Nazi analogies

Argumentum ad ~~Laroucheum~~ Hitlerum.

Cogito ergo sum
Logic and rhetoric

Key articles

* Logical fallacy
* Syllogism
* Argument

General logic

* Argumentum ad nauseam
* Point refuted a thousand times
* Spider-Man fallacy
* Affirming a disjunct
* Modal logics
* دوگانگی مرتن

Bad logic

* Appeal to emotion
* Appeal to censorship
* Mistaking the map for the territory
* Chewbacca Defense
* Confounding factor
* Foxhole atheist

v \- t \- e

“” I wonder if there will come a time when Nazis will become primarily known for the ridiculous analogies people make using them and not genocide.

—rupucis[1]

Nazi analogies are fallacies that use the extremely negative perception that Hitler and National Socialism (Nazism) have in the modern world to boost someone's opinions.

* Reductio ad Hitlerum is, basically, the premise that "everything Hitler supported must be bad and everything Hitler was against must be good". Hitler's opinions serve as the sole parameter to judge something's desirability or morality. The reason this is idiotic is because Hitler wore clothes, so by this logic wearing clothes makes one a Nazi. He was also a strong supporter of animal rights making everybody who DOESN'T abuse their pets Nazis as well.
* Godwin’s Law, itself a response to reductio ad Hitlerum, asserts that the longer an online discussion grows, the greater are the odds of someone mentioning Hitler or the Nazis. It is something one can verify by oneself and that demonstrates how common such analogies are. Godwin only heard of Leo Strauss' coining of the fallacy four decades after he himself had proposed it.[2]

Those are also known by other names, such as argumentum ad Nazium (a pun on argumentum ad nauseam) or "playing the Hitler/Nazi Card".

## Contents

* 1 Origins
* 2 How it works
* 3 When the analogy is applicable
* 4 Schizofascism
* 5 Stormfront and other corollaries
* 6 Other versions
* 6.1 Pre-Nazism
* 7 Evil Nazi things: Reductio ad Hitlerum exempla
* 8 Overlap with Holocaust denial
* 9 Criticisms
* 10 Similar analogies
* 11 The opposite
* 12 See also
* 13 External links
* 14 Notes
* 15 References

## Origins[edit]

Mike Godwin in 2017

“”‘Who was it that said: "Whenver[sic] somebody starts mentioning Nazis on USENET, you know the discussion has gone on too long"?'.. I said it. Godwin's Rule of Nazi Analogies: As a Usenet discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches one.

—Michael Godwin in 1991, one of his earliest invocations[3]

Reductio ad Hitlerum was coined in 1951 by neoconservative progenitor Leo Strauss,[4][5]:42-43

“”Unfortunately, it does not go without saying that in our examination we must avoid the fallacy that the last decades has frequently been used as a substitute for the reductio ad absurdum: the reductio ad Hitlerum. A view that is not refuted by the fact that it happens to have been shared by Hitler.

Godwin's Law was formulated by attorney Mike Godwin, former general counsel for the Wikimedia Foundation, in the 1990s, and states:[6]

“”As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches one.

## How it works[edit]

Everyone I Don't Like is Hitler: If only we hadn't all grown up with this book.

“”It's like Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon, except there's just one degree, and Kevin Bacon is Hitler!

—Lewis Black[7]:105

When a Hitler or Nazi comparison is made, it may be an extended analogy fallacy.[8]

P1: Hitler's final solution would have put an end to overpopulation.

P2: Person X wants to use birth control to solve the problem of overpopulation.

C: Therefore person X is like Hitler.

Or it could be an ad hominem attack such as saying, "You are just like Hitler and therefore whatever you are arguing for is wrong," without having any reasoning behind how this conclusion was reached.

With the increase in the number of media for online discussion, Godwin's Law is now applied to any online discussion — be they mailing lists, message boards, forums, chat rooms, blog comment threads, or wiki talk pages.

Traditionally in many Internet discussion forums, it is the rule that once such a comparison is made, the discussion is effectively finished and whoever mentioned Hitler or the Nazis has automatically lost the debate, though it is considered sort-of acceptable if one immediately says "Pardon me for invoking Godwin's Law." The blogosphere has only heightened the prevalence of Godwin's Law, with Nazi references being dropped across the political spectrum, such as the liberal Daily Kos,[9] right-wing religious strongholds such as Bill Donohue's Catholic League,[10] and intelligent design advocates like the Discovery Institute.[11]

Compared to other known blog-based laws, such as Poe's Law, Godwin's Law is quite well known in more mainstream areas.[12] Just to prove it, the law even has its own Wikipedia article. In 2012, it was added to the Oxford Dictionary,[13] which means that in 500 years' time, it will be reviewed by completely mystified college arts majors.

## When the analogy is applicable[edit]

Godwin's Law does not dispute the validity or otherwise of references or comparison to Hitler or the Nazis. As such a comparison or reference may sometimes be appropriate in a discussion, Godwin has argued that overuse of the Nazi comparison should be avoided as it waters down the impact of any valid usage. In its purest sense, the rule has more to do with completely losing one's sense of proportion rather than just mentioning Nazis specifically.[14][15] The law was initiated as a counter-meme to flippant comparisons to the Nazis, rather than to invoke a complete ban on comparisons. As Godwin himself wrote in 2008:[16]

> When I saw the photographs from Abu Ghraib, for example, I understood instantly the connection between the humiliations inflicted there and the ones the Nazis imposed upon death camp inmates — but I am the one person in the world least able to draw attention to that valid comparison.

