Typography

The art of printing. The invention of printing was welcomed by the Jews as "the art of writing with many pens." From the time of the earlier printers reference is made to their craft as "holy work" ("'Abodat ha-Ḳodesh"). It may here be treated under the two headings of history and characteristics.

I. History:

The history of Hebrew printing is divided into five stages, of which only a sketch can be attempted in this place, many of the details being already treated under the names of prominent printers or presses. The five stages of Hebrew typography are as follows: I., 1475-1500, incunabula in southern Europe; II., 1500-42, spread to north and east; III., 1542-1627, supremacy of Venice; IV., 1627-1732, hegemony of Amsterdam; V., 1732-1900, modern period, in which Frankfort, Vienna, and, more recently, Wilna and Warsaw have come to the front. For the most part Hebrew printing has been done by Jews, but the printing of Bibles has been undertaken also by Christian typographers, especially at the university towns of Europe. These productions, for lack of space, are for the most part to be neglected in the following sketch.

Incunabula.

  * I. (1475-1500): It was twenty years before the Jews made use of the art for Hebrew printing, as the conditions in Germany did not admit of their doing so there; and all the Hebrew printing of the fifteenth century was done in the Italian and Iberian peninsulas, where about 100 works were produced before 1500. Hebrew printing began in Italy; and apart from Reggio di Calabria, where the first printed book was produced in 1475, and Rome, where possibly the earliest Hebrew press was set up, printing was centered about Mantua, where it began in 1477. In the same year Ferrara and Bologna started printing. The chief printer family of Italy was that of the Soncinos, which besides working at Mantua printed at Casale-Maggiore, Soncino, Brescia, Naples, and Barca. Bible, Talmud, and ritual, halakic, and ethical works naturally formed the chief subjects of printing in these early days. In Spain, Hebrew printing began at Guadalajara in 1482, went three years later to Ixar, and finished at Zamora, while in Portugal it began at Faro in 1487, went to Lisbon in 1489, and finished at Leiria in 1792. The total number of books printed in Spain and Portugal amounted to only 17. The early types were rough in form; but the presswork for the most part was excellent, and the ink and paper were of very enduring quality. Owing to the work of the censor and the persecution of the Jews, the early productions of the Hebrew presses of Italy and the Iberian Peninsula are extremely rare, one-fifth of them being unique (for further particulars see Incunabula).

Second Period. From the Tractate Baba Meẓi'a, Soncino, 1515.

  * II. (1500-42): This period is distinguished by the spread of Jewish presses to the Turkish and Holy Roman empires. In Constantinople, Hebrew printing was introduced by David Naḥmias and his son Samuel about 1503; and they were joined in the year 1530 by Gershon Soncino, whose work was taken up after his death by his son Eleazar (see Constantinople—Typography). Gershon Soncino put into type the first Karaite work printed (Bashyaẓi's "Adderet Eliyahu.") in 1531. In Salonica, Don Judah Gedaliah printed about 30 Hebrew works from 1500 onward, mainly Bibles, and Gershon Soncino, the Wandering Jew of early Hebrew typography, joined his kinsman Moses Soncino, who had already produced 3 works there (1526-27); Gershon printed the Aragon Maḥzor (1529) and Ḳimḥi's "Shorashim" (1533). The prints of both these Turkish citieswere not of a very high order. The works selected, however, were important for their rarity and literary character. The type of Salonica imitates the Spanish Rashi type.Turning to Germany, the first Jewish press was set up in Prague by Gershon ben Solomon Cohen, who founded in that city a family of Hebrew printers, known commonly as "the Gersonides." He began printing in 1513 with a prayer-book, and during the period under review confined himself almost exclusively to this class of publications, with which he supplied Jewish Germany and Poland. He was joined about 1518 by Ḥayyim ben David Schwartz, who played in northern Europe the same wandering rôle the Soncinos assumed in the south. From 1514 to 1526 he worked at Prague, but in 1530 he was found at Oels in Silesia, printing a Pentateuch with the Megillot and Hafṭarot. He transferred his activity to the southwest at Augsburg, where in 1533 he published Rashi on the Pentateuch and Megillot, the next year a Haggadah, in 1536 a letter-writer and German prayer-book, and in 1540 an edition of the Ṭurim, followed by rimed Judæo-German versions of Kings (1543) and Samuel (1544). In 1544 he moved to Ichenhausen, between Augsburg and Ulm, and finally settled in 1546 at Heddernheim, where he published a few works. At Augsburg, 1544, the convert Paulus Emilius printed a Judæo-German Pentateuch. Three works of this period are known to have been printed at Cracow, the first of them, in 1534, a commentary of Israel Isserlein on "Sha'are Durah" with elaborately decorated title-page.V12p296001.jpgFrom Tractate 'Erubin, Printed by Bomberg, Venice, 1521.Other towns of Germany also printed Hebrew works during this period, but they were mainly portions of the Biblical books, mostly editions of the Psalms, produced by Christian printers for Christian professors, as at Cologne (1518), Wittenberg (1521 onward), Mayence (1523), Worms (1529), and Leipsic (1538). To these should be added Thomas Anshelm's edition of the Psalms at Tübingen in 1512. It was followed by his edition of Ḳimḥi's grammar at Hagenau, 1519. With these may be mentioned the Paris printers of the sixteenth century (from 1508 onward), who produced grammars and Bibles (see Paris).V12p296002.jpgFrom the First Illustrated Printed Haggadah, Prague, 1526.

Daniel Bomberg. Specimens of Small Format.

Returning to the earlier home of Hebrew printing, a considerable number of towns in Italy had Hebrew presses early in the sixteenth century, mainly through the activity of Gershon Soncino, who is found in Fano (1515), Pesaro (1517), Ortona (1519), and Rimini (1521); other presses were temporarily worked in Trino, Genoa, and Rome, the last under Elijah Levita. In Bologna nine works were produced between 1537 and 1541, mainly prayer-books and responsa. Above all, this period is distinguished in Italy by the foundation and continuance of the Venetian press under the guidance of Daniel Bomberg, a Dutchman from Antwerp. His thirty-five years' activity from 1515 to 1549 was in a measure epoch-making for Hebrew typography. His productions shared in all the excellence of the Venice press, and included the first rabbinic Bible in 1517, the first complete edition of the Babylonian Talmud in 1520 (its pagination is followed at the present day), a large number of editions of the Bible in whole or part, several grammatical, lexicographic, and midrashic works, seven commentaries on the Pentateuch, six responsa collections, philosophical and ethical writings, and several rituals, including a Tefillah and a Maḥzor according to the Spanish rite, one according to the Greek rite (Maḥzor Romania), and a Karaite one. Finally, reference should be made to the university press of Basel, where the Frobens produced Hebrew works in a remarkably clear type, with the letters slanting to the left, somewhat after the manner of the early Mantua editions. Froben began in 1516 with an edition of the Psalms, and produced many of the works of Elijah Levita and Sebastian Münster. Altogether Schwab (in "Incunables Orientaux," pp. 49-128) enumerates about 430 works produced between 1500 and 1540. Allowing for omissions by him, not more than 600 works were produced between 1475 and 1540.

From the "Wikkuaḥ" Printed by Sebastian Münster, Basel, 1539.

  * III. (1542-1627): The third period is distinguished by the activity of the censor, which lasted for two centuries or more in southern and eastern Europe. The principle of regulating the books to be read by the faithful, and even by the unfaithful, was inaugurated by the Roman Curia in 1542, though the first carrying out of it was with the burning of the Talmud in 1554. But even previous to that date Jews had taken precautions to remove all cause of offense. About 1542 Meïr Katzenellenbogen censored the seliḥot of the German rite, and Schwartz adopted his changes in the edition which he published at Heddernheim in 1546.

Third Period. Supremacy of Venice. From Pentateuch, Sabbionetta, 1557.

Resuming the history of the Italian presses, that of Venice first engages attention. Bomberg was not allowed to have a monopoly of Hebrew printing, which had been found to be exceptionally profitable. Other Christians came into the field, especially Marco Antonio Giustiniani, who produced twenty-five works between 1545 and 1552. Another competitor arose in the person of Aloisio Bragadini, who began printing in 1550. In the competition both parties appealed to Rome; and their disputes brought about the burning of the Talmud in 1554 at Ferrara, and the strict enforcement of the censorship, even in Venice, the presses of which stopped printing Hebrew books for eight years. Similar competition appears to have taken place with regard to the Hebrew typesetters whom these Christian printers were obliged to employ. Cornelius Adelkind and his son, German Jews of Padua, first worked with Bomberg, and then were taken over by Farri (1544), and they appear to have also worked for both Bragadini and Giustiniani. There was a whole body of learned press-revisers. Among them should be mentioned Jacob b. Ḥayyim,the editor of the rabbinic Bible, and Meïr Katzenellenbogen, who helped to edit Maimonides' "Yad" (1550). When Venice ceased for a time to issue Hebrew books, printing was taken up in Ferrara (1551-1557) by Abraham Usque, who printed the "Consolaçam" of his brother Samuel Usque (1553). In Sabbionetta (1551-59) Tobias Foa printed about twenty works, among them a very correct edition of the Targum on the Pentateuch, employing the ubiquitous Adelkind to print a fine edition of the "Moreh" and an edition of the Talmud in parts, only one of which is extant. The Sabbionetta types are said to have gone back to Venice when the Bragadinis resumed work. In Cremona a Hebrew press was set up in 1556 by Vincentio Conti, who issued altogether forty-two works up to 1560, including the first edition of the Zohar, 2,000 copies of which were saved with difficulty from the fires of the Inquisition. His first edition of Menahem Zioni's commentary was not so fortunate; notwithstanding that it had received the license of the censor, it was burnt. About thirty-three works were produced during this period at Riva di Trento by Joseph Ottolenghi under the auspices of Cardinal Madruz, whose titular hat appears upon the title-pages of the volumes.

Reverting to Venice, printing was resumed in 1564 by Giovanni de Gara, who took up the work of Bomberg, and between 1564 and 1569 produced more than 100 different works, making use of Christian as well as Jewish typesetters, among the latter being Leon of Modena in the years 1595-1601. Besides Gara there were Grippo, Georgio de Cavalli, and the Zanetti family, but none of them could compete with the activity of the Bragadinis, which was resumed about the same time. They made use of Samuel Archevolti and Leon of Modena among their typesetters. It is worthy of mention that several important works appeared at Venice from printing establishments which can not be identified, including the editio princeps of the Shulḥan 'Aruk (1565). A few works were printed at Rome (1546-81) by Antonio Bladao and Francesco Zanetti, and a couple of works in Verona by Francesco delle Donne.

From a Seliḥah, Heddernheim, 1546.From the Hutter Bible, Hamburg, 1587, Showing Hollow Servile Letters.

The greatest activity in Italy outside Venice was that carried on at Mantua by the Rufenellis, who employed Joseph Ashkenazi and Meïr Sofer, both from Padua, as their chief typesetters. Their activity was followed by that of Ephraim b. David of Padua and Moses b. Katriel of Prague, both working in the last decade of the sixteenth century, the latter for the publishers Norzi brothers. AltogetherZunz enumerates seventy-three works produced at Mantua during the third period, including a "Sefer Yeẓirah," "Tanḥuma," Aboab's "Menorat ha-Ma'or," and an edition of Abot in Italian.

Froben and Waldkirch.

During this period the Hebrew press of Basel received new light in the advent from Italy of Israel b. Daniel Sifroni, one of those wandering master workmen who, like Soncino and Schwartz, characterized the early history of Hebrew printing. Through his workmanship a number of important works were produced by Froben of Basel between 1578 and 1584, including a Babylonian Talmud, Isaac Nathan's Concordance, and the "'Ir Gibborim," whose publisher in Prague, finding that he could not have printing done as well there as by Sifroni, sent it to the latter in Basel. In the year 1583-84 Sifroni was working for Froben at Freiburg-im-Breisgau, where he printed several Judæo-German works, including the Five Megillot with glossary in red ink; he printed also an edition of Benjamin of Tudela's "Travels." Froben's success, like that of Bomberg, induced other Christian printers to join in competition, as Guarin (for whom Sifroni also worked), Beber, and especially Conrad Waldkirch, who from 1598 on published a Great Tefillah, an 'Aruk, an Alfasi in octavo, and "Synagogue Music and Songs" by Elijah b. Moses Loans, who was for a time Waldkirch's corrector for the press. Mordecai b. Jacob of Prossnitz, who, as shown below, had had a large printing experience in the east of Europe, also assisted Waldkirch in 1622. After his departure the Basel Hebrew prints became scarcer, and were confined mainly to the productions of the Buxtorfs, while only sporadic Hebrew works were produced at Altdorf, Bern, and Zurich (where, however, one of the finest specimens of Hebrew printing had been produced in the Judæo-German "Yosippon" of 1546). Reference may be here made to prints of Paulus Fagius at Constance in 1643-44, mainly with Judæo-German or Latin translations. Altogether the total number of Hebrew works produced in Switzerland was not more than fifty.

The history of the Hebrew press in Denmark deserves treatment in fuller detail, as it has been recently investigated by Simonsen. In 1598 Heinrich Waldkirch imported some inferior Hebrew type to Copenhagen from Wittenberg; but nothing of importance was printed during the following three decades. In 1631 Solomon Sartor published some excerpts from the Bible; and in 1663 Henrik Göde printed similar extracts. In 1734 Marius Fogh (who later became city magistrate of Odense) published an edition of Isaac Abravanel's commentary on Gen. xlix. This work, which bore the imprint of the Copenhagen publishing-house of I. C. Rothe, was for sale as late as 1893. Christian Nold's concordance of the Bible appeared in 1679 from the press of Corfitz Luft in Copenhagen, and the solid quarto volume, containing 1,210 pages, gives evidence of the author's diligence, as well as of the printer's skill and care. A Lutheran pastor, Lauritz Petersen, in Nyköbing on the island of Falster, published in 1640 a new Hebrew versification of the Song of Solomon, intended as a wedding-present for the son of King Christian IV. and his bride Magdalena Sibylla. This work, which was entitled "Canticum Canticorum Salomonis," consisted of Hebrew verse with Danish translation, and with various melodies added; it was printed by Melchior Martzau. Samuel ben Isaac of Schwerin published in 1787 some Talmudic annotations entitled "Minḥat Shemu'el," printed by the Copenhagen firm of Thiele, but showing evidence of lack of skill.

From a Commentary on Song of Songs, Safed, 1578.Fagius and Hene. From a Commentary on Pirḳe Abot, Cracow, 1589.

To revert to Switzerland, Fagius printed a number of Biblical, grammatical, and polemical works at Isny, with the help of Elijah Levita, who produced there the "Tishbi," "Meturgeman," and "Baḥur," besides a German translation of the "Sefer ha-Middot" in 1542, which is now very rare. Another Christian printer who is mentioned throughout this period is Hans Jacob Hene, who produced about thirty Jewish works in Hebrew at Hanau (1610-30). He cateredmore to the students of the Talmud and Halakah, producing three responsa collections, three commentaries on the Talmud, the Ṭur and Shulḥan 'Aruk, and three somewhat similar codes, as well as a number of Judæo-German folk editions like the "Zuchtspiegel" or the "Brandspiegel" (1626), and the "Weiberbuch" of Benjamin Aaron Solnik. Among his typesetters were a couple of the Ulmas, of the Günzburg family, and Mordecai b. Jacob Prossnitz, who has already been mentioned. Hene's type is distinguished by its clearness, and by the peculiar form of the "shin" in the so-called "Weiberdeutsch." Other isolated appearances of Hebrew works at Tannhausen (1594), Thiengen (1660), and Hergerswiese did not add much to German Jewish typography in this period.

Meantime, in eastern Europe, the Gersonides continued their activity at Prague, especially in the printing of ritual works; but they suffered from the competition of the Bak family, who introduced from Italy certain improvements from the year 1605 onward. Among the typesetters at Prague in this period was the Jewess Gütel (daughter of Löb Setzer), who set up a work in 1627. At Prague almost for the first time is found the practise of rabbis issuing their responsa from the local presses. The decoration employed by the Prague press of this period was often somewhat elaborate. Besides the illustrated Haggadah of 1526, the title-page of the Ṭur of 1540 is quite elaborate and includes the arms of Prague.

Cracow and Lublin.

In Cracow Isaac ben Aaron of Prossnitz revived the Hebrew press in 1569, and produced a number of Talmudic and cabalistic works from that time to his death in 1614, when his sons succeeded to his business. He was assisted by Samuel Bohn, who brought from Venice the Italian methods and titlepage designs, which were used up to about 1580. He produced, besides the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds, two editions of the Midrash Rabbot, the "Yalḳuṭ Shim'oni" (1596), and several works of Moses Isserles and Solomon Luria, besides the "Yuḥasin," "Shalshelet ha-Ḳabbalah," and "Yosippon." Isaac b. Aaron for a time ran a press in his native city of Prossnitz, where from 1602 to 1605 he published four works.

Lublin competed with Cracow for the eastern trade from 1556 onward, when an edition of the tractate Shebu'ot appeared in the former city. Its printers were mainly of the Jaffe family; Kalonymus Abraham (1562-1600) was followed by his son Ẓebi (1602 onward), who made use of the services of the above mentioned Mordecai b. Jacob of Prossnitz. The prints of the Jaffes were mainly productions of local rabbis and Judæo-German works. During the plague which ravaged Lublin in 1592 Kalonymus Jaffe moved his printing establishment to Bistrovich, whence he issued a Haggadah with Abravanel's commentary.

It should perhaps be added that at Antwerp and Leyden in this period Biblical works by Christian printers appeared, at the former place by the celebrated Christopher Plantin, who got his type from Bomberg's workshop.

Fourth Period. Hegemony of Amsterdam. From "Kehillot Ya'aḳob," Venice, 1599.

  * IV. (1627-1732): This period is opened and dominated by the foundation of the press at Amsterdam, the rich and cultured Maranos of the Dutch capital devoting their wealth, commercial connections, and independent position to the material development of Hebrew literature in book form. For nearly a century after its foundation Amsterdam supplied the whole of Teutonic Europe with Hebrew books; and the term "Defus Amsterdam" was used to denote type of special excellence even though cast elsewhere, just as the term "Italic" was applied to certain type cast not only in Italy but in other countries. The first two presses were set up in the year 1627, one under Daniel de Fonseca, the other under Manasseh ben Israel, who in the following twenty years printed more than sixty works, many of them his own, with an excellent edition of the Mishnah without vowels, and, characteristically enough, a reprint of Almoli's "Pitron Ḥalomot" (1637). The work in later times was mainly done by his two sons, Ḥayyim and Samuel. Toward the latter part of Manasseh ben Israel's career as a printer an important competitor arose in the person of Immanuel Benveniste, who in the twenty years 1641-60 produced prayer-books, a Midrash Rabbah, an Alfasi, and the Shulḥan 'Aruk, mostly decorated with elaborate titles supported by columns, which became the model for all Europe. He was followed by the firm of Gumpel & Levi (1648-60). Particularinterest attaches to the name of Uri Phoebus ha-Levi, an apprentice of Benveniste's who was in business in Amsterdam on his own account from 1658 to 1689. He was the medium through which the Amsterdam methods of printing were transferred to Zolkiev between 1692 and 1695. His productions, though in the Amsterdam style, were generally of a less costly and elegant nature, and he appears to have printed prayer-books, Maḥzors, calendars, and Judæo-German works for the popular market. Just as Uri Phoebus worked for the German Jews, so Athias contemporaneously published ritual works for the Spanish Jews, who demanded usually a much higher grade of printing, paper, and binding than did their poorer German coreligionists (1660-83). Athias' editions of the Bible, and especially of the Pentateuch, for which he had Leusden's help, are especially fine; and the edition of Maimonides' "Yad" which his son and successor, Immanuel, published in 1703, is a noteworthy piece of printing. A third member of the Athias family printed in Amsterdam as late as 1739-40.The Sephardic community of Amsterdam had also the services of Abraham de Castro Tartas (1663-95), who had learned his business under the Ben Israels. He printed, chiefly, works in Spanish and Portuguese, and in the decoration of his titles was fond of using scenes from the life of David. A number of Poles who fled to Amsterdam from the Cossack uprisings in 1648-56 were employed by Christian printers of that city, as Albertus Magnus, Christoph von Ganghel, the Steen brothers, and Bostius, the last-named of whom produced the great Mishnah of Surenhusius (1698-1703). A most curious phenomenon is presented by Moses ben Abraham, a Christian of Nikolsburg, who was converted to Judaism, and who printed several works between 1690 and 1694. Abraham, the son of another proselyte named Jacob, was an engraver who helped to decorate the Passover Haggadah of 1695, printed by Kosman Emrich, who produced several important works between 1692 and 1714.

From a Passover Haggadah, Amsterdam, 1695.The Proopses. Page from the "Miḳra'ot Gedolot," Amsterdam, 1724.

Less important presses at the beginning of this period were erected in Amsterdam by Moses Coutinho, Isaac de Cordova, Moses Dias, and the firm of Soto & Brando. Members of the Maarssen family are also to be reckoned among the more productive Hebrew printers of Amsterdam. Jacob, Joseph, David, and Mahrim Maarssen produced many works between 1695 and 1740, among them reproductions of cursive writing. The last-named settled later at Frankfort-on-the-Main. By this time the Hebrew press at Amsterdam had become entirely dominated by mercantile considerations, and was represented by the publishing- and printing-houses of Solomon ben Joseph Proops, whose printed catalogue "Appiryon Shelomoh," 1730 (the first known of its kind), shows works published by him to be mainly rituals and a few responsa, two editions of the "'En Ya'aḳob," the "Ḥobot ha-Lebabot," and the "Menorat ha-Ṃa'or," two editions of the Zohar (1715), and the Judæo-German "Ma'asehbuch." Proops was evidently adapting himself to the popular taste from 1697 onward. The house established by him continued to exist down to the middle of the nineteenth century, Joseph and Jacob and Abraham being members thereof from 1734 until about 1780. They were followed by Solomon ben Abraham Proops in 1799, while a David ben Jacob Proops, the last of the family, died in 1849, and his widow sold the business to I. Levisson.

Mention should be made here of the two Ashkenazic Dayyanim of Amsterdam, who added printing to their juridical accomplishments, Joseph Dayyan from 1719 to 1737, and Moses Frankfurter from 1720 to 1743; the latter produced between the years 1724 and 1728 the best-known edition of the rabbinic Bible. The only other Amsterdam printer whom it is necessary to mention is Solomon London (c. 1721), on account of his later connection with Frankfort-on-the-Main.

Resuming the history of the Prague press during this period, the Bak family continued its activity, especially in printing a number of Judæo-German works, mostly without supplying the place or the date of publication. Many local folk-songs in German now exist only in these productions. One of the productions of this firm, a Maḥzor, the first volume of which appeared in Prague in 1679, was finished in Wekelsdorf by the production of the second volume in 1680.

From a Pentateuch, Amsterdam, 1726.

Another offshoot of the Prague press was that of Wilhermsdorf, which was founded in 1669 in order to take advantage of the paper-mills erected there by Count von Hohenlohe. The first printer there was Isaac Cohen, one of the Gersonides who printed two works there in poor style in 1691. He was followed in 1712 by Israel ben Meïr of Prague, who sold out to Hirsch ben Ḥayyim of Fürth. Among the 150 productions of these presses may be mentioned a list of post-offices, markets, and fairs compiled by the printer Hirsch ben Ḥayyim and printed in 1724.

In Prague itself the Baks found a serious competitor in Moses Cohen Ẓedeḳ, founder of the Katz family of typographers; this competition lasted for nearly a century, the two houses combining in 1784 as the firm of Bak & Katz.

Cracow during this period is distinguished by the new press of Menahem (Nahum) Meisels, which continued for about forty years from 1631 onward, producing a considerable number of Talmudic and cabalistic works, including such productions of the local rabbis, as the "Ḥiddushe Agadot" of Samuel Edels; this was put up in type by Judah Cohen of Prague, and corrected by Isaac of Brisk. The year 1648, so fatal to the Jews of Slavonic lands, was epoch-making for both Cracow and Lublin. At the latter place a few works appeared from 1665 onward, mainly from the press of Samuel Kalmanka (1673-83) of the Jaffe family.

From Bacharach's "Ḥawwot Yaïr," Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1699.Germany.

This period is especially distinguished by the rise of the Jewish Hebrew press in Germany, chiefly in five centers: (1) Frankfort-on-the-Main, (2) Sulzbach, (3) Dessau, (4) Hamburg, and (5) Dyhernfurth. For various reasons presses were erected also in the vicinity of each of these centers. In Frankfort-on-the-Main the municipal law prohibited any Jew from erecting a printing-press, so that, notwithstanding its large and wealthy Jewish population, the earliest Hebrew productions of this city came from Christian printers, especially Christian Wüst, who produced a Bible in 1677, and an edition of the "Ḥawwot Yaïr" in 1699. Then came the press of Blasius Ilsner, who began printing Hebrew in 1682, and produced the "Kuhbuch" of Moses Wallich in 1687, in which year he produced also part of a German Pentateuch as well as a standard edition of the Yalḳut. This last was published by the bookseller Seligmann Reis. Besides other Christian printers like Andreas and Nicholas Weinmann, Johann Koelner produced a number of Hebrew works during the twenty years 1708-27, including the continuation of an edition of the Talmud begun at Amsterdam and finished at Frankfort-on-the-Main (1720-23); it is probable thatthe type was brought from Amsterdam. An attempt of Koelner to produce 1,700 copies of an Al-fasi by means of a lottery failed, though an edition was produced in Amsterdam four years later. Many of the typesetters of Amsterdam and Frankfort about this period frequently alternated their residence and activity between the two cities. In 1727 few Hebrew books were produced at Frankfort-on-the-Main. In connection with the Frankfort book market a number of presses in the neighborhood turned out Hebrew books, in Hanau as early as 1674. The book entitled "Tam we-Yashar" was printed there, with Frankfort as its place of publication. From 1708 onward Bashuysen produced a series of books, including Abravanel on the Pentateuch (1710), which was issued by Reis of Frankfort. Among his workmen were David Baer of Zolkiev, who had worked at Amsterdam, and Menahem Maneli of Wilmersdorf. Bashuysen sold his rights to Bousang (1713), who continued producing Hebrew works till 1725.

Homburg was also one of the feeding-presses for Frankfort, from 1711 to 1750. Its press was possessed from 1737 on by Aaron of Dessau, an inhabitant of the Frankfort Judengasse, who produced among other works two editions of the "Ḥiddushim" of Maharam Schiff (1745). Seligmann Reis, who had learned printing in Amsterdam, started another press in Offenbach (1714-20), mostly for Judæo-German pamphlets, including a few romances like the "Artus Hoof," "Floris and Blanchefleur," and "The Seven Wise Masters." In opposition to Reis was Israel Moses, working under the Christian printer De Launoy from 1719 to 1724 and for himself till as late as 1743.

Sulzbach.

The history of the Sulzbach Hebrew press is somewhat remarkable. On May 12, 1664, one Abraham Lichtenthaler received permission to found a printing-press at Sulzbach. He began to print in 1667 Knorr von Rosenroth's "Kabbala Denudata," a work which was for the Christian world the chief source of information as to the Cabala. This appears to have attracted to Sulzbach Isaac Cohen Gersonides, who produced in the year 1669 a couple of Judæo-German works, "Leb Ṭob" and "Shebeṭ Yehudah," from the press of Lichtenthaler. Nothing followed these first productions till the "Kabbala Denudata" was finished in 1684, when Knorr determined to have an edition of the Zohar printed at Sulzbach, and for that purpose had one Moses Bloch cut Hebrew letters, with which the Zohar was printed in a rather elementary fashion. This attracted attention to Sulzbach as a printing-place; and an imperfect edition of the Talmud was printed in 1694 by Bloch and his son (the latter succeeded Bloch). The competition of the Amsterdam edition of 1697-99 prevented its completion. One of the most curious productions of the Sulzbach press was a Purim parody, which was issued anonymously in 1695. Bloch was followed by Aaron Frankel, son of one of the exiles of Vienna, and founder of the Frankel-Arnstein family, having worked at the office of Bloch as early as 1685. He set up his press in 1699, his first production being a Maḥzor and part of the Talmud; and his son Meshullam carried on the press for forty years from 1724 to 1767. One hundred and fourteen productions of the Sulzbach press have been enumerated up to 1732.

Fürth and Hamburg.

