List of private spaceflight companies

Short description: None

| The factual accuracy of this astronomy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this astronomy to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2020)

|

Private spaceflight companies include non-governmental or privately owned entities focused on developing and/or offering equipment and services geared towards spaceflight, both robotic and human. This list includes both inactive and active entities.

List of abbreviations used in this article

LEO: Low Earth orbit

GTO: Geostationary transfer orbit

HCO: Heliocentric orbit

VTOL: Vertical take-off and landing

SSTO: Single-stage-to-orbit

TSTO: Two-stage-to-orbit

SSTSO: Single-stage-to-sub-orbit

## Contents

* 1 Commercial astronauts
* 2 Manufacturers of space vehicles
* 2.1 Cargo transport vehicles
* 2.2 Crew transport vehicles
* 2.2.1 Orbital
* 2.2.2 Suborbital
* 2.3 Launch vehicle manufacturers
* 2.4 Landers, rovers and orbiters
* 2.5 Research craft and tech demonstrators
* 3 Propulsion manufacturers
* 4 Satellite launchers
* 5 Space-based economy
* 5.1 Space manufacturing
* 5.2 Space mining
* 5.3 Space stations
* 6 Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers
* 7 Spaceliner companies
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Commercial astronauts

* Association of Spaceflight Professionals[1][2] — Astronaut training, applied research and development, payload testing and integration, mission planning and operations support (Christopher Altman, Soyeon Yi)[1][3]

## Manufacturers of space vehicles

Main article: Astronomy:List of spacecraft manufacturers

### Cargo transport vehicles

See also: Engineering:Comparison of space station cargo vehicles

Company name  | Spacecraft  | Launch system  | Length (m)  | Dry mass (kg)  | Launch mass (kg)  | Payload (kg)  | Payload volume (m3)  | Return payload (kg)  | Diameter (m)  | Generated power (W)  | Automated docking  | Status

|
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SpaceX | Dragon | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 6.1 | 4,200[4] | 10,200 | 6,000[5] pressurized or unpressurized, in any mixture[6] | 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized), or 34 (unpressurized with extended trunk)[7] | 3,000 capsule return[8] | 3.7 | 2,000[9] | No  | Retired (21/22)
Dragon 2 | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 8.1 | 6,400 |  | 6,000[5] | 10.0 (pressurized), plus 14 (unpressurized)  | 3,000[5] | 3.7 |  | Yes  | Operational (12/12)
Starship (spacecraft) | Super Heavy | 52.1  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | \-  | 9  | \-  | \-  | Testing
Orbital | Cygnus (standard) | Antares 110 | 5.14 | 1,500[10] |  | 2,000[10] | 18.9[10] | None  | 3.07 | 3,500[11] | No  | Retired (3/4)
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Cygnus (enhanced) | Antares 230

Atlas V 401 Falcon 9 Block 5

| 6.34 | 1,800[12] |  | 3,500[12] | 27[12] | None  | 3.07 |  | No  | Operational (16/16)
Sierra Space | Dream Chaser Cargo System | Atlas V

Vulcan[13]

| 16.8[14] |  |  | 5,000 pressurized, 500 unpressurized[15] |  | 1,750[15] |  |  | Yes  | Development

(planned 2025, missed)

The Exploration Company | Nyx  | Multiple  |  |  |  | 4,000 - 5,000[16] | ~8  | 3,000[16] |  |  | Yes  | Development
Inversion Space | Arc[17] | Multiple (rideshare)[17] |  |  |  | small payloads  |  |  |  |  | No  | Development
Atmos Space Cargo | Phoenix 1  | Falcon 9 |  |  | 250  | 100  |  |  |  |  | No  | Retired (1/1)
Phoenix 2  | Multiple  |  |  |  | 100[18] |  |  |  | 50 (mean), 100 (peak)[18] | No  | Development (planned 2026)
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries | HTV-X | H3-24L | 8.0  |  | 16,000  | 4,070 pressurised, 1,750 unpressurised  | 78  | None  | 4.4  | 3,000 (3 kW)  | No  | Operational (1/1)
Rocket Factory Augsburg | Redshift  | RFA One |  |  |  | 1,300 (SSO)[19] |  | None[19] |  |  | No  | Development
HyImpulse | Hymove  | SL1  |  |  |  | 400[20] |  | None  |  |  | No  | Development
Impulse Space | Mira  | Falcon 9 |  |  |  | 300[21] | ~1[21] | None  |  | 350[21] | No  | Operational (3/3)
Helios  | Multiple[22] |  |  |  | 4,000 - 5,500[22] | 6.5 m tall x 4.5 m diameter[22] | None  |  |  | No  | Development
AVIC (Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute)  | Haolong  | Zhuque-3 | 10  |  |  | 1,800  |  |  | 8 (wingspan)  |  | Yes  | Development
CAS Space | Qingzhou  | Kinetica-2 (Lijian-2)  | 5  |  | 4,200  | 1,800–2,750  | 9 (cargo bay; 27 pressurized)  | None  | 3.3  |  | Yes  | Testing (1/1)
Gravitics  | Diamondback[23] | TBD  |  |  |  |  | 5–12  | None  |  |  | No  | Development
Medusa[23] | TBD  |  |  |  |  |  | None  |  |  | No  | Development
Viper OTX[23] | TBD  |  |  |  |  |  | None  |  |  | No  | Development

### Crew transport vehicles

See also: Engineering:Comparison of crewed space vehicles

#### Orbital

Company name  | Spacecraft  | Range  | Launch

system

| Crew

size

| Length (m)  | Diameter (m)  | Launch mass (kg)  | Power

system

| First

spaceflight*

| Status

|
|
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Blue Origin | Biconic Space Vehicle  | LEO | New Glenn |  |  |  |  |  | Planned date not known  | Development
Boeing | CST-100 Starliner | LEO | Multiple, initially Atlas V | 7[24] | 5.03[25] | 4.56[25] | 13,000  | Solar panels  | Crewed: 5 June 2024

(Uncrewed: 20 December 2019)

| Operational
Sierra Space | Dream Chaser Space System | LEO | Multiple, initially Vulcan Centaur  | 7[26] | 9[27] |  | 11,300[28] |  | 2026[29] | Development
SpaceX | Dragon 2 | LEO | Falcon 9 Block 5 | 7[30] | 8.1[31] | 3.7[32] | up to 6,000  | Solar  | Crewed: May 30, 2020

(Uncrewed: 2 March 2019)

| Operational (18/18)
Starship | Mars[33][34] | Super Heavy |  | 50[33] | 9[33][35] | 1,335,000[33] | Solar panels  | Planned: First Crewed: 2027[36] (First Uncrewed: 20 April 2023)  | Testing

(6/11)

* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

#### Suborbital

Company name  | Spacecraft  | Range  | Launch

system

| Crew

size

| Length (m)  | Diameter (m)  | Launch mass (kg)  | First

spaceflight*

| Status

|
|
|
|
|
|
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Scaled Composites | SpaceShipOne | 100 km (62 mi)  | White Knight | 1 | 8.53  | 8.05  | 3,600  | 21 June 2004  | Retired (3/3)[37]
Blue Origin | New Shepard Crew Capsule | 114 km (71 mi) (capsule, using the launch escape system motor)  | New Shepard | 6 |  | 3.6  |  | Crewed: July 20, 2021

(Uncrewed: April 29, 2015)

| Operational (23/24)
The Spaceship Company | SpaceShipTwo | 110 km (68 mi)  | White Knight Two | 8 (6 passengers, 2 pilots)  | 18.3  | 8.3  | 9,740  | 13 December 2018  | Testing (10/11)[38]
Copenhagen Suborbitals[39] | Tycho Deep Space | 105 km (65 mi)  | Spica | 1 | 13  | 0.955  | 4,000  |  | Development
PD AeroSpace | (Unknown)  | 110 km (68 mi)[40] | (Unknown)  | 8 (6 passengers, 2 pilots)  | 14.8[41] |  | >6,000  |  | Development
World View | Explorer Capsule  | 30 km (19 mi)  | Stratospheric Balloon  | 10 (8 passengers, 1 pilot, 1 concierge)  |  | 5.5  | 4,500  | Planned 2024  | Development
Space Perspective | Spaceship Neptune  | 30 km (19 mi)[42] | Stratospheric Balloon  |  |  |  |  | First uncrewed flight: 15 September 2024  | Development
Halo Space  | Aurora  | 40 km (24 mi)[43] | Stratospheric Balloon[43] |  |  |  |  | First uncrewed flight: December 2022  | Development

