Long March 5

Short description: Chinese heavy lift rocket

Long March 5

Long March 5 Y2 transporting to launch site

Function| Heavy-lift launch vehicle
Manufacturer| CALT
Country of origin| China
Size
Height| 56.97 m (186.9 ft)
Diameter| 5 m (16 ft)
Mass| 854,500 kg (1,883,900 lb)
Stages| 2
Payload to LEO| 25,000 kg (55,000 lb) [1][2]
Payload to GTO| 14,000 kg (31,000 lb) [1][2]
Payload to TLI| 8,800–9,400 kg (19,400–20,700 lb)
Payload to GEO| 5,100 kg (11,200 lb)
Payload to SSO| 15,000 kg (33,000 lb)
Payload to SSO| 6,700 kg (14,800 lb)
Payload to MEO| 13,000 kg (29,000 lb)
Payload to TMI| 6,000 kg (13,000 lb)
Associated rockets
Family| Long March
Comparable|

* Ariane 5
* Delta IV
* Falcon 9
* Proton-M

Launch history
Status| Active
Launch sites| Wenchang, LC-1
Total launches|

* CZ-5: 5
* CZ-5B: 4

Successes|

* CZ-5: 4
* CZ-5B: 4

Failures|

1 (CZ-5)

Last flight|

* Long March 5: 23 November 2020
* Long March 5B: 31 October 2022 (Both Active)

Notable payloads| Next-generation crewed spacecraft, Chang'e 5, Tianwen 1, Tianhe, Wentian, Mengtian
Boosters – CZ-5-300
No. boosters| 4
Length| 27.6 m (91 ft)
Diameter| 3.35 m (11.0 ft)
Gross mass| 156,600 kg (345,200 lb)
Propellant mass| 142,800 kg (314,800 lb)
Engines| 2 × YF-100
Thrust| Sea level: 2,400 kN (540,000 lbf)
Vacuum: 2,680 kN (600,000 lbf)
Total thrust| 9,600 kN (2,200,000 lbf)
Specific impulse| Sea level: 300 s (2.9 km/s)
Vacuum: 335.1 s (3.286 km/s)
Burn time| 173 seconds
Fuel| RP-1 / LOX
First stage – CZ-5-500
Length| 33.16 m (108.8 ft)
Diameter| 5 m (16 ft)
Gross mass| 186,900 kg (412,000 lb)
Propellant mass| 165,300 kg (364,400 lb)
Engines| 2 × YF-77
Thrust| Sea level: 1,036 kN (233,000 lbf)
Vacuum: 1,400 kN (310,000 lbf)
Specific impulse| Sea level: 316.7 s (3.106 km/s)
Vacuum: 428 s (4.20 km/s)
Burn time| 492 seconds
Fuel| LH2 / LOX
Second stage – CZ-5-HO
Length| 11.54 m (37.9 ft)
Diameter| 5 m (16 ft)
Gross mass| 38,700 kg (85,300 lb)
Propellant mass| 32,000 kg (71,000 lb)
Engines| 2 × YF-75D
Thrust| 176.72 kN (39,730 lbf)
Specific impulse| 442.6 s (4.340 km/s)
Burn time| 700 seconds
Fuel| LH2 / LOX
Third stage – YZ-2 (Optional)
Diameter| 3.8 m (12 ft)
Engines| 2 x YF-50D
Thrust| 13 kN (2,900 lbf)
Specific impulse| 316 s (3.10 km/s)
Burn time| 1105 seconds
Fuel| N2O4 / UDMH

Long March 5 (LM-5; Chinese: 长征五号; pinyin: Chángzhēng wǔ hào), or Changzheng 5 (CZ-5), and also by its nickname "Pang-Wu" (胖五, "Fat-Five"),[3] is a Chinese heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). It is the first Chinese launch vehicle designed to use exclusively non-hypergolic liquid propellants.[4] It is the fifth iteration of the Long March rocket family.

There are currently two CZ-5 variants: CZ-5 and CZ-5B. The maximum payload capacities are approximately 25,000 kg (55,000 lb) to low Earth orbit[5] (for CZ-5B) and approximately 14,000 kg (31,000 lb) to geostationary transfer orbit (for CZ-5).[6] As of 2021, a 3-core human-rated variant,[7] referred to as CZ-5G,[8] designed for manned moon mission, is under development; this variant will be capable of launching a crewed spacecraft into lunar orbit.[9][10]

The Long March 5 roughly matches the capabilities of American NSSL heavy-lift launch vehicles such as the Delta IV Heavy. It is currently the most powerful member of the Long March rocket family and the world's fourth most powerful orbital launch vehicle currently in operation, trailing the Delta IV Heavy, Falcon Heavy, and the Space Launch System.[11]

The first CZ-5 launched from Wenchang Space Launch Site on 3 November 2016 and placed its payload in a suboptimal but workable initial orbit. The second CZ-5 rocket, launched on 2 July 2017, failed due to an engine problem in the first stage.[12]

After an interval of almost two and a half years, the Long March 5 vehicle's return to flight mission (third launch) successfully occurred on 27 December 2019 with the launch and placement of the experimental Shijian-20 communications satellite into geostationary transfer orbit, thereby paving the way for the successful launch of Tianwen 1 Mars mission, lunar Chang'e 5 sample-return mission, and the modular space station,[13] all of which require the lifting capabilities of a heavy lift launch vehicle.