Fürth also commenced in this period its remarkable activity as a producer of Hebrew works, more distinguished perhaps for quantity than quality. Beginning in 1691 just as the Wilmersdorf press gave up, Joseph Shneior established a press at Fürth, which produced about thirty works during the next eight years. Most of his typesetters had come from Prague. An opposition press was set up later (1694, 1699) by Ẓebi Hirsch ha-Levi and his son-in-law Mordecai Model. This was one of the presses which had as a typesetter a woman, Reichel, daughter of Isaac Jutels of Wilmersdorf. The former press was continued in 1712 by Samuel Bonfed, son of Joseph Shneior, together with Abraham Bing (1722-24); the firm lasted till 1730.

From a "She'elot u-Teshubot" of Eybeschütz, Carlsruhe, 1773.

Similar presses were founded at Dessau by Moses Bonem (1696), and at Köthen in 1707-18 by Israel ben Abraham, the proselyte, who had previously worked at Amsterdam, Offenbach, and Neuwied. Israel then transferred his press to Jessnitz, where he worked till about 1726, at which date he removed it to Wandsbeck, near Hamburg, staying there till 1733, when he wandered to Neuwied and back to Jessnitz (1739-44) together with his sons Abrahamand Tobias. Another proselyte, Moses ben Abraham, had printed Hebrew in Halle (1709-14).

The earliest production of the Hebrew press of Hamburg was a remarkable edition of a Hebrew Bible, set up by a Christian, Elias Hutter, and having the servile letters distinguished by hollow type, so as to bring out more clearly the radical letters. Hutter was followed by two Christians: (1) George Ravelin, who printed a Pentateuch with Targum and Hafṭarot in 1663; and (2) Thomas Rose, who from 1686 to 1715 printed several Jewish books and who was succeeded by his son Johann Rose up to 1721. In the neighboring city of Altona Samuel Poppart of Coblenz started printing in 1720, mainly ritual matters; and he was followed by Ephraim Heksher in 1732 and Aaron Cohen of Berlin in 1735.

Dyhernfurth.

Finally more to the east Shabbethai Bass established at Dyhernfurth in 1689 a printing-press especially devoted to meeting the wants of the Breslau book market, which had hitherto been dependent upon Amsterdam or Prague. For the varying history of his press, which lasted till 1713, see his biography (Jew. Encyc. ii. 583). It was sold by Shabbethai's son Joseph to his son-in-law Issachar Cohen for 5,000 thalers, who carried it on till 1729, when he died, his wife then continuing the business.

Hebrew works were early printed at Frankfort-on-the-Oder, by two Christians, Hartmann Brothers, from 1595 to 1596, who produced Bibles, and Eichhorn, who printed the "Musar Haskel" of Hai Gaon in 1597. Their work was continued in the next century by Professor Beckmann in 1681, and Michael Gottschek, who produced, at the cost of Baermann Halberstade, an edition of the Babylonian Talmud in 1698 to supply the loss of the Talmuds during the Cossack outbreaks. A second edition of this Talmud was produced by Gottschek in company with Jablonski at Berlin, who had purchased a Hebrew set of types in 1697. They began work in 1699, and produced a Pentateuch with a Rashbam in 1705, and the aforesaid Talmud in 1715-21. One of his chief typesetters was Baruch Buchbinder, who afterward printed in Prausnitz. Other Hebrew books were produced by Nathan Neumark (1720-26), in whose employ Aaron Cohen, afterward at Altona, learned to set type.

In this period a beginning of Hebrew typography was made also in the British Isles, by Samuel Clarke at Oxford about 1667, and by Thomas Ilive (1714-1718) in London, both Christian printers.

To return to the south of Europe: the Venice press was carried on by a succession of the Bragadinis: Aloisio II. (1625-28), Geralamo (1655-64), and Aloisio III. (1697-1710). Among the Jewish setters or correctors for the press employed by the Bragadinis may be mentioned Leo de Modena, Moses Zacuto, Menahem Ḥabib, Moses Ḥayyim of Jerusalem, and Solomon Altaras. The chief competitor of the Bragadinis was Vendramini, from 1631 onward; but the opposition of Amsterdam reduced the activity of the Venetian press toward the end of the seventeenth century, while Leghorn began to cater to the printing of the Oriental Jews about 1650, when Jedidiah Gabbai produced the "azharot" of Solomon ibn Gabirol. His chief production was a Yalḳuṭ in 1660, after which he removed to Florence and finally settled in Smyrna, where his son Abraham printed from 1659 to 1680 with the aid of Samuel Valenci from Venice. Abraham's productions include a few Ladino works in Hebrew characters, among the earliest of the kind. In Constantinople a family of printers named Franco—Solomon (1639), Abraham (1641-83), and Abraham (1709-20)—produced a number of casuistic works. Among their typesetters was Solomon of Zatanof (1648), who had escaped the Cossack outbreaks. The pause from 1683 to 1710 was broken by two Poles from Amsterdam, Jonah of Lemberg and Naphtali of Wilna. Jonah of Lemberg printed a few of his works at Ortakeui, near Constantinople, and finally settled at Smyrna.

From "Sefer Ḥokmat ha-Mishkan," Leghorn, 1772.From Moses Eidlitz's "Meleket ha-Ḥeshbon," Prague, 1775.From "Siddur Hegyon Leb," Königsberg, 1845.From a Karaite "Siddur," Vienna, 1851.From Pentateuch, Vienna, 1859.

With the year 1732 the detailed history of Hebrew typography must cease. It would be impossible to follow in minute detail the spread of Hebrew presses throughout the world during the last 160 years. The date 1732 is also epoch-making in the history of Hebrew bibliography, as up to that date the great work of Johann Christoph Wolf, amplified and corrected by Steinschneider in his "Bodleian Catalogue," gives a complete account of the personnel of the Hebrew press, both Jewish and Christian. The list of these printers given by Steinschneider is of considerable importance, both for identifying unknown or imperfect works of the earlier period, and as affording information of persons learned in Hebrew lore who utilized it only as typesetters or correctors for the press. Many, if not most, of the more distinguished families of recent date have been connected with these masters of printing, whose names are thus of importance for pedigree purposes (see Pedigree). For these reasons Steinschneider's list is here reprinted in shortened form.