* - Format: Crewed (Uncrewed), includes failures

### Launch vehicle manufacturers

Company name  | Launcher

name

| Launcher

type

| No. of

stages

| Maximum

reach

| Launcher

status

| Maiden

flight

| Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

ABL Space Systems | RS1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Retired (0/1)  | 10 January 2023  | [44]
AgniKul Cosmos | Agnibaan  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
ARCA Space | Haas 2b  | Suborbital crewed rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [45]
Haas 2CA  | Light rocket  | 1  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [46]
Super Haas  | Medium rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [47]
EcoRocket Demonstrator  | Reusable light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown (2022 planned, missed)  | [48]
EcoRocket Heavy  | Heavy rocket  | 3  | Deep space  | Proposed  | Unknown  | [48]
Arianespace | Ariane 1 | Medium rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Retired (9/11)  | 1979  |
Ariane 2 | Medium rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Retired (5/6)  | 1986  |
Ariane 3 | Medium rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Retired (10/11)  | 1984  |
Ariane 4 | Medium rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Retired (113/116)  | 1988  |
Ariane 5 | Heavy rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Operational (112/117)  | 1996  |
Ariane 6 | Heavy rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Operational (5/6)  | 2024  |
Ariane Next | Partially reusable heavy rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2030s  |
Australian Space Research Institute | AUSROC Nano | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [49]
Astra Space | Astra Rocket 1  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Retired (0/1)  | 2018  | [50][51][52]
Astra Rocket 2  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Retired (0/1)  | 2018  | [53]
Astra Rocket 3  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Retired (2/5)  | 2020  | [54][55]
Astra Rocket 4  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  | [56][57]
SALVO  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [58][59][60]
Blue Origin | New Shepard | Reusable suborbital rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (22/23)  | 2015  |
New Glenn | Reusable heavy rocket  | 2 or 3  | GTO  | Operational (1/1)  | 2025  | [61][62][63]
New Armstrong | Reusable super-heavy rocket  | 3  | HCO  | Proposed  | ~2030 (proposed)  |
BluShift Aerospace | Stardust  | Reusable sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 2020  |
Starless Rogue  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  |
Brown Dwarf  | Sounding rocket  | 2 or 3  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  |
Red Dwarf  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Cancelled  | — (2024 planned, missed)  |
Borneo SubOrbitals | TBA | Sounding rocket  | 2 or 3  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | — (2022 planned, missed)  | [64][65][66]
Canadian Arrow | Canadian Arrow | Suborbital crewed rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [67]
Dawn Aerospace | Mk-II Aurora | Reusable spaceplane | 1  | Suborbital  | Test flights (3/3)  | 2023  | [68]
Evolution Space | Gold Chain Cowboy  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | 2023  | [69][70]
Exos Aerospace | SARGE  | Reusable sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (3/4)  | 2018  | [71][72]
Equatorial Space Systems | Volans  | Light Rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [73]
Dorado  | Sounding Rocket  | 1 or 2  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown (2023 planned, missed)  | [74]
LAD  | Sounding Rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Retired (1/1)  | 2020  | [75]
Firefly Aerospace | Firefly Alpha | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Operational (4/5)  | 2021  | [76]
Firefly MLV  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  | [77]
Galactic Energy | Ceres-1  | Light Rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Operational (23/24)  | 2020  | [78]
Ceres-2  | Light Rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Testing (0/1)  | 2026  | [79]
Pallas-1 | Partially reusable medium rocket  | 2  | SSO  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  | [80]
Pallas-2  | Reusable super-heavy rocket  | Unknown  | Unknown  | Development  | Unknown  | [79]
Gilmour Space Technologies | RASTA  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Retired (1/1)  | 2016  | [81]
Eris | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Testing (0/1)  | July 2025  | [81]
Generation Orbit | X-60A (GOLauncher 1)  | Air-launched sounding rocket  | 1 + airplane  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [82][83]
GOLauncher 2  | Air-launch-to-orbit  | 2 + airplane  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
Independence-X Aerospace | DNLV (Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle)  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned, missed)  | [84][85]
Interorbital Systems | NEPTUNE N series  | Light rocket  | 3–4  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [86][87]
NEPTUNE N36  | Light rocket  | 4  | TLI | Proposed  | Unknown  | [86][87]
Neptune TSAAHTO  | Medium rocket  | 2½  | TLI | Proposed  | Unknown  | [86]
Interstellar Technologies | Momo  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (3/7)  | 2017  | [88][89]
ZERO  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [90]
DECA  | Reusable Medium rocket  | 1-2  | SSO  | Proposed  | Unknown  | [91]
Isar Aerospace | Spectrum  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Testing (0/1)  | 2025  | [92]
Lockheed Martin | VentureStar | Reusable spaceplane | 1  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [93]
Athena  | Medium rocket  | 2 or 3  | TLI | Retired (5/7)  | 1995  |
OneSpace | OS-X  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Operational (2/2)  | 2018  | [94]
OS-M1  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Operational (0/1)  | 2019  | [95]
OS-M2  | Light rocket  | 3 + 2 boosters  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [96]
OS-M4  | Light rocket  | 3 + 4 boosters  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [97]
Orbex | Prime  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [98]
OrbitX | Haribon SLS-1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | — (2023–2024 planned, missed)  |
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Antares | Medium rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Retired (17/18)  | 2013  | [99]
Minotaur-C, formerly Taurus | Light rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Retired (7/10)  | 1994  | [100][101][102]
Pegasus | Air-launch-to-orbit  | 3-4 + airplane  | HEO | Retired (40/45)  | 1990  |
Omega | Medium rocket  | 3 + 0-6 boosters  | GEO  | Cancelled  | (planned 2021, missed)  | [103]
Orbital Transport & Raketen AG | OTRAG | Medium rocket  | Variable  | LEO (designed)

Suborbital (achieved)

| Retired (15/18)  | 1977  | [104]
Perigee Aerospace | Blue Whale 1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2025  | [105][106]
PLD Space | Miura 1 | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 6 October 2023  | [107][108][109][110][111]
Miura 5 | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  | [110]
Miura Next | Reusable light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [112]
Relativity Space | Terran 1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Retired (0/1)  | 23 March 2023
Terran R  | Reusable heavy rocket  | 2  | Deep space  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  | [113]
Rocket Lab | Ātea-1  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Retired (1/1)  | 2009  | [114][115]
Ātea-2  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [116]
Electron | Reusable light rocket  | 2  | TLI  | Operational (34/37)  | 2017  | [117]
Neutron | Reusable medium rocket  | 2  | GTO  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  | [118][119]
Rocket Factory Augsburg | RFA One  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  | [120][121][92]
Skyroot Aerospace | Vikram-S  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 2022  | [122]
Vikram-I | Light rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Operational (1/1)  | 2026  | [123]
Vikram-II | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2027 (planned)  | [124]
Skyrora | Skyrora 1  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [125][126][127]
Skylark Micro  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 2021  | [128]
Skylark L  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | 2022 (planned, missed)  | [129][130]
Skyrora XL  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2023 (planned, missed)  | [131][132][133][134]
Space Services Inc. | Percheron  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Cancelled  | —  | [135]
Conestoga 1620 | Medium rocket  | 4  | LEO (designed)

Suborbital (achieved)

| Retired (0/1)  | 1995  | [135]
Space Pioneer | Tiansuo-1  | Vertical landing test stage  | 1  | Suborbital  | Development  | Unknown  | [136]
Tianlong-1  | Light rocket  |  | LEO  | Testing

