Growth hormone 2

Short description: Variant of somatotropin produced by placenta

Generic protein structure example

Growth hormone 2 (GH2), also known more commonly as placental growth hormone (PGH) or as growth hormone variant (GH-V), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GH2 gene.[1][2] It is produced by and secreted from the placenta during pregnancy, and becomes the predominant form of growth hormone (GH) in the body during this time.[3][4] Its cogener is growth hormone 1 (GH1), or pituitary growth hormone.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones, playing an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. As in the case of its pituitary counterpart, growth hormone 1, the predominant isoform of this particular family member shows similar somatogenic activity, with reduced lactogenic activity. Mutations in this gene lead to placental growth hormone/lactogen deficiency.[2]

## Contents

* 1 See also
* 2 References
* 3 Further reading
* 4 External links

## See also

* Growth hormone
* Somatotropin family

## References

1. ↑ "The human growth hormone gene family: structure and evolution of the chromosomal locus". Nucleic Acids Res 11 (12): 3939–58. Aug 1983. doi:10.1093/nar/11.12.3939. PMID 6306568.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Entrez Gene: GH2 growth hormone 2". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2689.
3. ↑ "The roles of placental growth hormone and placental lactogen in the regulation of human fetal growth and development". J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 13 (4): 343–56. 2000. doi:10.1515/jpem.2000.13.4.343. PMID 10776988.
4. ↑ "Human placental growth hormone--a review". Placenta 23 Suppl A: S87–94. 2002. doi:10.1053/plac.2002.0811. PMID 11978064.

## Further reading

* "Developmental control and alternative splicing of the placentally expressed transcripts from the human growth hormone gene cluster". J. Biol. Chem. 267 (20): 14219–26. 1992. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)49700-7. PMID 1378436.
* "Binding of human growth hormone (GH)-variant (placental GH) to GH-binding proteins in human plasma". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 73 (6): 1175–9. 1992. doi:10.1210/jcem-73-6-1175. PMID 1955498.
* "Hot spots for growth hormone gene deletions in homologous regions outside of Alu repeats". Science 250 (4988): 1745–8. 1991. doi:10.1126/science.1980158. PMID 1980158.
* "Identification of placental human growth hormone as the growth hormone-V gene expression product". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 71 (1): 15–8. 1990. doi:10.1210/jcem-71-1-15. PMID 2196278.
* "Cloning and nucleotide sequence of placental hGH-V cDNA". Arch. Int. Physiol. Biochim. 96 (1): 63–7. 1988. doi:10.3109/13813458809079626. PMID 2460050.
* "The human growth hormone locus: nucleotide sequence, biology, and evolution". Genomics 4 (4): 479–97. 1989. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(89)90271-1. PMID 2744760.
* "Two distinct species of human growth hormone-variant mRNA in the human placenta predict the expression of novel growth hormone proteins". J. Biol. Chem. 263 (18): 9001–6. 1988. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)68407-8. PMID 3379057.
* "The genes for growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin are on the long arm of human chromosome 17 in region q21 to qter". Hum. Genet. 57 (2): 138–41. 1981. doi:10.1007/BF00282009. PMID 6262212.
* "Linkage arrangement of human placental lactogen and growth hormone genes". J. Biol. Chem. 257 (18): 10673–80. 1982. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)33875-4. PMID 6286668.
* "Chromosomal localization of the human placental lactogen-growth hormone gene cluster to 17q22-24". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 34 (2): 227–34. 1982. PMID 7072716.
* Seeburg PH (1983). "The human growth hormone gene family: nucleotide sequences show recent divergence and predict a new polypeptide hormone". DNA 1 (3): 239–49. doi:10.1089/dna.1.1982.1.239. PMID 7169009.
* "Genes for growth hormone, chorionic somatommammotropin, and growth hormones-like gene on chromosome 17 in humans". Science 209 (4453): 289–92. 1980. doi:10.1126/science.7384802. PMID 7384802. Bibcode: 1980Sci...209..289O.
* "Crystal structure of an antagonist mutant of human growth hormone, G120R, in complex with its receptor at 2.9 A resolution". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (50): 32197–203. 1997. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.50.32197. PMID 8943276.
* "Both pituitary and placental growth hormone transcripts are expressed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 110 (2): 336–40. 1997. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.1997.tb08337.x. PMID 9367422.
* "Cloning of two novel growth hormone transcripts expressed in human placenta". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83 (8): 2878–85. 1998. doi:10.1210/jcem.83.8.5017. PMID 9709963.
* "Complex alternative splicing of the GH-V gene in the human testis". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 139 (4): 424–7. 1998. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1390424. PMID 9820620.
* "Autocrine human growth hormone inhibits placental transforming growth factor-beta gene transcription to prevent apoptosis and allow cell cycle progression of human mammary carcinoma cells". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (29): 26662–72. 2002. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109931200. PMID 11994274.
* "Intracellular signaling by growth hormone variant (GH-V)". Growth Horm. IGF Res. 12 (5): 374–80. 2003. doi:10.1016/S1096-6374(02)00048-5. PMID 12213191.
* "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. 2003. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...9916899M.