## Contents

* 1 Development
* 2 Design and specifications
* 3 Space debris concerns
* 4 Notable launches
* 4.1 First flight
* 4.2 Second flight
* 4.3 Third flight
* 4.4 Fourth flight (CZ-5B)
* 5 Launch Statistics
* 6 List of launches
* 6.1 Past launches
* 6.2 Planned launches
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Development

Since 2010, Long March launches (all versions) have made up 15–25% of the global launch totals. Growing domestic demand for launch services has also allowed China's state launch provider to maintain a healthy manifest. Additionally, China had been able to secure some international launch contracts by offering package deals that bundle launch vehicles with Chinese satellites, thereby circumventing the effects of U.S. embargo.[14]

China's main objective for initiating the new CZ-5 program in 2007 was in anticipation of its future requirement for larger LEO and GTO payload capacities during the next 20–30 years period. Formal approval of the Long March 5 program occurred in 2007 following two decades of feasibility studies when funding was finally granted by the Chinese government. At the time, the new rocket was expected to be manufactured at a facility in Tianjin, a coastal city near Beijing,[5] while launch was expected to occur at the new Wenchang Space Launch Site in the southernmost island province of Hainan.[5]

In July 2012, a new 1200 kN thrust LOX/kerosene engine to be used on the Long March 5 boosters was test-fired by China.[6][15]

The first photos of a CZ-5, undergoing tests, were released in March 2015.[16]

The first production CZ-5 was shipped from the port of Tianjin in North China to Wenchang Space Launch Site on Hainan Island on 20 September 2015 for launch rehearsals.[17]

The maiden flight of the CZ-5 was initially scheduled for 2014, but this subsequently slipped to 2016.[18]

The final production and testing of the first CZ-5 rocket to be launched into orbit were completed at its Tianjin manufacturing facility on or about 16 August 2016 and the various segments of the rocket were shipped to the launch center on Hainan island shortly thereafter.[19]

## Design and specifications

The chief designer of CZ-5 is Li Dong (Chinese: 李东) of the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). The CZ-5 family includes three primary modular core stages of 5.2-m diameter (maximum). The vehicle's total length is 60.5 meters and its weight at launch is 643 tons, with a thrust of 833.8 tons. Boosters of various capabilities and diameters ranging from 2.25 meters to 3.35 meters would be assembled from three modular core stages and strap-on stages. The first stage and boosters would have a choice of engines that use different liquid rocket propellants: 1200 kN thrust LOX / kerosene engines or 1550 kN thrust LOX / LH2. The upper stage would use improved versions of the YF-75 engine.

Engine development began in 2000–2001, with testing directed by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) commencing in 2005. Versions of both new engines, the YF-100 and the YF-77, had been successfully tested by mid-2007.

The CZ-5 series can deliver ~23 tonnes of payload to LEO or ~14 tonnes of payload to GTO (geosynchronous transfer orbit).[20] It will replace the CZ-2, CZ-3, and CZ-4 series in service, as well as provide new capabilities[clarification needed] not possessed by the previous Long March rocket family. The CZ-5 launch vehicle would consist of a 5.0-m diameter core stage and four 3.35-m diameter strap-on boosters, which would be able to send a ~22 tonne payload to low Earth orbit (LEO).

Six CZ-5 variants were originally planned,[21][22] but the light variants were cancelled in favor of CZ-6 and CZ-7 family launch vehicles.

In 2021, it is revealed that a 3-core variant tentatively named CZ-5G is under development for potential crewed lunar missions.[9] The vehicle will be equipped with 7 YF-100K/L LOX / kerosene engines at the core stage with two similar core stages acting as boosters, for a total of 21 YF-100 engines.[23] The second stage will be equipped with 2 YF-100M LOX / kerosene engines and the third stage will be equipped with 3 YF-75E LOX / LH2 engines. All stages share the same diameter.[8]

