Western Latin character sets (computing)

Short description: Technically obsolete extensions to ASCII

Several 8-bit character sets (encodings) were designed for binary representation of common Western European languages (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, German, Dutch, English, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic), which use the Latin alphabet, a few additional letters and ones with precomposed diacritics, some punctuation, and various symbols (including some Greek letters). These character sets also happen to support many other languages such as Malay, Swahili, and Classical Latin.

This material is technically obsolete, having been functionally replaced by Unicode. However it continues to have historical interest.

## Contents

* 1 Summary
* 2 History
* 2.1 The euro sign
* 3 Comparison table
* 4 Notes
* 5 References

## Summary

The ISO-8859 series of 8-bit character sets encodes all Latin character sets used in Europe, albeit that the same code points have multiple uses that caused some difficulty (including mojibake, or garbled characters, and communication issues). The arrival of Unicode, with a unique code point for every glyph, resolved these issues.

* ISO/IEC 8859-1 or Latin-1 is the most used and also defines the first 256 codepoints in Unicode.
* ISO/IEC 8859-15 modifies ISO-8859-1 to fully support Estonian, Finnish and French and add the euro sign.
* Windows-1252 is a superset of ISO-8859-1 that includes the printable characters from ISO/IEC 8859-15 and popular punctuation such as curved quotation marks (also known as smart quotes, such as in Microsoft Word settings and similar programs). It is common that web page tools for Windows use Windows-1252 but label the web page as using ISO-8859-1, this has been addressed in HTML5, which mandates that pages labeled as ISO-8859-1 must be interpreted as Windows-1252.
* IBM CP437, being intended for English only, has very little in the way of accented letters (particularly uppercase) but has far more graphics characters than the other IBM code pages listed here and also some mathematical and Greek characters that are useful as technical symbols.
* IBM CP850 has all the printable characters that ISO-8859-1 has (albeit arranged differently) and still manages to have enough graphics characters to build a usable text-mode user interface.
* IBM CP858 differs from CP850 only by one character — a dotless i (ı), rarely used outside Turkey and with no uppercase equivalent provided, was replaced by euro currency sign (€).[1]
* IBM CP859 contains all the printable characters that ISO/IEC 8859-15 has, so unlike CP850 it supports the euro sign, Estonian, Finnish and French.
* IBM code pages 037, 500, and 1047 are EBCDIC encodings that include all of the ISO-8859-1 characters.
* The Mac OS Roman character set (often referred to as MacRoman and known by the IANA as simply MACINTOSH) has most, but not all, of the same characters as ISO/IEC 8859-1 but in a very different arrangement; and it also adds many technical and mathematical characters (though it lacks the important multiplication sign, ×) and more diacritics. Older Macintosh web browsers were known to munge the few characters that were in ISO/IEC 8859-1 but not their native Macintosh character set when editing text from Web sites. Conversely, in Web material prepared on an older Macintosh, many characters were displayed incorrectly when read by other operating systems. The Macintosh Latin encoding, a modification of Mac OS Roman to support ISO/IEC 8859-1, was created by the creators of Kermit (protocol) to solve this problem.

## History

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The earlier seven-bit U.S. American Standard Code for Information Interchange ('ASCII') encoding has characters sufficient to properly represent only a few languages such as English, Latin, Malay and Swahili. It is missing some letters and letter-diacritic combinations used in other Latin-alphabet languages. However, since there was no other choice on most US-supplied computer platforms, use of ASCII was unavoidable except where there was a strong national computing industry. There was the ISO 646 group of encodings which replaced some of the symbols in ASCII with local characters, but space was very limited, and some of the symbols replaced were quite common in things like programming languages.

Most computers internally used eight-bit bytes but communication (seen as inherently unreliable) used seven data bits plus one parity bit. In time, it became common to use all eight bits for data, creating space for another 128 characters. In the early days most of these were system specific, but gradually the ISO/IEC 8859 standards emerged to provide some cross-platform similarity to enable information interchange.