Additionally, Godwin made an appearance in Glenn Greenwald's Salon comments section in 2010 to confirm, as Greenwald put it in a column titled The odiousness of the distorted Godwin's Law:[17]

> Godwin himself appears in comments (authenticity confirmed via email) to explain that his "law" sought to discourage frivolous, but not substantive, Nazi analogies and comparisons.

Godwin said in 2017 that it's OK to call the alt-right Nazis, because many of them use Nazi symbols and express support for Nazi ideology.[18] He wrote in 2016:[18]

> To be clear: I don't personally believe all rational discourse has ended when Nazis or the Holocaust are invoked. … But I'm pleased that people still use Godwin's Law to force one another to argue more thoughtfully.

In 2023, Godwin also said Trump is acting like Hitler:[2]

> But when people draw parallels between Donald Trump's 2024 candidacy and Hitler's progression from fringe figure to Great Dictator, we aren’t joking. Those of us who hope to preserve our democratic institutions need to underscore the resemblance before we enter the twilight of American democracy.

Historian Timothy Snyder goes further, writing that when there is a taboo on comparing someone to Hitler who is actually acting like Hitler (i.e. Trump and J. D. Vance), it becomes a shield for the perpetrator, such that "…the more Trump resembles Hitler, the safer the man is from criticism on this point."[19]

## Schizofascism[edit]

Snyder has coined the word 'schizofascism' to refer to actual fascists who make Nazi analogies or fascist accusations against other people.[20]:145 As an example, fascist Russian politician Aleksandr Dugin has blamed Ukrainian Jews for the Holocaust,[20]:145 which is just literally adding insult to injury.

Russian propaganda has used schizofascism extensively since the 2014 invasion of Crimea, the Russian-sponsored coup attempts in Ukraine, and the Russian-backed insurrection in eastern Ukraine.[20]:145-148 During this time, Russian President Vladimir Putin, head of a regime labeled as crypto-fascist,[21] defined Ukrainian opponents of Russian incursions as fascists.[20]:147 In February 2022, Putin called for the "de-nazification" of Ukraine,[22] just prior to the full-scale invasion of the country (euphemistically-called "special military operation") in March 2022, in which Putin gave de-nazification as a justification for his war of aggression, despite Ukraine's democratically-elected president (Volodymyr Zelenskyy) being ethnically Jewish.[23] Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov went further stating, "I could be wrong, but Hitler also had Jewish blood.[note 1] [That Zelensky is Jewish] means absolutely nothing. Wise Jewish people say that the most ardent anti-Semites are usually Jews."[24]

Further, writer and antisemite Alexander Prokhanov compared Russia's failed 2014 coup in Odessa, Ukraine to the Holocaust.[20]:170,184-185 Alexander Zaldostanov, leader of the Night Wolves motorcycle gang, made similar pronouncements at the same rally as Prokhanov.[20]:184-186 Vladimir Antyufeyev, who has been in leadership positions in self-declared fascistic puppet states within Moldova (Transnistria, founded in 1990/1991) and within Ukraine (Donetsk People's Republic, founded in 2014), claimed that Russia was at war with fascists who were aligned with an international Freemason conspiracy.[20]:175

Ginni Thomas, wife of US Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas, while herself plotting to overturn a democratic election,[25] referred to the "fascist left"[note 2] and "transsexual fascists".[26]

Trump has also utilized schizofascism multiple times, referring to his political opponents as fascists despite being a fascist himself by his actions and rhetoric (including cozying up to actual fascists).[27] Another level of irony is that he has claimed that the far-right is not a major issue (yet fascism is far-right by its very nature) and instead refers to leftists as fascists.[28]

"Schizofascism is an example of what philosopher Jason Stanley calls 'undermining propaganda': using a concept to destroy that concept. Here anti-fascism is being used to destroy anti-fascism."[20]:315-316[29] The intent of the undermining propaganda is generally in the furtherance of fake news,[30]:203 including but not limited to attempts to stain the credibility of one's opponents and maintaining the ideological purity of one's followers.

## Stormfront and other corollaries[edit]

“”This is exactly how Nazi Germany was started! A bunch of layabouts with nothing better to do than to cause trouble!

—John Cleese as Basil Fawlty[31]

A number of corollaries have been proposed since the introduction of Godwin's Law.

In a hilarious instance of cosmic symmetry, a similar law applies to neo-Nazi boards such as Stormfront: as the discussion grows longer, the probability of someone calling their opponent a Jew approaches one. (For another version, replace Stormfront with Conservapedia and Jew with liberal.)

