Gamma Doradus variable

Short description: Type of variable star

Gamma Doradus variables are variable stars which display variations in luminosity due to non-radial pulsations of their surface. The stars are typically young, early F or late A type main sequence stars, and typical brightness fluctuations are 0.1 magnitudes with periods on the order of one day. This class of variable stars is relatively new, having been first characterized in the second half of the 1990s, and details on the underlying physical cause of the variations remains under investigation.

A light curve for Gamma Doradus, the class prototype, plotted from TESS data[1]

The star 9 Aurigae was first noticed to be variable in 1990. However, none of the currently-accepted explanations were adequate: it pulsated too slowly and was outside of the Delta Scuti instability strip, and there was no evidence for any eclipsing material, although Gamma Doradus and HD 96008 were noted to be similar.[2] These three stars, as well as HD 224638, were soon hypothesized to belong to a new class of variable stars in which variability was produced by g-mode pulsations rather than the p-mode pulsations of Delta Scuti variables.[3] HD 224945 and HD 164615 were noticed to be similar as well, while HD 96008 was ruled out on the basis of its more regular period.[4] Eclipses and starspots were soon ruled out as the cause of the Gamma Doradus' variability,[5] and the variability of 9 Aurigae was confirmed to be caused by g-mode pulsations a year later, thus confirming the stars as the prototypes of a new class of variable stars.[6] Over ten more candidates were quickly found,[7] and the discoverers dubbed the group the Gamma Doradus stars, after the brightest member and the first member found to be variable.[8]

## List

Designation (name)[9] | Constellation  | Discovery  | Maximum Apparent magnitude (mV)[10] | Minimum Apparent magnitude (mV)[10] | Period (days)[9] | Spectral class  | Comment