Towards the end of the 20th century, as storage and memory costs fell, the issues associated with multiple meanings of a given eight-bit code (there are seven ISO-Latin code sets alone) have ceased to be justified. All major operating systems have moved to Unicode as their main internal representation. However, as Windows did not support the UTF-8 method of encoding Unicode (preferring UTF-16), many applications continued to be restricted to these legacy character sets.

### The euro sign

The introduction of the euro and its associated euro sign (€) introduced significant pressure on computer systems developers to support this new symbol, and most 8-bit character sets had to be adapted in some way.

* Apple with MacRoman and Sun Microsystems with Solaris OS simply replaced the generic currency sign (¤). This caused difficulty in some places because organisations had found other uses for its code point, such as the company logo.
* ISO introduced a further variant of ISO 8859, ISO 8859-15, which replaced the generic currency sign with the euro sign as well as making some other replacements of symbols with letters with diacritics. ISO 8859-15 never received widespread adoption.
* With Windows-1252, Microsoft placed the euro sign in a gap (position 80hex) in the existing C1 control codes, a decision that other vendors considered counter-architectural.

Whilst these decisions had limited effect for documents that were only used within a single computer (or at least within a single vendor's "digital ecosystem"), it meant that documents containing a euro sign would fail to render as expected when interchanged between ecosystems.

All of these issues have been resolved as operating systems have been upgraded to support Unicode as standard, which encodes the euro sign at U+20AC (decimal 8364).

## Comparison table

Code points U+0000 to U+007F are not shown in this table currently, as they are directly mapped in all character sets listed here. The ASCII coding standard defines the original specification for the mapping of the first 0-127 characters.

The table is arranged by Unicode code point. Character sets are referred to here by their IANA names in upper case.

Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH

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NBSP | U+00A0 | A0 | A0 | A0 | FF | FF | CA
¡ | U+00A1 | A1 | A1 | A1 | AD | AD | C1
¢ | U+00A2 | A2 | A2 | A2 | 9B | BD | A2
£ | U+00A3 | A3 | A3 | A3 | 9C | 9C | A3
¤ | U+00A4 | A4 |  | A4 |  | CF |
¥ | U+00A5 | A5 | A5 | A5 | 9D | BE | B4
¦ | U+00A6 | A6 |  | A6 |  | DD |
§ | U+00A7 | A7 | A7 | A7 |  | F5 | A4
¨ | U+00A8 | A8 |  | A8 |  | F9 | AC
© | U+00A9 | A9 | A9 | A9 |  | B8 | A9
ª | U+00AA | AA | AA | AA | A6 | A6 | BB
« | U+00AB | AB | AB | AB | AE | AE | C7
¬ | U+00AC | AC | AC | AC | AA | AA | C2
SHY | U+00AD | AD | AD | AD |  | F0 |
® | U+00AE | AE | AE | AE |  | A9 | A8
¯ | U+00AF | AF | AF | AF |  | EE | F8
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
° | U+00B0 | B0 | B0 | B0 | F8 | F8 | A1
± | U+00B1 | B1 | B1 | B1 | F1 | F1 | B1
² | U+00B2 | B2 | B2 | B2 | FD | FD |
³ | U+00B3 | B3 | B3 | B3 |  | FC |
´ | U+00B4 | B4 |  | B4 |  | EF | AB
µ | U+00B5 | B5 | B5 | B5 | E6 | E6 | B5
¶ | U+00B6 | B6 | B6 | B6 |  | F4 | A6
· | U+00B7 | B7 | B7 | B7 | FA | FA | E1
¸ | U+00B8 | B8 |  | B8 |  | F7 | FC
¹ | U+00B9 | B9 | B9 | B9 |  | FB |
º | U+00BA | BA | BA | BA | A7 | A7 | BC
» | U+00BB | BB | BB | BB | AF | AF | C8
¼ | U+00BC | BC |  | BC | AC | AC |
½ | U+00BD | BD |  | BD | AB | AB |
¾ | U+00BE | BE |  | BE |  | F3 |
¿ | U+00BF | BF | BF | BF | A8 | A8 | C0
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
À | U+00C0 | C0 | C0 | C0 |  | B7 | CB
Á | U+00C1 | C1 | C1 | C1 |  | B5 | E7
Â | U+00C2 | C2 | C2 | C2 |  | B6 | E5
Ã | U+00C3 | C3 | C3 | C3 |  | C7 | CC
Ä | U+00C4 | C4 | C4 | C4 | 8E | 8E | 80
Å | U+00C5 | C5 | C5 | C5 | 8F | 8F | 81
Æ | U+00C6 | C6 | C6 | C6 | 92 | 92 | AE
Ç | U+00C7 | C7 | C7 | C7 | 80 | 80 | 82
È | U+00C8 | C8 | C8 | C8 |  | D4 | E9
É | U+00C9 | C9 | C9 | C9 | 90 | 90 | 83
Ê | U+00CA | CA | CA | CA |  | D2 | E6
Ë | U+00CB | CB | CB | CB |  | D3 | E8
Ì | U+00CC | CC | CC | CC |  | DE | ED
Í | U+00CD | CD | CD | CD |  | D6 | EA
Î | U+00CE | CE | CE | CE |  | D7 | EB
Ï | U+00CF | CF | CF | CF |  | D8 | EC
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
Ð | U+00D0 | D0 | D0 | D0 |  | D1 |
Ñ | U+00D1 | D1 | D1 | D1 | A5 | A5 | 84
Ò | U+00D2 | D2 | D2 | D2 |  | E3 | F1
Ó | U+00D3 | D3 | D3 | D3 |  | E0 | EE
Ô | U+00D4 | D4 | D4 | D4 |  | E2 | EF
Õ | U+00D5 | D5 | D5 | D5 |  | E5 | CD
Ö | U+00D6 | D6 | D6 | D6 | 99 | 99 | 85
× | U+00D7 | D7 | D7 | D7 |  | 9E |
Ø | U+00D8 | D8 | D8 | D8 |  | 9D | AF
Ù | U+00D9 | D9 | D9 | D9 |  | EB | F4
Ú | U+00DA | DA | DA | DA |  | E9 | F2
Û | U+00DB | DB | DB | DB |  | EA | F3
Ü | U+00DC | DC | DC | DC | 9A | 9A | 86
Ý | U+00DD | DD | DD | DD |  | ED |
Þ | U+00DE | DE | DE | DE |  | E8 |
ß | U+00DF | DF | DF | DF | E1 | E1 | A7
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