List of Printers to 1732.Name.| Place.| Date .  
---|---|---  
Aaron| Amsterdam| 1703,6  
Aaron b. Aaron Kohen| Amsterdam| 1697  
Aaron b. Abraham| Hanau| 1722  
Aaron da Costa Abendana b. Samuel.| Amsterdam| 1726, 30  
Aaron (Hezekiah ) Credo| Amsterdam| 1726  
Aaron b. (Ḥayyim) David Levi| Zolkiev| 1716, 18, 21, 47  
Aaron b. David Witmund| Amsterdam| 1659  
Aaron b. Elijah Kohen of Hamburg.| Hamburg| 1714-15, 32  
Offenbach| 1716  
| Sulzbach| 1717  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1719  
| Jessnitz| 1724  
| Berlin| 1724-26  
| Wandsbeck| 1726  
| Altona| 1735  
Aaron (Shneor Zalman) b. Gabriel| Amsterdam| 1721  
Aaron Hamon| Constantinople| 1423  
Aaron b. Isaac (Drucker) b. Aaron| Prossnitz| 1608-9, 10-12, 12-13, 13-19  
Aaron b. Isaac Sofer| Amsterdam| 1713  
Aaron b. Jacob Levi| Dyhernfurth| 1689  
Aaron b. Jacob Senior| Amsterdam| 1659  
Aaron Jaffe b. Israel| ...............| 1702  
Aaron Leon| Constantinople| 1576-77  
Aaron b. Manasseh Ephraim| Amsterdam| 1661  
Aaron b. Meïr| Prague| 1705-13  
Aaron b. Moses Krumenau| Cracow| 1608-9, 10-12, 17-18  
Aaron Rodrigues-Mendes| Amsterdam| 1728, 30  
Aaron b. Selig of Glogau| Berlin| 1709  
| Dyhernfurth| 1713  
| Berlin| 1717  
| Amsterdam| 1726  
Aaron b. Shabbethai| Amsterdam| 1723-24  
Aaron b. Uri Lipmann| ...............| 1700-17  
Abba b. Solomon| Basel| 1609  
Abba-Mari of Vienna| Prague| 1623  
Abbele b. Judah| Prague| 1706, 10  
Abigdor b. Eliezer Ashkenazi| Constantinople| 1547  
Abigdor b. Eliezer Kohen| Prague| 1614  
Abigdor b. (Israel) Joseph| Cracow| 1638-40, 43, 48  
Abigdor b. Samuel b. Moses Ezra.| Cracow| 1619  
Abraham| Amsterdam| 1708  
Abraham b. Aaron| Prague| 1674 (?)  
Abraham b. Abigdor| ...............| 1530  
Abraham Aboab, Sr.| Venice| 1590  
Abraham Aboab, Jr.| Venice| 1655, 57, 59, 60, 69  
Abraham b. Abraham| Adrianople (?)|   
Abraham Abudiente| Constantinople| 1654  
Abraham ibn Akra| Salonica| 1595  
| Venice| 1599  
Abraham b. Alexander| Venice| 1606  
Abraham Algazi b. Simeon| Constantinople| 1711  
Abraham Algazi b. Solomon| Smyrna| 1659  
Abraham Alḳabiẓi| Constantinople| 1516  
Abraham Alḳaras| Damascus| 1605-6  
Abraham Altschul b. Jacob| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99  
Abraham Amnon b. Jacob Israel| Leghorn| 1653-54  
Abraham Arama b. Isaac| Salonica| 1520  
Abraham ibn Ashkara Ẓarfati b. Samuel.| Pesaro| 1511  
Abraham Bassa of Jerusalem| Amsterdam| 1722  
Abraham Benveniste b. Aaron| Venice| 1546  
Abraham b. Bezalel of Posen| Lublin| 1622-26, 30, 33-34, 45, 46  
Abraham di Boton b. Aaron| Smyrna| 1600, 71, 74  
Abraham (Hezekiah) Brandon ibn Yaḳḳar| Amsterdam| (d. 1725)  
Abraham Breit b. Moses| Amsterdam| 1650  
Abraham Broda b. Elijah of Prague.| Suizbach| 1715  
Wilmersdorf| 1716  
Abraham Cassel| Strasburg| 1521  
Abraham ("Senior") Coronel| Amsterdam| 1661, 67  
Abraham Dandosa| Constantinople| 1513  
Abraham b. David Gojetein| Cracow| 1586, 93  
| Prague| 1608  
Abraham b. David Naḥman| Salonica| 1709, 13, 24, 29  
| Constantinople| 1711  
Abraham b. David Posner| Wilmersdorf| 1685  
Abraham b. Dob (Baer) of Lissa| Amsterdam| 1701  
Abraham Dorheim b. Moses Dorheim.| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1719  
Abraham b. Eliezer Braunschweig| Hanau| 1610, 17  
| Basel| 1618-19  
Abraham b. Eliezer Kohen| Cracow| 1589  
Abraham b. Eliezer Kohen| Wilmersdorf| 1685-90, 1712-23  
| Sulzbach| 1691-1712  
Abraham b. Eliezer Rödelsheim| Cracow| 1600  
Abraham ibn Ezra| Salonica| 1721  
Abraham Facon (?)| Naples| 1492  
Abraham Faraji b. Meïr| Salonica| 1593-94  
Abraham de Fonseca| Amsterdam| 1627  
Abraham ben (ibn) Garton b. Isaac.| Reggio| 1475  
Abraham Gedaliah| Leghorn| 1650-57  
Abraham Ger| Salonica| 1651-55  
Abraham Ḥaber-Ṭob b. Solomon| Venice| 1595, 99, 1614, 17-19, 24, 32-34, 37, 40, 42, 43  
| Leghorn| 1650-57  
Abraham Ḥavez| Amsterdam| 1724  
Abraham b. Ḥayyim| Pesaro| 1477  
| Ferrara| 1479  
| Bologna| 1482  
| Soncino| 1488  
Abraham Ḥayyim of Fano| Ferrara| 1693  
Abraham Ḥayyon b. Solomon b. Abraham.| Constantinople| 1578-79  
Abraham Hurwitz b. Isaiah| Amsterdam| 1728, 29  
Abraham Hurwitz b. Judah (Löb) Deborles Levi.| |   
Abraham b. Isaac Ashkenazi| Sufed| 1577-79, 87  
Abraham b. Isaac b. David| Ixar| 1490  
Abraham b. Israel| Cracow| 1617, 18  
Abraham b. Israel Menahem| Lublin| 1578  
| Offenbach| 1729  
Abraham b. Israel b. Moses| Neuwied| 1735-37  
| Jessnitz| 1739-40  
Abraham b. Issachar Kohen (Kaz) Gersoni of Prague.| Wilmersdorf| 1679, 82  
Sulzbach| 1684  
| Prague| 1686, 88, 90-93  
Abraham b. Jacob| Hanau| 1726  
Abraham b. Jacob Levi| Amsterdam| 1726, 30  
Abraham (Israel) b. Jacob (Koppel) of Vienna.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1705, 9, 11-12  
Abraham Jedidiah de Cologna.| |   
Abraham b. Jekuthiel| Hanau| 1715, 47  
Abraham b. Jekuthiel Kohen| Hanau| 1611-14, 23-30  
Abraham b. Joseph| Lublin| 1571-72  
Abraham b. Joseph| Hamburg| 1690  
Abraham b. Joseph Manasseh| Constantinople| 1732  
Abraham b. Joshua Sezze| Venice| 1696  
Abraham b. Joshua of Worms| Amsterdam| 1643-48, 45-46  
Abraham b. Judah| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99  
Abraham b. Judah (Loeb)| Constantinople| 1710, 12, 16-20, 26-27, 37  
Abraham b. Judah b. Nisan.| |   
Abraham b. Kalonymus Reumold.| Prague| 1614, 17-19, 21-24, 25  
Abraham Ḳara| Salonica| 1587  
| Venice| 1589  
| Mantua| 1589-90  
Abraham Landau b. Jacob| Naples| 1491-92  
Abraham Laniado| Venice| 1603  
Abraham (Kohen) de Lara| Amsterdam| 1691  
Abraham Lichtenthaler| Salzbach| 1697  
Abraham Luria| Jessnitz| 1723  
Abraham Mendes-Lindo| Amsterdam| 1725  
Abraham b. Meshullam of Modena.| Mantua| 1558-60  
Abraham Molko b. Joseph| Salonica| 1709  
Abraham b. Mordecai Kohen| Amsterdam| 1661  
Abraham b. Moses (Schedel)| Prague| 1602-4  
Abraham b. Moses Goslar| Wandsbeck| 1733  
Abraham b. Moses Kohen| Bologna| 1538  
Abraham b. Moses Nathan| Amsterdam| 1700  
Abraham b. Naḥman Kohen| Lublin| 1635  
Abraham b. Nathan| Amsterdam| 1652  
Abraham ibn Nathan b. Ḥayyim? of Salonica.| Constantinople| 1716, 17, 18, 19  
Abraham Netto b. Joseph| Venice| 1622  
Abraham (Ḥai) Ortona b. David| Verona| 1652  
Abraham ibn Paredes| Constantinople| 1522  
Abraham Pereira b. Elijah| Constantinople| 1642-43  
Abraham Peris| Amsterdam| 1678  
Abraham Pescarol b. Kalonymus.| Venice Cremona.| 1544, 65  
Abraham ibn Phorni| Venice| 1565  
Abraham Porto| Venice| 1563, 64, 65, 66, 74, 84, 88, 89  
Abraham Porto b. Jehiel| Verona| 1594  
Abraham b. Reuben Abi Saglo| Venice| 1606  
Abraham Reyna| Constantinople| 1560  
Abraham Rosanes b. Meïr| Constantinople| 1711, 19-20  
Abraham Sacchi| Venice| 1586  
Abraham b. Solomon Levi| Hamburg| 1706-7  
Abraham b. Samuel b. David Levi.| ...............| 1692  
Abraham b. Samuel Kohen| Constantinople| 1561  
Abraham b. Selig of Glogau| Berlin| 1711-12  
| Offenbach| 1721  
| Wilmersdorf| 1726  
| Dyhernfurth| 1726  
| Wandsbeck| 1733  
| Homburg| 1738-41  
Abraham Selzer b. Aaron of Minsk| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1702  
Abraham b. Shalom| Prague| 1608  
Abraham Shalom b. Isaac| Salonica| 1717  
Abraham ibn Shangi b. Ephraim.| Constantinople| 1534  
Abraham b. Shemariah| Constantinople| 1539-40  
Abraham Shoshan| Constantinople|   
Abraham de Silva b. Solomon| Venice| 1672, 78, 1728  
| Amsterdam| 1728  
Abraham b. Simeon Friedburg| Prague| 1713  
Abraham b. Simeon Kolin| Prague| 1697  
Abraham Sonina| Constantinople| 1717  
Abraham Talmid Sefardi| Naples| 1492  
Abraham Uzziel b. Baruch| Venice| 1655-56  
Abraham von Werd| Fürth| 1699  
Abraham ibn Ya'ish b. Joseph| Constantinople| 1505, 9  
| Salonica| 1520  
Abraham ibn Yaḳḳar b. Jacob Hananiah.| Venice| 1718  
Abraham Yerushalmi (b. YomṬob?| Constantinople| 1512  
Abraham Ẓalaḥ b. Shabbethai| Venice| 1599-1606  
Abraham Ẓarfati| Amsterdam| 1626-27  
Abraham b. Ẓebi| Lublin| 1637  
Abraham b. Ẓebi| Verona| 1649 (?)  
Abraham (Ḥayyim) b. Ẓebi (Hirsch).| Amsterdam| 1725-32  
Abraham b. Ẓebi of Cracow| Amsterdam| 1641, 43  
| Cracow| 1663  
Abraham b. Ẓebi (Hirsch) Kohen| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99  
Abraham b. Zeeb (Wolf) Levi| Amsterdam| 1688, 1706  
Adelkind (Brothers)| Venice| 1519, 21, 22, 22, 24  
Adelkind (Cornelius b. Baruch)| Venice| 1524, 24-25, 27, 28-29, 44, 45, 45, 46, 46-48, 48-49, 50-52, 52  
| Sabbionetta| 1553-54  
Adelkind (Daniel b. Cornelio)| Venice| 1549-52  
Akiba b. Uri (Phoebus)| Berlin| 1713  
Alexander b. Ezekiel| Prague| 1618-20  
Alexander b. Ḥayyim Ashkenazi.| Prague| 1616-17  
Alexander (Susskind) b. Kalonymus.| Amsterdam| 1700, 2, 4  
Alexander (Sender) b. Meïr Kassewitz.| Prague| 1718-19  
Antunes (Antones ?), Aaron| Amsterdam| 1717-21(25?)  
Aryeh (Loeb) b. Gershon Wiener.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1727  
Aryeh (Judah Loeb) Krochmal b. Menahem.| |   
Aryeh (Judah) Sabibi b. David.| |   
Aryeh (Loeb) b. Saul b. Joshua| Amsterdam| 1711  
Aryeh Sofer b. Ḥayyim| Berlin| 1706  
Aryeh b. Solomon Ḥayyim| Berlin| 1706  
Aryeh b. Solomon Ḥayyim| Bologna| 1537-40  
Aryeh (Loeb) b. Solomon Kohen of Przemysl.| Zolkiev| 1709  
Aryeh (Judah Loeb) Te'omim b. Aaron| Frankfort-on-the-Main (?)| 1710  
Aryeh (Loeb) b. Zeeb (Wolf) Levi.| Amsterdam| 1686, 99  
Asher (Anschel)| ...............| 1700  
Asher (Anschel) Altschüler b. Naphtali Herzel.| Prossnitz| 1603  
Prague| 1604, 11-17, 18, 20-21, 22-23  
Asher (Anschel) b. Eliezer| Amsterdam| 1663 - 85, 86, 1692 - 1703, 5, 13  
Asher (Anschel) b. Elijah| Amsterdam| 1698  
Asher (Anschel) b. Gershon Kohen| Prague| 1609-10  
Asher (Selig) Hurwitz b. Isaac Levi.| Lublin| 1624  
Asher (Selig) b. Isaac of Dubno| Sulzbach| 1702  
Asher (Selig) b. Isaac Kohen| Berlin| 1703  
Asher (Anschel) b. Meïr Prostitz.| Amsterdam| 1708  
Asher Minz b. Perez| Naples| 1491  
Asher (Anschel) b. Moses| Cracow| 1643  
Asher Parentio (Parenz) b. Jacob.| Venice| 1579-95  
Asher Tiktin b. Menahem| Cracow| 1598  
Astruc de Toulon b. Jacob| Constantinople| 1510-30  
Athias, Abraham b. Raphael Hezekiah.| Amsterdam| 1728-41  
Athias, Immanuel b. Joseph| Amsterdam| 1700-9  
Athias, Joseph b. Abraham| Amsterdam| 1658-85  
Azariah| Bologna| 1537-38  
Azariah Talmid| Venice| 1648  
Azriel b. Joseph (b. Jacob Gunzenhäuser) Ashkenazi.| Naples| 1491, 92  
Azriel b. Moses| Hanau| 1716  
| Fürth| 1726  
Azriel b. Moses Schedel| ...............| 1602-9, 13  
Azriel Peraḥyah Kohen| Amsterdam| 1703  
Azriel ben Solomon Diena| Sabbionetta (?)| 1550-51  
Baer (b. Meshullam Zalman Mirls ?) of Posen.| Berlin| 1716-17  
Baerle Rappa| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1713  
Baermann b. Judah Lima Levi of Essen| ...............| 1697-99, 1721  
Bak (Israel b. Joseph b. Judah)| Prague| 1686, 89, 90, 91, 95  
Bak (Jacob [II.] b. Judah)| Lublin| 1648, 73-96  
| Prague| 1680  
Bak (Joseph [I.] b. Jacob)| Prague| 1623, 23-24, 24, 29, 57-60, 62  
Bak (Joseph [II.] b. Judah)| Prague| 1673-96, 79, 84, 86  
Bak (Judah [I.] b. Jacob)| Prague| 1620-60, 61-69  
Bak (Judah [II.] b. Moses b. Jacob)| Prague| 1705, 6, 8, 13-20  
Bak (Moses [I.] b. Jacob b. Judah).| Prague| 1686, 97, 1716  
Bak (Moses ben Judah)| Prague| 1697  
Bak (Yom-Ṭob Lipman b. Moses b. Jacob).| Prague| 1713-18, 25  
Fürth| 1723-24  
Bak, Jacob (I.) b. Gershon Wahl| Venice| 1598, 99  
| Prague| 1605, 7, 9, 12-15  
Baruch| Pesaro| 1517  
Baruch Bloch b. Jacob| Cracow| 1609  
Baruch Buchbinder of Wilna| Berol| 1708-9  
| Prossnitz| 1711  
| Berlin| 1712-15, 17  
Baruch b. Eliezer Kohen| Venice| 1579  
Baruch of Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1705  
Baruch b. Joseph b. Baruch| Leghorn| 1657  
Baruch of Korez| Cracow| 1637  
Baruch b. Lipmann Wiener| Amsterdam| 1726-27  
Baruch (Bendet) b. Nathan| Fürth| 1727-38  
| Sulzbach| 1729  
Baruch b. Simḥah Kalman| Venice| 1583  
baruch b. Simḥah Levi| Amsterdam| 1670, 74  
Baruch b. Solomon| Lublin| 1639  
Baruch Uzziel| Ferrara| 1551, 56  
Baschwitz (Meïr b. Ẓebi Hirsch)| Jessnitz| 1731-32  
| Berlin| 1736  
Baschwitz (Ẓebi Hirsch b. Meïr)| Berlin| 1701, 3, 9  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1708  
| Dyhernfurth| 1719, 20  
| Hanau (?)| 1722  
Bat-Sheba (Abraham Joseph)| Salonica| 1592-1605  
Bat-Sheba (Abraham b. Mattathiah).| Verona| 1594  
Salonica| 1605, 5-6  
Bat-Sheba (Mattithiah)| Salonica.|   
Bella Hurwitz Levi| Prague.|   
Benjamin (Benusch)| Lemberg (?)| 1728  
Benjamin (Wolf) b. Aaron Eliezer Worms of Durlach.| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1712-16  
Benjamin b. Aaron Polacco| Venice| 1719, 21  
| Mantua| 1724, 27  
| Venice| 1728, 29, 30, 44, 53  
Benjamin b. Abraham| Cracow| 1638-39, 40  
Benjamin (Samuel) b. Abraham| Lublin| 1574-75, 76  
Benjamin (Wolf) b. Abraham Kohen Hinfeld| Wilmersdorf| 1677  
Benjamin (Wolf) b. Asher (Anschel).| Amsterdam| 1692, 95-96, 97, 1703  
Benjamin Diaz Patto b. Jacob| Amsterdam| 1645  
Benjamin (Zeeb Wolf) b. Elijah| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1680, 97-99  
Benjamin b. Elijah Levi| Offenbach.|   
Benjamin Galmidi| Amsterdam| 1631-33  
Benjamin (Kohen) Gersoni| Prague| 1624  
Benjamin (Shneor) Godinez| Amsterdam| 1687-88  
Benjamin (Zeeb Wolf) b. Jacob of Ofen.| Prague| 1689  
Benjamin b. Jehiel (Michael) of Kalisz.| Amsterdam| 1702  
Benjamin b. Jekuthiel| Hanau| 1624  
Benjamin di Jonak| Amsterdam| 1708-10  
Benjamin b. Joseph d'Arignano| Rome| 1546  
Benjamin b. Joseph of Berlin| Berlin| 1711-12, 17  
Benjamin (Wolf) b. Moses Dayyan Frankfurter.| Amsterdam| 1722, 23, 24, 26, 27, 30  
Benjamin b. Moses b. Mattihiah b. Benjamin.| Venice| 1614  
Benjamin b. Naphtali Moses| Offenbach| 1716  
Benjamin (Saul) de Rubeis| Ferrara| 1554  
Benjamin b. Solomon Cantoris| Lublin| 1624, 37  
| Cracow| 1646  
Benjamin (Zeeb) b. Solomon Kohen of Zolkiev.| Berlin| 1712  
Benjamin Wolf b. Joseph Isaac| Amsterdam| 1725-29  
Benjamin Wolf of Lemberg| Prague| 1614  
Benveniste, or Benbeniste (Immanuel).| Amsterdam| 1641-59  
Benzion Ẓarfati (Gallus)| Venice| 1606-7  
Bezaleel b. Abraham| Lublin| 1614  
Bing (Abraham b. Isaac)| Fürth| 1722-24  
Bloch (Moses b. Uri Schraga)| Sulzbach| 1684-93  
Bonfed, Shneor b. Joseph b. Zalman Shneor.| Fürth| 1722-24, 25-28, 29  
Caleb Ḥazzan b. Joseph| Smyrna| 1730  
Caleb b. Judah Magia| Constantinople| 1726-37  
Canpillas (Yom-Ṭob b. Moses)| Constantinople| 1711  
| Salonica| 1713-24, 29  
Castro-(Crasto-) Tartas (David b. Abraham).| Amsterdam| 1660-95  
Castro-Tartas (Jacob b. Abraham).| Amsterdam| 1664-65, 69  
Christfels Phil. Ernest (Mordecai b. Moses of Illenfeld).| Wilmersdorf| 1713  
Cividal Brothers| Venice| 1675  
Conat (Abraham b. Solomon)| Mantua| 1476  
Conat (Estellina).| |   
Concio (Conzio ?), Abraham b. Joseph| Chieri| 1627-28  
Cordova (Abraham b. Jacob)| Amsterdam| 1700-5, 6, 8  
Cordova (Isaac Hezekiah b. Jacob Ḥayyim).| Amsterdam| 1688-1726  
Hamburg| 1710-14  
Cordova (Jacob Ḥayyim b. Moses Raphael).| Amsterdam| 1662-64, 64, 65, 66, 67-69, 75, 78, 81  
| Wilmersdorf| 1683, 92-93, 98-99, 1701-3, 14  
Cordova (Moses b. Isaac de)| Amsterdam| 1641-42  
Daniel Pereira b. Abraham| Amsterdam| 1729, 31  
David b. Aaron Judah Levi of Pinsk.| Amsterdam| 1685  
David A boab b. Samuel| Venice| 1702  
David b. Abraham (Azubib ? Asovev ?).| Salonica| 1578-86 (87?)  
David Abravanel-Dormido| Amsterdam| 1642  
David Altaras b. Solomon| Venice| 1675-1718  
David Bueno| Leghorn.|   
David Bueno b. Raphael Ḥayyim| Venice| 1704-5, 6, 7, 7-8, 16, 20-21, 32  
David de Cazeres| Amsterdam| 1661  
David b. Elasah Levi| ...............| 1489  
David b. Eliezer Levi of Darlipstadt| Amsterdam| 1723, 28, 30, 33  
David b. Elijah (Casti)| Constantinople| 1574, 75, 86  
David b. Elijah b. David| Salonica| 1713-21, 29  
David Fernandez (b. David)| Amsterdam| 1715, 26  
David Ginz b. Solomon| Offenbach| 1717  
David Grünhut| ...............| 1712  
David b. Ḥayyim Ḥazzan| Smyrna| 1729-41  
David b. Isaac Kohen| Amsterdam| 1644  
David b. Isaac of Ottensoss| Fürth| 1727  
David b. Issachar (Dob Baer of Zolkiev).| Zolkiev| 1694, 96  
Berlin| 1699 1701, 3, 12  
| Amsterdam| 1700, 1, 5  
| Hanau| 1710  
| Zolkiev| 1721  
David Jonah Jonathan| Oels| 1530  
David Jonah Joseph Muskatels| Prague| 1705-6  
David Jonah b. Shabbethai Jonah.| Salonica| 1653  
David b. Judah (Loeb) of Cracow.| Lublin.|   
David Kohen| Constantinople| 1509  
David de Lida b. Pethahiah b. David.| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1727  
David of Maarsen| Amsterdam| 1715  
David Maza b. Aaron| Mantua| 1612  
| Salonica| 1614  
David b. Menahem Kohen| Hanau| 1626-28  
David b. Moses of Rheindorf| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1692  
David Nördlingen| Cremona| 1565  
David Nuñez| Amsterdam| 1697-99, 1700-5  
David Peppe b. Abraham| Venice| 1663  
David Pizzighetton b. Eliezer Levi| Venice| 1524  
David Portaleone b. Moses| Mantua| 1623  
David Portero| Pesaro| 1511  
David Provençal b. Abraham| Venice| 1565  
David (Naphtali) di Rieti b. Hananiah.| Mantua.|   
David de la Rocca| Venice| 1601-2  
David b. Samuel Kohen| Amsterdam| 1726, 32  
David b. Shemaiah Saugers| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1700  
David de Silva b. Hezekiah| Amsterdam| 1706, 26  
David (Israel) del Soto| Amsterdam| 1642  
David b. Uri (Phoebus)| Amsterdam| 1664, 66  
| Zolkiev| 1705-15 (?)  
David Valensi| Leghorn| 1650-57  
David ibn Yaḥya b. Joseph| Constantinople| 1509  
David b. Yom-Ṭob Deuz| Amsterdam| 1649-53  
Eleazar (Enoch) Altschul| Prague| 1686, 1705-6  
Eleazar b. David| Cracow| 1596  
Eleazar b. Isaac Levi| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1686  
Eleazar b. Moses Kohen| Amsterdam| 1693  
Eleazar b. Shabbethai Balgid| Venice| 1586-87  
Eleazar Sussmann b. Isaac| Amsterdam| 1733  
Elhanan (Jacob) Archevolti b. Samuel.| Venice| 1602  
Elhanan b. Naphtali| Amsterdam| 1628  
Eliakim (Goetz) b. Israel| Homburg| 1724  
Eliakim b. Jacob| Amsterdam| 1685-1705  
Eliakim (Goetz) b. Mordecai.| |   
Eliezer (Leser) b. abraham| Jessnitz| 1724-26  
Eliezer (ibn) Alanstansi b. Abraham.| Ixar| 1487-90  
Eliezer b. Benjamin of Prossnitz.| Cracow| 1591  
| Prossnitz| 1602  
Eliezer of Braunschweig| Sabbionetta| 1567  
Eliezer Darli| Salonica| 1522  
Eliezer (Lasi) b. David Emrich| Amsterdam| 1692  
Eliezer (Leser) Floersheim| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1707, 8, 9  
Eliezer b. Ḥayyim| Prague| 1610  
| Hanau| 1614, 15  
Eliezer Ḥayyut b. Isaac| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1732  
Eliezer b. Issac Ashkenazi| Constantinople| 1575-76, 86  
| Safed| 1577-79, 87  
Eliezer b. Isaac Jacob of Lublin| Lublin| 1646  
Eliezer b. Isaac b. Napthali| Wilmersdorf| 1727  
Eliezer b. Isaac of Prague| Lublin| 1556-73  
Eliezer (Ḥayyim) b. Isaiah Nizza.| Venice| 1657  
Eliezer (Leser) b. Israel Levi| Amsterdam| 1726, 33  
Eliezer d'Italia| Mantua| 1612  
Eliezer b. Jacob| Constantinople| 1670-71  
Eliezer b. Joseph of Lisk| Wilmersdorf| 1673-75, 77  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1680-81  
Eliezer b. Joshua Nehemiah| Wandsbeck| 1732  
Eliezer Kohen| Cracow| 1593-94  
Eliezer Liebermann b. Alexander Bingen.| Hanau| 1715  
Eliezer Liebermann' b. Yiftah Levi.| Amsterdam| 1710  
Eliezer Lipmann b. Issachar Kohen Hannover.| Amsterdam| 1682  
Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1683  
Eliezer b. Meshullam| Lublin| 1567  
| Prague| 1578  
Eliezer b. Meshullam of Lublin| Prague| 1601  
Eliezer b. Mordecai Reckendorf| Offenbach| 1716  
Eliezer Provençal b. Abraham b. David.| Mantua| 1596  
Eliezer b. Samuel| Soncino| 1490  
Eliezer (Leser) Shuk| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1690-1700  
Eliezer ibn Shoshan b. David.| |   
Eliezer Supino| Venice| 1718  
Eliezer Todros| Salonica| 1532-33  
Eliezer Toledano| Lisbon| 1489-92  
Eliezer Treves b. Naphtali Hirz| Zurich| 1558  
| Thiengen| 1560  
Eliezer Ẓarfati b. Elijah.| |   
Elijah Aboab| Amsterdam| 1644-45  
Elijah b. Abraham (Israel) b. Jacob Levi.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1711-12  
Elijah b. Azriel Wilna| Amsterdam| 1690  
| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1704-18  
| Homburg| 1738  
Elijah Belin b. Moses (Joseph)| Hamburg| 1663  
Elijah Galmidi| Constantinople| 1574  
Elijah (Menahem) Ḥalfan b. Abba Mari.| Venice| 1551  
Elijah b. Issac Schleifer| Prague| 1612  
Elijah b. Joseph Frankfort| Verona| 1649  
Elijah b. Joseph of Samsocz| Amsterdam| 1697  
Elijah b. Judah Ulma| Hanau| 1611-14  
| Basel| 1622  
| Hanau| 1623-30  
Elijah (Judah de) Leon b. Michael.| Amsterdam| 1659, 66  
Elijah Levi b. Benjamin| Constantinople| 1503, 9  
Elijah Levita| Venice| 1525, 29, 32, 38, 45, 46, 47, 48  
Elijah b. Moses b. Abraham Abinu| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1704-8  
Elijah Rabbah b. Menahem| Venice| 1604-5  
Elijah Ricco| Salonica| 1529  
Elijah b. Simeon Oettingen| Fürth| 1692  
Elijah Velosinos| Amsterdam| 1664  
Elijah Zünzburger b. Seligman (Selikmann) b. Moses Simeon Ulma.| Hanau| 1615-17  
Elijah Zur b. Samuel Ẓuri| Constantinople| 1537  
Elimelech b. David Melammed of Cracow.| Berlin| 1705  
Elishama Sifroni b. Israel| Mantua| 1593  
| Venice| 1596, 1601  
| Mantua| 1612  
Ella (bat Moses ben Abraham ?)| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1699-1700  
Ella bat Ḥayyim| Lublin| 1556  
Enoch| Prague| 1602  
Enoch b. Issachar (Baermann) Levi.| Berlin| 1709  
Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1712  
Ephraim Bueno (ben Joseph)| Amsterdam| 1626-28, 30, 48, 50, 52, 61-64  
Ephraim b. David Patavinus| Mantua| 1589-90  
Ephraim b. Issac| Mantua| 1563  
Ephraim b. Jonah of Tarli| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1681  
Ephraim Kohen| Adrianople| 1555  
Ephraim Melli b. Mordecai| Mantua| 1676  
Ephraim b. Pesach of Miedzyboz.| Lublin (?)| 1673  
Ephraim (Zalman) b. Solomon Reinbach (Rheinbach ?) of Lissa.| Amsterdam| 1699  
Esther, widow of Elijah Ḥandali.| Constantinople| 1566  
Ezekiel b. Jacob| Amsterdam| 1695  
Ezekiel (Moses) b. Jacob| Prague| 1590  
Ezekiel b. Moses Gabbai| Cracow| 1587-88, 93-94  
Ezra Alchadib b. Solomon| Venice| 1608-9  
Ezra b. Mordecai Kohen| Dyhernfurth| 1712, 13, 15, 19, 20, 26  
Foa (Nathaniel)| Amsterdam| 1702-15  
Foa (Tobia b. Eliezer)| Sabbionetta| 1551-59  
Fonseca (Daniel de)| Amsterdam| 1627  
Franco (Abraham b. Solomon)| Constantinople| 1640-83  
Franco (Solomon)| Constantinople| 1638-40  
Frosch, Christian, of Augsburg| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1711  
Fundam (Isaac)| Amsterdam| 1723-24  
Gabbai (Abraham b. Jedidiah)| Smyrna| 1657-75  
| Constantinople| 1662  
Gabbai (Isaac)| Venice| 1597  
Gabbai (Jedidiah b. Isaac)| Leghorn| 1650-57  
Gabriel Levi of Vratislavia| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1725  
Gabriel Strassburg b. Aaron| Soncino| 1484  
Gad Conian b. Israel| Constantinople| 1719, 20  
Gamaliel b. Eliakim (Götz) of Lissa.| Hamburg| 1687  
Gedaliah (Don Judah)| Lisbon.|   
| Salonica| 1515-35  
Gedaliah Cordovero b. Moses| Venice| 1587, 88  
Gedaliah b. Solomon Lipschütz| Venice| 1616  
Gela (Gella)| Halle| 1709-10  
Gershon Ashkenazi| Cracow| 1646-47  
Gershon b. Ḥayyim David Levi| Zolkiev| 1730  
Gershon Ḥefeẓ b. Kalonymus| Venice| 1627  
Gershon Poper (or Popper)| Prague| 1610, 11  
Gershon Wiener b. Naphtali Hirsch| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1690, 96, 98, 1700, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 14, 17, 21, 24  
| Berlin| 1702, 3, 9  
Gumpel Kohen b. Jacob Hannover| Amsterdam| 1712  
Gumprich b. Abraham| Amsterdam| 1717, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28  
Gütel bat Judah Loeb b. Alexander Kohen.| Prague| 1627  
Haehndel (Elhanan) b. Ḥayyim Drucker.| Amsterdam| 1711, 13  
Halicz (Johannes)| Cracow| 1538-39  
Halicz (Paul)| Cracow| 1540  
Halicz (Samuel b. Ḥayyim)| Cracow| 1534  
Hananiah b. Eliezer ha-Shimeoni Sustin.| Constantinople| 1513  
Salonica| 1521  
Hananiah Finzi| Venice| 1587  
Hananiah b. Jacob Saul| Salonica| 1719  
Hananiah ibn yaḳḳar| Constantinople| 1573, 78  
Hananiah Marun| Mantua| 1623-24  
Hananiah ibn Sikri (Saccari ?) b. Isaiah.| Amsterdam| 1715  
Ḥayyim b. Abraham| Constantinople| 1719  
Ḥayyim Alfandari| Constantinople| 1717  
| Ortakeui| 1719  
Ḥayyim Alscheich b. Moses| Venice| 1601, 3, 5, 7  
Ḥayyim Alton b. Moses| Venice| 1522-23, 27  
Ḥayyim Altschul b. Mordecai (Gumpel) of Prague.| Dessau| 1696-99  
Dyhernfurth| 1703  
| Amsterdam| 1708, 9, 10, 10-12, 17-18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 32  
Ḥayyim Casino| Constantinople| 1719  
Ḥayyim Cesarini (Casirino) b. Shabbethai.| Constantinople| 1519  
Ḥayyim b. David Kohen| Constantinople| 1537  
| Venice| 1546  
Ḥayyim b. Ephraim (Gumprecht) of Dessau.| Berlin| 1712, 17  
köthen| 1717  
| Jessnitz| 1719  
| Berlin| 1724 (?)  
| Prague| 1728 (and 35)  
| Sulzbach| 1729  
Ḥayyim (Jedidiah) ibn Ezra| Salonica| 1721  
Ḥayyim Gatigno b. Samuel| Cremona| 1558-60  
Ḥayyim b. Ḥayyim| Wilmersdorf| 1713, 17, 19  
Ḥayyim Ḥazzan b. David Ḥazzan| Constantinople| 1717  
Ḥayyim b. Isaac b. Ḥayyim| Lublin| 1556-67  
Ḥayyim b. Issac Levi Ashkenazi.| Naples| 1486  
Ḥayyim b. Israel| Amsterdam| 1709  
Ḥayyim b. Issachar b. Israel| Prague| 1623-24  
Ḥayyim b. Jacob Drucker| Amsterdam| 1680-1724  
Ḥayyim b. Jacob of Hamelburg| Amsterdam| 1670  
Ḥayyim b. Jacob (Gel Jäkels) Kohen.| Prague| 1603-4  
Ḥayyim (Mordecai) b. Joseph| ...............| 1477  
Ḥayyim b. Joseph Kohen| Prague| 1691, 1705-6  
Ḥayyim b. Judah| Lublin| 1648  
| Prague| 1657, 62-63, 75  
Ḥayyim b. Judah (Loeb)| Prague| 1689, 91, 94, 96, 97, 1705-6  
Ḥayyim b. Judah (Loeb)| Amsterdam| 1695  
Ḥayyim b. Ḳatriel of Cracow| Prague| 1686  
| Dyhernfurth| 1689, 90, 91, 93, 96, 99  
| Berlin| 1703-5, 9, 14, 17  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1717  
Ḥayyim Katschigi b. Jacob| Constantinople| 1732  
Ḥayyim Ḳimḥi b. Jacob| Constantinople| 1714  
Ḥayyim Lubliner| Amsterdam| 1702  
Ḥayyim (Shalom) Ma'ali Kohen b. Benjamin.| Constantinople| 1719-20  
Ḥayyim b. Moses Menahem (Man) Danziger Danzig.| Amsterdam| 1725-26, 26, 39-40  
Ḥayyim (Selig) b. Nathaniel| ...............| 1697  
Ḥayyim b. Samuel Ashkenazi| Constantinople| 1561-62  
Ḥayyim ibn Saruḳ| Venice| 1566, 74  
Ḥayyim b. Simḥah Ashkenazi Levi| Basel| 1609  
Ḥayyim b. Solomon Austerlitz| Prague| 1601  
Ḥayyim Ṭawil b. Moses| Constantinople| 1715-18  
Ḥayyim b. Ẓebi (Hirsch) Kohen of Kalisz.| Dyhernfurth| 1709, 13, 15  
Hanau| 1710  
Ḥayyim b. Zeeb (Wolf) Levi| Amsterdam| 1674-76, 85  
Hene (Coelius) of Basel| Prague| 1624  
Hezekiah Fano| Venice| 1574-75  
Hezekiah Montro| Venice| 1477  
Hirsch (Ẓebi) b. Ḥayyim| Wilmersdorf| 1712-38  
| Fürth| 1739-49  
Hirz, Gener Eliezer Vindob| Amsterdam| 1712  
Hirz Levi Rofe| Amsterdam| 1721, 25, 26, 27-68  
Ḥiyya Meïr b. David| Venice| 1519-22  
Ḥiyya Pisa| Venice| 1574  
Hosea Cividal b. Raphael| Venice| 1593-94  
Immanuel| Zamora| 1492  
Immanuel ibn Atthar ('Aṭṭar)| Amsterdam| 1686  
Immanuel b. Gabriel Gallichi| Mantua| 1558-60  
Immanuel Henriquez b. Joshua| Amsterdam| 1730, 32  
Isaac| Lublin| 1680  
Isaac b. Aaron| Prague| 1605  
Isaac b. Aaron of Prostitz| Cracow| 1569-1612  
| Prossnitz| 1602-5  
Isaac b. Aaron Samuel| Prague| 1610  
Isaac b. Abigdor Levi| Rome| 1518  
Isaac Aboab| Venice| 1590  
Isaac Aboab b. David| Amsterdam| 1626-27  
Isaac Aboab b. Mattithiah.| |   
Isaac b. Abraham| Lublin| 1574-76  
Isaac b. Abraham Ashkenazi| Lublin| 1597  
Isaac b. Abraham Ashkenazi| Damascus| 1606  
Isaac b. Abraham Kohen of Meseritz.| Lublin| 1646  
Isaac Alfandari b. Abraham| Constantinople| 1711, 16-20  
Isaac Alnaqua| Venice| 1648  
Isaac b. Aryeh (Loeb) Dayyan b. Isaac.| Amsterdam| 1727  
Isaac b. Asher (Ensel = Anschel) of Nerol.| Wandsbeck| 1732  
Isaac Bassan b. Samuel| Venice| 1560  
Isaac Benveniste b. Joseph| Hamburg| 1710-11  
| Amsterdam| 1715  
Isaac Bingen b. Samuel| Lublin| 1646  
| Venice| 1654  
Isaac (Eisak) Bresnitz Levi| Prague| 1623  
Isaac Bueno de Mesquita b. Joseph.| Amsterdam| 1718  
Isaac Cansino| Amsterdam| 1685  
Isaac Cavallino b. Eliezer Patavini of Mantua.| Venice| 1624  
Isaac Diaz b. Abraham| Amsterdam| 1719  
Isaac (Eisak) b. Elia of Rogasen.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1725, 29  
Isaac (Eisak) b. Elia of Tarli.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1717  
Isaac b. Eliakim of Bingen| Amsterdam| 1643-44  
Isaac (Eisak) Eliezer (Lipman)| Hamburg| 1690  
Isaac (Eisak) Eliezer b. Isaac of Prague.| Lublin| 1567-68, 70-73  
Isaac (Jacob) b. Eliezer of Prostitz| Lublin| 1616, 26, 39, 46  
Isaac (Eisak) b. Elijah of Berlin.| Amsterdam| 1706  
Isaac b. Elijah of Brzesc| Cracow| 1631  
Isaac (Meïr) Fraenkel Teomim| Amsterdam| 1676-78  
Isaac Gakil Salonica| | 1594  
Isaac Gershon| Venice| 1587-1615  
Isaac Gershon| Berlin| 1706  
Isaac b. Gershon of Torbin| Cracow| 1628  
Isaac b. Ḥayyim of Cracow| Cracow (?)|   
| Lublin (?)| 16-  
| Prague (?)|   
Isaac b. Ḥayyim of Cracow.| Wandsbeck| 1727-30  
| Berlin| 1733  
| Amsterdam| 1739  
| Dessau| 1742  
Isaac b. Ḥayyim Ḥazzan| Constantinople| 1550  
Isaac b. Ḥayyim b. Isaac Kohen b. Simson.| Prague| 1655  
Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1687  
Isaac Ḥazzan b. Joseph| Venice| 1567  
Isaac R. Hoeschels (i.e., b. Joshua)| Cracow| 1571  
Isaac Issac Hurwitz Levi b. Meshullam.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1677, 80  
| Prague| 1688-94, 95  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99  
| Prague| 1705-6, 10  
Isaac Hurwitz Levi b. Moses Ḥayyim.| Hamburg| 1700-1  
Isaac b. Isaiah Jehiel| Constantinople| 1654  
Isaac Israel Isarel| Cracow| 1596  
Isaac b. Jacob b. Isaac| Venice| 1695, 96, 1700, 2, 5, 6  
Isaac Jafe b. Israel| Berlin| 1717  
Isaac Jafe b. Samuel| Venice| 1597-1606  
Isaac Jare b. David| Mantua| 1718-23  
Isaac Jeshurun| Smyrna| 1659  
Isaac (Eisak) b. Jonathan of Posen| Lublin| 1595  
Isaac (Eisak) b. Joseph (b. Isaac b. Isaiah)| Jessnitz| 1724, 26  
| Dyhernfurth| 1725  
| Wandsbeck| 1727-32  
Isaac (Selig) b. Judah Budin| Dyhernfurth| 1692  
| Zolkiev| 1693  
Isaac b. Judah (Loeb) Jüdels Kohen.| Wilmersdorf| 1670-90  
Sulzbach.|   
Isaac b. Judah Kohen (Kaz)| Prague| 1648  
Isaac b. Judah Kohen Wahl of Janospol.| Amsterdam| 1685-87  
Isaac b. Kalonymus of Bilgoraj| Jessnitz| 1720  
Isaac (Eisak) b. Kalonymus Kohen| Dyhernfurth| 1725-26, 27  
Isaac Kaspota| Constantinople| 1505, 9  
Isaac Katzenellenbogen b. Abraham.| Amsterdam| 1686  
Isaac (Kohen) de Lara b. Abraham.| Amsterdam| 1699-1704  
Isaac (Joshua) de Lattes| Rome| 1546  
Isaac Leon| Venice| 1605  
| Constantinople| 1618  
| Venice| 1630  
Isaac ha-Levi b. Jacob| Venice| 1635, 52  
Isaac Luria b. Moses| Venice| 1712  
Isaac Mahler| Prague| 1700  
Isaac Marquez di Paz| Amsterdam| 1706  
Isaac Masia| Tannhausen| 1594  
Isaac b. Meïr Ashkenazi| Amsterdam| 1695  
Isaac b. Menahem| Cracow| 1534  
Isaac (Eisak) b. Menahem (Ẓoref)| Cracow| 1638-40, 48  
| Lublin.|   
Isaac b. Meshullam Posen| Cracow (Novidvor).| 1591  
Isaac Montalto b. Elijah| Amsterdam| 1637  
Isaac b. Moses Eckendorf| Basel| 1599  
Isaac (Eisak) b. Moses Grillingen.| Wilmersdorf| 1732  
| Fürth| 1738-45  
Isaac (Eisak) b. Naphtali Didenhofen.| Wilmersdorf| 1726  
Isaac b. Naphtali (Hirz) Kohen| Amsterdam| 1710, 23-24, 32  
Isaac Nehemiah| Amsterdam| 1627  
Isaac Norzi b. Samuel| Mantua| 1593  
Isaac Nufiez b. David| Amsterdam| 1664  
Isaac Pacifico b. Asher| Venice| 1712-15  
Isaac (Lopez) Pereira b. Moses| Amsterdam| 1726, 29  
Isaac della Pinia b. Abraham| Amsterdam| 1712  
Isaac Rabbino b. Abraham| Mantua| 1718  
Isaac Sasportas b. Jacob| Amsterdam| 1685  
Isaac b. Selig| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1725, 27, 29  
Isaac Simeon b. Judah (Loeb) of Hechingen.| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1697 .  
Isaac b. Simeon Samuel Levi| Hanau| 1610, 11-14, 23  
Isaac b. Solomon (Gumi ?)| Constantinople| 1511  
Isaac b. Solomon (Zalman)| Dyhernfurth| 1695, 96  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1698, 1708, 13, 17, 18, 26  
Isaac b. Solomon b. Israel| Wilmersdorf| 1730  
Isaac Spira b. Nathan| Lublin| 1597  
Isaac Sullam (Salem ?) b. Joseph| Mantua| 1563, 65  
| Venice| 1568, 1687  
Isaac Tausk b. Selig| Prague| 1703, 6, 10, 18-19, 25, 28, 35-36  
Isaac Treves. b. Gershon| Venice| 1568, 78, 83, 85  
Isaac Tschelebi b. Elia Polichrono| Venice| 1630  
Isaac (Elijah) b. Uri Kohen| Prague| 1621  
Isaac (Eisak) b. Ẓebi (Hirsch) Levi of Kalisz.| Jessnitz.|   
Isaiah Anaw| Basel| 1610  
Isaiah Ashkenazi| Constantinople| 1719  
Isaiah b. Isaac b. Isaiah of Woidislaw.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1717  
| Köthen| 1717  
| Jessnitz| 1719-20  
Isaiah b. Meïr Bunzlau| Cracow| 1594  
Isaiah b. Moses of Sniatyn| Constantinople| 1711  
Isaiah Parnas b. Elasar (Eliezer)| Venice| 1529, 31-32  
Isaiah di Trani b. Joseph| Constantinople| 1641  
Ishmael Marono| Venice| 1601  
