
1992
Eugene M. Shoemaker
1993
Val Fitch
Vera Rubin
1994
Albert Overhauser
Frank Press
1995
Hans Dehmelt
Peter Goldreich
1996
Wallace S. Broecker
1997
Marshall Rosenbluth
Martin Schwarzschild
George Wetherill
1998
Don L. Anderson
John N. Bahcall
1999
James Cronin
Leo Kadanoff

2000s|

2000
Willis E. Lamb
Jeremiah P. Ostriker
Gilbert F. White
2001
Marvin L. Cohen
Raymond Davis Jr.
Charles Keeling
2002
Richard Garwin
W. Jason Morgan
Edward Witten
2003
G. Brent Dalrymple
Riccardo Giacconi
2004
Robert N. Clayton
2005
Ralph A. Alpher
Lonnie Thompson
2006
Daniel Kleppner
2007
Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
Charles P. Slichter
2008
Berni Alder
James E. Gunn
2009
Yakir Aharonov
Esther M. Conwell
Warren M. Washington

2010s|

2011
Sidney Drell
Sandra Faber
Sylvester James Gates
2012
Burton Richter
Sean C. Solomon
2014
Shirley Ann Jackson

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