Another example of a corollary, and an early example, is called "Sircar's Corollary," which is: "If the Usenet discussion touches on homosexuality or Heinlein, Nazis or Hitler are mentioned within three days.”'[15]

Another corollary was proposed by "Buddy Larson" in the comments to a post by the libertarian Volokh Conspiracy blog (alleging that gun control caused Kristallnacht) in November 2010:[32]

> As an online discussion of an original post concerning Nazis or Hitler grows, the probability of observing a laboured and unwarranted retreat or appeal to Godwin's Law (of laboured, unwarranted retreat to Nazi or Hitler references) approaches one.

A corollary for feminists is:

> As an online discussion about sexism continues, the probability of a woman who speaks out being called a feminazi approaches 1.[33]

## Other versions[edit]

Frederic Guimont's portrayal of Big Brother, based on a 1932 election poster for Hitler

A number of different Internet laws have been proposed which basically mirror Godwin. Arken's Law states:[34]

“”A discussion is over when present society is compared to George Orwell's Oceania in the book 1984.

The exact history of Arken's Law is debatable,[note 3] but it is claimed that Arken's Law has its roots in the days of Web 1.0 and earlier (such as Usenet). Any accusations of Big Brotherism, utilizing newspeak, practicing doublethink, thought policing, sending updates down the memory hole, or belonging to the Anti-Sex League would all be invocations of Arken's Law.

Researchers from the University College London attempted to formulate reductio ad Hitlerum into a Bayesian framework, presenting evidence that this is pretty much exactly how people processed the argument:[35]

P ( g o o d | H i t l e r ) = P ( g o o d ) P ( H i t l e r | g o o d ) P ( H i t l e r ) {\displaystyle P(good|Hitler)={\frac {P(good)P(Hitler|good)}{P(Hitler)}}}

### Pre-Nazism[edit]

Before Hitler was a thing, the typical point of comparison for worst person in the world appears to have been the Pharaoh of the Biblical book of Exodus (the pharaoh's identity is uncertain, and he may be fictional, which makes it a weaker rhetorical comparison), although the likes of Judas Iscariot, Pontius Pilate, Oliver Cromwell (for the Irish), Napoleon Bonaparte, and King George III (for Americans), were occasional references.[36] Calling something medieval also seemed to work. However, those don't seem to have been used in an earlier version of Godwin's Law, possibly because the internet did not exist.

## Evil Nazi things: Reductio ad Hitlerum exempla[edit]

The Nazis were eclectic and often self-contradictory (e.g. some were pro-fraktur font and some were anti-fraktur font). What follows is a list of things which, by the logic of reductio ad Hitlerum, at least some Nazis were in favor of and which someone later thought was therefore evil (or the converse things that Hitler hated which therefore someone thought was good):

* Abortion and the Terri Schiavo case: Mike Johnson, "The prevailing judicial philosophy is no different than Hitler's. Because the life of an unborn child (or a disabled[note 4] Terri Schiavo, or the elderly or infirm) may be difficult or inconvenient or even costly to society now means it can be terminated. This disregard for life has been fostered by the courts. During business hours today, 4,500 innocent American children will be killed. It is a holocaust that has been repeated every day for 32 years, since 1973's Roe v. Wade."[37][38]
* Anti-smoking: "Nicotine Nazis strike again"[39]
* Atheism: Pope Benedict XVI, "Even in our own lifetime, we can recall how Britain and her leaders stood against a Nazi tyranny that wished to eradicate God from society and denied our common humanity to many, especially the Jews, who were thought unfit to live. I also recall the regime’s attitude to Christian pastors and religious who spoke the truth in love, opposed the Nazis and paid for that opposition with their lives. As we reflect on the sobering lessons of the atheist extremism of the twentieth century, let us never forget how the exclusion of God, religion and virtue from public life leads ultimately to a truncated vision of man and of society and thus to a “reductive vision of the person and his destiny”."[40][41]
* European Union: Boris Johnson on Brexit, "Napoleon, Hitler, various people tried this out, and it ends tragically. The EU is an attempt to do this by different methods."[42] Gerard Batten of UKIP, "But there is a closer link. In 1942 when the German’s still thought they were going to win the war they produced a report entitled the Europaische Wirtschafts Gemeinschaft – which translates as the European Economic Community."[43]
* Evolution — see Hitler and evolution:[44] Institute for Creation Research, "The Darwinian worldview was critical, not only in influencing the development of Nazism and communism, but also in the rise of the ruthless capitalists that flourished in the late 1800s and early 1900s."[45]
* Gun control — Neal Knox, regarding the Gun Control Act of 1968 sponsored by Senator Dodd, "But a person close to Dodd — who must remain nameless even today — told me at the time that Dodd was very upset by the reigstration bills and had told him: "'That's a Nazi bill.'"[note 5][46]:286 There was strict gun control during the Weimar Republic, but when the Nazis came to power, they loosened regulations for party members, but banned gun ownership for Jews and others considered undesirable.[47] Historical revisionism can enable reductio ad Hitlerum.
* Homosexuality — there is a myth that Nazis were pro-homosexual because one of them, Ernst Röhm, was gay.[48] In homophobe Dinesh D'Souza's revisionist film Death of a Nation, Hitler is not only portrayed as supporting or at least being indifferent to homosexuals, but also as being left-wing… somehow.[49] In fact, the Nazis killed huge numbers of homosexuals, including Röhm himself.
* Same-sex marriage — Patriarch Kirill, the head of the Russian Orthodox Church, compared the legalization of same-sex marriage to the laws of Nazi Germany, because in his view, both destroyed the traditional family.[50][51] It's ironic because Nazi Germany defined a traditional family that Kirill would probably agree with, Kinder, Küche, Kirche.
* Socialism — you can't spell "national socialism" without "socialism",[52] although Hitler had the left-leaning Nazis, the Strasserites, purged in the Night of the Long Knives. Marjorie Taylor Greene claimed that the Democratic Party is "now a national socialist party" just like the "National Socialist German Workers’ Party".[53]
* Vaccine verification and face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic: Marjorie Taylor Greene said that they are "Nazi practices" similar to yellow stars forced upon Jews by Nazis.[53]
* Wealthy people: Billionaire Tom Perkins complained to the Wall Street Journal that the Occupy movement and the San Francisco Chronicle are demonizing rich people: "I would call attention to the parallels of Nazi Germany to its war on its 'one percent,' namely its Jews, to the progressive war on the American one percent, namely the 'rich.' From the Occupy movement to the demonization of the rich embedded in virtually every word of our local newspaper, the San Francisco Chronicle, I perceive a rising tide of hatred of the successful one percent."[54]