à | U+00E0 | E0 | E0 | E0 | 85 | 85 | 88
á | U+00E1 | E1 | E1 | E1 | A0 | A0 | 87
â | U+00E2 | E2 | E2 | E2 | 83 | 83 | 89
ã | U+00E3 | E3 | E3 | E3 |  | C6 | 8B
ä | U+00E4 | E4 | E4 | E4 | 84 | 84 | 8A
å | U+00E5 | E5 | E5 | E5 | 86 | 86 | 8C
æ | U+00E6 | E6 | E6 | E6 | 91 | 91 | BE
ç | U+00E7 | E7 | E7 | E7 | 87 | 87 | 8D
è | U+00E8 | E8 | E8 | E8 | 8A | 8A | 8F
é | U+00E9 | E9 | E9 | E9 | 82 | 82 | 8E
ê | U+00EA | EA | EA | EA | 88 | 88 | 90
ë | U+00EB | EB | EB | EB | 89 | 89 | 91
ì | U+00EC | EC | EC | EC | 8D | 8D | 93
í | U+00ED | ED | ED | ED | A1 | A1 | 92
î | U+00EE | EE | EE | EE | 8C | 8C | 94
ï | U+00EF | EF | EF | EF | 8B | 8B | 95
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
ð | U+00F0 | F0 | F0 | F0 |  | D0 |
ñ | U+00F1 | F1 | F1 | F1 | A4 | A4 | 96
ò | U+00F2 | F2 | F2 | F2 | 95 | 95 | 98
ó | U+00F3 | F3 | F3 | F3 | A2 | A2 | 97
ô | U+00F4 | F4 | F4 | F4 | 93 | 93 | 99
õ | U+00F5 | F5 | F5 | F5 |  | E4 | 9B
ö | U+00F6 | F6 | F6 | F6 | 94 | 94 | 9A
÷ | U+00F7 | F7 | F7 | F7 | F6 | F6 | D6
ø | U+00F8 | F8 | F8 | F8 |  | 9B | BF
ù | U+00F9 | F9 | F9 | F9 | 97 | 97 | 9D
ú | U+00FA | FA | FA | FA | A3 | A3 | 9C
û | U+00FB | FB | FB | FB | 96 | 96 | 9E
ü | U+00FC | FC | FC | FC | 81 | 81 | 9F
ý | U+00FD | FD | FD | FD |  | EC |
þ | U+00FE | FE | FE | FE |  | E7 |
ÿ | U+00FF | FF | FF | FF | 98 | 98 | D8
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
ı | U+0131 |  |  |  |  | D5 | F5
Œ | U+0152 |  | BC | 8C |  |  | CE
œ | U+0153 |  | BD | 9C |  |  | CF
Š | U+0160 |  | A6 | 8A |  |  |
š | U+0161 |  | A8 | 9A |  |  |
Ÿ | U+0178 |  | BE | 9F |  |  | D9
Ž | U+017D |  | B4 | 8E |  |  |
ž | U+017E |  | B8 | 9E |  |  |
ƒ | U+0192 |  |  | 83 | 9F | 9F | C4
ˆ | U+02C6 |  |  | 88 |  |  | F6
ˇ | U+02C7 |  |  |  |  |  | FF
˘ | U+02D8 |  |  |  |  |  | F9
˙ | U+02D9 |  |  |  |  |  | FA
˚ | U+02DA |  |  |  |  |  | FB
˛ | U+02DB |  |  |  |  |  | FE
˜ | U+02DC |  |  | 98 |  |  | F7
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
˝ | U+02DD |  |  |  |  |  | FD
Γ | U+0393 |  |  |  | E2 |  |
Θ | U+0398 |  |  |  | E9 |  |
Σ | U+03A3 |  |  |  | E4 |  |
Φ | U+03A6 |  |  |  | E8 |  |
Ω | U+03A9 |  |  |  | EA |  | BD
α | U+03B1 |  |  |  | E0 |  |
δ | U+03B4 |  |  |  | EB |  |
ε | U+03B5 |  |  |  | EE |  |
π | U+03C0 |  |  |  | E3 |  | B9
σ | U+03C3 |  |  |  | E5 |  |
τ | U+03C4 |  |  |  | E7 |  |
φ | U+03C6 |  |  |  | ED |  |
- | U+2013 |  |  | 96 |  |  | D0
-- | U+2014 |  |  | 97 |  |  | D1
‗ | U+2017 |  |  |  |  | F2 |
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
‘ | U+2018 |  |  | 91 |  |  | D4
’ | U+2019 |  |  | 92 |  |  | D5
‚ | U+201A |  |  | 82 |  |  | E2
“ | U+201C |  |  | 93 |  |  | D2
” | U+201D |  |  | 94 |  |  | D3
„ | U+201E |  |  | 84 |  |  | E3
† | U+2020 |  |  | 86 |  |  | A0
‡ | U+2021 |  |  | 87 |  |  | E0