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|
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HD 8801 A
(V529 And)  | Andromeda | Henry & Fekel (2005)[11] | 6m.48
(Hipparcos) | 6m.51
(Hipparcos) | 0.40331  | A7Vm  | First discovered hybrid Gamma Doradus/Delta Scuti variable[11]
V872 Ara[12] | Ara | Aerts et al. (1998)[12] | 6m.37
(Hipparcos) | 6m.39
(Hipparcos) | 0.4266  | A9V  |
9 Aur A  | Auriga | Krisciunas (1993)[3] | 4m.93  | 5m.50  | 1.2582  | F2V  | One of the original stars classified[6]
17 CVn  | Canes Venatici | Henry et al. (2011)[9] | 5m.91  |  | 0.8862  | F0:V  | Spectroscopic binary; unclear which component is variable
HD 108100
(DD CVn)  | Canes Venatici | Breger et al. (1996)[13] | 7m.15  |  | 0.7541  | F2V  |
V350 CMa A  | Canis Major | Eyer & Aerts (2000)[14] | 6m.18  | 6m.27  | 0.7750
10.959  | F2V  | Has two distinct periods
V1026 Cen[12] | Centaurus | Aerts et al. (1998)[12] | 9m.33
(Hipparcos) | 9m.38
(Hipparcos) | 1.1857  | A3:m  |
HD 17163  | Cetus  | Henry et al. (2011)[9] | 6m.04  |  | 0.42351  | F1V  |
HD 14940[12]
(EP Cet)  | Cetus  | Aerts et al. (1998)[12] | 6m.74  | 6m.77  | 0.5004  | F0IV/V  |
43 Cyg  | Cygnus | Henry et al. (2005)[15] | 5m.75
(Hipparcos) | 5m.84
(Hipparcos) | 0.79955  | F0V  |
γ Dor | Dorado | Krisciunas (1993)[3] | 4m.23  | 4m.27  | 0.7570  | F1V  | One of the original stars classified[6]
8 Dra | Draco | Aerts et al. (1998)[12] | 5m.26
(Hipparcos) | 5m.34
(Hipparcos) | 0.42450  | F1VmA7(n)  |
DI Gru[12] | Grus | Aerts et al. (1998)[12] | 8m.68  | 8m.76  | 0.8668  | F3IV  |
V1325 Her  | Hercules | Kaye et al. (1998)[16] | 6m.38  |  | 0.4210  | F0V  |
80 Leo  | Leo | Henry & Fekel (2002)[17] | 6m.34  | 6m.37  | 0.45286  | F3IV  |
HD 40745
(AC Lep)  | Lepus | Aerts et al. (1998)[12] | 6m.28
(Hipparcos) | 6m.30
(Hipparcos) | 0.82427  | F2IV  |
HD 69682  | Lynx | Henry et al. (2011)[9] | 6m.50  |  | 0.53189  | A9V  |
DO Lyn  | Lynx | Kaye et al. (1999)[18] | 7m.17  |  | 0.62447  | F0V  |
HD 50747[19] | Monoceros | Dolez et al. (2009)[19] | 5m.45  |  | 4.865
0.956  | A4IV  | Triple star; unknown which component is variable
HD 49434  | Monoceros | Bruntt et al. (2002)[20] | 5m.75  |  | 0.57644  | F1V  | Hybrid Gamma Doradus/Delta Scuti variable[21]
HD 41547 A  | Monoceros | Henry et al. (2007)[22] | 5m.87  |  | 0.81123  | F4V  |
α Oph[23]
(Rasalhague)  | Ophiuchus | Monnier et al. (2010)[23] | 2m.08  |  | 0.5850  | A5IV  | Hybrid Gamma Doradus/Delta Scuti variable
73 Oph A  | Ophiuchus | Fekel & Henry (2003)[24] | 6m.11 (B)  |  | 0.61439  | F0V+G1V  |
HD 164615
(V2118 Oph)  | Ophiuchus | Mantegazza et al. (1994)[4] | 7m.02  | 7m.09  | 0.8117  | F2IV  | One of the original stars classified
V2502 Oph  | Ophiuchus | Aerts et al. (1998)[12] | 6m.57  | 6m.67  | 1.307  | F2V  |
HD 38309 Aa  | Orion | Henry et al. (2011)[9] | 6m.09  |  | 0.37703  | F0III:n  |
NZ Peg  | Pegasus | Henry et al. (2001)[25] | 5m.83
(Hipparcos) | 5m.86
(Hipparcos) | 0.41113  | F2V  |
HR 8799
(V342 Peg)  | Pegasus | Rodriguez & Zerbi (1995)[26] | 6m.00
(Hipparcos) | 6m.06
(Hipparcos) | 0.5053  | A5V  | Lambda Boötis star and Vega-like star[27]
V372 Peg  | Pegasus | Kaye et al. (1998)[16] | 6m.53 (B)  |  | 2.594821  | F3V  |
39 Peg  | Pegasus | Henry et al. (2005)[15] | 6m.43  | 6m.53  | 0.75574  | F1V  |
HD 224638
(BT Psc)  | Pisces | Krisciunas (1993)[3] | 7m.8 (B)  |  | 1.2323  | F0V  | One of the original stars classified[6]
HD 224945
(BU Psc)  | Pisces | Mantegazza et al. (1994)[4] | 6m.93  |  | 0.5432  | A9V  | One of the original stars classified[6]
QW Pup | Puppis | Poretti et al. (1997)[28] | 4m.47  | 4m.50  | 0.9584  | F0IV/V  |
ι TrA A  | Triangulum Australe | Aerts et al. (1998)[12] | 5m.30
(Hipparcos) | 5m.42
(Hipparcos) | 1.4556  | F4IV  |
EE Tuc[12] | Tucana | Aerts et al. (1998)[12] | 6m.72
(Hipparcos) | 6m.82
(Hipparcos) | 0.6935  | F2IV  |
V349 Tel[12] | Telescopium | Aerts et al. (1998)[12] | 7m.60
(Hipparcos) | 7m.73
(Hipparcos) | 0.6953  | F0V  |
KO UMa  | Ursa Major | Kaye et al. (1999)[18] | 7m.18  |  | 0.7691  | F2V  |
UY UMi[12] | Ursa Minor | Aerts et al. (1998)[12] | 6m.30
(Hipparcos) | 6m.38
(Hipparcos) | 0.7237  | F2V  |
VX UMi  | Ursa Minor | Henry et al. (2001)[25] | 6m.48 (B)  |  | 0.34510  | A9V
ε1 Lyr B | Lyrae  | Peretto I., Lora S., Peretto G., Furlato G., Barbieri M. - MarSEC (2022)[29] | 6m.00 V (0.032) TESS  |  | 0.415  | F0V