Active[20][24] Version  | CZ-5  | CZ-5B

|
|

Boosters  | 4 × CZ-5-300, 2 × YF-100  | 4 × CZ-5-300, 2 × YF-100
First stage  | CZ-5-500, 2 × YF-77  | CZ-5-500, 2 × YF-77
Second stage  | CZ-5-HO, 2 × YF-75D  | —
Third stage (optional)  | Yuanzheng-2  | —
Thrust (at ground)  | 10.62 MN  | 10.62 MN
Launch weight  | 854,500 kg  | 837,500 kg [25]
Height  | 56.97 m  | 53.66 m
Payload (LEO 200 km)  | —  | ~25,000 kg [26]
Payload (GTO)  | 14,000 kg [26] | —
Proposed[26][5] Version  | CZ-5-200  | CZ-5-320  | CZ-5-522  | CZ-5-540

|
|
|
|

Boosters  | —  | 2 × CZ-5-200, YF-100  | 2 × CZ-5-200, YF-100; 2 × CZ-5-300, 2 × YF-100  | 4 × CZ-5-200, YF-100
First stage  | CZ-5-200, YF-100  | CZ-5-300, 2 × YF-100  | CZ-5-500, 2 × YF-77  | CZ-5-500, 2 × YF-77
Second stage  | CZ-YF-73, YF-73  | CZ-5-KO,  | CZ-5-HO, 2 × YF-75D  | CZ-5-HO, 2 × YF-75D
Third stage (not used for LEO)  | —  | CZ-5-HO, YF-75  | —  | —
Thrust (at ground)  | 1.34 MN  | 7.2 MN  | 8.24 MN  | 5.84 MN
Launch weight  | 82,000 kg  | 420,000 kg  | 630,000 kg  | 470,000 kg
Height (maximal)  | 33 m  | 55 m  | 58 m  | 53 m
Payload (LEO 200 km)  | 1500 kg  | 10,000 kg  | 20,000 kg  | 10,000 kg
Payload (GTO)  | —  | 6000 kg  | 11,000 kg  | 6000 kg

## Space debris concerns

Launching Tianhe Core Module on Long March 5B-Y2

The first stage of the Long March 5B variant, which can reach orbital velocity and weighs 21.6 tonnes, currently lacks the capability for controlled atmospheric re-entry, meaning that debris could cause damage on the ground upon re-entry.[27] Without modification, it is expected all LEO launches of the Long March 5B will result in uncontrolled re-entries.[28][29]

The 5B is the specific variant in concern due to its unique LEO configuration. The core rocket stage (first stage) is launched directly into orbit,[30] which also unusually serves as the upper stage to perform payload insertion.[31] Typically, the rocket's first stage never reaches orbital velocity, while the smaller upper stage will usually burn up in the atmosphere during re-entry. However, Long March 5B's first and upper stage is combined into one, making the mitigation effort more difficult.[31]

Potential solutions include restarting engines during re-entry to reduce speed and collision probability, as the case for Long March 2D. China has also developed grid fins on other Long March variants to steer stages during re-entry.[23] However, Long March 5B has yet to demonstrate these capabilities.[31] Although the probability of rocket debris hitting populated areas is mathematically minuscule, the scientistic fears the lax attitude of many countries could eventually result in casualties.[32] The core stage of the Long March 5B-Y3 re-entered Earth's atmosphere on 30 July 2022, some debris may have survived re-entry and reached the ground.[33]

Before the launch of 5B-Y4, Liu Bing, deputy director-designer of the Long March 5B, told journalists that "an elaborative evaluation" was performed on the 5B to enable safe re-entry, though no details regarding the improved re-entry procedure were revealed.[34]

## Notable launches

### First flight

The launch was planned to take place at around 10:00 UTC on 3 November 2016, but several issues, involving an oxygen vent and chilling of the engines, were detected during the preparation, causing a delay of nearly three hours. The final countdown was interrupted three times due to problems with the flight control computer and the tracking software.[35] The rocket finally launched at 12:43 UTC.[36]

### Second flight

Its second launch on 2 July 2017 experienced an anomaly shortly after launch and was switched to an alternate, gentler trajectory. However, it was declared a failure 45 minutes into the flight.[37][38] Investigations revealed the source of the second flight's failure to be located in one of the core stage's YF-77 engines (specifically, in the oxidizer's turbo-pump).[13]

### Third flight

The Y3 mission of the Long March 5 program was launched on 27 December 2019, at about 12:45 UTC from the Wenchang Space Launch Site in Hainan, China . CASC declared the mission a success within an hour of launch, after the Shijian-20 communications satellite was placed in geostationary transfer orbit, thus marking the Long March 5 program's return to flight.[13]

### Fourth flight (CZ-5B)

The fourth flight of the Long March 5 program also marked the debut of the CZ-5B variant. The CZ-5B variant is basically equivalent to the Long March 5 core stage with its four strapped-on liquid-fueled boosters; in place of the usual second stage of the base configuration, it is use to launch heavier low Earth orbit payloads, such as components of the Tiangong space station, would be carried by the 5B variant. The 5B variant may also be considered for launching constellation satellites in future with Yuanzheng upper stage.[39]