Making one of these types of analogies can make a person look really stupid.

Jonah Goldberg (yes, that Jonah Goldberg) in his book Liberal Fascism likely reached maximum reductio ad Hitlerum in a single paragraph, hitting so many topics at once that one could call him "Der Führer" of reductio ad Hitlerum (but one shouldn't):[55]:19

“”Or consider the explosion of health and New Age crusades in recent years, from the war on smoking, to the obsession with animal rights, to the sanctification of organic foods. No one disputes that these fads are a product of the cultural and political left. But few are willing to grapple with the fact that we've seen this sort of thing before. Heinrich Himmler was a certified animal rights activist and aggressive promoter of "natural healing." Rudolf Hess, Hitler's deputy, championed homeopathy and herbal medicines. Hitler and his advisers dedicated hours of their time to discussions of the need to move the entire nation to vegetarianism as a response to the unhealthiness promoted by capitalism. Dachau hosted the world's largest alternative and organic medicine research lab and produced its own organic honey.

## Overlap with Holocaust denial[edit]

Bigtree, promoting pseudoscience while flirting with Holocaust denial

See the main article on this topic: Holocaust denial

Inappropriate Nazi analogies can have the effect of downplaying the Holocaust and other crimes against humanity of the Third Reich. This is particularly the case when the thing being compared to the Holocaust is not only less bad than the Holocaust but entirely unobjectionable.

For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many anti-vaccine protesters took to wearing yellow stars to protest vaccine mandates. Antivax leader Del Bigtree started doing this before the pandemic.[56] As international relations scholar Nicholas Grossman has pointed out, “This is a warped form of Holocaust denial. … [T]he core point, charitably interpreted, is that the Holocaust was public pressure in response to a voluntary choice, when it was actually the industrialized mass murder of millions just for who they were.”[57]

## Criticisms[edit]

Some, such as author Robert J. Sawyer, have criticized Godwin's Law for implying the Holocaust was sui generis, a unique event that can never happen again. Consequently, he argues, people will be reluctant to issue comparisons for future situations until it is too late, and even if they try, Godwin's Law will be used to falsely shoot them down.[58]

## Similar analogies[edit]

Hitler comparisons are not the only kind of default association with negative and infamous historical figures; other people make comparisons with various other dictators such as Mussolini,[59] Stalin,[60] and many others.

## The opposite[edit]

A reverse effect happens when people's views or actions are compared to those of well-known sages or heroes, such as Einstein, Lincoln, etc. The basic idea is that "if you think or do like them, you will be like them". And just like Hitler, they are often promoted as the authors of false quotes or the subjects of spurious stories.

While both Hitler[61][62] and Einstein[63][64]:453–454 adopted a vegetarian diet at some point of their lives, two distinct pieces of information that are conveniently brought up by both proponents and critics of vegetarianism in separate occasions when they see fit, this hardly means that one would be as bad as Hitler or as intelligent as Einstein only because one does not eat meat. Citing historical examples (when backed up by proper historical evidence) can be an important part of supporting a cause, but are far from being a sufficient argument by themselves.

## See also[edit]

* Ad hominem
* Antifa
* Axis of evil
* Glenn Beck
* Dickwad theory
* Fascism‎#Broadness of the term "fascism"
* Gore's Law
* Hyperbole
* Irony meter
* Scott Lively
* Red-baiting, often used conjointly
* Ben Stein[44]
* Straw man

## External links[edit]

* See the Wikipedia article on Reductio ad Hitlerum.
* Ad Nazium, Fallacy Files
* Meme, Counter Meme, Wired
* How to post about Nazis and get away with it — the Godwin's Law FAQ
* Before Hitler, who did people compare their political enemies to? (Mostly this guy.)
* Greatest. Godwin. Ever., Dispatches from the Culture Wars
* /r/godwinslaw/ Godwin's law on reddit. The site of bad historical analogies.
* How Godwin's law demeans Hitler, hehe. (Albeit using both Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay as examples...)