## References

1. ↑ "MAST: Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes". Space Telescope Science Institute. https://mast.stsci.edu/portal/Mashup/Clients/Mast/Portal.html.
2. ↑ Krisciunas, K.; Aspin, C.; Geballe, T. R.; Akazawa, H.; Claver, C. F.; Guinan, E. F.; Landis, H. J.; Luedeke, K. D. et al. (1993). "The 9-AURIGAE System". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 263 (3): 781. doi:10.1093/mnras/263.3.781. Bibcode: 1993MNRAS.263..781K.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Krisciunas, K. (1993). "A new class of pulsating stars". American Astronomical Society 183: #84.02. Bibcode: 1993AAS...183.8402K.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Mantegazza, L.; Poretti, E.; Zerbi, F. M. (1994). "Unusual Variability among Early F-Type Stars - HD224638 and HD224945". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 270 (2): 439. doi:10.1093/mnras/270.2.439. Bibcode: 1994MNRAS.270..439M.
5. ↑ Balona, L. A.; Krisciunas, K.; Cousins, A. W. J. (1994). "Gamma-Doradus - Evidence for a New Class of Pulsating Star". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 270 (4): 905. doi:10.1093/mnras/270.4.905. Bibcode: 1994MNRAS.270..905B.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Krisciunas, K.; Griffin, R. F.; Guinan, E. F.; Luedeke, K. D.; McCook, G. P. (1995). "9 Aurigae: Strong evidence for non-radial pulsations". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 273 (3): 662. doi:10.1093/mnras/273.3.662. Bibcode: 1995MNRAS.273..662K.
7. ↑ Krisciunas, K.; Handler, G. (1995). "A List of Variable Stars Similar to gamma Dor". Information Bulletin on Variable Stars 4195: 1. Bibcode: 1995IBVS.4195....1K.
8. ↑ Krisciunas, K. (1995). "What is known and not known about Gamma Doradus stars". Delta Scuti Star Newsletter 9: 17. Bibcode: 1995DSSN....9...17K.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Henry, Gregory W.; Fekel, Francis C.; Henry, Stephen M. (2011). "A VOLUME-LIMITED PHOTOMETRIC SURVEY OF 114 γ DORADUS CANDIDATES". The Astronomical Journal 142 (2): 39. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/142/2/39. Bibcode: 2011AJ....142...39H.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Samus, N. N. et al. (2009). "VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007-2013)". VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S 1: 02025. Bibcode: 2009yCat....102025S.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Henry, Gregory W.; Fekel, Francis C. (2005). "HD 8801: A Unique Single Am Star with γ Doradus and δ Scuti Pulsations". The Astronomical Journal 129 (4): 2026–2033. doi:10.1086/428373. Bibcode: 2005AJ....129.2026H.
12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 12.16 12.17 Aerts, C.; Eyer, L.; Kestens, E. (1998). "The discovery of new gamma Doradus stars from the HIPPARCOS mission". Astronomy and Astrophysics 337: 790. Bibcode: 1998A&A...337..790A.
13. ↑ Breger, M.; Handler, G.; Garrido, R.; Audard, N.; Beichbuchner, F.; Zima, W.; Paparo, M.; Li, Z. et al. (1996). "A new Gamma Doradus star, HD 108100". Delta Scuti Star Newsletter 10: 24. Bibcode: 1996DSSN...10...24B.
14. ↑ Eyer, L.; Aerts, C. (2000). "A search for new gamma Doradus stars in the Geneva photometric database". Astronomy and Astrophysics 361: 201. Bibcode: 2000A&A...361..201E.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Henry, Gregory W.; Fekel, Francis C.; Henry, Stephen M. (2005). "Eleven New γ Doradus Stars". The Astronomical Journal 129 (6): 2815–2830. doi:10.1086/429876. Bibcode: 2005AJ....129.2815H.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Kaye, A. B.; Bagnuolo, W. G.; Hall, D. S.; Henry, G. W. (1998). "Recent Periodic Variations in Three Gamma Doradus Variables". in Bradley, P. A.; Guzik, J. A.. Conference held in Los Alamos, NM 16-20 June 1997. 135. pp. 497–501. Bibcode: 1998ASPC..135..497K.
17. ↑ Henry, Gregory W.; Fekel, Francis C. (2002). "Six New γ Doradus Stars". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 114 (799): 988–998. doi:10.1086/341785. Bibcode: 2002PASP..114..988H.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Kaye, Anthony B.; Henry, Gregory W.; Fekel, Francis C.; Gray, Richard O.; Rodríguez, Eloy; Martín, Susana; Gies, Douglas R.; Bagnuolo, William G. et al. (1999). "HD 62454 and HD 68192: Two New γ Doradus Variables". The Astronomical Journal 118 (6): 2997–3005. doi:10.1086/301136. Bibcode: 1999AJ....118.2997K.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Dolez, N.; Vauclair, S.; Michel, E.; Hui-Bon-Hoa, A.; Vauclair, G.; Le Contel, D.; Mathias, P.; Poretti, E. et al. (2009). "HD 51106 and HD 50747: an ellipsoidal binary and a triple system observed with CoRoT". Astronomy and Astrophysics 506 (1): 159–165. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911903. Bibcode: 2009A&A...506..159D.
20. ↑ Bruntt, H.; Catala, C.; Garrido, R.; Rodríguez, E.; Stütz, C.; Knoglinger, P.; Mittermayer, P.; Bouret, J. C. et al. (2002). "Abundance analysis of targets for the COROT/MONS asteroseismology missions". Astronomy and Astrophysics 389 (1): 345–354. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020549. Bibcode: 2002A&A...389..345B.
21. ↑ Uytterhoeven, K.; Mathias, P.; Poretti, E.; Rainer, M.; Martín-Ruiz, S.; Rodríguez, E.; Amado, P. J.; Le Contel, D. et al. (2008). "The γ Doradus CoRoT target HD 49434". Astronomy and Astrophysics 489 (3): 1213–1224. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809992. Bibcode: 2008A&A...489.1213U.
22. ↑ Henry, Gregory W.; Fekel, Francis C.; Henry, Stephen M. (2007). "Photometry and Spectroscopy of 11 γ Doradus Stars". The Astronomical Journal 133 (4): 1421–1440. doi:10.1086/511820. Bibcode: 2007AJ....133.1421H.
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Monnier, J. D.; Townsend, R. H. D.; Che, X.; Zhao, M.; Kallinger, T.; Matthews, J.; Moffat, A. F. J. (2010). "ROTATIONALLY MODULATEDg-MODES IN THE RAPIDLY ROTATING δ SCUTI STAR RASALHAGUE (α OPHIUCHI)". The Astrophysical Journal 725 (1): 1192. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/725/1/1192. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2010ApJ...725.1192M.
24. ↑ Fekel, Francis C.; Henry, Gregory W. (2003). "The Orbit and Pulsation Periods of the γ Doradus Variable HR 6844 (V2502 Ophiuchi)". The Astronomical Journal 125 (4): 2156–2162. doi:10.1086/368121. Bibcode: 2003AJ....125.2156F.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Henry, Gregory W.; Fekel, Francis C.; Kaye, Anthony B.; Kaul, Ann (2001). "10 New γ Doradus and δ Scuti Stars". The Astronomical Journal 122 (6): 3383–3395. doi:10.1086/324228. Bibcode: 2001AJ....122.3383H.
26. ↑ Rodriguez, E.; Zerbi, F. M. (1995). "A long period early F-type variable: HR8799". Information Bulletin on Variable Stars 4170: 1. Bibcode: 1995IBVS.4170....1R.
27. ↑ Gray, Richard O.; Kaye, Anthony B. (1999). "HR 8799: A Link between γ Doradus Variables and λ Bootis Stars". The Astronomical Journal 118 (6): 2993–2996. doi:10.1086/301134. Bibcode: 1999AJ....118.2993G.
28. ↑ Poretti, E.; Koen, C.; Martinez, P.; Breuer, F.; Haupt, H.; De Alwis, D. (1997). "Discovery and analysis of Gamma Doradus type pulsations in the F0 IV star HR 2740=QW PUP". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 292 (3): 621. doi:10.1093/mnras/292.3.621. Bibcode: 1997MNRAS.292..621P.
29. ↑ Peretto I., Lora S., Peretto G., Furlato G., Barbieri M. - MarSEC (2022) - https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=2227434