The first flight of the 5B variant ("Y1 mission") carried an uncrewed prototype of China's future deep space crewed spacecraft, and, as a secondary payload, the Flexible Inflatable Cargo Re-entry Vehicle. The Y1 mission was launched on 5 May 2020, at 10:00 UTC from the Wenchang Space Launch Site in Hainan Island. CASC declared the launch a success after the payloads were placed in low Earth orbit.[40][41]

The flight's secondary payload, the experimental cargo return craft, malfunctioned during its return to Earth on 6 May 2020.[42] Nevertheless, the return capsule of the prototype next-generation crewed spacecraft, the flight's primary payload, successfully landed in north China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region at 05:49 UTC, on 8 May 2020. The prototype spacecraft flew in orbit for two days and 19 hours and carried out a series of successful experiments and technological verifications.[43] The Y1 mission's core stage may have been the most massive object to make an uncontrolled re-entry since the Soviet Union's Salyut 7 space station in 1991 and the United States' Skylab in 1979, excluding the failed controlled reentry of Space Shuttle Columbia over populated areas of the Continental United States in 2003.[44][lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2]

## Launch Statistics

Rockets in the Long March 5 family currently have accumulated a total of 9 launches (As of October 2022). Of these, 8 were successful with a single failed launch. The cumulative success rate is 88.9%.

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## List of launches

For a more comprehensive list, see Engineering:List of Long March launches.

### Past launches

Flight №  | Date (UTC)  | Variant  | Launch site  | Upper stage  | Payload  | Orbit  | Result

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Y1  | 3 November 2016
12:43  | 5  | Wenchang, LC-1  | YZ-2  | Shijian 17 | GEO | Success
Y2  | 2 July 2017
11:23  | 5  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Shijian 18  | GTO | Failure
Y3  | 27 December 2019
12:45  | 5  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Shijian 20 | GTO | Success
5B-Y1  | 5 May 2020
10:00 [41][47] | 5B  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Next-generation crewed spacecraft  | LEO | Success
Y4  | 23 July 2020
04:41 [48] | 5  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Tianwen-1 Mars orbiter, lander, rover and a group of cubesat cameras  | TMI  | Success
Y5  | 23 November 2020
20:30 [49] | 5  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Chang'e 5, lunar sample-return  | TLI | Success
5B-Y2  | 29 April 2021
03:23:15 [50] | 5B  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Tianhe, Chinese space station core module  | LEO | Success
5B-Y3  | 24 July 2022
06:22:32 [51][52] | 5B  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Wentian, Chinese space station experiment module 1  | LEO | Success
5B-Y4  | 31 October 2022
07:37:23 [53] | 5B  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Mengtian, Chinese space station experiment module 2  | LEO | Success

### Planned launches

Flight №  | Date (UTC)  | Variant  | Launch site  | Upper stage  | Payload  | Orbit  | Status

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Y6  | mid 2023  | 5  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | TBA  | TBA  | Planned
5B-Y5  | December 2023[54][55] | 5B  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Xuntian, Chinese space station telescope  | LEO | Planned
| 2024  | 5  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Interstellar Express (IHP-1)  | HCO | Planned
| 2025[56] | 5  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Chang'e 6, lunar sample-return  | TLI | Planned
| 2025[57][58] | 5  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Planetary defense mission headed to the 2020 PN1 asteroid including an orbiter and an impacter  | HCO | Planned
| late 2026[59] | 5  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Chang'e 7, Lunar Antarctic Comprehensive Exploration Mission  | TLI | Planned
| 2028[56] | 5  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Chang'e 8, Scientific exploration test, lunar surface test

Verification for the construction of lunar scientific research base

| TLI | Planned
| 2029[60] | 5  | Wenchang, LC-1  | None  | Jupiter orbiter and interplanetary flyby probe  | HCO | Planned

## See also

* Comparison of orbital launcher families
* Comparison of orbital launch systems
* Expendable launch system
* Lists of rockets