Israel b. Abraham| Köthen| 1717  
| Jessnitz| 1719-26  
| Wandsbeck| 1726-33  
| Jessnitz| 1739-44  
Israel Altschul b. Solomon| Prague| 1613, 20  
Israel Ashkenazi| Pisaur|   
Israel b. Eliakim (Goetz)| Venice| 1704-5  
Israel b. Ḥayyim Bunzlau| Amsterdam| 1688  
Israel b. Jedidiah of Leipnik| Lublin| 1619  
Israel Kohen b. Joseph| Lublin| 1556, 66  
Israel b. Meïr| Wilmersdorf| 1712  
Israel b. Moses| Dessau| 1696  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1700  
| Dessau| 1704  
Israel b. Moses b. Abraham| Offenbach| 1719-33  
| Homburg| 1734  
| Neuwied| 1735-36  
| Offenbach| 1737-38  
| Jessnitz| 1739  
Israel b. Moses b. Abraham Abinu| Amsterdam| 1694  
Israel b. Moses of Berlin| Berlin| 1727  
Israel Sifroni b. Daniel| Sabbionetta.|   
| Basel| 1578-81, 83  
| Freiburg| 1583-84  
| Venice| 1588, 1604  
Israel Ẓarfati of Milhau| Constantinople| 1518  
Issachar (Baer) b. Aaron b. Isaac Drucker.| Cracow| 1619  
Issachar (Baer) b. Abraham of Kalisz.| Dessau| 1704  
Issachar (Baer) b. Eliezer of Minden.| Amsterdam| 1685, 88, 92 -1703, 11  
Issachar (Dob Baer) b. Gershon Wiener.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1727-72  
Issachar (Baer) Ḥazzan| Prague| 1609-10  
Issachar (Dob Baer) b. Isaac| Lublin| 1680-81  
Issachar (Baer) b. Issachar Kohen| Fürth| 1691  
| Prague| 1692, 95, 1718-19  
Issachar (Dob Baer) b. Judah (Loeb).| Amsterdam| 1725-26, 27, 30, 33  
Issachar (Baer) b. Nathan Kohen.| Dyhernfurth| 1718-33  
Issachar Perlhefter| Prague| 1687  
Issachar b. (Abi Esri) Selke| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99, 1703, 11  
| Berlin| 1712, 14-15, 17  
| Prague| 1718-20  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1727, 29  
Jabez (Solomon b. Isaac b. Joseph b. Ḥayyim).| Adrianople| 1544  
Salonica| 1555  
| Constantinople| 1559-67, 73-75  
Jabez Joseph b. Isaac| Adrianople| 1554  
| Salonica| 1563-72, 73-75, 76-84  
Jacob b. Aaron Ashkenazi| Venice| 1704  
Jacob (Koppel) b. (Ḥayyim ?)| Offenbach| 1718  
Jacob b. Abigdor Levi| Rome| 1518  
| Tridini| 1525  
Jacob Aboab b. Abraham| Venice| 1669, 82, 83  
Jacob Aboab b. Joseph| Venice| 1708, 11  
Jacob b. Abraham| ...............| 1665-72  
Jacob b. Abraham Ashkenazi.| Damascus| 1606  
Jacob b. Abraham Ashkenazi of Ziwatow.| Constantinople| 1648, 52, 54  
Jacob b. Abraham Ger| Amsterdam.| 1708-9, 9, 12, 13, 15, 21, 22, 25, 28, 30  
Jacob b. Abraham Israel Ger| Amsterdam| 1664  
Jacob b. Abraham of Jerusalem| Constantinople| 1719-20  
Jacob b. Abraham of Leipnik| Cracow| 1618  
| Lublin| 1627, 33-35  
Jacob b. Abraham of Lublin| Lublin| 1618-20, 22-27, 33 (35 ?)  
Jacob b. Abraham Moses| Amsterdam| 1661  
Jacob b. Abraham Polak| Basel| 1598, 99, 1600, 3  
Jacob b. Abraham of Rowno| Berlin| 1726  
Jacob b. Abraham Tininger| Basel| 1599  
Jacob Alfandari b. Ḥayyim| Constantinople| 1670-71  
Jacob Alvarez-Soto| Amsterdam| 1708-10  
Jacob (Alnis ?)| Venice| 1621  
Jacob Auerbach b. Isaac Reis of Vienna.| Sulzbach| 1716-17  
Jacob Baruch b. Samuel Baruch| Venice| 1656  
Jacob Basch| Prague| 1627  
Jacob Bassan b. Abraham| Amsterdam| 1725  
Jacob Bibas| Constantinople| 1715-16  
Jacob Broda| Giessen| 1714  
Jacob Carillo| Amsterdam| 1644  
Jacob Castelo| Amsterdam| 1661-64  
Jacob b. David (Gutrath)| Lublin| 1556, 59, 67, 68, 78  
Jacob b. Eliakim Ashkenazi| Lublin| 1574-76  
Jacob (Ẓebi) b. Eliezer| Dessau| 1698  
| Berlin| 1699  
Jacob b. Eliezer Levi| Venice| 1566  
Jacob b. Enoch b. Abraham b. Moses Melammed.| Jessnitz| 1720  
Jacob Florentin| Salonica| 1724  
Jacob (Ḥai) Florez b. Abraham| Leghorn| 1650  
| Venice| 1651  
Jacob Gabbai| Constantinople| 1640-43  
Jacob of Haag| Amsterdam| 1728, 30  
Jacob Ḥaber Ṭob| Mantua| 1718-23  
Jacob ibn Ḥason| Salonica| 1732  
Jacob b. Ḥayyim| Venice| 1520  
Jacob b. Ḥayyim| Constantinople| 1711  
Jacob b. Ḥayyim b. Jacob Erbich| Amsterdam| 1700-26, 32  
Jacob Ḥazḳuni b. Abraham| Amsterdam| 1694, 1726  
Jacob b. Hillel of Lublin| Prague| 1675  
Jacob b. Isaac Gomez| Verona| 1650  
Jacob b. Isaac Levi| Venice| 1678, 82, 90, 90-91, 96  
Jacob b. Isaac Levi| Amsterdam| 1688  
Jacob Israel| Mayence (?)| 1584  
Jacob b. Issachar (Dob) Cantor| Zolkiev| 1718  
Jacob Jeshurun| Amsterdam| 1660  
Jacob b. Joel Levi| Amsterdam| 1701  
Jacob b. Joseph.| |   
Jacob (Ḥai) b. Joseph (Ḥai) Kohen.| Venice| 1693, 96, 98, 1702, 4, 5, 12-15  
Jacob b. Judah Noah Kohen Norden.| Amsterdam| 1640  
Jacob b. Judah Shneor| Amsterdam| 1683  
Jacob (Koppel) Kohen| Amsterdam| 1715  
| Offenbach| 1718  
Jacob Kohen della Man| Venice| 1616  
Jacob Kulli| Constantinople| 1719, 27, 28, 31  
Jacob Landau| Naples| 1487  
Jacob (Koppel) Levi| Sulzbach| 1700  
Jacob Levi of Tarascon| Mantua| Ante 1480  
Jacob Lubemila| Amsterdam| 1728  
Jacob Luẓẓaṭ b. Isaac| Cracow| 1569  
Jacob Marcaria| Riva di Trento| 1558-62  
Jacob b. Meïr| Lublin| 1598-99  
Jacob b. Meïr Hölischau| Cracow| 1608, 17  
Jacob Mendez da Costa| Wandsbeck| 1733  
Jacob de Meza| Amsterdam| 1705  
Jacob b. Mordecai| Amsterdam| 1708  
Jacob b. Mordecai b. Jacob| Prague| 1597  
Jacob b. Moses| Amsterdam| 1696  
Jacob (Ẓebi) b. Moses| Wilmersdorf| 1688-90, 1712-17, 19-22, 26-38  
| Fürth| 1691-97, 1724-26, 38  
| Sulzbach| 1699-1712, 29  
Jacob b. Moses Bohemus| Lublin| 1556, 59, 66  
Jacob b. Moses Drucker| Amsterdam| 1690  
Jacob b. Moses Kohen| Hanau| 1710-11  
Jacob (Eliezer) b. Moses Lesers of Wilna.| Cracow| 1640  
Jacob b. Moses Levi| Amsterdam| 1690, 95, 97, 99, 1702-3, 4, 6, 5-10, 11-12, 14, 15, 21, 28, 30, 39  
Jacob b. Moses Levi Josbel| Venice| 1643, 47-48, 57, 61, 67  
Jacob b. Moses-Loeb Pizker| Prague| 1609  
Jacob b. Moses of Posen| Dessau| 1698  
Jacob b. Naphtali| Cracow| 1576-81?  
Jacob b. Naphtali| Fürth| 1723  
| Wilmersdorf| 1728-29, 30  
| Sulzbach| 1750  
| Fürth| 1757, 69  
Jacob b. Naphtali (Hirsch)| Amsterdam| 1683  
| Dyhernfurth| 1691, 93  
Jacob b. Naphtali Kohen of Gazolo| Sabbionetta| 1551  
| Mantua| 1556, 57-60, 60-62  
Jacob (Koppel) b. Naphtali (Hirsch) Pas.| Amsterdam| 1726, 30  
Jacob ibn Phorna b. David| Constantinople| 1710, 11, 13, 14  
Jacob (Jokew) b. Phinehas Selig| Jessnitz| 1722-26  
Jacob (Israel) de la Pinia| Amsterdam| 1664, 69  
Jacob Rewah| Constantinople| 1718  
Jacob Rodriguez Guadeloupe b. Abraham| Amsterdam| 1663-64, 69, 69  
Jacob Sagdun| Venice| 1648  
Jacob b. Samuel| Amsterdam| 1713  
Jacob b. Samuel (Sanwel)| Fürth| 1722  
Jacob b. Samuel of Lemberg| Amsterdam| 1697  
Jacob Saraval b. Joshua Nehemiah| Venice| 1640, 45  
Jacob Sasportas| Amsterdam| 1651, 53  
Jacob (Israel) Shalom b. Samuel| Venice| 1709  
Jacob Sibuyah| Smyrna| 1730, 58  
Jacob b. Solomon| Amsterdam| 1732  
Jacob Stabnitz Levi| Prague| 1607  
Jacob Sullam| Venice| 1614  
Jacob Ṭabuḥ| Smyrna| 1731  
Jacob Treves b. Mattathias of Worms.| Prague| 1614-15  
Jacob b. Uzziel Solomon| Salonica| 1709  
Jacob Wimpfen b. Eliezer Wimpfen.| Amsterdam| 1689  
Jacob ibn Yaḳḳar| Constantinople| 1511  
Jacob b. Ẓebi| Wilmersdorf| 1689-90  
Jacob b. Ẓebi| Lublin| 1637  
| Amsterdam| 1641, 43  
| Verona| 1649  
| Constantinople| 1654  
| Cracow| 1670  
Jacob b. Ẓebi of Fürth| Sulzbach| 1715  
Jaffe (Ḥayyim b. Kolonymus)| Lublin| 1572-96  
Jaffe (Joseph [I.] b. Kalonymus).| Lublin| 1572-75  
Jaffe (Joseph [II.] b. Ẓebi Hirsch Ḳalmanḳes) .| Lublin| 1633  
Jaffe (Kalonymus [I.])| Lublin| 1556-97  
| Bistrowitz| 1592  
Jaffe (Kalonymus [II.] b. Ẓebi Hirsch Ḳalmanḳes).| Lublin| 1635-46  
Jaffe (Ẓebi b. [Abraham Ḳalmanḳes] Kalonymus).| Lublin| 1577, 78, 96, 1604-28, 48  
Jaffe, Sarah, daughter of Kalonymus (II.).| Lublin| 1665  
Jaffe (Solomon or Zalman b. Jacob Ḳalmanḳes) of Torbin.| Lublin| 1665-85  
Jedidiah Kohen b. Aryeh Judah Loeb.| Constantinople| 1732  
Jehiel (Michael b. Judah Loeb of Zolkiev).| Zolkiev| 1718  
Jehiel (Michael) b. Abraham Zalman Shammash.| Wilmersdorf| 1670  
Prague| 1674, 78  
| Weckelsdorf| 1686, 89, 92  
Jehiel b. Asher Kohen| Cracow| 1583  
Jehiel Ashkenazi| Constantinople| 1646-47  
Jehiel (Michael) b. Baruch| Prague| 1675  
Jehiel Elia Rafael| Pisaur| 1509-18  
Jehiel b. Jedidiah| Cracow| 1587  
Jehiel b. Jekuthiel Kohen Rapa| Venice| 1544-47  
Jehiel Luria Ashkenazi| Venice| 1601  
Jehiel (Fishel) b. Menahem Levi Ashkenazi| Smyrna| 1730-31  
Constantinople| 1734, 36  
Jehiel de Monteles b. Solomon| Venice| 1585  
Jehiel b. Solomon of Verona| Bologna| 1537-40  
Jehiel (Michael) Stern Kohen b. Wolf.| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1713  
| Hanau| 1715  
Jehiel Teshubah| Venice| 1640  
Jehiel Treves b. David of Galingen| Offenbach| 1717  
Jehiel b. Ẓebi Hirsch| Amsterdam| 1703, 9  
Jekuthiel b. Asher| Salonica| 1587  
Jekuthiel Blitz| Amsterdam| 1659, 60, 61  
Jekuthiel b. David| Prague| 1597-1618  
Jekuthiel b. Isaac Dan| Prague| 1512, 15, 18  
Jekuthiel (Süsskind) b. Isaac of Pinczow.| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1726  
| Offenbach| 1714-26  
Jekuthiel (Zalman) b. Katriel of Satanow.| Constantinople| 1654  
Jekuthiel b. Moses Kohen| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1702  
Jekuthiel (Kofman) Sanego| Venice| 1600  
Jekuthiel b. Solomon| Cracow| 1574  
Jeremiah (Aryeb Loeb) b. Samuel| Fürth| 1694, 98, 1722  
Jeroham b. Menahem of Slonim| Amsterdam| 1697  
Jesse Almoli| Smyrna| 1660  
Joab b. Baruch of Piatelli (?)| Venice| 1665  
Joel b. Aaron of Fürth| Fürth| 1692-93  
Joel b. Aaron Levi| Lublin| 1598-99  
Joel b. Phoebus| Wandsbeck| 1727  
Johanan b. Aaron Isaac| Amsterdam| 1713  
Johanan Durante| Venice| 1578  
Johanan of Meseritz| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99  
Johanan Treves| Venice| 1545  
Jonah Abravanel| Amsterdam| 1628, 30, 48, 50, 52  
Jonah b. Isaac of Strim| Wandsbeck| 1731  
Jonah b. Jacob Ashkenazi| Constantinople| 1712-42  
| Ortakiewai| 1717-19  
| Amsterdam| 1721  
| Smyrna| 1729-41  
Jonah b. Judah of Prague| Prague| 1608, 10  
Jonah (Ḳlavi ?)| Venice| 1666  
Jonah b. Moses Polak| Amsterdam| 1727, 29, 30, 32, 33, 39  
Joseph (?)| Venice| 1592  
Joseph (Jekuthiel Kofman Wahl).| Prague| 1587, 92  
Joseph (Venturin b. David)| Venice| 1651, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 75  
Joseph (Maestro)| ...............| 1477  
Joseph b. Abraham| Prague| 1728  
| Sulzbach| 1729  
| Amsterdam| 1732  
Joseph b. Abraham Benjamin Zeeb.| Amsterdam| 1727  
Joseph b. Abraham of Jerusalem.| Amsterdam| 1712  
Joseph b. Alexander Süsskind| Amsterdam| 1677  
Joseph Algazi| Smyrna| 1671, 83  
Joseph al-Ḳala'i| Constantinople| 1711  
Joseph Alnaqua b. Abraham| Salonica| 1520  
| Constantinople| 1522  
Joseph (Joseph) Alvalensi b. Abraham.| Venice| 1676, 78  
Joseph (ibn) Alzaig, the elder| Constantinople| 1643  
Joseph Alzaig b. Isaac, the younger.| Constantinople| 1511  
Joseph Amaragi b. Moses| Salonica| 1653  
Joseph b. Asher of Prague| Prague| 1674-75  
Joseph Askaloni b. Isaac| Belvedere (Kuru Chesme).| 1593-94, 97-98  
Joseph b. Benjamin Ḥayyim Levi.| Verona| 1650  
Joseph Bibas| Constantinople| 1505-22  
Joseph Caravita b. Abraham| Bologna| 1482  
Joseph (Simel) Cividal b. Asher| Venice| 1665  
Joseph Crasnik of Rakow| Prague| 1732  
Joseph di Crasto| Salonica| 1522  
Joseph ibn Danan b. Jacob.| Venice| 1615, 17-19  
Joseph b. Daniel| Cracow| 1587-88  
Joseph b. Eliakim b. Naphtali| Venice| 1606  
Joseph b. Eliezer Ḥalfan| Basel| 1602  
Joseph b. Eliezer Ḥazzan of Posen| Basel| 1602  
Joseph Elkeser b. Benjamin| Berlin (?)| 1699-1700  
Joseph b. Ephraim (Hungarus)| Lublin| 1577  
Joseph Epstein b. Benjamin Zeeb Wolf Levi.| Berlin| 1713  
Joseph Esobi b. Judah b. Solomon| Venice| 1621  
Joseph Falcon b. Solomon Zalman| Constantinople| 1710  
Joseph Franco Serrano| Amsterdam| 1680, 83  
Joseph Fürst| Hamburg| 1716, 18  
Joseph Gabbai| Constantinople| 1512  
Joseph b. Gershon of Torbin| Lublin| 1627, 30  
Joseph (Iseppo) Goa| Padua| 1640  
Joseph ibn Ḥassan b. Solomon| Salonica| 1732  
Joseph b. Ḥayyim Gumpels| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1677, 80, 86  
| Prague| 1691-92, 94-95, 1700-1  
Joseph b. Ḥayyim Ḳaddish| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1688  
Joseph Ḥazzan| Venice| 1566, 67  
Joseph b. Immanuel Kohen| Salonica| 1517  
Joseph b. Isaac b. Isaiah Woidislaw.| Dyhernfurth| 1696, 97, 1700, 3, 4-5, 13, 16, 18, 20  
Joseph b. Isaac b. Jehiel| Venice| 1544  
Joseph b. Isaac Kohen| Constantinople (?)| 1547  
Joseph b. Israel| Constantinople| 1518  
Joseph b. Israel (b.?) Hirsch| Prague| 1691  
Joseph b. Issachar Baer| Prague| 1616, 21  
Joseph ibn Jacob| Lublin| 1618-20  
Joseph ibn Jacob Ashkenazi| Naples| 1487-90  
Joseph ibn Jacob Braunschweig| Basel| 1609  
Joseph b. Jacob Kohen| Venice| 1657, 59-60, 61, 75, 85, 1709, 12-15  
Joseph ibn Jaḳḳar| Schenhausen| 1544  
Joseph b. Jekuthiel Zalman| Berlin| 1715  
Joseph (Jospe) b. Joseph But Levi| Prague.|   
Joseph b. Joshua (Hoeschel) Kohen.| Offenbach| 1721  
Joseph (Jospe) b. Judah| Lublin| 1598-99  
Joseph Ḳabiẓi b. Ayyid| Constantinople| 1515  
Joseph Khalfon| Lisbon| 1491  
Joseph Kohen| Constantinople| 1509  
Joseph b. Kutiel| Dessau| 1698  
Joseph de Leon b. Solomon Israel.| Venice| 1690-91, 93, 94  
Joseph b. Manasseh b. Israel| Amsterdam| 1646-47, 47, 48  
Joseph (Solomon) b. Mendel Plotzkers.| Cracow| 1642-44  
Joseph b. Meshullam Phoebus Ḥazzan.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1701-2  
Joseph Meṭaṭron| Salonica.|   
Joseph b. Michael Nehemiah| Hamburg| 1711  
Joseph b. Molcho| Venice| 1589  
Joseph b. Mordecai Gershon| Cracow| 1571  
Joseph b. Mordecai Kohen| Amsterdam| 1708  
Joseph b. Moses Levi of Hamburg.| Amsterdam| 1692-93, 99, 1702, 3-6, 11, 14, 16, 18-19, 26, 30  
Joseph b. Moses Reviẓi (Rachiẓi ?)| Venice| 1528-29  
Joseph Mubḥar Sefardi| Constantinople| 1509  
Joseph b. Naphtali (Treves ?)| Zurich| 1558  
| Thiengen| 1560  
Joseph b. Naphtali of Konskawola| Amsterdam| 1648  
Joseph b. Nathan| Fürth| 1726  
Joseph Nissim| Ferrara| 1693  
Joseph de Noves b. Judah b. Samuel.| Venice| 1605  
Joseph Oberlaender| Venice| 1701  
Joseph Ottolengo| Riva di Trenta| 1558-60  
Joseph Pardo| Venice| 1597-1606  
Joseph (Solomon) Pinia| Leghorn| 1657  
Joseph ibn Piso| Naples| 1492  
Joseph Porjes b. Judah Loeb| Amsterdam| 1709  
Joseph Samega| Venice| 1587  
Joseph (b.?) (Moses) b. Samson| Venice| 1598  
Joseph b. Samuel Levi| Constantinople| 1546-47  
Joseph ibn Saruḳ b. Ḥayyim| Venice| 1591, 1607-8  
Joseph Sason| Constantinople| 1726  
Joseph Sason b. Aaron of Gallipoli.| Venice| 1618  
Joseph Sason b. Jacob| Venice| 1584, 98-1600  
Joseph b. Shabbethai Bass| Dyhernfurth| 1707-18  
Joseph Shalliṭ| ...............| 1550-73  
Joseph ibn Shoshan| Constantinople| 1520-22  
Joseph Sid b. Isaac| Salonica| 1529, 35  
Joseph b. Simeon| Amsterdam| 1717  
Joseph (Dob Baer) b. Solomon| Dyhernfurth| 1713, 15, 17, 19  
Joseph b. Solomon b. Isaiah Nizza| Venice| 1711, 12  
Joseph (Sofer) b. Solomon Levi| Cracow| 1597-98  
Joseph (Ḥayyim) Strasburg b. Aaron.| Bologna| 1482  
Joseph (Jospe) Trier Kohen| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1690-1715  
Joseph Trillinger b. Eliezer| ...............| 1707  
Joseph Wehle b. Solomon| Amsterdam| 1685-87  
| Zolkiev| 1693-96  
| Berlin| 1699, 1700, 17  
Joseph of Witzenhausen| Amsterdam| 1644, 47-48, 68-70, 73, 76, 79-86  
Joseph ibn Yaḥyah b. Tam| Constantinople| 1542, 43  
Joseph b. Zalman Shneor| Fürth| 1691-92, 98  
Joseph b. (Solomon) Zalman of Wilna| Amsterdam| 1726, 27, 29  
Joseph Ẓarfati| Amsterdam| 1693, 1702  
Joseph Ẓarfati b. Judah of Ẓafat| Lublin| 1613  
Joseph Ẓarfati b. Samuel| Venice| 1525  
Joseph (Josbel) b. Ẓebi| Offenbach| 1716-19  
Joshua (Elhanan) b. Abraham Joseph.| Venice| 1730  
Joshua Falk of Lissa| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99  
Joshua b. Israel| Lublin| 1619-28  
Joshua (Gershon) Levi| Mantua| 1672  
Joshua b. Meïr Levi of Schwersenz.| Wilmersdorf| 1727  
Joshua b. Michael of Sezze| Mantua| 1718-32  
Joshua da Silva| Amsterdam| 1666-67  
Joshua Sin (?).| |   
Joshua (Hoeschel) b. Solomon Kohen.| Offenbach| 1719  
Joshua Sonina| Constantinople| 1717, 19  
Joshua (Falk) b. Zalman of Wiscnowicz.| Constantinople| 1710-11  
Joshua Ẓarfati (Gallus)| Amsterdam| 1658-59, 66  
Josiah b. Abigdor of Kalisz| Berlin| 1699, 1700  
Josiah Mizraḥi| Constantinople| 1711  
Judah (Loeb) b. Aaron of Prague| Prague| 1691, 95, 1700, 1, 7, 10  
Judah (Loeb) b. Abraham| Cracow| 1642-44  
Judah Abudienti| Amsterdam| 1675  
Judah Albelda b. Moses| Venice| 1600-1, 2  
Judah b. Alexander Kohen| Prague| 1602, 3-4, 5, 6, 9-10, 10, 11, 13, 14, 35, 48  
| Lublin| 1630, 39  
| Cracow| 1631  
Judah b. Alexander Levi of Worms.| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1697  
Judah (Loeb) b. Asher Anschel Abigdor.| Prague| 1669  
Cracow| 1670  
Judah (Loeb) b. Baruch Wahl| Dyhernfurth| 1725  
Judah Bassan b. Samuel| Verona| 1650  
Judah b. Benjamin Zeeb| Prague| 1688  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1691  
Judah of Berlin| Amsterdam| 1682  
Judah Briel| Mantua| 1672, 94-95  
Judah (Lewa) b. David| Prague| 1615  
Judah b. David b. Judah| Cracow| 1644  
Judah b. David (Isaac Saekel) Levi of Fürth| Berlin| 1709  
Judah b. David Reuben| Venice| 1661  
Judah b. Eleazar Lubemila| ...............| 1603  
Judah (Selig) b. Eliezer Lipman Kohen of Zolkiev.| Zolkiev| 1721, 33  
Judah (Loeb) Ginzburg.| |   
Judah b. Hananiah Castoriano| Constantinople| 1732  
Judah Ḥazzan| Smyrna| 1730  
Judah (Loeb) Hurwitz Levi of Prague.| Sulzbach| 1688  
Judah b. Isaac| Prague| 1660, 62  
Judah (Loeb) b. Isaac Brzesc| Amsterdam| 1713  
Judah (Loeb) b. Isaac Joel| Amsterdam| 1712  
Judah (Loeb) b. Isaac Jüdels Kohen (Kaẓ).| ...............| 1619-20, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28  
Judah b. Isaac Levi| Mantua| 1623  
Judah b. Isaac Levi Ashkenazi| Venice| 1544-47, 48  
| Mantua| 1561  
Judah (Loeb) b. Isaac of Tikotin| Lublin| 1619  
Judah b. Israel Samuel Kohen| Prossnitz| 1603  
Judah b. Issachar Kohen| Wilmersdorf| 1673-75  
Judah (Loeb) b. Jacob of Prostitz.| Lublin| 1602-5, 9, 11, 13, 14, 19  
Judah (Loeb) b. Jacob Wandsbeck of Krotoschin.| Hamburg| 1686, 88, 90  
Judah (Loeb) b. Joel b. Eliezer.| ...............| 1724  
Judah (Loeb) b. Joel Levi| Amsterdam| 1698  
Judah b. (Joseph) Josbel Wetzlar| Offenbach| 1720  
Judah (Loeb) b. Joseph| Wilmersdorf| 1671, 73-74, 80, 81-82, 85-86, 88-90  
Judah (Loeb) b. Joseph| Cracow| 1592, 94, 99  
Judah (Loeb) b. Joseph| Berlin| 1699-1700  
Judah b. Joseph Levi| Constantinople| 1716  
Judah b. Joseph Obadiah| Constantinople| 1666  
Judah (Aryeh Loeb) b. Joseph Samuel| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1713  
Judah (Loeb) b. Judah Joseph| Amsterdam| 1700  
Judah (Loeb) b. Judah Kohen| Lublin| 1626-35  
Judah Karo b. Joseph| Salonica| 1597  
Judah (Loeb) Klesmer b. Wolf| Berlin| 1701, 7  
Judah (Loeb) b. Ẓebi of Janow| Jessnitaz| 1722-23  
Judah Lapapa b. Isaac| Smyrna| 1674  
Judah Luria b. Johanan| Amsterdam| 1700-10  
Judah (Aryeh Loeb) of Lublin| Cracow| 1571  
Judah (Aryeh Loeb) Maeler b. Joseph.| Amsterdam| 1663  
Judah di Medina b. Moses Sustin.| Salonica| 1614  
Judah (Loeb) b. Meïr| Hambarg| 1687  
Judah (Loeb) b. Menahem| Dyhernfurth| 1749  
Judah (Loeb) b. Menahem Nahum Kaẓ.| Prague| 1686  
Judah di Modena| ...............| 1595-1648  
Judah (Loeb) b. Mordecai Gumpel| Amsterdam| 1631-32, 37, 40, 42, 43-46, 53, 58, 61-64  
Judah (Loeb) b. Mordecai b. Judah.| Dyhernfurth| 1719  
Judah (Saltaro) b. Moses de Fano.| Venice| 1602  
Judah (Loeb) b. Moses Jacob of Leipnik.| Prague| 1608, 13, 18, 24  
Judah (Loeb) b. Moses Schedel| Prague| 1602, 3, 4, 5, 6-7, 8, 9, 13  
Judah (Aryeh Loeb) b. Naphtali (Hirsch).| Amsterdam| 1690  
Judah b. Nathan of Cracow| Cremona| 1565  
Judah (Loeb) Nikolsburg| ...............| 1700 (?)  
Judah Perez| Venice| 1706-11  
Judah Pesaro| Pesaro| 1505  
Judah Rosanes| Constantinople| 1719  
Judah (Loeb) b. Sara| Amsterdam| 1701  
Judah Sason b. Joseph| Constantinople| 1514, 15, 16  
Judah (Loeb) Schnapper| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1710  
Judah (Gur Aryeh) b. Shalom| Naples| 1492  
Judah Shamu| Venice| 1665  
Judah b. Simḥah| Cracow| 1592-93  
Judah (Loeb Rofe) b. Simeon| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1677  
Judah b. Solomon Kohen Lipschütz.| Lublin| 1622 (17-?)  
Judah ibn Ya'ish| Venice| 1705  
Kalonymus b. Isaac b. Isaiah of Woidislaw| Prossnitz| 1711  
Dyhernfurth| 1712, 13, 15, 19, 20, 26  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1717  
Kalonymus b. Isaac of Zloczow| Dyhernfurth| 1703  
Kalonymus (Kalman) b. Judah Ashkenazi.| Constantinople| 1719, 20  
Kalonymus (Kalman) b. Judah (Loeb) Kalisch.| Amsterdam| 1721  
Kalonymus b. Ẓebi (Hirsch) Kohen b. Kalonymus.| Dyhernfurth| 1703, 5, 7, 12-13, 19  
Katriel b. Jekuthiel Zalman of Satanow.| Constantinople| 1648  
Katriel b. Ẓebi Szidlower| Cracow| 1638-39, 42  
| Lublin| 1645  
| Cracow| 1666, 70  
Kaẓ| Prague| 1682, 85, 89, 92-95, 98-1700, 2, 6  
Kaẓ| Prague| 1687-1726, 35  
Kaẓ (Aaron b. Israel)| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1677, 80  
| Prague| 1695  
Kaẓ (Bezaleel b. Mordecai)| Prague| 1569, 78, 85-90 (92?)  
Kaẓ (David b. Aaron b. Israel)| Prague| 1701, 3, 8  
Kaẓ (Geronim b. Solomon)| Prague| 1526  
Kaẓ (Gershon [II.] b. Israel| Prague| 1569  
Kaẓ (Gershon [III.] b. Joseph bezaleel).| Prague| 1586, 89, 95-96, 1600, 8, 9, 10  
Kaẓ (Israel b. Judah [Loeb]| Prague| 1652 (?)  
Kaẓ (Judah b. Gershon)| Prague| 1541  
Kaẓ (Judah b. Jacob)| Prague| 1624  
Kaẓ (Mordecai b. Gershon)| Prague| 1529-90  
Kaẓ (Mordecai [II.] b. Gershon)| Prague| 1608, 20, 23, 24  
Kaẓ (Moses b. Gershon)| Prague| 1533-34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 49-50, 56  
Kaẓ (Moses [II.] b. Joseph Bezaleel).| Prague| 1592-94, 99-1635, 47 (?), 48 (?)  
Kaẓ (Pesaḥ b. Mordecai)| Prague| 1556-69  
Kaẓ (Samuel b. Mordecai)| Prague| 1569, 78  
Kaẓ (Solomon [I.] b. Gershon| Prague| 1529, 30, 33-34, 35, 36, 40  
Kaẓ (Solomon [III.] b. Gershon).| Prague| 1608  
Kaẓ (Solomon [II.] b. Mordecai).| Prague| 1569, 80-81, 85-88, 90, 92-94  
Kaz Gershon (I.)| Prague| 1515, 18, 22, 26, 29, 30, 41  
Klessner (Georg) of Leipsic| Jessnitz| 1720  
Koffman b. Asher of Lubin| Constantinople| 1711  
Kosmann Emrich b. Elijah Cleve| Amsterdam| 1688-89, 92-97  
Lemberger (Abraham b. Simeon Heide).| Prague| 1610, 12, 13-28  
Leon-Templo (Isaac b. Solomon Judah).| Amsterdam| 1726  
Leon-Templo (Solomon)| Amsterdam| 1726-27, 30, 31  
Leon-Templo (Solomon Judah Raphael b. Jacob).| Amsterdam| 1697-99, 1703  
Levi| Venice| 1602  
Levi Laniado (and Isaac Laniado).| Venice| 1657  
Levi b. Süsschen| Amsterdam| 1701  
Levi Tilio| Constantinople| 1652  
Licht (Johann)| Hamburg| 1715  
Lima b. Naphtali of Fürth| Amsterdam| 1711  
Lipmann b. Abraham| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1688  
Mahalalel b. Menahem Isaac Levi| Mantua| 1713, 24  
Mahrim b. (Moses) Jacob Maarssen.| Amsterdam| 1710, 15, 20  
Mahrim b. Jacob b. Moses Levi| Amsterdam| 1726-29, 30, 35, 39-40, 46  
Manasseh b. Israel| Amsterdam| 1626-40  
Manasseh (Jacob) b. Judah Levi of Lubemil.| Cracow| 1590  
Manasseh Kazin b. Solomon| Venice| 1599-1600  
Margalita (Aaron)| Halle| 1711  
Masus b. Alexander| Amsterdam| 1730  
Meïr| Verona| 1647  
Meïr b. Asher| Venice| 1565, 74  
Meïr b. David| Prague| 1512, 15, 18, 22, 26, 29  
Meïr b. David b. Benjamin| Hamburg| 1715, 20  
Meïr b. David of Kulk| Lublin| 1627  
| Cracow| 1642-44  
Meïr b. Eliezer Lipman Kaẓ (Kohen).| Prossnitz| 1711  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1717  
| Dyhernfurth| 1718-20  
Meïr b. Ephraim| Mantua| 1557-60, 63-87  
Meïr b. Epstein b. Jacob Levi| Prague| 1515, 18, 22  
Meïr Friedburg| Hanau| 1719  
Meïr Gans b. Menahem| Prague| 1647 (?)  
Meïr (Menahem) Ḥabib b. Joseph.| Venice| 1657  
Meïr Heilbronn (Heilpron) b. Moses.| Cremona| 1557-58  
Mantua| 1563  
Meïr b. Isaac of Loktsch| Sulzbach| 1702  
Meïr b. Jacob Koppel| Hamburg| 1711  
Meïr b. Joseph (Jospe) Kohen of Hamburg.| Offenbach| 1717  
Meïr b. Manasseh Nikolsburg| Prague| 1680  
Meïr Melli| Venice| 1617-19  
Meïr b. Mordecai Levi| Lublin| 1568  
Meïr b. Naphtali Kossowitz| Prague| 1691  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1698  
| Prague| 1709, 13, 14, 28, 35-36  
Meïr Oettingen| Offenbach| 1722  
Meïr Oppenheim b. Abraham b. Baer.| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1697  
Meïr Parenz| Venice| 1545-75  
Meïr b. Pethahiah| Lublin| 1643  
Meïr Rofe b. Ḥiyya Rofe| Venice| 1657  
Meïr ibn Schangi| Constantinople| 1586  
Meïr b. Selig of Kalisch| Halle| 1710  
Meïr b. Shalom| Lublin| 1568  
Meïr b. Solomon| Lublin| 1681  
Meïr b. Wolf Schwab| Amsterdam| 1722-24  
Meïr (ibn) Yaḥya b. Joseph| Fano| 1506  
Meïr b. Zechariah| Venice| 1639-61  
Meisel(s)(s) (Judah Loeb b. Simḥah Bonem).| Lublin| 1648  
| Cracow| 1663-70  
Meisels (Menahem)| Lublin| 1623-27  
| Cracow| 1631-59  
Meisels (Tchernah bat Menahem)| Cracow| 1638-39, 46  
Menahem b. Aaron Polacco| Venice| 1704-5, 8, 11, 12, 19, 28, 30, 60  
Menahem b. Abraham Kohen| Venice| 1648  
Menahem (Mannes) b. Abraham Kohen of Glogad.| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1694  
Menahem b. Abraham of Modena.| Bologna| 1537-40  
Menahem Azariah| Venice| 1589  
Menahem (Mendel) b. Bezaleel of Lublin.| Lublin| 1665, 72, 80-81  
Menahem (Mendel) Bloch b. Moses| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1713  
Menahem Crispin| Salonica| 1709  
Menahem Dayyan| Constantinople| 1525  
Menahem (Man) b. Eliezer| Amsterdam| 1699  
Menahem (Jacob) b. Eliezer Judah Ashkenazi.| Venice| 1606  
Menahem (Mandel) Grünhut b. David.| Hanau| 1717  
Menahem (Mendel) b. (Bär) Hirschel.| Prague| 1689-90, 92, 1701  
| Berlin| 1703  
| Prague| 1714, 20, 28,  
Menahem (Man) b. Isaac (Jacob) of Prague.| Prague| 1668  
Wilmersdorf| 1671, 73-74, 80, 81  
| Sulzbach| 1684-88  
| Dyhernfurth| 1689-90, 93  
Menahem Mendel b. Isaac Levi.| Cracow| 1587-88  
Menahem (Mendel) b. Israel Kohen Jaroslaw of Lemberg.| Amsterdam| 1690  
Menahem b. Jacob of Cracow| Venice| 1712  
Menahem (Man) b. Jacob Jekuthiel.| Wandsbeck| 1732  
Altona| 1735  
Menahem b. (Noah) Jacob Kohen of Norden.| Amsterdam| 1649, 76  
Menahem Jaffe b. Isaac| Venice| 1631  
| Constantinople| 1648  
| Venice| 1657  
Menahem (Manusch) b. Judah| Hanau| 1712  
| Sulzbach| 1716-17  
| Fürth| 1723-26  
| Offenbach| 1729  
| Homburg| 1734  
Menahem b. Meïr Wilna| Amsterdam| 1663, 69  
Menahem Mendel Korchman b. Samuel Kohen.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1701-2  
Menahem b. Moses Israel| Prague| 1549-50  
| Ferrara| 1555  
Menahem (Mendel) b. Nathan Eisenstadt.| Prague| 1705  
Menahem de Rossi b. Azariah| Mantua| 1565  
Menahem b. Samuel Esra| ...............| 1614  
Menahem (Man) b. Solomon Levi.| Amsterdam| 1724-27, 32, 33, 38-39  
Menahem Stummer Kohen| Prague| 1686-90  
Menahem Trinḳi b. David| Venice| 1622  
Menahem (Manle b. Judah Loeb) of Wilmersdorf.| Dyhernfurth| 1690-91  
| Sulzbach| 1701  
| Hanau| 1710-12  
| Wilmersdorf| 1713-14  
| Berlin| 1716-17  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1717  
Meshullam (Phoebus) b. Aaron Ḥayyaṭ.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1703, 12, 25, 29  
Meshullam (Zalman) b. Aaron b. Uri.| Sulzbach| 1716-17, 22, 67 (?)  
Meshullam (Zalman) b. Abraham Berech Pinkerle.| Amsterdam| 1683, 84-85, 85  
| Venice| 1700, 4  
Meshullam Ashkenazi| Venice| 1685  
Meshullam Bassan| Venice| 1587  
Meshullam Cusi| Piove di Sacco.| 1475  
Meshullam Cusi Levi| Venice| 1614  
Meshullam (Phoebus) b. Elijah| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1709, 11-12, 29, 32  
Meshullam Gentile b. Moses| Mantua| 1673  
Meshullam (Phoebus Zalman) Hurwitz.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1703, 5, 8, 11-12, 13, 29  
Meshullam Hurwitz Levi| Prague| 1647, 48, 63  
| Wilmersdorf| 1671, 73  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1677  
| Sulzbach| 1695-96 (?)  
Meshullam (Phoebus) b. Isaac| Amsterdam| 1715  
Meshullam (Kofmann) b. Shemaiah.| Venice| 1515-46, 49, 52  
Meshullam b. Solomon| Lublin| 1556, 59, 66  
Meshullam Sullam (Salem?) b. Isaac.| Mantua| 1589-90  
Michael b. Abraham| Berlin| 1699-1700  
Michael Diaz Mocatto| Leghorn| 1650-52, 55-57  
Michael G'acon (?)| Constantinople| 1732  
Michael Hanau b. Solomon| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1717, 20  
Michael b. Ḥayyim Talmesingen.| Fürth| 1727  
Michael b. Yom-Ṭob Kohen| Salonica| 1732  
Mordecai| Verona| 1647  
Mordecai b. Abraham of Posen| Offenbach| 1718  
Mordecai b. Abraham Teimer of Zolkiev.| Dyhernfurth| 1715  
Amsterdam| 1717-18, 20  
Mordecai Alfandari b. Shabbethai| Constantinople| 1719, 23  
Mordecai of Ansbach| Fürth| 1692-93, 1701  
Mordecai ibn 'Aṭṭhar b. Reuben| Amsterdam| 1721  
Mordecai Azulai b. Moses| Amsterdam| 1693, 97  
Mordecai b. Baruch of Tivoli.| Venice| 1585  
Mordecai b. Benjamin Zeeb of Cracow.| Prague| 1657  
Cracow| 1670  
Mordecai b. David| Prague| 1512  
Mordecai (Gumpel) b. Eleazar Hendels.| |   
Mordecai Gener Baermann Halberstadt.| Amsterdam| 1712  
Mordecai b. Jacob of Prostitz| Lublin| 1596, 1602-5  
| Prague| 1608, 9  
| Hanau| 1610  
| Basel| 1622  
| Hanau| 1623-25  
Mordecai (Baer) Jakerl| Prague| 1705  
Mordecal b. Jehiel Michael Slawa tich.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1690  
Mordecai b. Joseph Judah Wahl| Basel| 1611-12  
Mordecai (Gumpel) b. Judah Loeb (b. Mordecai) Polak.| Amsterdam| 1648-50, 50-51, 53, 56, 58, 60-64, 66, 67, 70-71, 83, 89  
Mordecai b. Moses Levi| Basel| 1580  
Mordecai b. Moses Menahem Nahum.| Berlin| 1703  
Prague| 1705-6, 9-10  
Mordecai b. Naphtali| Basel| 1612  
Mordecai b. Naphtall Hirz| Fürth| 1692  
| Amsterdam| 1702  
Mordecai b. Reuben Basla| Soncino| 1489  
Mordecai Saul b. Samuel Saul| Venice| 1607  
Mordecai b. Shabbethai| Basel| 1598, 1618-19  
Mordecai b. Simḥah| Venice| 1576  
Mordecai Sofer of Prague| Prague| 1512  
Mordecai b. Solomon| Amsterdam| 1732  
Moses (b....?)| Lublin| 1646  
Moses (Moses b. Moses ?)| Cracow| 1586, 92-93  
Moses b. (Aaron?) of Zolkiev| Zolkiev| 1718  
Moses b. Aaron Ashkenazi| Constantinople| 1652  
Moses b. Aaron Kohen of Witmund.| Amsterdam| 1727  
Moses b. Aaron of Worms| Amsterdam| 1650, 53, 56-57, 58, 61-63, 64-66, 70-71, 80  
Moses b. Abraham Abinu| Amsterdam| 1686, 87, 90-94  
| Halle| 1709-14  
Moses b. Abraham Kohen| Wilmersdorf| 1721-23, 27-28, 30, 32  
Moses b. Abraham of Leipnik| Lublin| 1619  
Moses b. Abraham Nathan| Lublin| 1636 (?)  
Moses Abulafia| Venice| 1587  
Moses b. Alexander Levi| Basel| 1610  
Moses Alfalas| Venice| 1598-1600  
Moses Altaras| Venice| 1619  
Moses (Nathaniel) Altschul b. Aaron Freund of Prague.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99  
Moses Amarillo b. Solomon| Salonica| 1719, 22  
Moses (Isaac) b. Assher| Prague| 1668, 1673-75  
Moses b. Asher Kohen of Halle| Jessnitz| 1725  
Moses (Simeon) Basilia b. Shabbethai.| Verona| 1652  
Moses Belmonte| Amsterdam| 1644-45  
Moses Benveniste| Venice| 1647  
Moses Ben-Ẓion| Mantua| 1667  
Moses (ibn Yaḳḳar) Brandon| Amsterdam| 1708-10  
Moses Carillo| Smyrna| 1659  
Moses Corcos| Venice| 1606 (?)  
Moses b. Daniel of Rohatyn| Zolkiev| 1693  
Moses b. David| Amsterdam| 1723  
Moses Diaz b. Isaac| ...............| 1706-13(15?)  
Moses Dorheim| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1719, 23  
Moses b. Eliezer| Venice| 1614  
Moses b. Eliezer| Cracow| 1640  
Moses b. Eliezer of Wilna| Lublin| 1622  
Moses b. Ezra| Cracow| 1571  
Moses Facilino b. Samuel| Constantinople| 1516  
Moses Falcon b. Samuel| Salonica| 1719-29, 32  
Moses Frankfurter| Amsterdam| 1721  
Moses Gabbai| Venice| 1578  
Moses Gabbai| Salonica| 1658  
Moses Gifrut| Smyrna| 1730, 58, 64  
Moses Gomez Mesquita b. Isaac| Amsterdam| 1707-8  
Moses Ḥabib| Naples| 1488  
Moses Ḥagiz| Venice| 1703-4  
| Amsterdam| 1708-14  
| Wandsbeck| 1726-33  
Moses b. Ḥalifah Sa'adia| Venice| 1711  
Moses Ḥalimi b. Solomon| Constantinople| 1518  
Moses Hamon b. Joseph| Constantinople| 1515, 16, 46  
Moses Hausen b. Joseph Moses| Sulzbach| 1684-85, 88  
| Fürth| 1701  
Moses (David) Hausen b. Zalman.| Venice| 1704-5  
Moses (David Tebele) b. Ḥayyim Koethen.| Wandsbeck| 1723  
Moses b. Ḥayyim of Tikotin| Offenbach| 1722  
Moses Heilprin b. Phinehas| Amsterdam| 1650, 62  
Moses Hock b. Isaac| Prague| 1694  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1698  
| Berlin| 1699-1701  
| Prague| 1710, 18-20  
Moses b. Isaac| Naples| 1492  
Moses b. Isaac| Constantinople| 1716-17, 19  
| Salonica| 1719, 31  
Moses b. Isaiah b. Isaac| Cracow| 1604  
Moses b. Israel (Isser) Lasar Cracow.| Lublin| 1636  
| Cracow| 1646  
Moses b. Issachar (Baermann) Wink.| Amsterdam| 1725-26, 26-27, 32-33, 39-40  
Moses b. Jacob Gelhaar of Prague| Prague| 1609-10, 13, 14, 16 (17?), 20, 23  
Moses b Jacob Maarsen Levi of Amsterdam.| Altona| 1728  
Hamburg| 1741  
| Rödelheim| 1753  
| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1756  
| Metz| 1764  
Moses b. Jacob of Slutzk| Jessnitz| 1724  