## External links

* Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P01242 (Growth hormone variant) at the PDBe-KB.

* v
* t
* e

PDB gallery

* 1a22: HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE BOUND TO SINGLE RECEPTOR

* 1bp3: THE XRAY STRUCTURE OF A GROWTH HORMONE-PROLACTIN RECEPTOR COMPLEX

* 1hwg: 1:2 COMPLEX OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE WITH ITS SOLUBLE BINDING PROTEIN

* 1hwh: 1:1 COMPLEX OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE MUTANT G120R WITH ITS SOLUBLE BINDING PROTEIN

* 3hhr: HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE AND EXTRACELLULAR DOMAIN OF ITS RECEPTOR: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE COMPLEX

* v
* t
* e

GH/IGF-1 axis signaling modulators

(somatotropin)|

* Agonists: Albusomatropin
* Bovine somatotropin
* Efpegsomatropin
* Eftansomatropin alfa
* Growth hormone
* Human placental lactogen
* Placental growth hormone (growth hormone variant)
* Somagrebove
* Somapacitan
* Somatosalm
* Somatotropin
* Somatropin pegol
* Somatrem
* Sometribove
* Somatrogon (MOD-4023; hGH-CTP)
* Somavaratan
* Somavubove
* Somidobove

* Antagonists: G120K-hGH
* Pegvisomant

* Antisense oligonucleotides: Atesidorsen

* Binding proteins: GHBP

GHIH
(somatostatin)|

* Agonists: BIM-23052
* CH-275
* Cortistatin-14
* Depreotide
* Edotreotide
* Ilatreotide
* L-803,087
* L-817,818
* Lanreotide
* NNC 26-9100
* Octreotate
* Octreotide
* Pasireotide
* Pentetreotide
* RC-160
* Seglitide
* Somatostatin (GHIH)
* Somatostatin (1-28)
* SRIF-14
* SRIF-28
* TT-232
* Vapreotide
* Veldoreotide

* Antagonists: BIM-23056
* Cyclosomatostatin
* CYN-154806
* Satoreotide

GHRH
(somatocrinin)|

* Agonists: Peptide: ALRN-5281
* CJC-1295
* Dumorelin
* GHRH
* Modified GRF (1-29)
* Rismorelin
* Sermorelin
* Somatorelin
* Tesamorelin

* Antagonists: MZ-5-156

GHS
(ghrelin)|

* Agonists: Peptide: Alexamorelin
* Cortistatin-14
* EP-51216
* Examorelin (hexarelin)
* Ghrelin
* GHRP-1
* GHRP-3
* GHRP-4
* GHRP-5
* GHRP-6
* Ipamorelin
* Lenomorelin
* Livoletide
* LY-444711
* Pralmorelin (GHRP-2)
* Relamorelin
* Tabimorelin
* Ulimorelin; Non-peptide: Adenosine
* Anamorelin
* Capromorelin
* CP-464709
* Ibutamoren (MK-677)
* L-692,585
* Macimorelin
* SM-130686; Unsorted: LY-426410
* LY-444711

* Antagonists: A-778193
* Cortistatin-8
* (D-Lys³)-GHRP-6
* JMV2959
* YIL-781

IGF-1
(somatomedin)|

* See here instead.

* See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Signaling peptide/protein receptor modulators

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*[GH]: Growth hormone
*[IGF-1]: Insulin-like growth factor 1
*[GHBP]: Growth hormone-binding protein
*[GHIH]: Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
*[GHRH]: Growth hormone releasing hormone
*[GHS]: Growth hormone secretagogue