## Notes

1. ↑ A piece of debris up to 12-meters long, possibly originating from the reentry of the CZ-5B core stage from this launch, was found in the Ivory Coast's village of Mahounou on about 11 or 12 May 2020.[45]
2. ↑ The core stage of the CZ-5B Y2 mission also attained enough velocity to remain in low but declining Earth orbit for over a week, as did the core stage for the CZ-5B Y1 mission; the CZ-5B Y2 mission's core stage eventually reentered Earth's atmosphere many kilometers above the Arabian Peninsula during the early morning hours of 9 May 2021 (UTC) with a possible debris impact location off the Maldives in the Indian Ocean.[46]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Mu, Xuequan. "China's largest carrier rocket Long March-5 makes new flight". http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-12/27/c_138662139.htm.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lifang. "China to launch Long March-5B rocket in 2019". http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-03/05/c_137017712.htm.
3. ↑ 澎湃新闻记者, 张静-王心馨 (2019-12-27). ""胖五"到底有多牛？一图了解". https://news.sina.cn/2019-12-27/detail-iihnzahk0430570.d.html. "时隔两年，“胖五”再出征，剑指苍穹！冲破云霄后，这枚采用超过200项核心关键新技术、新技术比例几乎达100%的火箭，未来将承担载人空间站、嫦娥五号月球探测器、火星探测器等一系列我国重大航天发射任务。"
4. ↑ "Chinese Long March 5 rocket". AirForceWorld.com. 12 June 2015. http://www.airforceworld.com/a/20150408/490.html.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "Long March 5 Will Have World's Second Largest Carrying Capacity". Space Daily. Xinhua. 4 March 2009. https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Long_March_5_Will_Have_World_Second_Largest_Carrying_Capacity_999.html.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "China Tests Powerful Rocket Engine for New Booster". Space.com. 30 July 2012. http://www.space.com/16814-china-engine-test-long-march-5-rocket.html.
7. ↑ Jones, Andrew (3 March 2021). "China to develop two super-heavy launchers for moon missions". spacenews.com. https://www.spacenews.com/china-to-develop-two-super-heavy-launchers-for-moon-missions/.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 张, 智; 徐, 洪平; 邓, 新宇; 何, 兆伟 (2022). "新一代载人登月运载火箭总体方案和关键技术[J]". 载人航天 28 (4): 427–432.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jones, Andrew (15 November 2021). "Chinese crewed moon landing possible by 2030, says senior space figure". spacenews.com. https://www.spacenews.com/chinese-crewed-moon-landing-possible-by-2030-says-senior-space-figure/.
10. ↑ "#SpaceWatchGL Opinion: China's Super Ambitious Plans for Super Heavy Lunar Rockets". 28 June 2021. https://spacewatch.global/2021/06/spacewatchgl-opinion-chinas-super-ambitious-plans-for-super-heavy-lunar-rockets/.
11. ↑ Mosher, Dave (27 December 2019). "China's wildly ambitious future in space just got a big boost with the successful launch of its new heavy-lift rocket". https://www.businessinsider.com/china-long-march-5-test-launch-success-moon-mars-missions-2019-12.
12. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2 July 2017). "Long March 5 launch fails". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/long-march-5-launch-fails/.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Jones, Andrew. "Successful Long March 5 launch opens way for China's major space plans". https://spacenews.com/successful-long-march-5-launch-opens-way-for-chinas-major-space-plans/.
14. ↑ Henry, Caleb (August 22, 2017). "Back-to-back commercial satellite wins leave China Great Wall hungry for more". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/back-to-back-commercial-satellite-wins-leave-china-great-wall-hungry-for-more/.
15. ↑ Additional engine test-firings took place in July 2013.David, Leonard (15 July 2013). "China Long March 5 Rocket Engine Test". Space.com. http://www.space.com/21957-china-rocket-engine-test-space-station.html. "Chinese Rocket Engine Test a Big Step for Space Station Project"
16. ↑ Errymath. "First released picture of Long March 5 (CZ-5) Heavy Rocket". http://errymath.blogspot.com/2015/03/first-released-picture-of-long-march-5.html.
17. ↑ "China to rehearse new carrier rocket for lunar mission". Xinhua News Agency. 2015-09-20. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-09/20/c_134642723.htm.
18. ↑ spaceflightnow , accessed 30 September 2016
19. ↑ "Chinese Long March 5 rocket ready to launch". AirForceWorld.com. 17 August 2015. http://www.airforceworld.com/a/20160819/3187.html.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Xiang, Meng; Tongyu, Li. "The New Generation Launch Vehicles In China". International Astronautical Federation (FIA). http://www.iafastro.net/download/congress/IAC-14/DVD/full/IAC-14/D2/1/manuscripts/IAC-14,D2,1,11,x20929.pdf.
21. ↑ Harvey, Brian (2013). China in Space: The Great Leap Forward. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-4614-5043-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=hZBAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA364. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
22. ↑ Zhao, Lei (21 April 2016). "6 versions of Long March 5 rocket inworks". http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-04/21/content_24714283.htm.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Beil, Adrian (30 October 2022). "China to launch Mengtian science module to Tiangong space station". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/10/china-launch-mengtian/.
24. ↑ Qin, Tong; Xu, Lijie; Li, Pingqi; Liu, Jiajia. "Development of China's New Generation Launch Vehicles". Space Science Activities in China – National report 2016-2018. http://english.cssar.cas.cn/ns/NU/201809/W020180906583001107643.pdf.
25. ↑ "La Chine lance une fusée porteuse Longue Marche-5B" (in fr). http://french.peopledaily.com.cn/n3/2020/0506/c31357-9687050.html.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Kyle, Ed. "CZ-5 Data Sheet". http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/cz5.html.
27. ↑ Christian Shepherd (2022-07-25). "Debris from China rocket launch to crash-land — and no one knows where". The Washington Post (Washington, D.C.). ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/07/25/china-launches-rocket-space-station-tiangong/.
28. ↑ Clark, Stephen (10 May 2021). "NASA chief criticizes China for uncontrolled rocket re-entry". https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/05/10/nasa-chief-criticizes-china-for-uncontrolled-rocket-re-entry/.
29. ↑ Rabie, Passant (26 October 2022). "Another Problematic Launch Expected as China Seeks to Complete Its Space Station". https://gizmodo.com/problematic-rocket-launch-expected-china-space-station-1849705767.