Moses Jaffe| Venice| 1645  
Moses b. Jonah Gamburg| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1722-28  
Moses b. Joseph| Lublin| 1642, 48  
Moses b. Joseph| Amsterdam| 1695  
Moses b. Joseph Aryeh| Venice| 1606  
Moses b. Joseph (b. Isaac Isaiah of Woidislaw).| Prossnitz| 1711  
Dyhernfurth| 1719  
| Jessnitz| 1720-26  
| Dyhernfurth| 1726  
| Wandsbeck| 1727, 28  
Moses b. Joseph Emden| Amsterdam| 1698  
Moses b. Judah (Loeb) Cleve| Jessnitz| 1722  
Moses b. Judah of Emden| Amsterdam| 1718  
Moses (Menahem Nahum) b. Judah (Loeb) Kaz.| Lublin| 1648  
Prague| 1657, 60, 62, 74-75, 78  
| Weckeisdorf| 1682, 86, 90  
| Fürth| 1691-92, 94, 97  
| Prague| 1705-6 (?)  
Moses Ḳala'i b. Mattithiah b. Samuel.| Venice| 1599-1600  
Moses Kalaẓ (khallaẓ)| Constantinople| 1536-37  
Moses b. Kalman Speler| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1721  
Moses Levi Ashkenazi of Modena.| Constantinople| 1509  
Moses Levi Ḥazzan| Venice| 1598  
Moses Levi Muja| Venice| 1675-78  
Moses Maḥbub b. Maimon| Constantinople| 1520-22, 42  
Moses Maguro b. Daniel| Venice| 1693, 94, 96  
Moses di Medina b. Samuel| Salonica| 1593-1615  
Moses di Medina b. Shemaiah| Mantua| 1648  
Moses (Yom-Ṭob Lipmann) b. Menahem (Man) b. Isaac Jacob.| Dyhernfurth| 1693  
Sulzbach| 1688  
Moses Mendez Coutinho b. Abraham.| Amsterdam| 1695, 99-1711  
Moses b. Meshullam (Zalman)| ...............| 1727  
Moses ibn Minir| Venice| 1593  
Moses Minz Levi b. Asher| Amsterdam| 1713  
Moses Minz Levi b. Isaac Menahem b. Moses| Venice| 1601  
Moses (Hezekiah) b. Mocatta| Amsterdam| 1708  
Moses b. Moses| Cracow| 1594, 96, 99  
Moses b. Moses| Wilmersdorf| 1726-28  
Moses b. Moses Meïr Kohen| Lublin| 1591  
Moses b. Nathan Hamelburg| Amsterdam| 1644, 49  
Moses (Raphael) Ottolenghi b. Samuel David.| Amsterdam| 1712  
Moses Parnas b. Eleazar| Constantinople| 1546-47, 47-50, 54  
Moses Pereira| Amsterdam| 1688  
Moses Phorno| Smyrna| 1731  
Moses Pinto Delgado| Amsterdam| 1644  
Moses Poki| Constantinople| 1581  
Moses (Aryeh) Posen| Berlin| 1715  
Moses Principal| Venice| 1617  
Moses Sachs b. Simeon of Posen| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1705  
Moses Saertels| Prague| 1606, 11  
Moses b. Samuel (Sanvel)| Hamburg| 1690  
Moses b. Samuel Kohen of Brzesc| Amsterdam| 1709  
Moses b. Saul Pauer| Lublin| 1571-72  
Moses Schedel| Prague| 1585-1605  
Moses Selimi| Constantinople| 1522  
Moses Shabbethai b. Ḥayyim Sabbata.| Salonica| 1651  
Moses b. Shabbethai of Loktsch| Prague| 1590  
Moses b. Shneor (Zalman) Kohen.| Amsterdam| 1707  
| Berlin| 1715  
Moses ibn Shoshan| Sabbionetta| 1554-55  
Moses Simeon| Salonica| 1621  
Moses b. Simeon| Amsterdam| 1687  
Moses b. Simeon (b.) Anschel Herzel's.| Wilmersdorf| 1671-73  
| Prague| 1686  
Moses b. Simḥah Bonem| Dessau| 1696-1701, 4  
| Jessnitz| 1720  
Moses Solomon| Cracow| 1642  
Moses b. Solomon Ashkenazi| Venice| 1713  
Moses b. Solomon Levi| Amsterdam| 1669  
Moses Spira b. Jacob| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1719  
Moses Taranto| Smyrna| 1730  
Moses Ṭarfon| Venice| 1606  
Moses Tausk b. Phinehas Shoḥeṭ.| Dyhernfurth| 1696, 97  
| Berlin| 1699, 1705, 9, 14-15, 17  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1724-25, 33  
Moses Trinco Levi of Morea| Venice| 1620  
Moses Utiz b. Eliezer| Prague| 1610, 12  
Moses (Ḥai) Venturin b. Joseph.| Venice| 1707  
Moses of Vienna| Prague| 1623  
Moses Waag| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1711-12  
Moses Weisswasser b. Katriel| Mantua| 1589, 93  
| Prague| 1595-97  
| Cracow| 1598  
| Prague| 1605-6, 9, 10, 14, 18, 21-22  
Moses Welsch| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1704  
Moses b. Zachariah Kohen Corfu| Venice| 1546, 49, 51, 53, 76  
Moses Zacuto| Venice| 1648-72  
| Mantua| 1673-95  
Moses (Ḥayyim) Ẓalach| Venice| 1665  
Moses Ẓarfati di Gerona| Amsterdam| 1726  
Moses b. Zebi| Dyhernfurth| 1690-91  
Moses b. Ẓebi Kalonymus of Halberstadt| Amsterdam| 1712  
Moses b. Zerah Ashkenazi| Constantinople| 1726  
Naḥman b. Jacob of Lublin| Lublin| 1648 (?)  
Naḥman b. Jehiel of Dessau| Jessnitz| 1724  
Naḥmias (David ibn)| Constantinople| 1503-11  
Naḥmias (Samuel b. David)| Constantinople| 1503-11, 11-22  
Nahum Kohen| Amsterdam| 1669  
Naphtali (?)| Lublin| 1648  
Naphtali b. Aaron Ashkenazi| Venice| 1704-5  
Naphtali Altschul b. Tobiah| Cracow| 1593-94, 98  
Naphtali (Herzel) Altschüler b. (Jacob) Ascher Anschel b. Naphtali Herzel.| Prague| 1629, 49  
Naphtali Ashkenazi b. Joseph| Salonica| 1596-97  
| Venice| 1601-2  
Naphtali (Hirsch) b. Azriel Wilna| Constantinople| 1510-11  
Naphtali (Hirsch) b. Jacob| Amsterdam| 1683-85  
Naphtali (Ẓebi) b. Jacob| Venice| 1649  
Naphtali (Ẓebi) b. Jacob Levi of Gnesen.| Berlin| 1715  
Naphtali (Hirz) b. Judah Lima of Essen.| Sulzbach| 1615-17  
Naphtali (Hirsch) b. Moses of Gojetein.| Prague| 1595  
Naphtali (Ẓebi Hirsch) b. Moses Tobiah (Gutmann).| Cracow| 1625  
Naphtali (Hirsch) Pappenheim| Amsterdam| 1650, 56, 56-57, 58  
Naphtali b. Samuel Heida| Prague| 1675, 82, 86  
Naphtali Schwarz| Lublin| 1568  
Naphtali (Hirz) b. Simson Langlos| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1692  
Nathan Auerbach b. Moses of Wisnicz.| Wilmersdorf| 1726-27  
Altona| 1732  
Nathan b. David Levi| Lublin| 1614  
Nathan b. Gershon Ashkenazi| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1699  
Nathan Gota (Gutta ?) b. Isaac b. Abraham.| Venice| 1629-30  
Nathan b. Isaac Friedburg| Cracow| 1593  
Nathan (Feitel) b. Judah| Amsterdam| 1700-10  
Nathan Michelbach b. Eliezer| Basel| 1612  
Nathan (Pheibel) b. Moses| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1702  
Nathan b. Moses Petlitzer| Cracow| 1569-71  
Nathan de Salo| Ferrara| 1477  
Nathan b. Samuel| Amsterdam| 1726  
Nathan (Nata) b. Samuel| Fürth| 1722-27  
Nathan (Nata) b. Simeon of Posen.| Lublin| 1623-27  
Nathan b. Solomon Ashkenazi| Venice| 1605  
Nathanael Ḥalfan b. Perez| Trini| 1525  
Nathanael b. Judah| Lublin| 1623-27  
Nathanael b. Levi of Jerusalem| Naples| 1487-92  
Nehemiah b. Abraham| Amsterdam| 1721-27 (26?)  
Neumark (Nathan b. Loeb)| Berlin| 1719-26  
Neumark, Moses (or Judah Loeb).| Berlin| 1699-1703(?)  
Nicolai (Christian)| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1699  
Nissim b. Azriel| Hanau| 1712  
Nissim Ḥalfan b. Abba-Mari| Venice| 1545  
Nissim b. Ḥayyim Ashkenazi| Constantinople| 1732  
Nissim (David) b. Moses| Venice| 1719  
Nissim ibn Shoshan| ...............| 1597, 99, 1601, 3-4, 5  
Nissim Vileisit| Constantinople| 1643  
Noah Casirino| Mantua| 1653  
Noah b. Hezekiah| Prague| 1675  
Noah b. Samuel| Lublin| 1623-27  
Obadiah Maron and Jehiel d'Italia| Mantua| 1672  
Obadiah Sabbakh| Constantinople| 1578  
Obadiah b. Zachariah| Venice| 1549  
Paulus of Prague| Helmstadt| 1580  
Pelta ( = Paltai) of Meseritz| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99  
Perugia (Joshua b. Judah Samuel)| Mantua| 1648  
Perugia (Judah Samuel)| Mantua| 1622-26  
Perugia (Judah Samuel)| Mantua| 1657, 59, 61, 62, 64  
Perugia, Louis of (?)| Mantua| 1667-72, 95, 99  
Pethahiah (Moses) b. Joseph of Ofen| Prague| 1586, 90-92  
Phinehas b. Eliakim| Amsterdam| 1706, 10  
Phinehas Heilpron b. Judah of Neuersdorf.| Basel| 1602  
Phoebus b. Menahem b. Phoebus.| Offenbach| 1723  
Pinne bat Wolf| Berlin| 1717  
Polychron b. Isaac| Constantinople| 1726-37  
Proops (Solomon)| Amsterdam| 1704-34  
Proops' Heirs| Amsterdam| 1734-1849  
Pugil (Johann Kaspar)| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1704  
Raḥamim Ḥalfon| Venice| 1711  
Raphael| Hague| 1518-19  
Raphael Abbas b. Joshua| Amsterdam| 1709  
Raphael Altschul b. Mordecai Gumpel of Prague.| Fürth| 1691-92  
Raphael Ḥayyim Supino (Sopino ?)| Leghorn| 1651-52  
Raphael (Ḥayyim) d'Italia| Mantua| 1724  
Raphael b. Moses b. Isaac Judah| Cracow| 1667, 70  
Raphael di Palasios b. Joshua| Amsterdam| 1714-16  
Raphael b. Solomon of Lithuania| ...............| 1692  
Raphael b. Samuel| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1683  
Raphael de Silva b. Solomon| Venice| 1656  
Raphael Talmi b. Immanuel of Forli.| Bologna| 1537-40  
Raphael Treves| Constantinople| 1711  
Rebecca bat Isaac b. Judah Jüdels| Wilmersdorf| 1677  
Reichel bat Isaac b. Judah Jüdels.| Wilmersdorf| 1677, 79, 80, 82  
| Sulzbach| 1691  
| Fürth| 1692-99, 1701  
Reis (Hirz b. Seligmann)| Offenbach| 1715  
Reis (Isaac Eisak b. Hirz)| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1687  
Reis (Seligmann b. Hirz)| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1687, 1706-11  
| Homburg| 1711-12  
| Offenbach| 1714-19, 21  
Reuben b. Eliakim of Mayence| Amsterdam| 1644, 46-47, 47-53, 56, 58, 61-63, 70-71, 78  
Reuben Fürst (Ferst) b. Nethaneel| Berlin| 1706  
Reuben b. Isaac Levi Breidenbach (Breiten bach).| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1725, 29  
Reyna (Donna)| Constantinople.| 1593-94  
| Kuru Tcheshme.| 1597-98  
Roizel (wife of Fishel)| Cracow| 1586  
Saadia b. Abigdor b. Eliezer Kohen| Prague| 1614  
Saadia Angel b. Samuel| Salonica| 1720-21, 29, 32  
Saadia b. David| Venice| 1623  
Saadia Kohen b. Zalman| Leghorn| 1655  
Samson b. Aaron Isaac| Lublin| 1636 ?  
Samson Ḥabillo| Venice| 1654  
Samson Hanau b. Solomon| Homburg| 1724-25  
Samson Melli b. Mordecai| Mantua| 1676  
Samson b. Moses| Lublin| 1618-20, 23-27  
Samson Sanguine b. Michael| Verona| 1650  
Samson Tarnigrod b. Ḥayyim| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1691  
Samuel b. . . ? (of the family of Isaiah b. Samuel Levi).| Lublin| 1646  
Samuel Abravanel Soeyro| Amsterdam| 1650-52  
Samuel Amato.| Constantinople| 1728  
Samuel Archevolti| Venice| 1564-1602  
Samuel b. Aryeh (Loeb) Levi of Posen.| Amsterdam| 1707, 7-8, 8, 15  
Samuel b. Asher Levi| Prague| 1512  
Samuel ibn Ashkara Ẓarfati| Ferrara| 1551-52  
Samuel Baruch and Jacob Baruch| Venice| 1656  
Samuel Bergel b. Judah Reutling.| Sulzbach| 1712  
Samuel Bloch b. Jacob| Zolkiev| 1695  
Samuel Caleb| Salonica| 1597  
Samuel di Campos| Amsterdam| 1685  
Samuel Cases b. Moses| Mantua| 1559  
Samuel di Cazeres| Amsterdam| 1659  
Samuel b. David Gumpel| Prague| 1515, 18  
Samuel ibn Deisus| Venice| 1596, 97, 98  
Samuel Dresle| Cracow| 1631 (?), 39-40, 1737  
| Berlin| 1712  
Samuel (Sanwel) b. Eliakim b. Meïr.| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1714  
Samuel b. Elkanah| Fürth| 1724, 25, 26  
Samuel Fürth (Sameas preceding?)| Hanau| 1719  
Samuel (Don) G'acon| Faro| 1487  
Samuel Ḥabillo| Venice| 1643  
Samuel Ḥagiz| Venice| 1596-98  
Samuel b. Ḥayyim| Homburg| 1712  
Samuel Ḥazzan| Venice| 1648  
Samuel Heida b. Joseph of Hamburg| Berlin| 1706  
Samuel b. Hezekiah Levi| Naples| 1492  
Samuel Hurwitz b. Meshullam (Zalman) b. Joseph Levi of Prague.| Wilmersdorf| 1670, 73-74  
Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1677, 80, 86, 89, 91-1701, 5, 11, 13  
Samuel b. Isaac Boehm| Cremona| 1556  
| Padua| 1562  
| Venice| 1565-67  
| Cracow| 1569-81  
Samuel (Sanwel) b. Jacob (of Lissa).| Hamburg| 1686, 87, 88, 90  
| Fürth| 1691-92, 93-94  
Samuel b. Jacob Levi Brandeis| Wilmersdorf| 1716  
Samuel (Sanwel) b. Jacob Poppicz| Wilmersdorf| 1673-74  
| Lublin| 1599  
Samuel b. Jerahmeel| Wilmersdorf| 1729  
Samuel (Zebi Hirsch) b. Joel Sirks| Cracow| 1631-40  
Samuel b. Jonah (Askeri ?) of Salonica| Amsterdam| 1728  
Samuel b. Joseph| Amsterdam| 1681-82  
Samuel b. Judah| |   
Samuel b. Judah Shammash| Amsterdam| 1713  
Samuel Katzenellenbogen| Venice| 1563  
Samuel Kolodro| Leiria| 1492  
Samuel Kusin b. Levi| Venice| 1636-37  
Samuel Latif| Naples| 1490  
| Mantua| 1513-14  
Samuel Levi| Cracow| 1613 (?)  
Samuel Levi ibn Hakim| Constantinople| 1546-47, 47-48  
Samuel Magreso| Constantinople| 1717  
Samuel Mantino b. Jacob| Venice| 1546  
Samuel Marquez b. Solomon| Amsterdam| 1709, 14-16  
Samuel di Medina b. Shemaiah| Venice| 1647  
| Mantua| 1648  
Samuel Meisel| Prague| 1614-15  
Samuel b. Michael| Venice| 1721  
Samuel b. Mordecai Ashkenazi of Przemysl| Cracow| 1612  
Samuel (Joseph) b. Mordecai Grasmark.| Cracow| 1595-96, 1601-6  
Samuel b. Moses Frankfurter| Amsterdam| 1731  
Samuel b. Moses Levi| Salonica| 1563  
Samuel b. Moses Levi| Amsterdam| 1648-51, 52  
Samuel b. Moses Sedjelmessa| Salonica| 1709, 13, 22  
Samuel b. Musa| Zamora| 1492  
Samuel Norzi b. Isaac| Mantua| 1589-90  
Samuel b. Peraḥyah| ..............| 1565-84  
Samuel Pinto| Amsterdam| 1666-67  
Samuel Poppert| Altona| 1727-30  
Samuel Rikomin| Constantinople| 1511-13  
Samuel Rodrigues-Mendes| Amsterdam| 1726  
Samuel Rosa b. Isaac Baruch| Amsterdam| 1664-66  
Samuel b. Samuel de Roma| Naples| 1486  
Samuel Schwab b. Joseph of Günzburg.| Amsterdam| 1713, 26, 33-39  
Samuel Shalom Sedjelmessi of Lepanto.| Venice| 1596  
Samuel Teixeira| Amsterdam| 1678, 82, 85-87, 88, 95, 1723, 26  
Samuel Valensi| Smyrna| 1657-59  
Samuel (Oppenheim) of Vienna| ...............| 1699  
Samuel Ẓarfati.| Rome| 1547  
Samuel b. Zeeb Wolf b. Ephraim Fischel of Lemberg.| Amsterdam| 1697, 98  
Sarah bat Jacob| Prague| 1605-15  
Saul Belgrad b. Joseph of Udine| Venice| 1606, 17  
Saul b. Benjamin b. Isaac| ...............| 1645  
Saul of Frankfort-on-the-Oder| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1712  
Saul (Simeon) b. Judah Levi| Lublin| 1611-21, 27  
Schwarz (Ḥayyim b. David)| Prague| 1515, 18, 22, 26  
| Oels| 1530  
| Augsburg| 1533-43  
| Ichenhausen| 1544-45  
| Heddernheim| 1546  
Selig b. Abraham Levi| Amsterdam| 1697  
Selig (Abi 'Ezri) b. Solomon of Venice.| Dyhernfurth| 1692-96  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99, 1701, 5  
| Berlin| 1705, 9  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1712, 13, 25, 29, 34  
Seligmann Ulma b. Moses Simeon.| Hanau| 1610-15, 16  
Shabbethai (?)| Venice| 1675  
Shabbethai Bass| Amsterdam| 1679, 80, 82  
| Dyhernfurth| 1689-1718  
Shabbethai b. Mordecai of Posen| Basel| 1599  
Shalom b. David Moses| Prague| 1608  
Shalom Galliago b. Joseph of Salonica.| Amsterdam| 1627  
Shalom b. Gershon of Horodlo| Lublin| 1604-5  
Shalom (Schechna) b. Nahum Kaidanower.| Wilmersdorf| 1716  
Jessnitz| 1721  
Shalom (Mann) Stoks| Offenbach| 1718  
Shemariah b. Ahron| Cracow| 1589, 98  
Shemariah b. Jacob of Grodno.| Amsterdam| 1711  
Shem-Ṭob| Salonica| 1526-27  
Shem-Ṭob ibn Minir| Constantinople| 1569  
Shem-Ṭob ibn Polkar b. Moses| Constantinople| 1511  
Shneor Falcon b. Judah| Constantinople| 1560  
| Venice| 1567  
Shneor (Zalman) b. Israel Baruch Biechower.| Amsterdam| 1685-87  
Shneor (Zalman) b. Jonathan Kohen of Posen.| Amsterdam| 1698, 1701, 7  
Simeon Almosnino| Venice| 1587-88  
Simeon Altschul b. Asher Anschel Herzels.| Prague| 1629  
Simeon Altschüler b. Judah (Loeb)| Prague| 1701  
Simeon (Wolf) b. Asher Kohen Ashkenazi of Frankfort.| Cracow| 1646-47  
Simeon Blansa Ashkenazi| Venice| 1696  
Simeon (Wolf) Brandeis b. Jacob.| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1693  
Simeon Cofio (Copio?).| Venice| 1592  
Simeon b. Isaac Cracow| Cracow| 1574  
Simeon b. Judah Joseph| Amsterdam| 1700  
Simeon (Isaac) Kohen| Cracow| 1584  
Simeon Labi| Venice| 1648  
Simeon Levi| Cremona| 1565  
Simeon (or Wolf) Menz b. Abraham.| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1709-13  
| Offenbach| 1719  
Simeon b. Naphtali Hirz| Amsterdam| 1708, 11-15  
Simeon Raner of Danzig| Amsterdam| 1685  
Simeon Rodeti| Smyrna| 1660  
Simeon Treves| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1719  
Simeon Witzenhausen b. Joseph| Amsterdam| 1679  
| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1680-84, 91  
Simhah b. Isaac| Cracow| 1588, 97-98  
| Basel| 1602, 8  
Sinai Ḳimḥi b. Ḥayyim| Constantinople| 1717  
Solomon| Amsterdam| 1662  
Solomon (b. . . ?)| Salonica| 1621  
Solomon (Zalman) b. Aaron Isaac (Säkel) of Norden.| Hamburg| 1692  
Solomon b. Aaron Levi of Cracow.| Cracow| 1648  
Solomon Abrabalia (Abravalia)| Salonica| 1520  
Solomon b. Abraham| Mantua| 1561  
Solomon b. Abraham of Moravia| Lublin| 1571  
Solomon ibn Alḳabiẓ b. Moses Levi| Guadalajara| 1482  
Solomon Altaras| Venice| 1685  
Solomon Altaras b. David| Venice| 1712, 18, 19, 30  
Solomon Aptrod b. David| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1722-30  
Solomon (Zalman) Ashkenazi| Amsterdam| 1730  
Solomon Barzillai b. Moses| Mantua| 1565  
Solomon (Zalman) b. Bonfet (Bonfed) Shneor.| Fürth| 1729, 30  
Solomon Bueno b. Jacob| Cremona| 1576  
Solomon Cavaliero (or Cavallero).| Salonica| 1532-33  
Solomon b. David| Venice| 1600  
Solomon Dels b. Simeon| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1697  
Solomon b. Eliezer Kohen| Lublin| 1635  
Solomon b. Ephraim Kohen| Amsterdam| 1708  
Solomon ibn Ezra b. Moses| Smyrna| 1657-74  
Solomon (Zalman) Fürth| Wilmersdorf| 1673-74  
Solomon Gabbai| Constantinople| 1662  
Solomon (Ḥayyim) Ḥaber-Ṭob| Venice| 1599  
Solomon b. Hähnle Naske| Prague| 1620  
Solomon (Zalman) Hanau| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1692-1714, (17 ?)  
Solomon b. Isaac Kohen Ashkenazi| Salonica| 1597  
Solomon b. Isaac of Lisbon| Rome| 1546  
Solomon b. Isaiah Nizza| Venice| 1684  
Solomon b. Israel of Dubno| Amsterdam| 1719  
Solomon b. Jacob Judah of Norden (?)| Amsterdam| 1640, 42  
Solomon Jonah| Venice| 1666  
Solomon b. Joseph Kohen| Prague| 1598  
Solomon (Zalman) b. Joshua Ashkenazi.| Prague| 1598  
Solomon b. Judah Loeb.| Prague| 1725  
Solomon (Zalman) b. Judah Loeb.| Wilmersdorf| 1688-89  
Solomon (Zalman) b. Kalman Kohen.| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1699-1700  
Solomon ibn Ḳoryaṭ.| Leghorn| 1650  
Solomon (Zalman) of Lemberg.| Venice| 1716  
Solomon London.| Amsterdam| 1709-14  
| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1714-25  
| Offenbach and Hanau.| 1716-20  
| Amsterdam| 1731-35  
Solomon Luria| Venice| 1607  
Solomon Luzzatto b. Abraham| Venice| 1567  
Solomon Mar David| Venice| 1599  
Solomon b. Mazzal-Ṭob| Constantinople| 1513-49  
Solomon (Zalman) b. Mattithiah.| Berlin| 1705, 6, 8, 13, 15  
Solomon b. Meïr| Cracow| 1587-88  
Solomon (Zalman) b. Meïr Levi of Schwersenz| Jessnitz| 1720-23  
Solomon b. Mordecai| Constantinople| 1710  
Solomon (Zalman) b. Mordecai| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1708  
| Amsterdam.| 1717-18  
Solomon b. Moses Abraham| Prague| 1713 (?)  
Solomon b. Moses Ashkenazi| Dyhernfurth| 1712  
Solomon (Zalman) b. Moses Frankfurter.| Amsterdam| 1722, 24, 26, 33  
Solomon b. Moses Ḥazzan.| Venice| 1711  
Solomon b. Moses Levi| Amsterdam| 1663, 76  
Solomon ibn Mubḥar| Constantinople| 1642-43  
Solomon ibn Naḥmias b. David| Venice| 1599  
Solomon Nissim| Venice| 1667  
Solomon Norzi b. Samuel| Mantua| 1593  
Solomon Oliveyra| Amsterdam| 1680, 86  
Solomon b. Perez Bonfoi Ẓarfati| Soncino| 1484  
| Naples| 1490, 92  
Solomon b. Samuel Levi.| Prague| 1512, 15, 22  
Solomon (Zalman) b. Samuel Steina-Kopf of Prague.| Sulzbach| 1685  
Solomon (Hai) Saraval b. Nehemiah.| Venice| 1667  
Solomon ibn Shoshan b. Samuel| Salonica| 1580, 82  
Solomon Ṭobyana| Amsterdam| 1685  
Solomon b. Todros| Amsterdam| 1662 (?)  
Solomon Trani b. Moses| Venice| 1629-30  
Solomon Usque| Constantinople| 1561  
Solomon (Don) Walid b. Judah.| Venice| 1521  
Solomon Wehle b. Moses| Zolkiev| 1702-4  
Solomon ibn Yaḳḳar| Constantinople| 1522  
Solomon Yerushalmi b. Menahem.| Salonica| 1551  
| Sabbionetta| 1554  
Solomon Zalmati b. Maimon| Ixar| 1490  
Solomon b. Ẓebi Lokatscher| Dyhernfurth| 1700, 2  
| Berlin| 1703  
Soncino (Moses b. . . ?)| Salonica| 1526-27  
Soncino, Eliezer b. Gershon| Constantinople| 1534-47  
Soncino, Gershon b. Moses| Soncino| 1488-90  
| Brescia| 1491-94  
| Barco| 1496-97  
| Fano| 1503, 5-6  
| Pesaro| 1507-20  
| Fano| 1516  
| Ortona| 1518, 19  
| Rimini| 1521-26  
| Constantinople| 1530-33  
| Salonica| 1532-33  
Soncino, Israel Nathan b. Samuel b. Moses.| Soncino| 1483  
Casal Maggiore| 1486  
Soncino, Joshua Solomon b. Israel Nathan.| Soncino| 1483-88  
Naples| 1490-92  
Soncino, Solomon b. Moses| Soncino| 1490  
Tobiah b. Abraham Kohen| Wilmersdorf| 1714, 16-18, 21, 29-30  
| Sulzbach| 1741  
| Fürth| 1745  
Uri (Phoebus) b. Aaron witmund Levi| Amsterdam| 1645-48, 56, 58-89  
| Zolkiev| 1692-95  
Uri (Phoebus) b. Abraham Bärmes| Amsterdam| 1670-80, 82, 86  
Uri b. Abraham Kohen| Amsterdam| 1698  
Uri (Phoebus) b. Joseph| Amsterdam| 1723, 24, 26, 27  
Uri b. Moses| Amsterdam| 1650  
Uri (Shragga Phoebus) b. Solomon (Zalman).| Cracow| 1638-40, 43, 48  
Usque (Abraham).| Ferrara| 1553-57  
Veile bat Moses SChlenker of Fürth| Wilmersdorf| 1727  
Vittoria Eliano| Cremona| 1557, 58, 58-60  
| Venice| 1564, 65, 66, 67  
| Rome| 1578, 81  
Weglin (Sebald)| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1709  
Yaḥya b. Abraham ibn Ḥama Fas.| Venice| 1574  
Yom-Ṭob b. Michael Kohen.| Salonica| 1717  
Yom-Ṭob Modigliano b. Samuel| Salonica| 1723  
Yom-Ṭob Zikri b. Rafael| Constantinople| 1519  
Yom-Ṭob Ẓarfati b. Perez| Naples| 1489  
Zachariah.| Venice| 1667  
Zadok b. Abraham of Meseritz| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99, 1702, 5-8, 11-13, 13, 20, 24, 25  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Aaron Ḥayyat| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1714  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. (Jacob) Abraham| Cracow| 1642-43  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Abraham of Wronek| Amsterdam| 1700-1  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Elijah b. Baer Lübeck.| Prague| 1691-92  
Dessau| 1696  
| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99  
| Berlin| 1699, 1700  
| Prague| 1705-6, 25  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Falk Kohen Kümmelbrod.| Fürth| 1692  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Gershon.| Amsterdam| 1700-5, 10, 11, 14  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Isaac Levi| Amsterdam| 1717-18, 23, 26, 28, 30, 33, 38-39  
Ẓebi b. Isaac of Ostrog| Cracow| 1576-77  
Ẓebi b. Isaac of Posen| Lublin| 1622  
Ẓebi b. Jacob| Lublin| 1685  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Joseph Levi| Fürth| 1691-94, 99, 1701  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Josiah Crasnik| Lublin| 1627  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Kalonymus Kohen of Kalisz.| Dyhernfurth| 1691, 96  
Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1697-99  
| Dyhernfurth| 1700-1  
Ẓebi Levi Ḥazzan| Venice| 1598  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) Liberls Sofer| Prague| 1707  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Meïr of Janow| Jessnitz| 1720, 21, 22  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Meïr of Kossowitz| Prague| 1713  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) Minz Levi b. Asher.| Amsterdam| 1725-26, 26  
Ẓebi b. Moses| Lublin| 1622  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Moses Frankfort| Amsterdam| 1701  
Ẓebi b. Shalom.| Cracow| 1642-44  
Ẓebi (Hirsch) b. Tobiah| Lublin| 1623-27  
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Aryeh (Loeb) b. Isaac.| Amsterdam| 1724  
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Isaac Josels| Cracow| 1638-39  
Zeeb (Wolf) Levi| Amsterdam| 1685-87  
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Meshullam| Berlin| 1702-3, 12, 16-17  
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Mordecai| Cracow| 1638-40, 43, 48  
Zeeb (Wolf) b. Samuel| Amsterdam| 1698  
List of Christian Printers.Name.| Place.| Date.  
---|---|---  
Alberti (Idzardus)| Franeker| 1642  
Albrizzi (Hier.)| Venice| 1707 (?)  
Ambrosini (Christoforo)| Venice| 1667, 71-74  
Andreae (Jo. Ph.)| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1716  
Andreae Andrae (Matth.)| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1707-12  
Andreae (St.)| Heidelberg| 1586  
Anshelm (Thom.)| Tübingen| 1512-14  
| Hagenau| 1518-19  
Bakenhoffer (Jo. Phil.)| Copenhagen| 1696  
Baron (Jo. Zach.)| Leyden| 1658  
Baroni (Andera)| Venice| 1692  
Bashuysen (H. J. P.)| Hanau| 1709-12  
Bauernfeld (Jac.)| Jena| 1678  
Beausang (Jo. Jac.)| Hanau| 1715-19  
Bebel| Basel| 1534-95  
Beckmann (Joh. Christ.)| Frankfort-on-the-Oder| 1677  
Blaak (Laur.)| Amsterdam| 1676-78  
Bladao (Maestro Anton. B. de Asula).| Rome| 1524, 46-47  
Blaise (Thom.)| Paris| 1622  
Blaue (Wilh.)| Amsterdam| 1676-78  
Bomberg (Daniel)| Venice| 1516-48  
Bona (Domenico)| Venice| 1678  
Boom, Baum (Joh.)| Amsterdam| 1705  
Borstius (Gerhard and Jacob)| Amsterdam| 1698-1703  
Bragadina| Venice| 1664  
Bragadini (Aluise, Aloyse)| Venice| 1550-53, 63 (?)-75  
Bragadini (Aluise [II.], Aloyse)| Venice| 1624-30, 39-50  
Bragadini (Aluise [III.])| Venice| 1697-98, 1710  
Bragadini, Bragadino.| Venice| 1550-1800  
Bragadini (Giacomo, Jacob)| Venice| 1639-50  
Bragadini (Girolamo, Gerolimo, Hieronym).| Venice| 1639-50, 55-64, 67  
Bragadini (Juan, Zuan, Giovan., Johann.).| Venice| 1579-1614 (15?)  
Bragadini (Lorenzo, Laurent.).| Venice| 1615-30, 39-50  
Bragadini (Nicol.)| Venice| 1639-50  
Bragadini (Pietro)| Venice| 1614-30, 39-49  
Bragadini (Vicenzio [I.], Vincent.)| Venice| 1639-49  
Bragadini (Vicenzio [II.])| Venice| 1697-98  
Brand (Justin.)| Leipsic| 1683-86  
Brandenburger| Leipsic| 1712  
Brandmüller (Jo.)| Basel| 1691  
Breitkopf (Bernh. Christ.)| Leipsic| 1725  
Brion (Anton)| Riva| 1557-58  
Brocario (Bul. de)| Complutum| 1514-17  
Brucello (Franc.)| Venice| 1544  
Cajon| Venice| 1613-22, 22-41  
Calleoni, Caleoni (Anton)| Venice| 1642-57  
Caphallon| Paris| 1533  
Cavalli, Caballi (Zorzo)| Venice| 1565-68  
Christiani (Wilm.)| Leyden| 1633  
Clugus (Jos.)| Wittenberg| 1525, 29  
Collegium Italorum| Paris| 1539  
Commelius| Heidelberg| 1599-1616  
Conti (Vicenz., Vincent.)| Cremona| 1556-61, 65-66, 67  
| Sabbionetta| 1567  
Cramosius (Sebast.)| Paris| 1632  
Cratander (Andr.)| Basel| 1531  
Crati (Zach.)| Wittenberg| 1586-87  
Crato (Jo.)| Wittenberg| 1563-76, 82  
Crivellari (Gaspar)| Padua| 1622-23  
Crivellari (Giulio, Julius)| Padua| 1640  
Decker (Ge.)| Basel| 1660  
Donne (Francesco delle)| Verona| 1594-95  
Doriguzzi (Zuane, Joh.)| Venice| 1670, 85  
Draconi (Christoph)| Cremona| 1576  
Dreunen (Meinardus)| Utrecht| 1665  
Eichhorn| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1597  
Ellinger (J. G.)| Leipsic| 1672  
Elzevir| Leyden| 1630-34  
Episcopus (Nicol.)| Basel| 1536, 37, 47-48, 56, 63  
Erpeniana| Leyden| 1621  
Facciotto or Fazot de Montecchio (Giov., Giac).| Rome| 1518  
Fagius (Paul.)| Isny| 1541-42  
| Constantinople| 1543-44  
Farri (Messer Zuane or Giovanni)| Venice| 1544  
Filippon (o), Filipponi (Filotarsi)| Mantua| 1563-64, 68  
Filippono (Francesco)| Mantua| 1561-63  
Filoni| Ferrara| 1693  
Froben| Hamburg| 1596  
Froben (Ambros.)| Basel| 1578-81  
| Freiburg| 1583-84  
Froben (Hieron.)| Basel| 1531, 36-63  
Froben (Jo. [I.])| Basel| 1516-27 (32)  
Fuldius (Mart.)| Leipsic| 1712  
Fyner (Conrad)| Esslingen| 1475, 77  
Ganghel (Christoph. van)| Amsterdam| 1683  
Gara, Garra (di, dei)| Venice| 1564-1609 (10)  
Gardoni (Alessandro)| Venice| 1577-78  
Giustiniani, Justiniani (Bern)| Venice| 1593  
Giustiniani, Justiniani (Marco Antonio).| Venice| 1545-52  
Goebelius| Augsburg| 1680-83  
Gottschalk (Mich.)| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1693-1734  
Gourmont (Aegid.)| Paris| 1520-29  
Gross (Jo. Ad.)| Hanau| 1714-15  
Gruler (Peter)| Tannhausen| 1594  
Grunbergius (J.)| Wittenberg| 1521  
Grymm (Sigismund), Medicus| Augsburg| 1520  
Gryphius (Franc.)| Paris| 1532  
Gryphius (sebast.)| Lyons| 1528-30  
Grypho (Giov., Joh.)| Venice| 1564-67  
Guarin (Thom.)| Basel| 1583  
Gyselaar, Gijselaar (Joh.)| Franeker| 1690  
Halma (Fr.)| Amsterdam| 1701  
Hamm (Gn. Wolfg.).| Helmstedt| 1702-3  
Harper (Thom.)| London| 1643  
Hartmann (Joach. and Frid.)| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1595-96  
Hayes (Jo.)| Cambridge| 1685  
Heinscheit, Henscheld (Anton)| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1711-19  
Henckel (Mart.)| Wittenberg| 1609  
Hene (Hans, Jacob)| Hanau| 1610-14  
Hering (Joh.)| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1727  
Hofer (? Joh.)| ...............| 1625  
Hoogenhuysen (Cornel.)| Amsterdam| 1711  
Hutter (Elias)| Hamburg| 1586-87  
| Nuremberg| 1599-1602  
Ilive (Thom.)| London| 1714-17  
Ilsnerus (Blasius)| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1682  
Imberti (Zuane, Giov., Joh.)| Venice| 1651-56  
Isingrinius (Mich.)| Basel| 1534-35  
Jablonski (Dan. Ern.)| Berlin| 1697  
Jaeger (Gottfr.)| Lübeck| 1650  
Jaeger (Heredes Jos.)| Güstrow| 1634  
Jansson (Ant.)| Leipsic| 1683  
Jansson (Joh.)| Amsterdam| 1633  
Jay (Mich.)| Paris| 1628-45  
Juilleron (Nicol.)| Lyons| 1622  
Justinianus (Aug.)| Paris.|   
Juvenis (Martin)| Paris| 1552-54, 59, 63, 68, 69, 74  
Kelner (G.)| Wittenberg| 1615  
Kilius (Nic.)| Rostock| 1637  
Kirchner (Christ.)| Leipsic| 1657  
Knebel (Jo. Henr.)| Berlin| 1699  
Koelner (Joh.)| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1708-27  
Koenig (Joh.)| Basel| 1662, 75  
Koenig (Lud.)| Basel| 1618-32, 48  
Kopmeier| Augsburg| 1680-83  
Kurzius (Joh.) of Gross-Glogau.| Cracow| 1539  
Lacquehay (Joh.)| Paris| 1629  
Launoy (Bonaventura de)| Offenbach| 1719-24  
Laurentius (Henr.)| Amsterdam| 1630-32, 34-35  
Lotther (Melchior)| Leipsic| 1533  
Luchtmans (Jord.)| Leyden| 1685  
Lucius (Jac.)| Helmstedt| 1580  
| Hamburg| 1587  
Madruz (Christofolo)| Riva.|   
Magnus (Albertus)| Amsterdam| 1687-88  
Maire (Joh.)| Leyden| 1621, 22, 37, 50  
Martinelli (Giov., Jos.)| Venice| 1636-42, 56  
Martzan (Melchior)| Copenhagen| 1640  
Meyer (Henr.)| Altdorf| 1680  
Moeller (Reinhart Eustachius)| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1725  
Morellus (Guilelmus)| Paris| 1559-63  
Moresini, Morosini| Venice| 1660-65  
Morrhius (Gerardus)| Paris| 1531  
Nisselius (Jo. Ge.)| Leyden| 1656, 62  
Oeglin (Erhard)| Augsburg| 1514  
Oporini (Jos)| Basel| 1567  
Orphanotropheum (Waisenhaus)| Halle| 1710-19  
Paddenburg (Gysbert of)| Utrecht| 1714  
Panzoni (Alb.)| Mantua| 1730  
Paoli, Pauli (Giov., Joh.)| Venice| 1708-12, 15  
Pasquato (Laur.)| Padua| 1562, 67  
Pauli (Joh.)| Upsala| 1652-60  
Pauli (Nic. Justinian.)| Genoa| 1516  
Petrus (Henr.)| Basel| 1530-57  
Pieters (Jac.)| Amsterdam| 1643  
Pillehotte (Ant.)| Lyons| 1622  
Plantinus (Christoph.)| Antwerp| 1566-89  
Portevecchio (Piero del)| Padua| 1562, 67  
Presigno (Comin [o])| Venice| 1593-96  
Procurator (Federigo Contarino)| Venice| 1659-67  
Propaganda Fide| Rome| 1683  
Quirino (Carlo)| Venice| 1549  
Radaeus (Aegid.)| Franeker| 1597  
Raphelengius (Franc.)| Leyden| 1590-1615, 21-22  
Ravestein (Nic.)| Amsterdam| 1638, 48  
Rebenlin (Georf)| Hamburg| 1663-68  
Rehte (Dav. Fred.)| Gedani| 1675  
Reuther (Barth.)| Kiel| 1709  
Rhamba (Joh.)| Leipsic| 1564  
Rizzini (Anton.)| Venice| 1657-59, 60  
Rose (Joh., son of Thom.)| Hamburg| 1709, 11, 15-21  
Rose (Thom.)| Hamburg| 1686-1709  
Rossi (Francesco de)| Verona| 1646-52  
Rouviere (Petr. de la)| Geneva| 1609-18  
Roycroft (Thom.)| London| 1651, 53-57  
Rufinelli (Giacomo, Jac.)| Mantua| 1560-90  
Rufinelli, Rufinello (Messer Venturin).| Mantua| 1556-59  
Rufinelli (Tommas., Thom.)| Mantua| 1593  
Rüh (e)l (Joh. and Conr.)| Wittenberg| 1586-87  
Sartorius| Copenhagen| 1631  
Saxo (Joh.)| Hamburg| 1586-87  
Schadaeus (El.)| Strasburg| 1591  
Schaefer (Petr.)| Worms| 1529  
Schall (Andr.)| Gotha| 1707, 10  
Schoennerstaedt (Joh. Henr.)| Altdorf| 1674  
Schurmann (Stephan)| Tannhausen| 1593-94  
Selfisch (Heredes Sam.)| Wittenberg| 1615  
Soter (Jac.)| Cologne| 1563  
Soter (Joh.)| Solingen| 1538  
Spoor (Jo. Frid.)| Strasburg| 1670  
Stark (Seb. Gott.)| Berlin| 1710  
Steen (Caspar)| Amsterdam| 1692-1703  
Stephanus (Carol.)| Paris| 1556-59  
Stephanus (Rob.)| Paris| 1528, 39-46  
| Geneva| 1554, 56  
Stephanus (Rob.)| Paris| 1563-66  
Thymil (Jo. Heredes)| Frankfort-on-the-Oder.| 1630  
Vaesberge (Jo.)| Utrecht| 1657  
Vedelago (Domenigo)| Venice| 1662-64, 63, 65, 74-82  
Vendramini, Vendramin| Venice| 1630-41  
Vendramini| Venice| 1642-1705, 1651, 53, 55  
Vieceri (Francesco)| Venice| 1643-54  
Vignon (Eust.)| Geneva| 1578  
Vitray (Ant.)| Paris| 1628-45  
Voliet, Vogliet (? Jakob)| Basel| 1583  
Waldkirch (Conr.)| Basel| 1598-1612  
Water (Gül van de)| Amsterdam| 1701  
Water (Jo. van de)| Utrecht| 1683-88  
Weimmann (Nic.)| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1709  
Wellens (Jo.)| Franeker| 1663  
Wernerianis| Upsala| 1727  
Wittigau (Jo.)| Leipsic| 1661  
Wust (Jo.)| Frankfort-on-the-Main.| 1694-1707  
Zanetti, Gianetti, Zanetius (Christofolo).| Venice| 1564-66  
Zanetti (Daniel)| ...............| 1596, 97-1606  
Zanetti (Francesco)| Rome| 1578, 80-81  
Zanetti (Matteo)| Venice| 1593-96  
Zanetti, Zanetto (Zuan, Giov., Jo.)| Venice| 1606-9  
Zeitler (Frid.) and H. G. Mussel| Magdeburg| 1700  
Ziletti (Giordano, Jordanus)| Venice| 1571-72  
Zschauer (Jo. Andr.)| Leipsic| 1696  
Zyll (Gilb.)| Utrecht| 1656  
V. (1732-1900):