• | U+2022 |  |  | 95 |  |  | A5
… | U+2026 |  |  | 85 |  |  | C9
‰ | U+2030 |  |  | 89 |  |  | E4
‹ | U+2039 |  |  | 8B |  |  | DC
› | U+203A |  |  | 9B |  |  | DD
⁄ | U+2044 |  |  |  |  |  | DA
ⁿ | U+207F |  |  |  | FC |  |
₧ | U+20A7 |  |  |  | 9E |  |
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
€ | U+20AC |  | A4 | 80 |  | (D5)[nb 1][2][3] | DB
™ | U+2122 |  |  | 99 |  |  | AA
∂ | U+2202 |  |  |  |  |  | B6
∆ | U+2206 |  |  |  |  |  | C6
∏ | U+220F |  |  |  |  |  | B8
∑ | U+2211 |  |  |  |  |  | B7
∙ | U+2219 |  |  |  | F9 |  |
√ | U+221A |  |  |  | FB |  | C3
∞ | U+221E |  |  |  | EC |  | B0
∩ | U+2229 |  |  |  | EF |  |
∫ | U+222B |  |  |  |  |  | BA
≈ | U+2248 |  |  |  | F7 |  | C5
≠ | U+2260 |  |  |  |  |  | AD
≡ | U+2261 |  |  |  | F0 |  |
≤ | U+2264 |  |  |  | F3 |  | B2
≥ | U+2265 |  |  |  | F2 |  | B3
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
⌐ | U+2310 |  |  |  | A9 |  |
⌠ | U+2320 |  |  |  | F4 |  |
⌡ | U+2321 |  |  |  | F5 |  |
─ | U+2500 |  |  |  | C4 | C4 |
│ | U+2502 |  |  |  | B3 | B3 |
┌ | U+250C |  |  |  | DA | DA |
┐ | U+2510 |  |  |  | BF | BF |
└ | U+2514 |  |  |  | C0 | C0 |
┘ | U+2518 |  |  |  | D9 | D9 |
├ | U+251C |  |  |  | C3 | C3 |
┤ | U+2524 |  |  |  | B4 | B4 |
┬ | U+252C |  |  |  | C2 | C2 |
┴ | U+2534 |  |  |  | C1 | C1 |
┼ | U+253C |  |  |  | C5 | C5 |
═ | U+2550 |  |  |  | CD | CD |
║ | U+2551 |  |  |  | BA | BA |
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
╒ | U+2552 |  |  |  | D5 |  |
╓ | U+2553 |  |  |  | D6 |  |
╔ | U+2554 |  |  |  | C9 | C9 |
╕ | U+2555 |  |  |  | B8 |  |
╖ | U+2556 |  |  |  | B7 |  |
╗ | U+2557 |  |  |  | BB | BB |
╘ | U+2558 |  |  |  | D4 |  |
╙ | U+2559 |  |  |  | D3 |  |
╚ | U+255A |  |  |  | C8 | C8 |
╛ | U+255B |  |  |  | BE |  |
╜ | U+255C |  |  |  | BD |  |
╝ | U+255D |  |  |  | BC | BC |
╞ | U+255E |  |  |  | C6 |  |
╟ | U+255F |  |  |  | C7 |  |
╠ | U+2560 |  |  |  | CC | CC |
╡ | U+2561 |  |  |  | B5 |  |
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
╢ | U+2562 |  |  |  | B6 |  |
╣ | U+2563 |  |  |  | B9 | B9 |
╤ | U+2564 |  |  |  | D1 |  |
╥ | U+2565 |  |  |  | D2 |  |
╦ | U+2566 |  |  |  | CB | CB |
╧ | U+2567 |  |  |  | CF |  |
╨ | U+2568 |  |  |  | D0 |  |
╩ | U+2569 |  |  |  | CA | CA |
╪ | U+256A |  |  |  | D8 |  |
╫ | U+256B |  |  |  | D7 |  |
╬ | U+256C |  |  |  | CE | CE |
▀ | U+2580 |  |  |  | DF | DF |
▄ | U+2584 |  |  |  | DC | DC |
█ | U+2588 |  |  |  | DB | DB |
▌ | U+258C |  |  |  | DD |  |
▐ | U+2590 |  |  |  | DE |  |
Character | Code point | ISO-8859-1 | ISO-8859-15 | WINDOWS-1252 | IBM437 | IBM850 | MACINTOSH
░ | U+2591 |  |  |  | B0 | B0 |
▒ | U+2592 |  |  |  | B1 | B1 |
▓ | U+2593 |  |  |  | B2 | B2 |
■ | U+25A0 |  |  |  | FE | FE |
◊ | U+25CA |  |  |  |  |  | D7
ﬁ | U+FB01 |  |  |  |  |  | DE
ﬂ | U+FB02 |  |  |  |  |  | DF