## Notes[edit]

1. ↑ He is. See Adolf Hitler#Childhood for a brief discussion of this unsubstantiated claim.
2. ↑ Given that fascism is right-wing by nature, this is a contradiction in terms. Left-wing totalitarianism can and does exist, but left-wing fascism cannot and does not exist.
3. ↑ Sophie Wilder did some research and found no references to a user named "Arken" on talk.atheism which turned up no results, and the only source to be the Urban Dictionary (existing as early as 2004).
4. ↑ Schiavo was already clinically dead, not disabled.
5. ↑ Italics in original

## References[edit]

1. ↑ I wonder if there will come a time when nazis will become primarily known for the ridiculous analogies people make using them and not genocide. comment by rupucis (Dec 1, 2015 1:17 PM) Ars Technica.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Yes, it’s okay to compare Trump to Hitler. Don’t let me stop you. by Mike Godwin (December 20, 2023 at 2:57 p.m. EST) The Washington Post.
3. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, "Godwin's Law" entry (2012) Third edition. The quote is from the group rec.arts.sf-lovers on August 18, 1991.
4. ↑ "The Social Science of Max Weber" by Leo Strauss" (1951) Measure: A Critical Journal 2(2):204-230.
5. ↑ Natural Right and History by Leo Strauss (1953) University of Chicago Press.
6. ↑ Meme, Counter-meme by Mike Godwin (10.01.94; 12:00 pm) Wired.
7. ↑ What Makes Us Smart: The Computational Logic of Human Cognition by Samuel Gershman (2021) Princeton University Press. ISBN 069120571X.
8. ↑ Extended Analogy Logically Fallacious.
9. ↑ House Republicans now own Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s antisemitism (July 18, 2023 at 1:58:04p PDT) Daily Kos. The article makes the stretch from RFK Jr. making an antisemitic remark to him being a Nazi.
10. ↑ "Mother F—king Teresa" Courtesy of Viacom (May 25, 2005) Catholic League for Religious and Civil Rights (archived from June 11, 2005). Regarding Penn & Teller, "This is no comedy — it is Nazi propaganda right out of the Leni Riefenstahl school of filmmaking."
11. ↑ The wages of whining by David Klinghoffer (Jan 29, 2009 14:05 | Updated Jan 31, 2009 0:51) The Jerusalem Post (archived from January 31, 2009). Klinghoffer, a senior fellow at the Discovery Institute, "In Mein Kampf, an influential best-seller, he relied on the language of Darwinian biology to declare a race war against the Jews."
12. ↑ Is it ever OK to call someone a Nazi? by Andrew McFarlane (14 July 2010) BBC News.
13. ↑ Godwin's law "Oxford Dictionaries (archived from July 30, 2014).
14. ↑ As Nyysiopas, luku 3 Nyysietiketti, Mitä ei pidä tehdä: Hitler-kortin käyttö by Jukka Korpela, Tampere University of Technology (archived from November 2, 2021). "Joka tapauksessa useimmat fiksut ihmiset luultavasti pitävät Hitler-kortin pelannutta automaattisesti häviäjänä. Syynä on, että Hitler-kortin käyttö osoittaa niin vakavaa suhteellisuudentajun häiriötä, että mitään sen pelanneen aiemminkaan esittämää ei pidä ottaa vakavasti. Sama koskee Stalin-korttia ja muita vastaavia." Translation:"In any case, most smart people will probably automatically consider someone who played the Hitler card to be a loser. The reason is that the use of the Hitler card shows such a serious disturbance in the sense of proportion that nothing presented by the person who played it before should be taken seriously. The same goes for the Stalin card and the like."
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 No Nazi comparisons? Sounds like something Hitler would say! The strange history of Godwin's Law, and what it means for our own duties to … by Nate Anderson (9/1/2011, 5:05 AM) Ars Technica.
16. ↑ I Seem To Be A Verb: 18 Years of Godwin's Law by Mike Godwin (April 30, 2008) Jewcy.
17. ↑ Letters to the Editor: The odiousness of the distorted Godwin's Law by Glenn Greenwald (July 1, 2010 10:27 AM ET) Salon (archived from September 18, 2011).
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Mike Godwin: Man who devised internet Hitler law says, 'Call these Charlottesville s***heads Nazis': 'By all means, compare these s***heads to the Nazis. Again and again. I'm with you.' by Andrew Griffin (August 14, 2017) The Independent.
19. ↑ Trump's Hitlerian Month: A September to Remember by Timothy Snyder (Sep 29, 2024) Substack.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America by Timothy Snyder (2018) Tim Duggan Books. ISBN 0525574468.
21. ↑ Putinism: The Slow Rise of a Radical Right Regime in Russia by Marcel Van Herpen (2013) Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1137282800. Page 107: "Putin is too shrewd to let himself and his regime be labeled 'fascist,' but this does not mean that his regime is not developing traits of a fascist regime. […] In this case a regime must be labeled crypto-fascist […]."
22. ↑ Putin says he will ‘denazify’ Ukraine. Here’s the history behind that claim. by Miriam Berger (February 24, 2022; Updated February 25, 2022 at 1:44 p.m. EST) The Washington Post.
23. ↑ Putin's claim of fighting against Ukraine 'neo-Nazis' distorts history, scholars say by Rachel Treisman (March 1, 20223:02 PM ET) NPR.
24. ↑ Israel outrage at Sergei Lavrov's claim that Hitler was part Jewish (May 2, 2022) BBC News.
25. ↑ Ginni Thomas emails show she urged Wisconsin lawmakers to oveturn 2020 election by Scott Bauer (Sep 1, 2022 2:49 PM EST) Associated Press via PBS.
26. ↑ Is Ginni Thomas a Threat to the Supreme Court? Behind closed doors, Justice Clarence Thomas’s wife is working with many groups directly involved in controversial cases before the Court. by Jane Mayer (January 21, 2022) The Washington Post.