(0/1)

| 2026  | [136][137]
Tianlong-2  | Light rocket  |  | LEO  | Operational (1/1)  | 2023  |
Tianlong-3 | Reusable light rocket  |  | LEO  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  |
SpaceX | Falcon 1 | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Retired (2/5)  | 2006  | [138]
Falcon 1e | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  | [138]
Falcon 5 | Medium rocket  | 2  | GTO  | Cancelled  | —  | [139]
Falcon 9 v1.0 | Medium rocket  | 2  | GTO (designed)

LEO (achieved)

| Retired (5/5)  | 2010  | [140]
Falcon 9 v1.1 | Medium rocket  | 2  | HCO | Retired (14/15)  | 2013  | [140]
Falcon 9 Full Thrust

Block 1–4

| Reusable medium rocket /

Heavy rocket (expendable)

| 2  | TMI[141] | Retired (36/36)  | 2015  | [140]
Falcon 9 Block 5 | Reusable medium rocket /

Heavy rocket (expendable)

| 2  | TMI[141] | Operational (57/57)  | 2018  | [142][143]
Falcon Heavy | Reusable heavy rocket /

Super-heavy rocket (expendable)

| 2 + 2 boosters  | Deep space (Pluto)[144] | Operational (3/3)  | 2018  | [140][145]
Starship Super-Heavy | Reusable super-heavy rocket  | 2  | Deep space  | Testing (4/9)  | 2023  |
Stoke Space | Nova  | Reusable light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [146]
Success Rockets | Nebo 1 | Ultralight rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | December 2021  | [147]
Stalker | Ultralight rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | (Planned 2024, missed)  | [148]
Cosmos  | Ultralight rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
United Launch Alliance | Atlas V | Medium rocket  | 2 + 0-5 boosters  | TMI  | Operational (98/99)  | 2002  | [149]
Delta II 6000  | Medium rocket  | 2-3 + 9 boosters  | GTO  | Retired (17/17)  | 1989  | [150]
Delta II 7000  | Light rocket  | 2-3 + 3, 4 or 9 boosters  | GTO  | Retired (130/132)  | 1990  | [150]
Delta II 7000H  | Medium rocket  | 2-3 + 9 boosters  | TMI  | Retired (6/6)  | 2003  | [150]
Delta IV | Medium rocket  | 2 + 0, 2 or 4 boosters  | GTO  | Retired (29/29)  | 2003  | [151]
Delta IV Heavy | Heavy rocket  | 2 + 2 boosters  | GTO  | Retired (14/15)  | 2004  | [152]
Vulcan  | Heavy rocket  | 2 + 0-6 boosters  | GTO  | Operational (4/4)  | 2024  | [153][154]
UP Aerospace | Spaceloft/Spaceloft XL  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (18/19)  | 2006  | [155]
Spyder  | Sounding rocket  | 2  | Suborbital  | Development  | (Planned 2023, missed)  | [155]
Vector Launch | Vector-R | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | — (2 prototype launches in 2017)  |
Vector-RE1 | Light rocket  | 2 or 3  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  |
Vector-H | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  |
Vector-HE1 | Light rocket  | 2 or 3  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  |
Virgin Orbit | LauncherOne | Air-launch-to-orbit  | 2 + airplane  | LEO  | Retired (4/6)  | 2020 (First successful attempt Jan 2021)  | [156]
Zero2infinity  | Bloostar  | Rockoon system (high-altitude balloon and space launcher)  | 3 + high-altitude balloon  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [157]
CAS Space | Lijian-1 (Kinetica-1)  | Medium rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Operational (11/12)  | 27 July 2022  |
Kinetica-2  | Medium rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Operational (1/1)  | 2026  | [158]
Kinetica-2 Heavy  | Partially reusable heavy rocket  | 2 + 2 boosters  | LEO  | Development  | 2028 (planned)  | [159]
Kinetica-3  | Reusable heavy rocket  |  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [159]
ExPace (CASIC)  | Kuaizhou-1  | Light rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Retired (2/2)  | 2013  |
Kuaizhou-1A  | Light rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Operational (24/28)  | 2017  |
Kuaizhou-11  | Medium rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Operational (3/4)  | 2020  |
Honda | Unknown  | Reusable rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Testing (1/1)  | 2025  | [160]
HyImpulse | SR75  | Sounding rocket  | 1  | Suborbital  | Operational (1/1)  | 2024  | [161]
SL1  | Light rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  | [162]
Innospace | Hanbit-Nano | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Testing (0/1)  | 2025  | [163]
Hanbit-Micro  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [164]
Hanbit-Mini  | Medium rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [165]
iSpace (Beijing Interstellar Glory Space Technology)  | Hyperbola-1  | Light rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Operational (4/8)  | 2019  | [166]
Hyperbola-2  | Reusable light rocket  | 1–2  | LEO  | Cancelled  | —  |
Hyperbola-3  | Reusable medium rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  | [166]
LandSpace | Zhuque-1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Retired (1/1)  | 2018  | [167]
Zhuque-2  | Medium rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Operational (4/6)  | 2023  | [167]
Zhuque-3  | Partially reusable medium rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Testing (1/1)  | 2025  | [168]
Latitude (formerly Venture Orbital Systems)  | Zephyr  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2027 (planned)  | [169]
LinkSpace | RLV-T  | Reusable suborbital test vehicle  | 1  | Suborbital  | Retired  | 2019  |
NewLine-1  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
MaiaSpace | Maia  | Reusable light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2027 (planned)  |
Orienspace | Gravity-1  | Heavy rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Operational (2/2)  | 2024  |
Gravity-2  | Partially reusable heavy rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | 2026  | [170]
Gravity-3  | Partially reusable heavy rocket  | 3  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  |
Phantom Space | Daytona  | Light rocket  | 2  | LEO  | Development  | Unknown  | [171]
Space One | KAIROS | Light rocket  | 4  | LEO  | Testing (0/3)  | 2024  |

### Landers, rovers and orbiters

Company name  | Craft name  | Craft type  | Craft status  | First Launch  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|

Astrobotic Technology | Griffin Lander (previously Artemis Lander)  | Lunar lander  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  | [172]
Peregrine Lander | Lunar lander  | Retired (0/1)  | 2024  | [153][173]
Blue Origin | Blue Moon | Crewed Lunar lander  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  |
Integrated Lander Vehicle | Crewed lunar lander  | Paused  | Unknown  |
Dynetics | Dynetics HLS | Crewed Lunar lander  | Cancelled  | Unknown  |
Euroluna | ROMIT  | Lunar lander  | Cancelled  | —  | [174]
Firefly Aerospace | Blue Ghost | Lunar lander  | Operational (1/1)  | 2025  |
Elytra  | Lunar Orbiter  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  | [175]
Golden Spike Company