* The mappings for the IBM code pages are from the Unicode site supplied by Microsoft.[citation needed] The Unicode Consortium's document has links to sources giving the differences between IBM's and Microsoft's mappings for these code pages.[4]
* IBM437 and IBM850 defined printable characters for the control code ranges. While these could not be used when printing text through DOS, as they would be trapped before reaching the screen, they could be used by applications that used screen memory directly.
* Macintosh has an Apple logo ⟨⟩ at 0xF0, and translates it to U+F8FF in the Private Use Area for Unicode.

## Notes

1. ↑ IBM's PC DOS 2000, released in 1998, changed their definition of code page 850 to what they called modified code page 850 now including the euro sign at code point 213 instead of adding support for the new code page 858. The reason for this might have been down to existing restrictions in the implementation of the codepage switching logic under MS-DOS/PC DOS, which limited .CPI files to 64 KB in size or about six codepages maximum, a limitation, which was circumvented in some OEM versions of MS-DOS, in Windows NT, and also does not exist in DR-DOS. Further, the parser in MS-DOS/PC DOS limits the number of possible country / codepage entries in COUNTRY.SYS files to a maximum of 146 or 438, a limitation non-existent in DR-DOS. So, adding support for codepage 858 might have meant to drop another (e.g. codepage 850) at the same time, which might not have been a viable solution at that time, given that some applications were hard-wired to use codepage 850.

## References

1. ↑ "00858". Code pages by CPGID. IBM. http://www-01.ibm.com/software/globalization/cp/cp00858.html.
2. ↑ "Changing codepages in FreeDOS". 2001-08-15. http://www.freedos.org/technotes/technote/txt/141.txt. "The new official ID for the Multilingual "codepage 850 with EURO SIGN" is 858, not 850. IBM will switch to use 858 instead of their 850 variant with future issues of their products. [...] I can only guess why they didn't add 858 to their EGAx.CPI, COUNTRY.SYS, and KEYBOARD.SYS files in PC DOS 2000\. Many third-party applications are designed to work with 850 and didn't know about 858 at the time PC DOS 2000 was released, so it's easier for everyone, but unfortunately it's not compatible. [...] As explained above, COUNTRY.SYS and KEYBOARD.SYS contain only two codepage entries for a given country in Western issues of DOS. (In Arabic and Hebrew issues there can be up to 8 codepages for one country, in theory there is no limit below the range of allowed codepages 1..65534). [...] The problem is that removing support for 850 might have caused compatibility problems with applications which are hard-wired to use 850. Adding 858 as a third choice to all the files would have increased the file and table sizes significantly. The COUNTRY.SYS file parser in MS-DOS/PC DOS IO.SYS/IBMBIO.COM sets aside a 6 Kb (for DOS 6) scratchpad to load all the info. This allows a maximum of 438 entries in a COUNTRY.SYS file to be accepted, otherwise you will get the message "COUNTRY.SYS too large.". The NLSFUNC parser does not have this limitation, and the file parsers in DR-DOS (kernel and NLSFUNC) also do not know of such a restriction. Older issues of MS-DOS/PC DOS even had a 2 Kb buffer for a maximum of 146 entries."
3. ↑ "Changing codepages in FreeDOS (follow-up)". 2001-08-27. http://marc.info/?l=freedos-dev&m=99895886029809&w=2. "[...] one could also create custom .CPI files in the traditional FONT style without difficulties, but you could only store up to [...] six codepages in such a file if it should be useable by MS-DOS/PC DOS (some OEM issues and NT can handle files larger than 64 Kb, but MS-DOS/PC DOS can not)."
4. ↑ "IBM Conversion Mapping Tables". Unicode Consortium. https://www.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/IBM/IBM_conversions.html.