30. ↑ Jones, Andrew (30 April 2021). "Huge rocket looks set for uncontrolled re-entry following Chinese space station launch". https://spacenews.com/huge-rocket-looks-set-for-uncontrolled-reentry-following-chinese-space-station-launch/.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Jones, Andrew (26 July 2022). "Massive Long March 5B booster predicted to re-enter on July 31". https://spacenews.com/massive-long-march-5b-booster-predicted-to-reenter-on-july-31/.
32. ↑ Barr, Kyle (11 July 2022). "Deaths From Falling Rocket Debris Are Highly Unlikely—but That's Changing". https://gizmodo.com/falling-rocket-parts-more-likely-to-cause-deaths-1849165671.
33. ↑ "Long March 5B: Debris from Chinese rocket falls back to Earth". BBC News. 29 July 2022. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-62333546.
34. ↑ David, Leonard (28 October 2022). "Chinese launch next week will set stage for another big space-junk crash". https://www.space.com/china-long-march-rocket-fall-mengtian-launch.
35. ↑ 罪恶大天使 (4 November 2016). "长征五号首飞纪实" (in zh). https://www.weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309404038022592094692.
36. ↑ "China launches Long March 5, one of the world's most powerful rockets". Spaceflight Now. 3 November 2016. http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/11/03/china-launches-long-march-5-one-of-the-worlds-most-powerful-rockets/.
37. ↑ "Chinese rocket launch fails after liftoff". CNN. 3 July 2017. http://edition.cnn.com/2017/07/02/asia/china-rocket-launch/index.html.
38. ↑ Barbosa, Rui C. (2 July 2017). "Long March 5 suffers failure with Shijian-18 launch". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/07/long-march-5-lofts-shijian-18/.
39. ↑ @CNSpaceflight. "Deputy designer of Long March 5B says CZ5B is not only for launches of Tiangong modules, but also launches of constellation sats in future with Yuanzheng upper stage. That would be a lot and I'm curious how the core stage will be dealt with, hopefully they won't enter orbit.". https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1584959475265703937. Missing or empty `|date=` (help)
40. ↑ Clark, Stephen (5 May 2020). "China's first Long March 5B rocket launches on crew capsule test flight". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/05/chinas-first-long-march-5b-rocket-launches-on-crew-capsule-test-flight/.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Clark, Stephen (24 January 2020). "Prototypes for new Chinese crew capsule and space station arrive at launch site". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/01/24/prototypes-for-new-chinese-crew-capsule-and-space-station-arrive-at-launch-site//.
42. ↑ Clark, Stephen (6 May 2020). "Experimental Chinese cargo return capsule malfunctions during re-entry". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/06/experimental-chinese-cargo-return-capsule-malfunctions-during-re-entry/.
43. ↑ "China Focus: Return capsule of China's experimental manned spaceship comes back successfully". Xinhua. 8 May 2020. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/08/c_139041254.htm.
44. ↑ Clark, Stephen (9 May 2020). "U.S. military tracking unguided re-entry of large Chinese rocket". https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/09/u-s-military-tracking-large-chinese-rocket-reentry/.
45. ↑ "An out-of-control Chinese rocket may have dumped debris in Africa after falling from space". 13 May 2020. https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/13/21256484/china-rocket-debris-africa-uncontrolled-reentry-long-march-5b.
46. ↑ Jones, Andrew. "Successful Long March 5B falls into Indian Ocean after world follows rocket reentry". https://spacenews.com/long-march-5b-falls-into-indian-ocean-after-world-follows-rocket-reentry/.
47. ↑ Pietrobon, Steven (30 January 2019). "Chinese Launch Manifest". http://www.sworld.com.au/steven/space/china-man.txt.
48. ↑ Jones, Andrew (23 July 2020). "Tianwen-1 launches for Mars, marking dawn of Chinese interplanetary exploration". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/tianwen-1-launches-for-mars-marking-dawn-of-chinese-interplanetary-exploration/.
49. ↑ Clark, Stephen (23 November 2020). "Live coverage: Chinese sample return spacecraft completes docking in lunar orbit". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/11/23/chang-e-5-launch-mission-status-center/.
50. ↑ Jones, Andrew (29 April 2021). "China launches Tianhe space station core module into orbit". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/china-launches-tianhe-space-station-core-module-into-orbit/.
51. ↑ China Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (18 April 2022). "key takeaways from the press conference: 7 launches in total from Wenchang [... 07/24 CZ5B Wentian [...]"]. https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1515851790499008513.
52. ↑ "飞行任务时间表出炉！" (in zh). Shaoxing. 17 April 2022. http://www.shaoxing.com.cn/p/2930037.html.
53. ↑ China Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (31 October 2022). "Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site has announced the success of launch. [..."]. https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1586989605986844673.
54. ↑ "Flagship Chinese Space Telescope to Unravel Cosmic Mysteries". Chinese Academy of Sciences. 7 May 2022. https://english.cas.cn/newsroom/cas_media/202205/t20220507_305162.shtml.
55. ↑ Jones, Andrew (20 April 2021). "China wants to launch its own Hubble-class telescope as part of space station". Space.com. https://www.space.com/china-hubble-class-telescope-for-space-station.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 China N' Asia Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (24 November 2022). "Update:
2024 Queqiao-2 data relay
2025 Chang'e-6 lunar sample return from far side
2026 Chang'e-7 lunar landing in south pole
2028 Chang'e-8 basic model of lunar research station". https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1595758500977971201.
57. ↑ China N' Asia Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (21 November 2022). "It seems CNSA has some changes of its DART-like mission: Long March 5 in 2025 instead of Long March 3B in 2026". https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1594697618323517441.
58. ↑ Andrew Jones (July 12, 2022). "China to target near-Earth object 2020 PN1 for asteroid deflection mission". https://spacenews.com/china-to-target-near-earth-object-2020-pn1-for-asteroid-deflection-mission/.
59. ↑ Jones, Andrew (19 September 2022). "UAE rover to fly on China's Chang'e-7 lunar south pole mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/uae-rover-to-fly-on-chinas-change-7-lunar-south-pole-mission/.
60. ↑ Jones, Andrew (12 January 2021). "Jupiter Mission by China Could Include Callisto Landing". The Planetary Society. https://www.planetary.org/articles/jupiter-mission-callisto-landing.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Long March (rocket family)