(defunct)

| unnamed | Crewed lunar lander  | Cancelled  |  | [176]
Hakuto | Sorato  | Lunar rover  | Cancelled  |  | [177][178]
Tetris  | Lunar rover  | Cancelled  |  | [179]
Independence-X Aerospace | SQUALL (Scientific Quest Unmanned Autonomous Lunar Lander)  | Lunar lander  | Cancelled  |  | [180]
Interorbital Systems | RIPPER (Robotic InterPlanetary Prospector Excavator Retriever)  | Lunar lander  | Development  |  | [181]
Intuitive Machines | Universal Reentry Vehicle (URV)[182] | Reusable orbital vehicle  | Development  |  | [183]
IM-1 (Odysseus)  | Lunar lander  | Operational (1/1)  | 2024  |
IM-2 (Athena)  | Lunar lander  | Retired (0/1)  | 2025  |
IM-3 | Lunar lander  | Development  |  |
IM-4 | Lunar lander  | Development  |  |
IM-5 | Lunar lander (Nova-D cargo class)  | Development  |  |
Lunar Mission One | unnamed | Lunar lander  | Cancelled  |  | [184]
Lunar Outpost  | MAPP rover  | Lunar rover  | Lost  |  | [185]
Masten Space Systems | XEUS | Lunar lander  | Cancelled  |  | [186]
XL-1 | Lunar lander  | Cancelled  |  | [187]
Moon Express | MX-1 | Lunar lander  | Cancelled  |  | [186][188]
Odyssey Moon | MoonOne (M-1)  | Lunar rover  | Cancelled  |  | [189]
OrbitBeyond | Z-01 | Lunar lander and rover  | Cancelled  |  | [190][191]
PTScientists | Audi Lunar quattro  | Lunar rover  | Cancelled  |  | [192]
ALINA (Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module)  | Lunar lander  | Cancelled  |  | [193]
Puli Space Technologies | Puli | Lunar rover  | Cancelled  |  | [194]
SpaceX | Starship | Crewed mars lander  | Development  |  |
Starship HLS | Crewed lunar lander  | Development  |  |
Team FREDNET | Picorover  | Lunar rover  | Cancelled  |  | [195]
Team Indus | HHK-1  | Lunar lander  | Cancelled  |  |
ECA  | Lunar rover  | Cancelled  |  |
TransOrbital | TrailBlazer  | Lunar orbiter  | Cancelled  |  | [196]
Synergy Moon | Tesla  | Lunar rover  | Cancelled  |  | [197]
Blue Canyon Technologies | Various smallsat buses (Draper farside relay sats; multiple NASA science smallsats)  | Lunar orbiter  | Operational  |  |
Ceres Robotics | (lunar lander)  | Lunar lander  | Proposed  |  |
Draper  | CP-12 / SERIES-2 (using ispace APEX 1.0 lander)  | Lunar lander  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  |
Dymon  | YAOKI  | Lunar rover  | Development  |  |
Interlune  | He-3 harvester / lander  | Lunar lander  | Development  |  |
Intuitive Machines | Moon RACER (with Boeing, Northrop Grumman, AVL, Michelin)  | Lunar rover  | Cancelled  |  |
ispace | Hakuto-R Mission 1 | Lunar lander  | Retired (0/1)  | 2022  |
RESILIENCE | Lunar lander  | Retired (0/1)  | 2025  |
Tenacious  | Lunar rover  | Operational (0/1)  | 2025  |
ispace EU (with SSTL and Airbus)  | Lunar Pathfinder | Lunar lander  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  |
ispace U.S.  | APEX 1.0  | Lunar lander  | Development  | 2026 (planned)  |
Lunar Outpost  | Eagle / Lunar Dawn LTV (with Lockheed Martin, GM, Goodyear, MDA Space)  | Lunar rover  | Development  |  |
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries | LUPEX rover (with ISRO Chandrayaan-class lander)  | Lunar rover  | Development  |  |
Quantum Space  | Ranger / Sentry  | Lunar lander  | Development  |  |
Rocket Lab | Photon (CAPSTONE bus)  | Lunar orbiter  | Operational  | 2022  |
ESCAPADE (twin Mars orbiters, Photon bus)  | Mars orbiter  | Development  |  |
Aspera  | UV astronomy spacecraft (LEO)  | Development  |  |
Toyota | Lunar Cruiser | Crewed lunar rover  | Development  | 2029 (planned)  |
Astrobotic Technology | CubeRover (CubeRover-1 and modular product line)  | Lunar rover  | Development  | 2025  |
GITAI  | GITAI Lunar Rover  | Lunar rover  | Development  |  | [198]

### Research craft and tech demonstrators

Company name  | Craft name  | Craft purpose  | Craft status  | Ref

|
|
|
|

ARCA  | Demonstrator 2b  | demonstrate reusable monopropellant engine  | Retired  |
Armadillo Aerospace | Quad | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired  |
ASRI | AUSROC I  | systems Testing  | Retired  |
AUSROC II  | payload to 10 km  | Retired  |
AUSROC 2.5  | systems Testing  | Testing  |
AUSROC III  | payload of 150 kg to 500 km  | Development  |
Blue Origin | Goddard | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired  |
Deep Blue Aerospace | Nebula-1  | demonstrate VTOL  | Development  | [199]
Evolution Space | Gold Chain Cowboy  | systems testing, payload to 124 km  | Development  | [69]
Interorbital Systems | Neutrino  | systems Testing  | Operational  |
Tachyon  | systems Testing  | Operational  | [200]
Lockheed Martin | X-33 | demonstrate SSTO  | Cancelled  |
Masten Space Systems | XA-0.1 | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired  |
XA-0.1B | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 1  | Retired  |
XA-0.1E | Lunar Lander Challenge Level 2, commercial precursor flights  | Retired (12 flights)  |
XA-0.1E2 | commercial flights  | Destroyed (115 flights)  |
XA-0.1E4 | commercial flights  | Retired (75 flights)  |
XA-0.1E5 | commercial flights  | Retired  |
XL-1T | terrestrial test bed for the XL-1 lunar lander  | Cancelled  |
Xeus | commercial flights  | Cancelled  |
McDonnell Douglas | DC-X | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (11 test flights)  |
Origin Space | Yang Wang-1  | space mineral resources developer  | Operational  | [201]
Rotary Rocket | Roton ATV  | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (3 test flights)  |
Space Services Inc. | Conestoga I | systems Testing  | Retired (1 test)  | [135]
SpaceX | Grasshopper  | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (8 tests)  | [202]
F9R Dev1  | refine VTOL (low altitude)  | Destroyed (5 flights)  | [203]
F9R Dev2  | refine VTOL (high altitude)  | Cancelled  |
Starhopper  | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (4 test flights)  |
Starship prototypes | demonstrate VTOL  | Retired (7 test flight)  |
Swedish Space Corp.  | Maxus  | payload to 700 km  | Operational  |
Maser  | payload to 300 km  | Operational  |
UP Aerospace | SpaceLoft XL  | payload to 140 km  | Operational  | [204]
World View Enterprises | Stratollite  | payload up to 30 km and 300 kg  | Operational  | [205][206]
zero2infinity  | nanobloon 1.0  | payload to 32 km  | Operational  | [207]
nanobloon 2.0  | payload to 33 km  | Operational  |
microbloon 1.0  | payload to 24 km  | Operational  |
microbloon 2.0  | payload to 31 km  | Operational  |
microbloon 3.0  | payload to 27 km  | Operational  |
Stratolaunch | Roc (carrier aircraft)  | air-launch carrier platform  | Operational (24+)  |
Talon-A2  | demonstrate reusable hypersonic flight (Mach 5+) with runway recovery  | Operational (2/2)  |
Stoke Space | Hopper2  | demonstrate VTVL with active regeneratively-cooled heat shield and differential-throttle thrust vector control  | Retired (1/1)  |

## Propulsion manufacturers

Company name  | Engine  | Engine type  | Applications  | Status  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|

Ad Astra Rocket Company | VASIMR  | plasma propulsion | space tug/orbital transfer vehicle | Development  | [208]
ARCA  | Executor  | LOX/RP-1 | IAR 111, Haas 2, Haas 2b, Super Haas  | Development  |
ArianeGroup | Vulcain | LH2/LOX | Ariane 5/Ariane 6 Main stage  | Operational  |
Blue Origin | BE-3  | LH2/LOX | New Shepard | Operational  |
BE-4  | LOX/CH4 | Vulcan, New Glenn | Operational  |
Firefly Aerospace | Reaver  | LOX/RP-1 | Firefly Alpha first stage  | Operational  |
Miranda  | LOX/RP-1 | Firefly MLV first stage  | Development  | [77]
Reaction Engines Ltd. | SABRE  | hybrid air-breathing/chemical  | Skylon  | Development  | [209]
Rocket Lab | Rutherford  | LOX/RP-1 | Electron first stage  | Operational  |
Rutherford Vacuum  | LOX/RP-1 | Electron second stage  | Operational  |
Archimedes  | LOX/CH4 | Neutron first stage  | Development  | [210]
Sierra Space | VR35K-A  | LH2/LOX | Upper Stage  | Development  | [211]
SpaceDev | RocketMotorOne  | hybrid  | SpaceShipOne | Retired  | [212]
SpaceX | Kestrel  | LOX/RP-1 | Falcon 1 second stage  | Retired  |
Merlin  | LOX/RP-1 | Falcon 1, Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy first stage/boosters  | Operational  | [213][214][144]
Merlin Vacuum  | LOX/RP-1 | Falcon 9 second stage, Falcon Heavy second stage  | Operational  | [214][144]
Raptor  | LOX/CH4 | SpaceX Mars transportation infrastructure, Starship, Starship HLS | Operational  | [215]
Virgin Galactic | RocketMotorTwo  | hybrid  | SpaceShipTwo | Operational