27. ↑ Trump calls political enemies ‘vermin,’ echoing dictators Hitler, Mussolini by Marianne LeVine (Updated November 13, 2023 at 10:54 a.m. EST; Published November 12, 2023 at 5:45 p.m. EST) The Washington Post.
28. ↑ The MAGA Movement’s Links With The Global Far Right Were On Full Display At Trump’s Latest Party by Hunter Walker (December 13, 2023 12:18 p.m.) Talking Points Memo.
29. ↑ How Propaganda Works by Jason Stanley (2015), Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691164428.
30. ↑ Fake News and Propaganda: A Critical Discourse Research Perspective by Iulian Vamanu (2019) Open Information Science 3:197–208. doi:0.1515/opis-2019-0014.
31. ↑ Fawlty Towers: 20 of Basil's best rants by Oliver Smith (27 November 2015 • 12:00am) The Telegraph (archived from May 10, 2016).
32. ↑ Nazism, Firearm Registration, and the Night of the Broken Glass by David Kopel (November 9, 2010 6:12 pm) The Volokh Conspiracy. Caveat lector.
33. ↑ Godwin's Feminist Corollary Geek Feminism Wiki (2013).
34. ↑ Arken's Law (October 31, 2004) Urban Dictionary.
35. ↑ Because Hitler did it! Quantitative tests of Bayesian argumentation using ad hominem by Adam J. L. Harris, Anne S. Hsu & Jens K. Madsen (2012) Thinking & Reasoning 18(3):311-343. doi:10.1080/13546783.2012.670753.
36. ↑ Before Hitler, Who Was the Stand-In for Pure Evil? by Brian Palmer (Oct 04, 20115:51 PM) Slate.
37. ↑ Schiavo case advances 'culture of death' by Mike Johnson (April 1, 2005) Shreveport Times via Newspapers.com. Page 13.
38. ↑ New Speaker of the House Equated Reproductive Rights with Holocaust: Editorial uncovered by Documented reveals Johnson's extreme views on abortion. by Jamie Corey (Oct 26, 2023) Documented.
39. ↑ "Nicotine Nazis strike again": a brief analysis of the use of Nazi rhetoric in attacking tobacco control advocacy by Nick K. Schneider & Stanton A. Glantz (2008) Tobacco Control 17(5):291–296. doi:10.1136/tc.2007.024653.
40. ↑ Row after Pope's remarks on atheism and Nazis (16 September 2010) BBC News.
41. ↑ Address Of His Holiness Benedict XVI (16 September 2010) Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
42. ↑ Boris Johnson: The EU wants a superstate, just as Hitler did by Tim Ross (15 May 2016 • 10:22am) The Telegraph.
43. ↑ Boris, Hitler and the European Union. (May 16, 2016) Gerard Batten MEP (archived from May 21, 2016).
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Ben Stein's Expelled: No Integrity Displayed. A shameful antievolution film tries to blame Darwin for the Holocaust by John Rennie (April 9, 2008) Scientific American.
45. ↑ Darwin's Influence on Ruthless Laissez Faire Capitalism by Jerry Bergman (March 01, 2001) Institute for Creation Research.
46. ↑ The Gun Rights War by Neal Knox (2009) MacFarlane Press. ISBN 0976863308.
47. ↑ See the Wikipedia article on Nazi gun control argument.
48. ↑ See the Wikipedia article on Nazism and homosexuality.
49. ↑ Dinesh D'Souza's lazy, ugly propaganda film: Death of a Nation is a disgusting farce, even by D’Souza standards by Simon Maloy (08/09/18 11:03 AM EDT) Media Matters for America.
50. ↑ Патриарх сравнил законы о гей-браках с законами фашистской Германии (May 29, 2017) RIA Novosti (archived from December 19, 2018) "Принимаемые в ряде стран Запада законы о разрешении гомосексуальных браков полностью порывают с нравственной природой человека и вызывают такое же возмущение людей, как в свое время и законы фашистской Германии". Translation: "The laws adopted in a number of Western countries to allow homosexual marriages completely break with the moral nature of man and cause the same indignation of people as the laws of fascist Germany did in their time."
51. ↑ Head of Orthodox Church Compares Homosexual Marriage to Nazism Head of Orthodox Church Compares Homosexual Marriage to Nazism (May 29, 2017) Moscow Times.
52. ↑ Were the Nazis Socialists? We look into the burning (at least for some) question of whether members of the National German Socialist Workers' Party were accurately classified as "socialists". by David Emery (5 Sep 2017) Snopes.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Here’s Everything Marjorie Taylor Greene Has Compared To Nazi Germany by Andrew Solender (Jul 9, 2021, 09:57am EDT) Forbes.
54. ↑ Billionaire Compares Outrage Over Rich In SF To Kristallnacht by Elise Hu (January 26, 20144:10 PM ET) NPR.
55. ↑ Liberal Fascism: The Secret History of the American Left, From Mussolini to the Politics of Change by Jonah Goldberg (2009)‎ Forum Books. ISBN 0767917189.
56. ↑ Anti-Vaccine Protesters Misappropriate Holocaust-Era Symbol to Promote Their Cause (April 5, 2019) ADL.
57. ↑ This is a warped form of Holocaust denial. Might not seem like it at first, but the core point, charitably interpreted, is that the Holocaust was public pressure in response to a voluntary choice, when it actually was industrialized mass murder of millions just for who they were. by Nicholas Grossman (4:50 PM - 12 Nov 2021) Twitter (archived from 4 Feb 2022 19:37:36 UTC).
58. ↑ Authoritarians: An existential threat by Robert J. Sawyer (December 18th, 2015) Science Fiction Writer.
59. ↑ Trump on tweeting Mussolini quote: 'It's a very interesting quote' by Evan Hoffmeyer (November 27, 2017) WTHR.
60. ↑ TIL that there’s a communist version of “reductio ad Hitlerum” called “reductio ad Stalinum”, where the person who commits the fallacy dismisses his or her opponent as a socialist, marxist or communist by TARDIS40TT (c. 2017) Reddit.
61. ↑ Hitler: A Study in Tyranny by Alan Bullock (1962) Penguin Books. ISBN 0140135642.
62. ↑ Adolf Hitler by John Toland (1976) Ballantine Books. ISBN 0345258991.
63. ↑ Albert Einstein (1879-1955) International Vegetarian Union.
64. ↑ The Ultimate Quotable Einstein, edited by Alice Calaprice (2011) Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691207291.