From 1732 many of the presses already referred to have continued their activity down to the present day. That of Leghorn, for example, began a new life in 1740 in the workshop of Abraham Meldola; and he was followed by a number of Hebrew printers, who found a market for their products in the Levant and the Barbary States, so much so that Christian printers like Carlo Gorgio (1779) and Giovanni Falerno (1779) found it worth while to compete in producing ritual and cabalistic works for the southern markets. This period also saw the beginning of the remarkable activity of Wolf Heidenheim at Rödelheim, producing the well-known editions of the ritual. These, while originally intended for the Frankfort market, have been used by Ashkenazic congregations throughout the world; and the Tefillah had run to as many as 128 editions by 1902 ("Zeit. für Hebr. Bibl." v. 99). This period was likewise marked by the inauguration of Hebrew printing at Carlsruhe, at first under the egis of Christian printers beginning with Johann Herald in 1755, and later under Wilhelm Lotter from 1766. It was not till 1782 that Hirsch Wormser and his brother-in-law were allowed to start a printing-press, chiefly for ritual works. They were followed in 1814 by David Marx. Altogether about 61 Hebrew prints from this press are known.

Russia.

But the period is especially noteworthy for the rise and development of Hebrew printing in the lands where most persons lived who were acquainted with Hebrew. It is somewhat difficult to account for the fact that there was absolutely no Hebrew printing in the districts now constituting Russian Poland and the Pale of Settlement till past the middle of the eighteenth century, though they have for the past 200 years contained the largest number of Jews and the greatest number of those acquainted with Hebrew. In the old Polish kingdom the Council of the Four Lands kept a somewhat rigid control over the production of Hebrew books, to which it secured a kind of copyright by threatening excommunication for anybody reprinting works having its approbation. The Cossack outrages of 1648 had destroyed the chance of any independent printing in these countries, and the markets were mainly supplied by Prague, Cracow, Lublin, and later Frankfort-on-the-Oder. It was not till after the troublous period of the three partitions (1772-95) that local presses began to be established in Russia. Mention may here perhaps be made of the printing of the Karaite Tefillah (1784) at Eupatoria (not yet, however, within the precincts of the Russian empire), followed by that of the Krimchaks in the next year, and reference may also be made to two or three works printed at Olexnitz (1760-67) in connection with the beginnings of Ḥasidism. Soon after this, printing had begun in Koretz (1777), and was followed at Neuhof (Novy Dvor) near Warsaw (1782), at Polonnoye (1783-91), at Shklov (1783), and at Poretzk (1786-91). Lithuania for the first time obtained a printing-press of its own by the privilege granted by King Stanislaus Augustus to Baruch Romm, who established a printing-office at Grodno in 1789. After the settlement at the third partition under Catherine II., a considerable number of Russianprinting-offices sprang up, which will be found in the list on pages 328 and 330. They continued to increase during the nineteenth century till Nicholas I. in 1845 passed a law restricting all Hebrew printing to two establishments, one at Wilna, the other at Slavuta. Königsberg, Johannisberg, Lyck, Memel, Eydtkuhnen, and other cities of East Prussia supplied the Russian requirements. This practically gave a monopoly of the Russian market to the firm of Romm, which had moved from Grodno to Wilna in 1799. But it maintained connection with Grodno, producing in 1835 a well-known edition of the Talmud which bears the imprint "Wilna and Grodno." The Romms down to the present day continue to be the most extensive Hebrew printers in Russia; but of recent years the Warsaw publishing firms "Tushiyyah" and "Aḥiasaf" produce perhaps even to a larger extent than the Wilna firm.