## Satellite launchers

Company  | Launch vehicles  | Notes  | Refs

|
|
|

Arianespace | Ariane, Vega  | Minority owned by some EU states  |
Astra Space | Rocket 3, Rocket 4  | Rocket 3 retired in August 2022  | [57]
Firefly Aerospace | Firefly Alpha, Firefly MLV  |  |
IHI Corporation | Epsilon  | Some R&D by JAXA  |
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries | H-IIA  | R&D done by JAXA.  | [216]
Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems | Antares, Minotaur  | Own launchers, funded by NASA  |
Rocket Lab | Electron, Neutron  |  |
Skyroot Aerospace | Vikram-I, Vikram-II  |  | [123]
SpaceX | Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy  |  |
Sea Launch | Zenit  | Cancelled (no launches since 2014; owned by S7 Airlines)  |
United Launch Alliance | Atlas V, Vulcan Centaur  | 50% owned by Lockheed Martin, 50% Boeing  |

## Space-based economy

### Space manufacturing

Company name  | Products  | Manufacturing craft  | Status  | Ref

|
|
|
|

Shackleton Energy Company | propellant, space infrastructure, propellant depot | Unknown  | Defunct (2020)  | [217]
Made In Space | 3D printing in ISS, in-space antenna systems, fiber optics  | Unknown  | Operational (2018)  | [218]
Varda Space Industries  | building products in space and bringing them back to earth (ex: ZBLAN, 3d printed organs)  | Unknown  | Operational (2021)  | [219]
Deep Space Industries | propellant, communications platforms, space solar power satellites | MicroGravity Foundry  | Defunct (2020)  | [220]
Space Forge  | in-space manufacturing (semiconductors, specialist alloys)  | ForgeStar return capsule series  | Development  |
Redwire Space  | in-space manufacturing (PIL-BOX pharma platform; ZBLAN; ceramics; bioprinting)  | Various ISS-attached payloads  | Operational  |

### Space mining

Company name  | Body to be mined  | Mining craft  | Mining status  | Ref

|
|
|
|

AstroForge  | Near-Earth asteroids  | Brokrr-1, Odin (formerly Brokkr-2)  | Development  | [221]
Deep Space Industries | Near-Earth asteroids  | Prospector-1, Harvestor 1  | Defunct (2019)  | [222][223]
Ispace | Moon | Hakuto-R  | Development  | [224][225]
Moon Express | Moon  | MX-1, MX-2, MX-5, MX-9  | Development  | [226]
Planetary Resources | Near-Earth asteroids  | Arkyd Series 100, 200, 300  | Cancelled  | [227]
Shackleton Energy Company | Moon  | TBD  | Defunct (2020)  | [217]

### Space stations

Private Company name  | Space Craft name  | Space Craft type  | Internal

volume

| Passenger

capacity

| Craft status  | Orbit Around  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Axiom Space | Axiom Station | Rigid module  |  | style="text-align: center; background: rgb(255,255,200)" |Development  | Earth  | [229]
Bigelow Aerospace | Genesis I subscale test spacecraft  | Inflatable module  | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)[230] | Uncrewed  | Derelict, on orbit[231] | Earth  | [230]
Genesis II subscale test spacecraft  | Inflatable module  | 11.5 m3 (406 cu ft)  | Uncrewed  | Derelict, on orbit[231][232] | Earth  | [233][234]
Galaxy  | Inflatable module  | 16.7 m3 (590 cu ft)[235][230] | Uncrewed  | Cancelled  | Earth  | [236]
Sundancer  | Inflatable module  | 180 m3 (6,357 cu ft)  | 3  | Cancelled  | Earth  | [237]
BA 330  | Inflatable module  | 330 m3 (11,654 cu ft)  | 6  | Cancelled[238] | Earth  | [239][240][241]
BA 2100  | Inflatable module  | 2,100 m3 (74,161 cu ft)  | 16  | Cancelled[238] | Earth  | [242]
Space Complex Alpha  | Inflatable space station  | 690 m3 (24,367 cu ft)  | 12  | Cancelled  | Earth  |
Excalibur Almaz | Almaz derivative | Rigid module  |  | 3  | Cancelled  | Earth  | [243][244][245]
SPACEHAB Inc.  | SPACEHAB Module (Single, Double, Logistics variants)  | Pressurized cargo / research module (Shuttle-attached)  | 31 m3 (1,095 cu ft)–62 m3 (2,190 cu ft)  | —  | Retired (22 Shuttle missions 1993–2008)  | Earth (Shuttle-attached)  |
Sierra Space | Large Inflatable Fabric Environment (LIFE)  | Inflatable module  | 300 m3 (10,594 cu ft)  | 4  | Testing  | Moon/Mars  | [246]
Blue Origin | Orbital Reef | Rigid module  | 830 m3 (29,311 cu ft)  | TBA  | Development (2021)  | Earth  | [247]
Airbus | LOOP  | Three-module station concept  | —  | TBA  | Proposed  | Earth  | [248]
Gravitics  | Orbital Carrier  | Rigid module supplier (for use across commercial stations)  | —  | —  | Development  | Earth  | [249]
Max Space  | Thunderbird Station  | Inflatable module  | 350 m3 (12,360 cu ft)  | 4  | Development  | Earth  | [250]
Voyager Technologies | Bishop Airlock  | ISS-attached and free-flyer commercial hardware  | —  | Uncrewed  | Operational  | Earth  |
Northrop Grumman | (free-flyer commercial destination)  | Rigid module  | —  | TBA  | Cancelled  | Earth  |
ThinkOrbital  | ThinkPlatforms / Think Stations  | Spherical orbital platform  | —  | TBA  | Development  | Earth  | [251]
Vast | Haven Demo  | Smallsat technology demonstrator  | —  | Uncrewed  | Operational (deployed November 2025)  | Earth  |
Haven-1 | Rigid module  | 45 m3 (1,589 cu ft)  | 4  | Development  | Earth  |
Haven-2  | Modular rigid station (NASA CLD Phase 2 bid)  | —  | TBA  | Development  | Earth  |
Voyager Technologies, Airbus, MDA Space, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Northrup Grumman | Starlab  | Rigid module (single-launch)  | 450 m3 (15,892 cu ft)  | 4  | Development  | Earth  | [252]
Mitsui & Co.  | Japanese Space Station Module (Mitsui) (Kibō successor)  | Rigid module (designed to dock with a US commercial space station)  | —  | TBA  | Development  | Earth  | [253]