Articles on RationalWiki about Eponymous laws

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Articles about logical fallacies

Informal fallacies: |

Appeal to tradition • Appeal to novelty • Appeal to nature • Argument from morality • Argumentum ad martyrdom • Big words • Certum est quia impossibile est • Morton's fork • Friend argument • Exception that proves the rule • Extended analogy • Hindsight bias • Race card • Moralistic fallacy • Release the data • Gish Gallop • Terrorism-baiting • Uncertainty tactic • Greece-baiting • Ham Hightail • Red-baiting • Gore's Law • Mistaking the map for the territory • Red herring • Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum videtur • Presentism • Sunk cost • Two wrongs make a right • Flying carpet fallacy • My enemy's enemy • Appeal to ancient wisdom • Danth's Law • Argumentum ad lunam • Balance fallacy • Golden hammer • Loaded question • Escape to the future • Word magic • Spider-Man fallacy • Sanctioning the devil • Appeal to mystery • Informal fallacy • Common sense • Post-designation • Hyperbole • Relativist fallacy • Due diligence • Straw man • Good old days • Appeal to probability • Infinite regress • Circular reasoning • Media was wrong before • Is–ought problem • Ad iram • Just asking questions • Pink-baiting • Appeal to faith • Appeal to fear • Appeal to bias • Appeal to confidence • Appeal to consequences • Appeal to emotion • Appeal to flattery • Appeal to gravity • Appeal to hate • Argument from omniscience • Argument from silence • Argumentum ad baculum • Argumentum ad fastidium • Association fallacy • Broken window fallacy • Category mistake • Confounding factor • Counterfactual fallacy • Courtier's Reply • Damning with faint praise • Definitional fallacies • Equivocation • Fallacy of accent • Fallacy of accident • Fallacy of amphiboly • Gambler's fallacy • Imprecision fallacy • Moving the goalposts • Nirvana fallacy • Overprecision • Pathos gambit • Pragmatic fallacy • Quote mining • Argumentum ad sarcina inserta • Science doesn't know everything • Slothful induction • Spotlight fallacy • Style over substance • Toupee fallacy • Genuine but insignificant cause • Argument from incredulity • Appeal to age • Argumentum ad nauseam • Phantom distinction • Appeal to common sense • Argumentum ad hysteria • Omnipotence paradox • Argument from etymology • Appeal to trauma • Countless counterfeits fallacy •

| Ad hoc: |

No True Scotsman • Moving the goalposts • Escape hatch • Handwave • Special pleading • Slothful induction • Nirvana fallacy • God of the gaps • PIDOOMA • Ad hoc • Tone argument •

| Arguments from ignorance: |

Science doesn't know everything • Argument from incredulity • Argument from silence • Toupee fallacy • Appeal to censorship • Science was wrong before • Holmesian fallacy • Argument from omniscience • Willful ignorance • Argument from ignorance •