* v
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Variable stars

Pulsating|

| Cepheids and
cepheid-like|

* Classical
* Type II (BL Herculis, W Virginis, RV Tauri)
* RR Lyrae
* Delta Scuti
* Rapidly oscillating Ap
* SX Phoenicis

|

Blue-white with
early spectra|

* Alpha Cygni
* Beta Cephei
* Slowly pulsating B-type
* PV Telescopii
* Blue large-amplitude pulsator

Long-period|

* Mira
* Semiregular
* Slow irregular

Other|

* Gamma Doradus
* Solar-like oscillations
* White dwarf

Eruptive|

| Protostar and PMS|

* Herbig Ae/Be
* Orion
* FU Orionis
* T Tauri

|

Giants and
supergiants|

* Luminous blue variable
* R Coronae Borealis (DY Persei)
* Yellow hypergiant

Eruptive binary|

* Double periodic
* FS Canis Majoris
* RS Canum Venaticorum

Other|

* Flare
* Gamma Cassiopeiae
* Lambda Eridani
* Wolf–Rayet

Cataclysmic|

* AM Canum Venaticorum
* Dwarf nova
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* Nova
* Polar
* Intermediate polar
* Supernova
* Hypernova
* SW Sextantis
* Symbiotic
* Symbiotic nova
* Z Andromedae

Rotating|

| Non-spherical|

* Rotating ellipsoidal

|

Stellar spots|

* BY Draconis
* FK Comae Berenices

Magnetic fields|

* Alpha² Canum Venaticorum
* Pulsar
* SX Arietis

Eclipsing|

* Algol
* Beta Lyrae
* Planetary transit
* W Ursae Majoris

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