## Spacecraft component developers and manufacturers

Company  | Products  | Refs

|
|

Altius Space Machines | Rendezvous and capture technology for uncooperative satellites; magnetoshell aerocapture and aerobraking technology for CubeSats; lightweight robotic manipulators[when?]
Andrews Space | Reusable space vehicles; HTHL spacecraft; magnetorquers[when?]
Alén Space | NanoSats and CubeSats  | [254]
Astranis | MicroGEO Satellites  |
Axelspace (ja)  | CubeSats  | [255]
CesiumAstro  | Active phased array communications payloads that include RF inter-satellite links as of 2017.  | [256][257]
EADS Astrium Satellites  | Spacecraft and ground segment elements
EADS Astrium Space Transportation  | Launchers and orbital infrastructure
Innovative Solutions In Space | CubeSat manufacture and operation, as of 2018[update] | [258]
Made in Space | 3D printers for use in microgravityas of 2013[update] | [259]
Mynaric | Laser communication for satellites and aircraft  | [260]
Portal Space Systems | Satellite buses with a solar thermal propulsion system  | [261][262]
RUAG Space  | Antenna Pointing Mechanisms; Solar Array Drive Assembly (SADA); satellite components; launchers and structures as of 2009[update] | \-  | SpaceDev | Small spacecraft; propulsion products and services; space components, mechanisms and structures[when?] | [264]
SpaceQuest, Ltd. | Spacecraft and spacecraft components[when?]
Apex Space  | Production satellite buses (Aries, Comet, Nova product lines)  |
Astroscale | Active debris removal and satellite life-extension services (ELSA-d demonstrator 2021; ADRAS-J close-approach to H-IIA upper stage 2024)  |
Atomos Space  | Orbital transfer vehicles (Quark and Gluon tugs)  |
BlackSky  | Earth-observation constellation (Gen-2 imaging satellites)  |
ClearSpace  | Active debris removal (ESA ClearSpace-1 contract; planned removal of VESPA payload adapter)  |
D-Orbit | In-space transport (ION Satellite Carrier; multiple operational missions)  |
ICEYE | Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite constellation  |
K2 Space  | Large-class satellite buses (Mega-class platform)  |
Loft Orbital  | Hosted-payload satellite services (YAM and Longbow series)  |
Pixxel  | Hyperspectral satellite constellation (Firefly satellites)  |
Planet Labs | Earth-observation constellation (Dove, SuperDove, SkySat, Pelican)  |
SpinLaunch | Kinetic launch system (suborbital accelerator; multiple suborbital test flights completed)  |
Spire Global | RF and weather smallsats (LEMUR constellation)  |
True Anomaly  | Defence and space-domain awareness satellites (Jackal autonomous orbital vehicle)  |

## Spaceliner companies

Company name  | Contracts for  | Craft utilised  | Status  | Notes  | Refs

|
|
|
|
|

Axiom Space | SpaceX | Crew Dragon | Active  | SpaceX Axiom Space-1 launched in April 2022  | [265][266]
Benson Space Company  | SpaceDev | Dream Chaser  | Defunct  |  | [267]
MirCorp | none | Soyuz TM, Progress M1 and Mir | Defunct  | Mir deorbited  |
Space Adventures | \-  | Soyuz and the ISS | Active  | 9 tourists sent  | [268]
RocketShip Tours | XCOR  | Lynx rocketplane  | Defunct  |  |
Virgin Galactic | Scaled Composites | Spaceship Two, White Knight 2 | Active  | 7 Spaceship Two glide flights successfully completed  |

## See also

* List of government space agencies
* List of private spaceflight companies in the United States
* List of spacecraft manufacturers including the "traditional space" companies
* NewSpace
* Private spaceflight
* Robert Truax
* Space industry