Rockets|

* Feng Bao 1
* Long March 1
* 1D
* Long March 2
* 2A
* 2C
* 2D
* 2E
* 2F
* Long March 3
* 3A
* 3B
* 3B/E
* 3C
* Long March 4
* 4A
* 4B
* 4C
* Long March 5
* 5B
* Long March 6
* Long March 7
* 7A
* Long March 8
* Long March 9
* Long March 11

Launch sites|

* Jiuquan
* Taiyuan
* Wenchang
* Xichang

Manufacturers|

* China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology
* Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology

Designers|

Wang Xiji

* List of Long March launches

* v
* t
* e

Chinese space program

* China National Space Administration (CNSA)

| Spaceports and landing sites|

* Jiuquan
* Taiyuan
* Wenchang
* Xichang
* Siziwang Banner (landing site)

|

Launch vehicles|

* Long March 2
* Long March 3
* Long March 4
* Long March 5
* Long March 6
* Long March 7
* Long March 11
* Kuaizhou
* Kaituozhe

Exploration programs|

* Shuguang (cancelled)
* Shenzhou (human spaceflight)
* Chang'e (lunar exploration)
* Tiangong (space station)

Projects and missions

Science|

| Planetary science|

* Chang'e 1 (2007–09)
* Chang'e 2 (2010–present)
* Yinghuo 1† (2011)
* Chang'e 3 (2013–present)
* Chang'e 5-T1 (2014–present)
* Yutu (2013–2016)
* Chang'e 4 (2018-present)
* Yutu-2 (2018-present)
* Chang'e 5 (2020)
* Mars Global Remote Sensing Orbiter and Small Rover (2020)
* ZhengHe (2024)

|

Astronomy and
cosmology

* DAMPE (2015–present)
* HXMT (2017–present)
* GECAM (2020)
* SVOM (2021)
* EP (2021)
* ASO-S (2022)
* Xuntian (2022)
* Space Solar Telescope

Earth observation|

* CSES (2018–present)
* Double Star (2003–07)
* Gaofen (2013–present)
* HY
* TanSat (2016–present)
* Yaogan (2006–present)
* Ziyuan (CBERS) (1999–present)
* SMILE (2023)