Austria.

Mention may be made here of the Austrian presses in the nineteenth century, which have been very productive, especially those of Vienna, where Anton von Schmid obtained from 1800 onward the monopoly for the Austrian empire, and as a consequence produced about 250 Hebrew works, including a reprint of the Mendelssohn Bible and many Jewish prayer-books, besides the periodical "Bikkure ha'Ittim." He was succeeded by his son, from whom the business was bought by De la Torre. The monopoly being given up, J. Schlesinger assumed the work; he devoted himself especially to rituals also for the outlying colonies of Jews, producing a Siddur for the Yemen Jews, a Maḥzor for the Algerian Jews, and other rituals for northern Africa; the Catalonian and Aragonian congregations of Salonica also had their rituals printed at Vienna. Other Austrian and Hungarian presses were at Lemberg, Cracow (Joseph Fischer), Presburg (Alkalai), Paks, Przemysl, Lublin, etc.

J.Oriental. From the Heidenheim Maḥzor, Rödelheim, 1832.

Mention has already been made of the beginnings of Oriental typography in the city of Constantinople. Toward the end of the sixteenth century Donna Reyna Mendesia founded what might be called a private printing-press at Belvedere or Kuru Chesme (1593). The next century the Franco family, probably from Venice, also established a printing-press there, and was followed by Joseph b. Jacob of Solowitz (near Lemberg), who established at Constantinople in 1717 a press which existed to the end of the century. He was followed by a Jewish printer from Venice, Isaac de Castro (1764-1845), who settled at Constantinople in 1806; his press is carried on by his son Elia de Castro, who is still the official printer of the Ottoman empire. Both the English and the Scotch missionsto the Jews published Hebrew works at Constantinople.

Together with Constantinople should be mentioned Salonica, where Judah Gedaliah began printing in 1512, and was followed by Solomon Jabez (1516) and Abraham Bat-Sheba (1592). Hebrew printing was also conducted here by a convert, Abraham ha-Ger. In the eighteenth century the firms of Naḥman (1709-89), Miranda (1730), Falcon (1735), and Ḳala'i (1764) supplied the Orient with ritual and halakic works. But all these firms were outlived by an Amsterdam printer, Bezaleel ha-Levi, who settled at Salonica in 1741, and in whose name the publication of Hebrew and Ladino books and periodicals still continues. The Jabez family printed at Adrianople before establishing its press at Salonica; the Hebrew printing annals of this town had a lapse until 1888, when a literary society entitled Doreshe Haskalah published some Hebrew pamphlets, and the official printing-press of the vilayet printed some Hebrew books.

From Ḥayyim Vital's "Sha'are Ḳedushshah," Aleppo, 1866.

From Salonica printing passed to Safed in Palestine, where Abraham Ashkenazi established in 1588 a branch of his brother Eleazar's Salonica house. According to some, the Shulḥan 'Aruk was first printed there. In the nineteenth century a member of the Bak family printed at Safed (1831-41), and from 1864 to 1884 Israel Dob Beer also printed there. So too at Damascus one of the Bat-Shebas brought a press from Constantinople in 1706 and printed for a time. In Smyrna Hebrew printing began in 1660 with Abraham b. Jedidiah Gabbai; and no less than thirteen other establishments have from time to time been founded. One of them, that of Jonah Ashkenazi, lasted from 1731 to 1863. E. Griffith, the printer of the English Mission, and B. Tatiḳian, an Armenian, also printed Hebrew works at Smyrna. A single work was printed at Cairo in 1740. Hebrew printing has also been undertaken at Alexandria since 1875 by one Faraj Ḥayyim Mizraḥi.

Jerusalem.

Israel Bak, who had reestablished the Safed Hebrew press, and was probably connected with the Bak family of Prague, moved to Jerusalem in 1841 and printed there for nearly forty years, up to 1878. Quite a number of presses which deserve enumeration have been set up in the Holy City; viz., those of Israel Bak (1841) and his son Nisan; Joel Moses Solomon (1863); Elijah Moses Ḥai Sassoon (1864); Israel Dob Frumkin (1871), the editor of the journal "Ḥabaẓẓelet"; Isaac Goscinny (1876); Elhanan Tenenbaum (1879-90); Isaac b. Jacob Hirschensohn (1880) and his successors; Samuel Levi Zuckermann (1882); Moses Perez (1884); Abraham Moses Luncz (1885), known for his annual publications "Luaḥ Ereẓ Yisrael" and "Yerushalayim"; Eliezer ben Judah, called Perlemann, director of the journal "Hashḳafah," originally "Ha-Ẓebi"; J. Nahum Lewi (1887); Adelmann and Meyuḥas (1887); M. Lilienthal (1895); Meir Blumenthal (1897); Sonnenfeld & Blumenthal (1897); Loeb Kahana (1899); A. M. Goldberg (1901); and Moses A. Azriel (1901).

From "Sefer ha-'Ibbur," Printed by Filipowski, London, 1853.From Jerusalem Talmud, Jitomir, 1865.From "Sefer Gan 'Eden," Guzlow, 1866.From Buber's Pesiḳta, Lyck, 1868.From Szold's Commentary on Job, Baltimore, 1886.

One of the Jerusalem printers, Elijah Sassoon, moved his establishment to Aleppo in 1866. About the same time printing began in Bagdad under Mordecai & Co., who recently have had the competition of Judah Moses Joshua and Solomon Bekor Ḥussain. At Beirut the firm of Selim Mann started printing in 1902. Reverting to the countries formerly under Turkish rule, it may be mentioned that Hebrew and Ladino books have been printed at Belgrade since 1814 at the national printing establishment by members of the Alḳala'i family. Later Jewish printing-houses are those of Eleazar Rakowitz and Samuel Horowitz (1881). In Sarajevo Hebrew printing began in 1875; and another firm, that of Daniel Kashon, started in 1898. At Sofia there have been no less than four printing-presses since 1893, the last that of Joseph Pason (1901), probably from Constantinople. Also at Rustchuk, since 1894, members of the Alḳala'i family have printed, while at Philippopolis the Pardo Brothers started their press in 1898 before moving it to Safed. Altogether in the Levant about eighteen cities have had 121 Hebrew printing establishments between 1504 and 1905. Their productions have been mainly rituals, responsa of local rabbis, and Cabala; the type has been mostly Rashi, and the result has not been very artistic.

J. M. Fr.England and the United States.

In the English-speaking lands Hebrew printing proceeded slowly among the Jews. In England, for example, after a few Hebrew books had been printed by Christian printers the Alexanders began their series of prayer-books about 1770, which have continued to be reissued down to the present day; they were succeeded by the Valentines. The firm of Wertheimer, Lea & Co. printed most of the Jewish Hebrew productions of England till recently, including the first edition of the popular authorized prayer-book, of which 100,000 copies have been issued. The Clarendon Press, however, has during the last thirty years printed many works on rabbinic subjects, and has been followed by the Pitt Press of Cambridge, which issued especially the Mishnah edition by W. H. Lowe and the "Pirḳe Abot" of C. Taylor.

From Rabinowicz's "Catalogue Merzbacher," Munich, 1888.

In the British colonies only sporadic works have been published at Bombay and Aden, where the Yemen Jews have recently been printing a few of their manuscripts in oblong format. The use of Hebrew type in the Australian and African colonies appears to be confined to newspapers. The same applies to the French colonies in North Africa, though various productions have appeared at Algiers, Tunis, and Oran.

In the United States Hebrew printing was even later in appearance. Apart from a reprint at Philadelphia in 1814 of Athias' unpointed Bible, and Leeser's reprint of the Van der Hooght Bible in 1849, the first Hebrew book printed in America was "Abne Yehoshua'," by Joshua Falk, at New York in 1860. The chief production of the Hebrew press of the United States hitherto has been the commentary on Job by B. Szold, printed by I. Friedenwald at Baltimore; but since the emigration from Russia and Rumania large numbers of occasional works have been produced at New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. In the first-named city the productions of the press of A. H. Rosenberg are voluminous.

From "Zimrot Yisrael," Aden, 1891.From W. H. Lowe's "The Mishna," Cambridge, 1883.From the "Steinschneider Festschrift," Leipsic, 1896.From Schorr's "Sefer Ha-'Ittim," Cracow, 1902.From Schechter's "Midrash ha-Gadol," Vienna, 1902.

A great deal of very good Hebrew printing, however, is done by non-Jewish printers, and often at university presses, where the Christian theologians who devote their attention to rabbinics print their lucubrations. In addition, presses that make a special business of Oriental printing, like those of Drugulin of Leipsic and Brill of Leyden, also produce Hebrew works, the former having printed the well-known Polychrome Bible edited by Professor Haupt and published at Baltimore. By a special process the various sources of the Biblical books in this edition are distinguished by different colors, not of the type, but of the paper upon which the sections are printed. The various Bible societies have also produced some fine specimens of Hebrew printing, the chief being the so-called Letteris Bible, having the Authorized Version at the side, printed at Vienna; and the Ginsburg Bible, printed by the court printer Karl Fromme in Vienna. The Masorah, also edited by Ginsburg, is another fine piece of Hebrew printing by Fromme; while one of the best Hebrew prints is the fifth edition of the translation into Hebrew of the New Testament, by Franz Delitzsch, printed by Trowitsch & Co. of Berlin.

The following is a list (extending from the introduction of printing to the present day) of towns at which Hebrew presses are known to have existed; those places in which only Christian printers have been concerned, mainly in issuing Biblical editions, are set in italics. As far as possible, dates have been given for the first publication of Hebrew at the different localities. Where this was effected by Christian printers the date is marked with an asterisk. The letters "J. E." within parentheses following the names of towns indicate that special articles are given in The Jewish Encyclopedia upon the typography of such towns. In a number of instances special monographs have been written upon the typography of various places, and these are cited together with their references. The remaining towns are mentioned by Steinschneider in his "Jüdische Typographie," in Ersch and Gruber, "Encyc." (section ii., part 28, pp. 21-94), or by Zedner and Harkavy. In a few instances the entries from Zedner may refer to publication rather than to printing.

Hebrew Presses.Aden| | 189-  
---|---|---  
Adrianople| | 1554-55  
Aix| | 1855  
Alcala (Complutum)| | 1514  
Aleppo| | 1866  
Alexandria (No-Ammon)| | 1875  
Algiers| | 1855  
Altdorf| | 1674  
Altona| | 1727 et seq.  
| Grunwald, Hamburgs Deutsche Juden; Steinschneider, Zeitschrift für Gesch. der Juden in Deutschland, i. 1-5.  
Amsterdam| | 1627 et seq.  
Andover, Mass.| |   
Antwerp| | 1566-90  
Augsburg| | 1514-43  
| Steinschneider, Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland, i. 1-5.  
Avignon| | 1765  
Bagdad| | 1657, 1867  
Baltimore.| |   
Bamberg| | 1837  
Barco| | 1496-97  
Basel| | 1516  
Bath| | 1803  
Beirut| | 1839, 1902  
Belgrade| | 1841  
Berdychev| | 1798  
Bergamo| | 1599  
Berlin| *| 1699  
Bern| | 1555 ?  
Bistrovitz| | 1592  
Blizurka| | 1806-7  
Boguslav| | 1809-  
Bologna| | 1482-83  
Bombay| | 1856  
Bonn| | 1537-41  
Boston| *| 1735  
Bremen| | 1673  
Brescia| | 1491-94  
Breslau| | 1719  
| Brann, Volkskalender, 1890.  
Breznitza.| |   
Brilon| | 1862  
Brody.| |   
Brooklyn| | 1893  
Brünn| | 1799  
Brunswick| | 1838  
Brussels| | 1841  
Bucharest| | 1860  
Budapest| | 1823  
Buenos Ayres| | 1891  
Byelaya Tserkov| | 1817 -  
Byelostok| | 1805-  
Cairo| | 1740  
Calcutta| | 1844  
Cambridge| *| 1685  
Carlsruhe| | 1755-  
| Biberfeld, Zeitschrift für Hebr. Bibl. i., ii.  
Carpentras.| |   
Casal-Maggiore| | 1486  
Cassel| | 1807  
Chicago.| |   
Chieri| | 1627-29  
Cincinnati| | 1857  
Cleveland.| |   
Cleves| | 1770  
Cologne| | 1518, 53-63  
Colomea.| |   
Constance| | 1543-44  
Constantinople (J. E.)| | 1503-86  
Copenhagen| | 1628  
Corfu| | 1829  
Cöthen| | 1703  
| Freudenthal, Aus der Heimat Moses Mendelssohns.  
Cracow (J. E.)| | 1530-1670  
Cremona| | 1556-60  
| De Rossi, Annali Typographici, 1808.  
Czernowitz| | 1856  
Damascus| | 1605-6  
Danzig| | 1849  
Darmstadt| | 1822  
Dessau (J. E.)| | 1696  
| Freudenthal, Aus der Heimat Moses Mendelssohns  
Dorpat| | 1804  
Drogobuzh.| |   
Dubno| | 1794  
Dubrovna| | 1802-4  
Dyhernfurth (J. E.)| | 1689  
| Brann, in Monatsschrift, 1896.  
Edinburgh| | 1857  
Erlangen| | 1593  
Esslingen| | 1475  
Eupatoria| | 1734  
Eydtkuhnen.| |   
Fano| | 1503-16  
Faro (J. E.)| | 1487  
Ferrara (J. E.)| | 1477  
| De Rossi, De Typographia Hebrœo-Ferrariensi, Parma, 1780.  
Florence| | 1736  
Francker| | 1597-1681  
Frankfort-on-the-Main (J. E.)| | 1512  
Frankfort-on-the-Oder (J. E.)| | 1551(?), 1677-  
Freiburg| | 1583-84  
Fürth| | 1691-1730  
| Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. xviii. 114 et seq.  
Galatz| *|   
Geismar| | 1649  
Geneva| | 1554  
Genoa| | 1516  
Giessen| | 1705, 14  
Glogau| | 1840  
Göritz| | 1852  
Gotha| | 1702  
Göttingen| | 1742  
Grodno| | 1788-  
Gröningen| | 1676  
Grubeschov| | 1817-  
Guadalajara| | 1482  
Güstrow| | 1634  
Hagenau| | 1515  
Hague| | 1779-  
Halberstadt| | 1859  
Halle| | 1700-19  
| Freudenthal, Aus der Hei mat Moses Mendelssohns.  
Hamburg| | 1587-  
| Grunwald, Hamburgs Deutsche Juden, pp. 153.  
Hanau| | 1610-30  
| 1708-25  
Hanover| | 1840  
Heddernheim| | 1546  
Heidelberg| | 1586  
Helmstedt.| |   
Hergeswiese ?| |   
Homburg| | 1711-50  
Hrubieszow| | 1819  
Husiatyn.| |   
Ichenhausen| | 1544  
| Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. xii. 125, Suppl.; idem, Cat. Bodl. No. 361.  
Inowrazlaw.| |   
Isny| | 1541-42  
Ixar| | 1485-95  
Jassy| | 1843  
Jastowitz| *| 1898  
Jena| | 1675  
Jerusalem| | 1846  
Jessnitz| | 1719-26  
| Freudenthal, Aus der Heimat Moses Mendelssohns.  
Johannesburg| *| 1897  
Johannisberg| | 1855  
Jozefov| | 1826  
Kale| | 1734  
Kalios| | 1809-10  
Kearny (N. J.)| | 1904  
Kiel| | 1709  
Kishinef| | 1883  
Kones| | 1797-  
Königsberg| | 1759  
Kopust| | 1818  
Koretz| | 1776-  
Koslov (see Eupatoria).| |   
Kremenetz| | 1805-  
Krotoschin| | 1837  
Kupil| | 1796  
Kuru Chesme| | 1597  
Ladie| | 1805  
Laszow| | 1815  
Leghorn| | 1650-  
Leipsic| | 1538-  
Leiria| | 1492-94  
Lemberg| | 1810  
Leyden| | 1528-1756  
Libau| *| 1879  
Lisbon| | 1489-92  
Lissa| | 1824  
| Lewin, Geschichte der Juden in Lissa, pp. 153-154, Pinne, 1904.  
London (J. E.)| *| 1711-  
Lübeck| | 1650  
Lublin (J. E.)| | 1550, 56-74  
| Friedberg, Zur Geschichte der Hebräischen Typographie in Lublin, Cracow, 1890.  
Lunéville| | 1798-  
Lyck| | 1859  
Lyons| | 1526  
Madras| | 1819  
Madrid.| |   
Magdeburg| | 1607  
Mannheim| | 1856  
Mantua (J. E.).| | 1476-80  
| 1513-14  
| 1580-1699  
| Zunz, Z. G. pp. 249-260.  
Marburg.| |   
Mayence| | 1523-  
Mecklenburg| | 1724  
Medzhibozh| | 1817-18  
Memel| | 1861  
Metz| | 1765  
| Carmoly, Revue Orientale, iii. 209 et seq., 283 et seq.  
Mezhirich| | 1809  
Mezkirof| | 1790-95  
Milan| | 1620  
Minkovsk| | 1790-1803  
Minneapolis, Minn.| |   
Minsk| | 1807-  
Moghilef-on-the-Dnieper| | 1825  
Moghilef-on-the-Dniester| | 1798-  
Mühlhausen| |   
Munich| | 1860  
Munkaez.| |   
Nagy-Surany| *|   
Naples| | 1486-92  
Neuhof (Novy-Dvor)| | 1782-96  
Neuwied| | 1736-49  
New York| | 1860  
Newark.| |   
Nikolsburg| | 1767  
Nuremberg| | 1599  
Odessa| | 1845-  
Oels| | 1530-35  
| Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. No. 306.  
Ofen (see Budapest).| |   
Offenbach| | 1714  
Olexnitz| | 1760-67  
Oran| | 1856  
Ortakoi| | 1717-19  
Ortona| | 1519 -  
Ostrog| | 1794-96  
Oxford| | 1655  
Padua| | 1562-1640  
Paks.| |   
Paris (J. E.)| *| 1508-1629  
| 17  
Parma| | 1805  
Pasewalk.| |   
Pesaro (J. E.)| | 1507-27  
Philadelphia| *| 1814  
Philippopolis| | 1898  
Piotrkow| | 1877-  
Piove di Sacco (J. E.)| | 1475  
Pisa| | 1816  
Pittsburg| *|   
Podbrejetz| | 1796-1803  
Podgorze.| |   
Polonnoye| | 1783-91  
Pontefract| | 1810  
Poritzk| | 1786-91  
Posen| | 1859  
Prague| | 1512  
| Zunz, Z. G. pp. 261-303.  
Presburg| | 1839  
Prossnitz (Prosstitz)| | 1602-5  
| Weisse, in Notizblatt der Gesellschaft des Ackerbaus, 1856, pp. 56 et seq.  
Przemysl| |   
Radawel (Radziwilof)| | 1814-25  
Reggio| | 1475  
Riga| | 1852  
Rimini (J. E.)| | 1521-26  
Riva di Trento (J. E.)| | 1558-62  
| Carmoly, Revue Orientale; Steinschneider, Hebr. Bibl. vii. 113- 114.  
Röodelheim| | 1757  
| Carmoly, l.c. iii. 303.  
Rome (J. E.)| | 1518, 46-  
| 81| |   
Rostock| | 1637  
Rotterdam| | 1857  
Rustchuk| | 1894  
Sabbionetta| | 1551-59  
| De Rossi, Annales Typographici, 1806.  
Sadagora| | 189-  
Safed| | 1563-87, 1664  
St. Louis.| |   
St. Petersburg| | 1818-  
Salingiaci| | 1515-1655  
Salonica| | 1515  
San Francisco| |   
Sarajevo| | 1875  
Sensburg.| |   
Sentheim.| |   
Shanghai| | 1851  
Shklov| | 1783  
Slankowitz| | 1807  
Slavuta| | 1792-96  
Smyrna| | 1657  
Sofia| | 1893  
Solingen.| |   
Soncino (J. E.)| | 1483-90  
Sorvi| | 1764  
Stade| | 1803  
Stettin| | 1861  
Strasburg| | 1591  
Stuttgart| | 1724  
Sudzilkov| | 1798-1836  
Sulzbach| | 1684-  
| Weinberg, Die Hebräische Druckerei in Sulzbach, 1669-1851, Frankfort, 1904.  
Suwalki| | 1861-  
Sziget.| |   
Tannhausen| | 1593  
| Perles, in Monatsschrift (1876), xiv. 350 et seq.  
Tarnopol| | 1814  
Tarnov| | 1860  
Thiengen| | 1560  
| Wiener, in Monatsschrift, xii. 273 et seq.  
Thorn.| |   
Triest| | 1858  
Trino| | 1525  
Tübingen| | 1512  
Tunis| | 1768  
Turin| | 1526  
Turko| | 1763  
Ungvar| | 1564  
Upsala| | 1655  
Utrecht| | 1657  
Venice| *| 1517-56, 64  
Verona| | 1594-1650  
Vienna| | 1827  
Waitzen| *| 1892  
Wandsbeck| | 1709  
| Grunwald, Hamburgs Deutsche Juden.  
Warsaw| | 1796-  
Wekelsdorf| | 1600  
Wengrov| | 1794-  
Wilky (Kovno)| *| 1895-1901  
Wilmersdorf| | 1670-1736  
| Freimann, Die Annalen der Druckerei in Wilmersdorf, in Berliner's Festschrift.  
Wilna| | 1799-  
Wittenberg| | 1521-87  
| Bauch, in Monatsschrift, 1904.  
Worms| | 1529  
Würzburg| | 1821  
Yaroslav.| |   
Zamora| | 1482-87  
Zaslav| | 1807  
Zhitomir| | 1804-5  
Zolkiev| | 1693-  
Züllichau| | 1728-  
Zurich| | 1546  
From Pentateuch, Lublin, 1897.II. Characteristics: Form of Letters.