| Causation fallacies: |

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc • Correlation does not imply causation • Wrong direction • Counterfactual fallacy • Regression fallacy • Gambler's fallacy • Denying the antecedent • Genuine but insignificant cause •

| Circular reasoning: |

Infinite regress • Argument by assertion • Argumentum ad dictionarium • Appeal to faith • Circular reasoning • Self-refuting idea •

| Emotional appeals: |

Appeal to fear • Appeal to emotion • Appeal to confidence • Deepity • Argumentum ad baculum • Appeal to shame • Appeal to flattery • Tone argument • Appeal to money • Argumentum ad fastidium • Appeal to gravity • Appeal to consequences • Loaded language • Style over substance • Appeal to pity • Appeal to hate • Pathos gambit • Shaming • Degenerate • Abomination •

| Fallacies of ambiguity: |

Fallacy of accent • Equivocation • Fallacy of amphiboly • Quote mining • Fallacy of ambiguity • Moral equivalence • Scope fallacy • Suppressed correlative • Not as bad as • Etymology • Continuum fallacy • Wronger than wrong • Definitional fallacies • Code word • Phantom distinction •

Formal fallacies: |

Confusion of the inverse • Denying the antecedent • Non sequitur • Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise • Not even wrong • Chewbacca Defense • Affirming a disjunct • Illicit process • Four-term fallacy • Negative conclusion from affirmative premises • Fallacy fallacy • Substituting explanation for premise • Enthymeme • Syllogism • Formal fallacy • Existential assumption • Masked man fallacy • Self-refuting idea • Argument by gibberish • One single proof • Affirming the consequent • False dilemma • Conjunction fallacy •

Fallacious arguments: |

Bumblebee argument • Fatwa envy • Gotcha argument • Hoyle's fallacy • Intuition pump • Logic and Creation • Not Circular Reasoning • Peanut butter argument • Great Beethoven fallacy • Fallacy of unique founding conditions • Evil is the absence of God • Argument from first cause • How do you know? Were you there? • Argument from design • Argument from beauty • Appeal to nature • Solferino fallacy • Religious scientists • Nothing to hide • Argument from fine tuning • Creep shaming • "I used to be an atheist" • Atheism as a religion • Argumentum ad populum • Argument from morality • Anti-environmentalism • Appeal to bias • Apophasis • Argumentum ad nauseam • Appeal to censorship • Argumentum ad sarcina inserta • Blaming the victim • Bait-and-switch • Danth's Law • Chewbacca Defense • Canard • DARVO • Demonization • Escape hatch • Friend argument • Everyone is racist • Gish Gallop • Greece-baiting • Gore's Law • Ham Hightail • Just asking questions • Leading question • Loaded language • Linking to authority • Loaded question • Lying by omission • Motte and bailey • Moving the goalposts • One single proof • Pink-baiting • One-way hash argument • Pathos gambit • Quote mining • Poisoning the well • Quidquid latine dictum sit, altum videtur • Race card • Red-baiting • Red herring • Release the data • Science was wrong before • Shill gambit • Straw man • Silent Majority • Uncertainty tactic • Style over substance • Terrorism-baiting • Weasel word • What's the harm (logical fallacy) • Whataboutism • Bullshit • Logical fallacy • Banana argument • Scapegoat • How come there are still monkeys? • Anti-racist is a code word for anti-white • Ontological argument • Omnipotence paradox • Presuppositionalism • Just a joke • Countless counterfeits fallacy •

Conditional fallacies: |

Slippery slope • What's the harm (logical fallacy) • Special pleading • Conditional fallacy • On the spot fallacy • Appeal to the minority • Argumentum ad populum • Galileo gambit • Professor of nothing •

| Genetic fallacies: |

Genetic fallacy •

|  | Appeals to authority: |

Ipse dixit • Appeal to confidence • Argumentum ad populum • Argument from authority • Linking to authority • Silent Majority • Invincible authority • Appeal to celebrity • Ultracrepidarianism • Appeal to the minority • Galileo gambit • Appeal to identity • Weasel word • Professor of nothing • Euthyphro dilemma • Divine command theory •

|  | Ad hominem: |

Ad iram • Argumentum ad cellarium • Bulverism • Poisoning the well • Blaming the victim • Tu quoque • Whataboutism • Nutpicking • Jonanism • Demonization • Shill gambit • Appeal to bias • Fallacy of opposition • Association fallacy • Damning with faint praise • Pathos gambit • Appeal to identity • Argumentum ad hominem • Not an argument • Nothing to hide • Scapegoat • 地下室论证 •

| Imprecision fallacies: |

Apex fallacy • Overprecision • Cherry picking • Overgeneralization • Texas sharpshooter fallacy • False analogy • Appeal to fiction • Spotlight fallacy • Pragmatic fallacy • Selection bias • Anecdotal evidence • Category mistake • Nutpicking • Imprecision fallacy • Confounding factor • Fallacy of accident • Neyman's bias •

Valid logical methods: |

Rapoport's Rules • Negative evidence • Reductio ad absurdum •

Fallacy collections: |

SeekFind • Nizkor Project • Fallacy Files • Your Logical Fallacy Is • Logically Fallacious •