Human spaceflight|

| Crewed expeditions|

* List of Chinese astronauts
* Shenzhou 5
* Shenzhou 6
* Shenzhou 7
* Shenzhou 9
* Shenzhou 10
* Shenzhou 11

|

Space laboratories and cargos|

* Tiangong 1 (2011–18)
* Tiangong 2 (2016–19)
* Tianzhou 1 (2017)

Chinese space station|

* Tianhe (2021)
* Wentian (2021)
* Mengtian (2022)

Navigation|

* BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS)

Telecommunications|

* Tianlian I (2008–present)
* ChinaSat 9 (2009–present)
* Apstar 6C (2018–present)
* Tianlian 2 (2019–present)

Technology
demonstrators

* FSW Program (1969–2006)
* QUESS (2016–present)
* XPNAV 1 (2016–present)

* Future missions marked in italics, failed missions marked with † sign

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launch systems

* List of orbital launch systems
* Comparison of orbital launch systems

Current|

* Angara
* A5
* Antares 230+
* Ariane 5
* Atlas V
* Delta IV Heavy
* Electron
* Epsilon
* Falcon 9 Block 5
* Falcon Heavy
* GSLV
* Mk II
* Mk III
* H-IIA
* H-IIB
* Hyperbola-1
* Jielong 1
* Kuaizhou
* 1
* 1A
* Kaituozhe 2
* Long March
* 2C
* 2D
* 2F
* 3A
* 3B/E
* 3C
* 4B
* 4C
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 11
* Minotaur
* I
* IV
* V
* C
* OS-M1
* Pegasus XL
* Proton-M
* PSLV
* Safir
* Shavit
* Simorgh
* Soyuz-2
* 2.1a / STA
* 2.1b / STB
* 2-1v
* Unha
* Vega
* Zenit
* 3SL
* 3SLB
* 3F
* Zhuque-1

In development|

* Angara 1.2
* Ariane 6
* Bloostar
* Cyclone-4M
* Eris
* Firefly Alpha
* Beta
* H3
* Hyperbola-2
* Irtysh
* Kuaizhou
* 11
* 21
* 31
* LauncherOne
* Long March
* 8
* 9
* Miura 5
* New Glenn
* New Line 1
* Nuri
* OmegA
* OS-M2
* OS-M4
* Orbex Prime
* SLS
* Soyuz-7
* SSLV
* Starship
* Terran 1
* Vega C
* Vega E
* Vulcan
* Zero
* Zhuque-2

Retired|

* Antares 110/120/130/230
* Ariane
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* ASLV
* Athena
* I
* II
* Atlas
* B
* D
* E/F
* G
* H
* I
* II
* III
* LV-3B
* SLV-3
* Able
* Agena
* Centaur
* Black Arrow
* Conestoga
* Delta
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* G
* J
* L
* M
* N
* 0100
* 1000
* 2000
* 3000
* 4000
* 5000
* II
* III
* IV
* Diamant
* Dnepr
* Energia
* Europa
* Falcon 1
* Falcon 9
* v1.0
* v1.1
* v1.2 "Full Thrust"
* Feng Bao 1
* GSLV
* Mk I
* H-I
* H-II
* Juno I
* Juno II
* Kaituozhe-1
* Kosmos
* 1
* 2I
* 3
* 3M
* Lambda 4S
* Long March
* 1
* 1D†
* 2A
* 2E
* 3
* 3B
* 4A
* Mu
* 4S 3C 3H 3S 3SII
* V
* N1†
* N-I
* N-II
* Naro-1
* Paektusan
* Pilot†
* R-7
* Luna
* Molniya
* M
* L
* Polyot
* Soyuz
* original
* FG
* L
* M
* U
* U2
* Soyuz/Vostok
* Sputnik
* Voskhod
* Vostok
* L
* K
* 2
* 2M
* R-29
* Shtil'
* Volna
* Saturn
* I
* IB
* V
* Scout
* SLV
* Space Shuttle
* SPARK†
* Sparta
* SS-520
* Start-1
* Thor
* Able
* Ablestar
* Agena
* Burner
* Delta
* DSV-2U
* Thorad-Agena
* Titan
* II GLV
* IIIA
* IIIB
* IIIC
* IIID
* IIIE
* 34D
* 23G
* CT-3
* IV
* Tsyklon
* 2
* 3
* 4
* UR (Proton)
* UR-500 (Proton)
* Proton-K
* Rokot
* Strela
* Vanguard
* VLS-1†
* Zenit
* 2
* 2M

Classes|

* Sounding rocket
* Small-lift launch vehicle
* Medium-lift launch vehicle
* Heavy-lift launch vehicle
* Super heavy-lift launch vehicle

* Symbol † indicates projects terminated before a successful orbital launch

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