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Association of Spaceflight Professionals - THPedia" (in en). https://thpedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Spaceflight_Professionals.
2. ↑ Kisfaludy, Eddie (2012-06-17), Welcome to the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps, Christopher Altman, Kristine Ferrone, Jose Hurtado, IMDb: Internet Movie Database, https://www.imdb.com/title/tt8234746/, retrieved 2018-07-31
3. ↑ Seedhouse, Erik. Astronauts for Hire: The Emergence of the World's First Commercial Astronaut Corps. Springer-Verlag: New York (2012).
4. ↑ "SpaceX Brochure v7". http://www.spacex.com/SpaceX_Brochure_V7_All.pdf.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 SpaceX (1 March 2019). "Dragon". SpaceX. https://www.spacex.com/dragon.
6. ↑ Bergin, Chris (19 October 2012). "Dragon enjoying ISS stay, despite minor issues – Falcon 9 investigation begins". NASASpaceflight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/10/dragon-iss-stay-minor-issues-falcon-9-investigation/. "CRS-2 will debut the use of Dragon's Trunk section, capable of delivering unpressurized cargo, prior to the payload being removed by the ISS' robotic assets after berthing."
7. ↑ "Fact sheet". http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/pdf/DragonLabFactSheet.pdf.
8. ↑ "Falcon 9 launches Dragon on CRS-1 mission to the ISS – NASASpaceFlight.com". 7 October 2012. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/10/falcon-9loft-dragon-crs-1-mission-iss-attempt1/.
9. ↑ "Dragonlab Datasheet". http://www.spacex.com/downloads/dragonlab-datasheet.pdf.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Cygnus Fast Sheet". Orbital Sciences Co.. http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Cygnus_fact.pdf.
11. ↑ "The Annual Compendium of Commercial Space Transportation: 2012". Federal Aviation Administration. February 2012. http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/The_Annual_Compendium_of_Commercial_Space_Transporation_2012.pdf.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Cygnus Spacecraft Information". http://www.spaceflight101.com/cygnus-spacecraft-information.html.
13. ↑ Elizabeth Howell (April 18, 2023). "Dream Chaser: Sierra Space's design for spaceflight". Space.com. https://www.space.com/19552-dream-chaser.html.
14. ↑ Meredith Garofalo (February 2, 2024). "Sierra Space unveils Dream Chaser space plane ahead of 1st flight to ISS (video)". Space.com. https://www.space.com/sierra-space-unveils-dream-chaser-space-plane-photos.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Brian Wang (January 22, 2024). "Sierra Space Spaceplane and Space Stations". Next Big Future. https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2024/01/sierra-space-spaceplane-and-space-stations.html.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Nyx | The Exploration Company" (in en). https://www.exploration.space/nyx.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Arc - Inversion" (in en). https://www.inversionspace.com/arc.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Technology - ATMOS Space Cargo" (in de). 2026-01-23. https://atmos-space-cargo.com/technology/.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Redshift OTV" (in en-US). https://www.rfa.space/redshift/.
20. ↑ "HyMove". https://hyimpulse.de/hymove.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Space, Impulse. "Mira - The Agile Spacecraft | Impulse Space" (in en). https://www.impulsespace.com/mira.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Space, Impulse. "Helios - The Distance Vehicle | Impulse Space" (in en). https://www.impulsespace.com/helios.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Gravitics". https://www.gravitics.com/.
24. ↑ "Commercial Human Spaceflight Plan Unveiled". Aviation Week. July 20, 2010. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story.jsp?id=news/asd/2010/07/20/14.xml&channel=space.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Burghardt, Mike (August 2011). "Boeing CST-100: Commercial Crew Transportation System". Boeing. http://www.boeing.com/assets/pdf/defense-space/space/ccts/docs/CCDev2 Boeing CST-100 Overview.pdf.
26. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (2011-02-01). "Businesses Take Flight, With Help From NASA". New York Times: p. D1. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/01/science/space/01private.html?_r=4&ref=science&pagewanted=all.
27. ↑ Wade, Mark (2014). "Dream Chaser". Encyclopedia Astronautix. http://www.astronautix.com/craft/drehaser.htm.
28. ↑ Sirangelo, Mark (August 2011). "NewSpace 2011: A Commercial Spaceflight Story". Spacevidcast. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7sWtEAddkM. Sirangelo, Mark (24 August 2014). "Flight Plans and Crews for Commercial Dream Chaser's First Flights: One-on-One Interview With SNC VP Mark Sirangelo (Part 3)". AmericaSpace. http://www.americaspace.com/?p=66192.
29. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2022-06-14). "Sierra Space to start astronaut training program" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/sierra-space-to-start-astronaut-training-program/.
30. ↑ Number of seats will be 4 for crew member rotations for the ISS
31. ↑ "Falcon 9". SpaceX. http://www.spacex.com/falcon9.
32. ↑ "SpaceX Brochure – 2008". http://www.spacex.com/SpaceX_Brochure_V7_All.pdf.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 "Making Life Multiplanetary". SpaceX. 2017-10-18. http://www.spacex.com/sites/spacex/files/making_life_multiplanetary-2017.pdf.
34. ↑ Although designed to be capable of flying to anywhere in the Solar System , this vehicle's intended maximum range (after refueling in LEO) is Mars
35. ↑ Plus fins/legs
36. ↑ "Artemis III: NASA's First Human Mission to Lunar South Pole - NASA" (in en-US). 2023-01-13. https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/artemis-iii/.
37. ↑ Does not include crewed atmospheric flights
38. ↑ Does not include powered flights not intended to reach space
39. ↑ Denmark's amateur human space program.
40. ↑ "SpacePlane Project｜Business｜PD Aerospace Co., Ltd.". https://www.pdas.co.jp/en/business01.html.
41. ↑ "Spaceplane Project｜PD Aerospace Co., Ltd.". https://www.pdas.co.jp/en/dev_plan.html.
42. ↑ "Space Perspective - Space Experiences - Spaceship Neptune". https://www.spacevip.com/space-perspective-space-experiences-spaceship-neptune.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Technology" (in en). https://www.halospaceflight.com/technology.
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46. ↑ Haas2c specifications ARCA
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55. ↑ "Astra to fly upgraded rocket on next launch" (in en-US). 2021-08-13. https://spacenews.com/astra-to-fly-upgraded-rocket-on-next-launch/.
56. ↑ "Astra CEO Chris Kemp previews Rocket 4.0, daily launches, and a smarter planet - Page 2 of 2" (in en-US). 2021-06-12. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/06/astra-ceo-chris-kemp-previews-rocket-4-0-daily-launches-and-a-smarter-planet/.
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64. ↑ "Borneo SubOrbitals" (in en). https://www.facebook.com/suborbitals/photos/a.1208165282682470/1226154294216902/?type=3.
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71. ↑ Foust, Jeff (23 March 2018). "Exos Aerospace prepares for first suborbital launch". Space New. http://spacenews.com/exos-aerospace-prepares-for-first-suborbital-launch/.
72. ↑ "Stig-B / SARGE". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/stig-b.htm.
73. ↑ "Space Access" (in en). https://www.equatorialspace.com/launchers.
74. ↑ "Suborbital" (in en). https://www.equatorialspace.com/dorado.
75. ↑ "Suborbital" (in en). 22 December 2020. https://www.spacetechasia.com/singapores-equatorial-space-systems-concludes-first-test-flight/.
76. ↑ Clark, Stephen. "Firefly says early engine shutdown led to launch failure – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/09/09/firefly-says-early-engine-shutdown-led-to-launch-failure/.
77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 "MLV" (in en-US). https://firefly.com/beta/.
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89. ↑ Krishna, Swapna (31 July 2017). "Japan's first private rocket launch is a partial success". engadget.com. https://www.engadget.com/2017/07/31/japan-momo-rocket-launch/.
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91. ↑ "DECA | Interstellar Technologies" (in en). https://www.istellartech.com/en/launch/deca.
92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 Messier, Doug (2022-08-09). "German Launch Providers Isar Aerospace and RFA Eye Maiden Launches in 2023" (in en-US). http://www.parabolicarc.com/2022/08/09/german-launch-providers-isar-aerospace-and-rfa-eye-maiden-launches-in-2023/.
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96. ↑ "OS-M2 - OneSpace 零壹空间". http://www.onespacechina.com/os-m2/.
97. ↑ "OS-M4 - OneSpace 零壹空间". http://www.onespacechina.com/os-m4/.
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103. ↑ "Northrop Grumman to terminate OmegA rocket program" (in en-US). 2020-09-09. https://spacenews.com/northrop-grumman-to-terminate-omega-rocket-program/.
104. ↑ "OTRAG". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/otrag.htm.
105. ↑ "South Korean rocket startup to launch from South Australia". September 30, 2019. http://theleadsouthaustralia.com.au/industries/space/south-korean-rocket-startup-to-launch-from-south-australia/.
106. ↑ "Backed by Samsung, South Korean startup Perigee aims for 2020 maiden launch". October 23, 2019. https://spacenews.com/backed-by-samsung-south-korean-startup-perigee-aims-for-2020-maiden-launch/.
107. ↑ Giménez, Jorge (March 16, 2015). "PLD Space fabricará los primeros motores de combustible líquido de España" (in es). Defensa Global y Avances en el Desarrollo Argentino.
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109. ↑ "PLD Space raises additional $10 million for reusable smallsat launchers - SpaceNews.com". 11 June 2018. http://spacenews.com/pld-space-raises-additional-10-million-for-reusable-smallsat-launchers/.
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116. ↑ "Ātea-2, Rocket Lab : New Zealand Rocket". http://www.rocketlab.co.nz:80/atea-2.html/.
117. ↑ "Electron • Rocket Lab". http://www.rocketlabusa.com/index.html.
118. ↑ "Neutron" (in en). https://www.rocketlabusa.com/launch/neutron/.
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132. ↑ "Skyrora announces new engine test plant in Scotland". Industry Analysis. 18 October 2019. http://theindustryanalysis.com/2019/10/18/skyrora-announces-new-engine-test-plant-in-scotland/.