There are in all four chief forms in which Hebrew letters are printed: the square; the Rashi; the Weiberteutsch, so called because it was used for the "Ẓe'enah u-Re'enah" read by women; and finally the cursive, imitating the handwriting used for business and other correspondence. The first three appeared as early as the beginning of Hebrew typography (see Incunabula); the fourth, only in the eighteenth century, mainly in books on business training, writing-books in this character being produced at Amsterdam in 1715.

One of the characteristics of Hebrew printing from its beginning was the different sizes in which the characters were printed, the Ṭur of Piove di Sacco, 1475, already showing three forms. This is attributed to the commentatorial character of rabbinic literature, the commentary naturally being printed in a smaller type than the text, and the supercommentary in a still smaller one, and the index to both in a yet more minute type. Such a difference of types soon led to the arrangement by which the text was printed in the center, with the commentaries in concentric arrangement around it. This plan has been employed with increasing elaboration; and in the last rabbinic Bible printed by the firm of Schrifgiesser at Warsaw no less than thirty-two commentaries are included, many of which are on a single page. In the beginning this arrangement simply followed that of the ordinary medieval manuscripts in which commentaries occurred. To fill spaces that would otherwise remain empty recourse was had to the use of letters of greater width, the so-called "littere dilatibiles"; but in early prints the first letter of the following word was often inserted instead. Sheet-marks and pagination were only gradually introduced; they were almost invariably in Hebrew letters printed on the recto only; each second page was numbered, the reference to the two sides (pages) of the sheet being by alef, bet, nowadays represented by a, b; e.g., B. Ḳ. 10b; R. H. 17a (Isaiah Berlin tried to introduce the full point and colon, but without much success). The pagination of the Talmud was established by Bomberg, the arrangement of whose pages has been followed in all subsequent editions. Vowel-points and accents occur for the most part only in Bibles and prayer-books, and divisions of chapter and verse in the Bible only rarely till later times.

Paper and Format.

The paper of the early prints is generally good; that of the eighteenth century usually the opposite; the issues of Fürth, Cracow, and Rödelheim are generally distinguished by their foxy paper. White paper was generally used, but the Oppenheimer collection contained fifty-seven volumes on blue, seven on green, two on yellow, and a Haggadah on red paper. Rubrics are printed in red in a work issued at Freiburg in 1584. Amsterdam printers sometimes print red on white; Deinard at Newark on varicolored paper. Large-paper editions occur rather frequently, and parchment was used for special copies, the Oppenheimer collection having fifty-one of these, and many of the copies of the Bologna Tefillah of 1537 being printed on that material, though one on excellent paper is to befound in the Sulzberger collection at New York. All kinds of format occur from the earliest times, but the folio and quarto were chiefly used, the octavo and duodecimo being employed mainly in prayer-books. In the Oppenheimer collection the proportions of the various sizes were as follows:

Folio| 1,005  
---|---  
Quarto| 1,240  
Octavo| 901  
Duodecimo| 330  
  
Strange to say, one of the most bulky of Hebrew books was also one of the earliest, Avicenna's "Canon," with 826 folio pages; this, however, is now far exceeded by the Babli with its 2,947 pages in one volume (Berdychev, 1894).

The Leghorn prints were at times in oblong form, while the recent Aden productions are of the same form, but with the longer side at the back. For variations of the Title-Pages see Jew. Encyc. xii. 154, and for ornamentations see the article Printers' Marks. To those mentioned in the latter article the following may be added: Ashkenazi (Safed, 1587), lion with two tails; Bat-Sheba (Salonica), half lion, half eagle; Mayer ben Jacob (Venice), elephant; Conti (Cremona), shield, angel, eagle; Abraham b. David (Talmud Torah, Salonica, 1719), three crowns; Koelner (Frankfort-on-the-Main), imperial eagle; De Lannoy (Offenbach), nest of bird with flowers; Aaron Lipman (Sulzbach), tree, crab, fish, and serpent; Shabbethai Bass (Dyhernfurth), two bars of music.

Colophon and Title-Page.

The idea of representing the title-page of a book as a door with portals appears to have attracted Jewish as well as other printers. The fashion appears to have been started at Venice about 1521, whence it spread to Constantinople. Bomberg used two pillars in his "Miklol" of 1545, and this was imitated at Cracow and Lublin. These pillars are often supported by, or support, figures, draped or undraped, as in the "Toẓe'ot Ḥayyim" of Cracow (c. 1593). A Maḥzor of Cracow (1619) has a flying angel of death, while the Pirḳe R. Eliezer of Constantinople (1640) has a centaur and siren. The tree with the shield of David supported by two lions appears first in the Sabbionetta prints, and is imitated by other symbolic figures, as the eagle in the Amsterdam Seliḥot of 1677. These decorations of the title-page led later to illustrations within the work itself, the first of these being in the "Mashal ha-Ḳadmoni," Soncino, 1491. The "Yosippon" and other works of a historical character were favorite receptacles for rather crude illustrations of this kind, as were also the Passover Haggadot, in which even maps of the Holy Land were printed (see Haggadah).

The place and date of printing, as also the name of the printer, were generally expressed in Colophons, but in later times were also placed on the title-page. The day of the week is often indicated by references to Biblical texts, having in view the lucky character of Tuesday as a beginning day (see Week). The date is also often made known by a text (see Chronogram). The omission of letters in these dates often leads to confusion (Zunz, "Datenbestimmungen," in "G. S." i.); and the place of publication does not always coincide with that of printing. Even the place of printing has sometimes to be checked, as frequently German printers attempted to claim the style and authority of Amsterdam, and those of Fürth passed themselves off as coming from Sulzbach. The place of printing was sometimes omitted in order to evade the censor.

Printers.

Information is often given in these colophons as to the size of the office and the number of persons engaged therein and the character of their work. In the larger offices there would be a master printer ("ba'al madpis"), who was sometimes identical with the proprietor of the office ("ba'al ha-defus"). The actual printer was called "madpis," or sometimes "meḥoḳeḳ." The master printer was occasionally assisted by a manager or factor ("miẓib 'al hadefus"). Besides these there was a compositor ("meẓaref" or "mesadder"), first mentioned in the "Leshon Limmudim" of Constantinople (1542). Many of these compositors were Christians, as in the workshop of Juan di Gara, or at Frankfort-on-the-Main, or sometimes even proselytes to Judaism (see above). Finally, good proof-readers or correctors for the press were always indispensable. They were called "maggihim." Notwithstanding their help, a list of errata was often necessary, one of the earliest occurring in a German Maḥzor produced at Salonica in 1563.

From the Letteris Bible, Vienna, 1892.

Up to the nineteenth century all work was naturally hand-work, and printing was comparatively slow. It took nearly a whole year for the Soncinos to print off 638 folio pages, while sixty years later Giustiniani printed 190 pages of Maimonides' letters in seven days.

For the injury done to the correctness of the text by the censors before and even after printing, see Censorship of Hebrew Books. The existence of censors in Italy, Germany, and Poland rendered the works printed previous to 1554 (the date of the Ferrara conference on this subject) of especial value for the text, though care was taken by the Jews themselves before that date not to offend Christianprejudices too much by printing the more out-spoken passages. In a measure Jews had their own censorship in the form of Approbations ("haskamot"), without which in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries no book was considered altogether respectable. These approbations were sometimes accompanied by special privileges, as when the rabbis of Venice issued a decree against any one buying a certain book except from the printer; and the parnasim of Amsterdam had the right of inflicting a fine for the infringement of the copyright of any one whom they favored. In the case of the Frankfort Talmud imperial permission was found necessary to produce it.

Of the cost of printing in early times little is known. The "Yeẓer Ṭob" of Venice (1597-1606) cost a thousand florins to print, while the thirty-six pages of the "Zore la Nefash" (?) of Venice (1619) cost as much as twenty-five ducats. Joseph Witzenhausen got four thalers a sheet for the Judæo-German translation of the Bible published by Athias. In the early days 300 copies of a work were sufficient. This number of the Psalms with Ḳimḥi (1477) was printed; so, too, of the "Yafeḳ Raẓon," while of the "Torat Ḥesed" only 200 came into existence. For the methods adopted in selling books see the article Book-Trade.

Technique of Hebrew Printing.

Turning to the technical side of Hebrew printing, it has to be remarked that in the justification of Hebrew, wide spacing is to be preferred, and that the vowels and accents have to be justified in a separate line after the consonants have been set up. The wide spacing is rendered necessary by the fact that hyphens can not be used in ordinary Hebrew printing, though in modern works this use is creeping in. To fill out spaces, as mentioned above, the extended letters, "alef," "he," "ḥet," "lamed," "mem," and "taw," are used.

In ordinary Hebrew printing "the compositor begins as he does with English, by setting the characters at the left hand of his copy, turning the nicks of his type inward to face the composing-rule. When the line has been spaced and justified . . . it is turned in the stick" (De Vinne, "Modern Methods of Book Composition," p. 245, New York, 1904). The arrangement of cases for Hebrew varies in different offices, but the accompanying illustration shows that generally adopted. The characters and points most used are in the lower case; accents, broad or extended letters, and letters with points are in the upper case.

The difficulty of Hebrew printing for persons not accustomed to the language consists in the great similarity of some of the letters, as "he," "ḥet," and "taw," "dalet" and "resh," "shin" and "sin," and other letters only distinguished by a dot, representing the dagesh. Final "pe" and final "ẓade" also are sometimes confounded, while their hair-lines often tend to break off during press-work. The contrast of the shaded portions of the letters with the hair-lines is perhaps the most marked type-founder's characteristic of Hebrew as compared with Roman type, in which hair-lines are avoided as much as possible. The actual forms of the letters have changed little since the first appearance of matrices in Italy in the fifteenth century. The tendency is rather toward making the letters smaller in size and squarer. Some of the most beautiful type of this kind is that of Filipowski. It is said that compositors unfamiliar with Hebrew tend to set type more accurately, though more slowly, owing to the extra care they devote to following copy. Few ordinary printing establishments have Hebrew type, and on the rare occasions when it is necessary to use it it is customary to borrow it from an establishment with a more varied outfit of types, or to have the type set up in such an establishment, the whole matter cast, and transferred bodily as a single type into the text. Christian printers handle only the square letter, Rashi and cursive always being set up by Jewish typesetters.

Hebrew Upper and Lower Cases.(From Theodore L. De Vinne's "Modern Methods of Book Composition," New York, 1904.)Productivity of Hebrew Presses.

With regard to the works which have been turned out by Hebrew printers during the last 450 years, it would be interesting to determine approximately their number and character. During the first quarter of the century in which incunabula were produced (1475-1500) 100 Hebrew works were issued, at the rate of four per annum. During the next forty years (1500-40) about 440 were issued (M. Schwab, in "Les Incunables Orientaux," enumerates 430 up to this period) averaging eleven per annum. During the next two periods from 1540 to 1732 a rough estimate would give the number of works at 6,605; namely, Bibles,710; Targum, 70; Talmud, 590; ritual, 1,000; anonymous, 350; Judæo-German, 385; and works of specific authors, 3,500—an average of about thirty-three works issued per annum. During the 160 years since the last-mentioned date the production has rapidly increased, but it is difficult to determine the exact numbers. Some indication can be obtained by the gradually increased number of Hebrew works mentioned in the various sources as follows:

Bibliographer.| Date.| Hebrew Books.  
---|---|---  
1.| Shabbethai Bass| 1680| 2,200  
2.| Bartolocci| 1693| 1,943  
3.| J. C. Wolf| 1733| 2,832  
4.| Azulai| 1790| 3,527  
5.| Oppenheimer| 1826| 4,221  
6.| Steinschneider, "Hebr. Bibl."| 1858-82| 2,004  
7.| Steinschneider| 1860| 5,232  
8.| Fürst urst| 1863| 9,360  
9.| Zedner| 1867| 5,220  
10.| Benjacob (including manuscripts and references)| 1880| 14,978  
really about  
6,500  
11.| Lippe (vols. i. and ii.)| 1880-89| 1,210  
12.| Van Straalen| 1894| 11,100  
13.| Zeitlin| 1895| 3,643  
14.| Lippe (vol. iii., addenda)| 1899| 878  
15.| Wiener (to "ṭet")| 1904| 4,575  
Number of Hebrew Works.

Wiener's list promises to run to 17,000. If one may judge from the numbers given by him, and take account of the fact that the average recorded by Steinschneider between 1860 and 1880, about 100 per annum, is at best only a minimum, having been recently largely increased, there can be no doubt that 20,000 volumes have been produced during the last period. This is confirmed by the fact that the Asiatic Museum of St. Petersburg, containing the largest Hebrew collection in the world, has no less than 30,000 volumes, of which 5,000 are written in Judæo-German and Yiddish. The Jerusalem National Library (founded by Chazanowicz) in 1902 had 22,233 volumes, 10,900 of them Hebrew ("Ha-Meliẓ," 1902, No. 259). The British Museum in 1867 had nearly the same number. It would be of interest to compare the classes under which these various works are included, with the relative number of volumes contained in these two collections (see preceding table).

Classes.| Zedner.| Chazanowicz.  
---|---|---  
1.| Bibles| 1,260| 794  
2.| Bible Commentaries| 510  
3.| Talmud| 730  
4.| Talmud Commentaries| 700| 202  
5.| Methodology| ....| 272  
6.| Codes| 1,260| 447  
7.| Code Commentaries| ....| 386  
8.| Novellæ| 520| 644  
9.| Responsa| ....| 512  
10.| Liturgy| 1,200| 881  
11.| Midrash and Yalḳuṭ| 150| 389  
12.| Sermons| 450| 587  
13.| Cabala| 460| 533  
14.| Grammar and Dictionaries| 450| 588  
15.| History, Archeology, and Memoirs.| 320| 1,231  
16.| Geography and Travels in Palestine| ....| 292  
17.| Poetry, Criticism| 770| 585  
18.| Science| 180| 260  
19.| Theology and Polemics| 690| 449  
20.| Ethics| ....| 430  
21.| Educational| ....| 265  
22.| Fiction| ....| 510  
23.| Periodicals, Newspapers, Catalogues| ....| 648  
24.| Yiddish| ....| 900  
  
It would be still more interesting to determine the actual works and editions of them which go to make up the 20,000 or so separate works which have been produced by the Hebrew presses up to the end of the nineteenth century. Unfortunately Hebrew bibliography is not in such a state that this could be done with any approach to accuracy, but a considerable number of subject lists have been made from which a close approximation can be given for the various branches. The sources from which lists are derived vary in thoroughness, mainly according to their date. Information from Reland, or the old Oppenheim catalogue of 1826, naturally does not vie with points ascertained from Steinschneider or S. Wiener, but such as it is, the following list will serve both as an indication of the topics treated of in Hebrew literature and as a guide to the sources in which the fullest account at present known is given. Occasionally the lists include sections of works which should not strictly be counted, as this leads to duplication, and besides some of the entries include also manuscripts. On the other hand, these items probably do not more than compensate for the omissions in the older lists. In some few instances no actual enumeration is accessible, and in these cases the number given by the Chazanowicz collection has been repeated as being the closest approximation that can now be offered. Altogether about 15,380 works are thus accounted for out of the 18,000 or 20,000 Hebrew works and editions that have been produced.

Subject.| No.| Source.  
---|---|---  
I.| Bibles| ......| British Museum Catalogue.  
| | Polyglot| 220|   
| | Complete| 175|   
| | Yiddish| 3|   
| | Pentateuch| 177|   
| | Prophets| 6|   
| | Hagiographa| 13|   
| | Pentateuch Parts.| 15|   
| | Megillot Parts.| 10|   
| | Psalms| 44|   
| | Prophets, additional.| 11|   
| | Apocrypha| 12|   
II.| Bible Commentaries| ......| Reland, "Analecta Rabbinica."  
| | Complete Bible| 11|   
| | Pentateuch| 214|   
| | Prophets| 39|   
| | Hagiographa| 62|   
| | Supercommentaries.| 65|   
| | Megillot| 106|   
| | Miscellaneous| 145|   
| | Targum| 10|   
III.| Talmud| 172| Zedner and Van Straalen.  
IV.| Talmud Commentaries on Separate Tractates.| 196| Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres."  
V.| Methodology.| |   
| | Indexes| 90| Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres."  
| | Hermeneutics| 237| Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres."  
VI.| Codes| 310| Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl."  
VII.| Code Commentaries| 185| Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl."  
| | Maimonides| 207| Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres ha-Rambam."  
| | On the 613 Commandments.| 171| Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres Taryag."  
VIII.| Novellæ| 298| Benjacob, s.v. "Ḥiddushim."  
| | Posḳim| 347| Oppenheim.  
| | Names| 93| Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres Mazkir."  
IX.| Responsa| 611| Merzbacher, "Ohel Abraham," 1888.  
X.| Liturgy| 1,544| Zedner and Van Straalen.  
| | Teḥinnot| 123| Oppenheim.  
| | Seliḥot| 97| Oppenheim.  
| | Haggadah| 898| S. Wiener, "Oster-Haggadah." St. Petersburg, 1902.  
XI.| Midrash| 213| Jellinek, "Ḳonṭres Midrash."  
XII.| Sermons| 587| Chazanowicz.  
| | Burial| 123| Jellinek, " "Ḳonṭres ha- Masped."  
XIII.| Cabala| 104| Bartolocci.  
XIV.| Grammar and Dictionaries.| 588| Chazanowicz.  
| | Lexicons| 59| Wolf.  
| | Grammar| 424| Steinschneider, "Bibl. Hand."  
XV.| History, Archeology, and Memoirs.| |   
| | History| 317| Steinschneider, "Geschichts-Litteratur der Juden," 1905.  
| | Tombstone Inscriptions.| 21| Jew. Encyc. iii. 641-642, s.v. "Cemeteries."  
| | Taḳḳanot| 17| Steinschneider, "Hebr. Bibl." vi. 16.  
XVI.| Geography| 118| Zunz. "G. S."  
| | Palestine| 154| Steinschneider, in Luncz's "Luaḥ," 1872.  
XVII.| Poetry, Criticism| 585| Chazanowicz.  
| | Occasional Poetry| 207| Benjacob, s.v. "Shirim."  
| | Letters| 142| Benjacob, s.v. "Iggerot."  
| | Tales| 150| Benjacob s.v. "Ma'assim."  
| | Rhetoric| 56| Oppenheim.  
| | Purim and Parodies.| 28| Steinschneider. in "Monatschrift 1903.  
| | Purim Parodies| 57| Steinschneider, in "Letterbode."  
| | Drama, Original| 52| Berliner, "Yesod 'Olam," p. xiii.  
XVIII.| Science| 260| Chazanowicz.  
| | Mathematics| 271| Steinschneider, "Mathematik bei den Juden" (to 1650).  
| | Medicine| 46| Benjacob, s.v. "Refu'ah."  
| | Astronomy| 80| Bartolocci.  
| | Chronology| 27| Bartolocci.  
| | Calendar| 77| Zeitlin, in Gurland's "Luaḥ," 1882.  
XIX.| Theology and Polemics.| 449| Chazanowicz.  
| | Anti-Christian Polemics.| 182| De Rossi, "Bibliotheca Judaica Anti-Christiana."  
| | Future Life| 44| E. Abbot, "Literature of Future Life." 1891.  
| | Karaitica| 51| Deinard (MS. list).  
| | Hasidica| 307|   
XX.| Ethics| 34| Stein, "Ethik des Talmuds."  
| | Wills, Ethical| 60| Abrahams, in "J. Q. R." 481, 4.  
| | Philosophy| 76| Oppenheim.  
| | Proverbs| 184| Bernstein, "Livres Parémiologiques Warsaw, 1900.  
XXI.| Educational| 265| Chazanowicz.  
XXII.| Fiction| 510| Chazanowicz.  
XXIII.| Periodicals.| |   
| | Hebrew| 199|   
| | Yiddish| 191|   
| | Ladino| 53|   
| | Almanacs| 58| Benjacob, s.v. "Luḥot."  
| | Catalogues| 46| Zedner.  
XXIV.| Yiddish| 311| Wiener. "Yiddish Literature," p. 99.  
| | Judæo-German| 385| Steinschneider, "Serapeum," 1848.  
XXV.| Ladino| 164| Kayserling, "Bibl. Esp.-Port.-Jud."  
XXVI.| Translations, Modern.| 152| Jew. Encyc. s.v.  
  
In addition to the examples of Hebrew printing which are given as illustrations in the present article (all of them being derived from the Sulzberger collection in the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York city), the volumes of The Jewish Encyclopedia contain a larger number of reproductions of Hebrew typography than have ever yet been brought together, a list of which, in order of place of publication, may fitly conclude this account.

Where Printed.| Date.| Title.| Jew. Encyc.  
---|---|---|---  
| | | v.| p.  
Alcala| 1514| Bible Polyglot| iii.| 159  
Altdorf| 1644| Title-page of "Sefer Niẓẓaḥon"| xii.| 153  
Amsterdam| 1666| Title-page of Shabbethaian "Tiḳḳun| xii.| 156  
Amsterdam| 1679| Title-page of Bible| xii.| 155  
Amsterdam| 1701| "Sefer Raziel"| x.| 336  
Amsterdam| 1726| Picart, title-page of Pentateuch| x.| 29  
Amsterdam| 1787| "Me'ah Berakot"| iii.| 8  
Amsterdam| ....| Title-page of miniature Siddur| xii.| 156  
Amsterdam| ....| Title-page of Bible| xii.| 157  
Basel| 1534| Münster Bible| ix.| 113  
Berlin| 1702| Jacob b. Asher, Ṭur Oraḥ Ḥayyim| v.| 151  
Bologna| 1477| Psalms with Ḳimḥi| iii.| 155  
Bologna| 1482| Psalms with Pentateuch| iii.| 157  
Bologna| 1538| "Tefillot Latini"| iii.| 299  
Brescia| 1491| Immanuel b. Solomon, "Meḥabberot| vi.| 565  
Brescia| 1494| Bible| iii.| 158  
Budapest| 1903| Karaite Siddur| x.| 179  
Constantinople.| 1512| Midrash Tillim| iv.| 241  
Constantinople.| 1517| Moses ibn Tibbon translation of Maimonides' "Sefer ha-Miẓwot| vi.| 547  
Constantinople.| 1520| Baḥya b. Asher, "Kad haḲemaḥ"| iv.| 243  
Constantinople.| 1532| Elijah Mizraḥi "Mispar," Soncino| v.| 45  
Constantinople.| 1620| Midrash Eleh Ezkerah| viii.| 577  
Cracow| 1571| Maḥzor (Judæo-German)| iv.| 330  
Cracow| ....| Printer's mark of Isaac b. Aaron of Prossnitz| x.| 200  
Dyhernfurth| 1771| Periodicals| ix.| 605  
Fano| 1503| Hai Gaon, "Musar Haskel".| v.| 340  
Fano| 1506| Judah ha-Levi, "Cuzari"| vii.| 349  
Fano| 1516| Jacob b. Asher, "Arba' Ṭurim| iii.| 643  
Faro| 1487| Pentateuch| v.| 345  
Ferrara| 1555| Ḥasdai Crescas, "Or Adonai"| v.| 371  
Genoa| 1612| Title-page of "Shefa' Ṭal"| xii.| 154  
Guadalajara| 1482| David Ḳimḥi's Commentary on the Prophets| vi.| 103  
Homberg-vor-der-Hohe| 1737| Schiff, "Hiddushe Halakot"| xi.| 99  
Isny| 1541| Elijah Levita, "Tishbi"| viii.| 47  
Ixar| 1485| Jacob b. Asher, Oraḥ Ḥayyim| vii.| 13  
Lisbon| 1489| Abudarham| viii.| 105  
Lisbon| 1489| Naḥmanides Commentary on the Pentateuch| ix.| 89  
London| 1813| Almanac| i.| 428  
Lublin| 1590| Mordecai Jaffe, "Lebushim"| vii.| 59  
Lyck| 1865| Periodicals| ix.| 610  
Mantua| 1475| "Yosippon"| vii.| 261  
Mantua| 1476| Jacob b. Asher, Ṭur Oraḥ Ḥayyim.| iv.| 205  
Mantua| Before 1480| Levi b. Gershon, Commentary| iv.| 173  
Mantua| Before 1480| Levi b. Gershon, Commentary on the Pentateuch| viii.| 27  
Mantua| 1561| "Tefillot Vulgar"| iv.| 172  
Naples| 1487| Ḳimḥi Commentary| x.| 247  
Naples| 1488| Abraham ibn Ezra, Commentary on the Pentateuch| vi.| 523  
Naples| 1489| Baḥya's "Ḥobot ha-Lebabot"| ii.| 449  
Naples| 1489| kalonymus, "Eben Boḥan"| vii.| 427  
New York| 1899| Periodicals| ix.| 609  
Paris| 1543| Stephanus Bible| ix.| 538  
Paris| 1807| Sanhedrin Prayers| xi.| 47  
Pesaro| 1512| Soncino, "Sefer Yehoshua'"| iii.| 321  
Piove di Sacco| 1475| Jacob b. Asher, "Arba' Ṭurim"| vii.| 29  
Prague| 1525| Maḥzor| viii.| 267  
Prague| 1526| Haggadah| vi.| 147  
Prague| 1526| Haggadah| x.| 167  
Reggio| 1475| Rashi, Commentary on the Bible| x.| 329  
Rödelheim| 868| Siddur| x.| 177  
Rome| 1480| "'Aruk"| ix.| 181  
Rome| 1480| "Morch Nebukim"| ix.| 79  
Rome| 1480| "Semag"| ix.| 69  
Sabbionetta| 1559| Talmud| xii.| 21  
Salonica| 1522| Isaac Arama, "'Aḳedat Yiẓḥaḳ"| v.| 581  
Soncino| 1484| Solomon ibn Gabirol, "Mibḥar ha-Peninim"| vi.| 531  
Soncino| 1485| "'Iḳḳarim"| xi.| 465  
Soncino| 1485| Maḥzor| viii.| 265  
| | | v.| p.  
Soncino| Before 1500| Title-page of an unknown edition of the Talmud| xii.| 13  
Venice| 1517| Bomberg Bible| iii.| 160  
Venice| 1520| Bomberg Talmud| xii.| 17  
Venice| 1522| Title-page of Bomberg Talmud| xii.| 152  
Venice| 1526| Bomberg Talmud| iii.| 301  
Venice| 1564| Gershon b. Solomon, "Shefer Sha'ar ha-Shamayim"| iii.| 645  
Venice| 1547| Caro, Shulḥan 'Aruk| iii.| 587  
Venice| 1694| "She'elot u-Teshubot"| xi.| 655  
Venice| ....| Title-page of Ritual| xii.| 414  
Vienna| 1901| Periodicals| ix.| 615  
Wilna| 1865| Title-page of Bible| xii.| 157  
Wilna| 1880| Shulḥan 'Aruk| xii.| 529  
Wilna| 1884| Romm Talmud| xii.| 22  
Zurich| 1546| "Yosippon" (Judæo-German)| vii.| 263  
  
Bibliography:

  * Cassel and Steinschneider, Jüdische Typographie, in Ersch and Gruber, Encyc. section ii., part 28, pp. 21-94, on which the above account is founded;
  * De Rossi, Annales Hebrœo-Typographici, Parma, 1795;
  * Schwab, Les Incunables Orientaux, Paris, 1883;
  * Harkavy, in Cat. of Book Exposition, part viii. (in Russian), St. Petersburg, 1894;
  * Simonsen, Hebraisk Bogtryk, Copenhagen, 1901;
  * Theodore L. De Vinne, Modern Methods of Book Composition, p. 246, New York, 1904;
  * Ebrard, Ausstellung Hebräischer Buchdrucke, 2d ed., Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1902;
  * Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. cols. 2813-3103.



J.