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146. ↑ Berger, Eric (10 October 2022). "Stoke Space aims to build rapidly reusable rocket with a completely novel design". https://arstechnica.com/science/2022/10/stoke-space-aims-to-build-rapidly-reusable-rocket-with-a-completely-novel-design/.
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148. ↑ "Кто зарабатывает на космосе в России и мире" (in ru). RBC Trends. 2021-05-17. https://trends.rbc.ru/trends/industry/609e90409a794700dab35d24.
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151. ↑ "Space Launch Report: Delta IV Data Sheet". 26 Apr 2021. http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/delta4.html.
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156. ↑ "Virgin Orbit plans 2018 first launch". 2 August 2017. http://spacenews.com/virgin-orbit-plans-2018-first-launch/.
157. ↑ Reyes, Tim (October 17, 2014). "Balloon launcher Zero2Infinity Sets Its Sights to the Stars". Universe Today. http://www.universetoday.com/115391/balloon-launcher-zero2infinity-sets-its-sights-to-the-stars/. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
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162. ↑ "SL1". https://hyimpulse.de/sl1.
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164. ↑ "INNOSPACE HANBIT – Micro" (in ko). https://www.innospc.com/page/sub01_02_1.
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172. ↑ "Griffin Lander" (in en-US). https://www.astrobotic.com/lunar-delivery/landers/griffin-lander/.
173. ↑ "Peregrine Lander | Astrobotic". https://www.astrobotic.com/peregrine.
174. ↑ "Google Lunar XPrize". http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/teams/euroluna.
175. ↑ "Elytra" (in en-US). https://fireflyspace.com/elytra/.
176. ↑ Lindsey, Clark (2013-01-03). "Golden Spike contracts Northrop Grumman for lunar lander design". NewSpace Watch. http://www.newspacewatch.com/articles/golden-spike-contracts-northrop-grumman-for-lunar-lander-design.html.
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178. ↑ "Hakuto - 日本発の月面探査チーム on Twitter". https://twitter.com/Team_HAKUTO/status/833995538483736576.
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184. ↑ "Lunar Mission One: A New Lunar Mission for Everyone". British Interplanetary Society. 19 November 2014. http://www.bis-space.com/2014/11/19/13918/new-exploratory-lunar-mission-announced.
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193. ↑ "ALINA". PTS. https://www.pts.space/products/alina/.
194. ↑ "Team Puli - Google Lunar XPrize". http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/teams/team-puli.
195. ↑ "Google Lunar XPrize". http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/teams/frednet/about.
196. ↑ [1] BBC News: Moon opens for business
197. ↑ "Google Lunar XPrize". http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/lunar/teams/synergy-moon.
198. ↑ "Lunar Rover – GITAI" (in en-US). https://gitai.tech/lunar-rover/.
199. ↑ Chinese space firm launches and lands small test rocket, SpaceNews, 2 August 2021.
200. ↑ Advantages of using White Fuming Nitric Acid (WFNA) as an oXidizer in rockets [lunarlander.spaceracenews.com]
201. ↑ Jones, Andrew (23 April 2020). "Chinese space resource utilization firm Origin Space signs deal for space telescope". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/chinese-space-resource-utilization-firm-origin-space-signs-deal-for-space-telescope/.
202. ↑ Klotz, Irene (2011-09-27). "A rocket that lifts off — and lands — on launch pad". MSNBC. http://satellite.tmcnet.com/topics/satellite/articles/222324-spacex-plans-test-reusable-suborbital-vtvl-rocket-texas.htm.
203. ↑ Rhian, Jason (2014-08-22). "SpaceX F9R explodes in the skies above Texas in recent test flight". http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/space-flight-news/spacex-f9r-explodes-recent-test/.
204. ↑ Private rocket launches ashes of Star Trek's Scotty, astronaut to suborbital space [www.space.com]
205. ↑ "World View- Research and Education Mission". http://worldviewexperience.com/fly-your-payload/.
206. ↑ "World View's 'Stratollite' Balloon Stays Aloft for Record 32 Days" (in en). 2019-10-01. https://www.space.com/world-view-stratollite-balloon-flight-record.html.
207. ↑ López-Urdiales, José Mariano (March 12, 2014). ﻿NEAr-Space high-altitude balloons: the alternative for space tourism and science﻿ (Report). European Space Astronomy Centre, Madrid (Spain). http://www.sciops.esa.int/SD/ESACFACULTY/docs/seminars/120314_LopezUrdiales.pdf. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
208. ↑ Fast and Robust Human Missions to Mars with Advanced Nuclear Electric Power and VASIMR® Propulsion 2013
209. ↑ "The SABRE Engine". http://www.reactionengines.co.uk/sabre.html.
210. ↑ "Neutron" (in en). https://www.rocketlabusa.com/launch/neutron/.
211. ↑ "Rocket Engines and Propulsion". Sierra Space. https://www.sierraspace.com/space-applications/rocket-engines-propulsion.
212. ↑ Jefferson Morris - Aerospace Daily (2003-09-23). "SpaceDev chosen to provide hybrid rocket for SpaceShipOne | AWIN content from". Aviation Week. http://aviationweek.com/awin/spacedev-chosen-provide-hybrid-rocket-spaceshipone. Retrieved 2018-07-20.
213. ↑ Clark, Stephen (2008-09-28). "Sweet success at last for Falcon 1 rocket". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/falcon/004/.
214. ↑ 214.0 214.1 Whitesides, Loretta Hidalgo (2007-11-12). "SpaceX Completes Development of Rocket Engine for Falcon 1 and 9". Wired (Wired Science). http://blog.wired.com/wiredscience/2007/11/spacex-complete.html. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
215. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2017-10-21). "Air Force adds more than $40 million to SpaceX engine contract". Space News. http://spacenews.com/air-force-adds-more-than-40-million-to-spacex-engine-contract/.
216. ↑ "三菱重工｜株式基本情報". http://mhi.co.jp/finance/stock/status/index.html.
217. ↑ 217.0 217.1 "Program". http://www.shackletonenergy.com/program.
218. ↑ "Made In Space". http://madeinspace.us.
219. ↑ "Varda Space Industries". https://varda.com.
220. ↑ "Asteroid Mining | Deep Space Industries". https://deepspaceindustries.com/mining/.
221. ↑ "An update on our progress towards mining in space". https://www.astroforge.io/updates/2023-update.
222. ↑ "Xplorer - Deep Space Industries". http://deepspaceindustries.com/prospector-1/.
223. ↑ "Missions | Deep Space Industries". http://deepspaceindustries.com/missions/.
224. ↑ The Japanese Space Bots That Could Build Moon Valley. Sarah Scoles, Wired. 14 May 2018.
225. ↑ ispace Home site. Accessed: 11 September 2018.
226. ↑ "Scalable Robotic Spacecraft Capable Of Reaching The Moon". http://www.moonexpress.com/robotic-explorers/.
227. ↑ "Technology". http://www.planetaryresources.com/technology/.
228. ↑ "Axiom Space | Axiom Station". http://axiomspace.com/axiom-station/.
229. ↑ Foust, Jeff (18 December 2024). "Axiom Space revises space station assembly plans". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/axiom-space-revises-space-station-assembly-plans/.
230. ↑ 230.0 230.1 230.2 Malik, Tariq; Leonard David (2007-06-28). "Bigelow's Second Orbital Module Launches Into Space". Space.com. http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/070628_genesis2_update.html.
231. ↑ 231.0 231.1 "We hoped to receive 6 months...". Twitter.com. Bigelow Aerospace. 9 January 2016. https://twitter.com/BigelowSpace/status/685944661446275072.
232. ↑ Peat, Chris (22 October 2019). "Genesis 2 - Orbit". Heavens Above. http://www.heavens-above.com/orbit.aspx?satid=31789.
233. ↑ "Genesis II Calls Home and Sends Back Pictures". The Planetary Society. 2 July 2007. http://planetary.org/news/2007/0702_Genesis_II_Calls_Home_and_Sends_Back.html.
234. ↑ Malik, Tariq; David, Leonard (28 June 2007). "Bigelow's Second Orbital Module Launches Into Space". Space.com. http://www.space.com/4007-bigelow-orbital-module-launches-space.html.
235. ↑ "Developing a Galaxy". http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/out_there/developing_a_galaxy.php.
236. ↑ Knapp, George (2007-08-17). "I-Team: Bigelow Aerospace Makes Giant Leap Towards Commercial Space Travel". Las Vegas Now. http://www.lasvegasnow.com/global/story.asp?s=6943443.
237. ↑ Covault, Craig (April 8, 2007). "Bigelow Reveals Business Plan". Aviation Week. http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/aw040907p2.xml.
238. ↑ 238.0 238.1 "Bigelow Aerospace lays off entire workforce". SpaceNews. 23 March 2020. https://spacenews.com/bigelow-aerospace-lays-off-entire-workforce/.
239. ↑ "The Five-Billion-Star Hotel". 18 March 2019. https://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2005-03/five-billion-star-hotel/.
240. ↑ Mahoney, Erin (9 August 2016). "NextSTEP Partners Develop Deep Space Habitat Ground Prototypes". https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nextstep-partnerships-develop-ground-prototypes.
241. ↑ Madden, Duncan. "Mankind's First Space Hotel Is Coming In 2021 - Probably". https://www.forbes.com/sites/duncanmadden/2018/03/09/mankinds-first-space-hotel-is-coming-in-2021-probably/#26c2118a5bed.
242. ↑ Simberg, Rand (October 28, 2010). "Bigelow Aerospace Shows Off Bigger, Badder Space Real Estate". Popular Mechanics. http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/news/bigelow-aerospace-ba2100-hotel.
243. ↑ "Spaceflight Now - Breaking News - Beating swords into plough shares with Soviet Almaz". http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n0908/18almaz/.
244. ↑ "Excalibur Almaz to Pioneer Private Orbital Manned Space Flight In cooperation with NPOM of Russia - OnOrbit". http://www.onorbit.com/node/1395.
245. ↑ "Shooting for the Moon: Time is called on Isle of Man space race". March 11, 2015. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/shooting-moon-time-called-isle-man-space-race-10101750.html.
246. ↑ "Inflatable space habitats undergo testing". October 1, 2023. https://specialtyfabricsreview.com/2023/10/01/inflatable-space-habitats-undergo-testing/.
247. ↑ "Blue Origin unveils plans to build a private space station called Orbital Reef by 2030". 25 October 2021. https://www.space.com/blue-origin-unveils-orbital-reef-private-space-station.
248. ↑ published, Tereza Pultarova (2023-04-20). "Airbus unveils futuristic space station concept (photos)" (in en). https://www.space.com/airbus-unveils-space-station-concept.
249. ↑ "Gravitics". https://www.gravitics.com/.
250. ↑ "Space Real Estate for LEO, Moon & Mars | Max Space" (in en). https://www.getmaxspace.com/.
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