* v
* t
* e

Character encodings

Early telecommunications|

* ASCII
* ISO/IEC 646
* ISO/IEC 6937 / ITU T.51
* ITU T.61
* BCDIC
* Baudot code
* Morse code
* Telegraph code
* Wabun code
* Special telegraphy codes
* Non-Latin
* Chinese
* Cyrillic
* Needle telegraph codes

ISO/IEC 8859|

* Approved
* -1
* -2
* -3
* -4
* -5
* -6
* -7
* -8
* -9
* -10
* -11
* -13
* -14
* -15
* -16
* Abandoned
* -12
* Adaptations
* ISO-IR-182
* ISO-IR-200
* ISO-IR-201
* Proposed but not approved
* ISO-IR-111
* ISO-IR-197
* French/Dutch/Turkish draft

Bibliographic use|

* ANSEL
* ISO 5426 / 5426-2 / 5427 / 5428 / 6438 / 6861 / 6862 / 10585 / 10586 / 10754 / 11822
* MARC-8

National standards|

* ArmSCII
* BraSCII
* CNS 11643
* ELOT 927
* GOST 10859
* GB 18030
* HKSCS
* I.S. 434
* ISCII
* JIS X 0201
* JIS X 0208
* JIS X 0212
* JIS X 0213
* KOI-7
* KPS 9566
* KS X 1001
* PASCII
* SI 960
* TIS-620
* TSCII
* VISCII
* VSCII
* YUSCII

ISO/IEC 2022|

* 7-bit
* CN
* CN-EXT
* JP
* JP-EXT
* JP-1
* JP-2
* JP-3
* KR
* ISO/IEC 4873
* ISO/IEC 8859
* ISO/IEC 10367
* Extended Unix Code / EUC
* CN
* KR
* JP
* TW
* CCCII

MacOS code pages
("scripts")|

* Armenian
* Arabic
* Barents Cyrillic
* Celtic
* CentEuro
* ChineseSimp / EUC-CN
* ChineseTrad / Big5
* Croatian
* Cyrillic
* Devanagari
* Dingbats
* Farsi (Persian)
* Gaelic
* Georgian
* Greek
* Gujarati
* Gurmukhi
* Hebrew
* Iceland
* Inuit
* Japanese / ShiftJIS
* Keyboard
* Korean / EUC-KR
* Latin (Kermit)
* Maltese/Esperanto
* Ogham / I.S. 434
* Roman
* Romanian
* Sámi
* Symbol
* Thai / TIS-620
* Turkish
* Turkic Cyrillic
* Ukrainian
* VT100

DOS code pages|

* 100
* 111
* 112
* 113
* 151
* 152
* 161
* 162
* 163
* 164
* 165
* 166
* 210
* 220
* 301
* 437
* 449
* 489
* 620
* 667
* 668
* 707
* 708
* 709
* 710
* 711
* 714
* 715
* 720
* 721
* 737
* 768
* 770
* 771
* 772
* 773
* 774
* 775
* 776
* 777
* 778
* 790
* 850
* 851
* 852
* 853
* 854
* 855/872
* 856
* 857
* 858
* 859
* 860
* 861
* 862
* 863
* 864/17248
* 865
* 866/808
* 867
* 868
* 869
* 874/1161/1162
* 876
* 877
* 878
* 881
* 882
* 883
* 884
* 885
* 891
* 895
* 896
* 897
* 898
* 899
* 900
* 903
* 904
* 906
* 907
* 909
* 910
* 911
* 926
* 927
* 928
* 929
* 932
* 934
* 936
* 938
* 941
* 942
* 943
* 944
* 946
* 947
* 948
* 949
* 950/1370
* 951
* 966
* 991
* 1034
* 1039
* 1040
* 1041
* 1042
* 1043
* 1044
* 1046
* 1086
* 1088
* 1092
* 1093
* 1098
* 1108
* 1109
* 1114
* 1115
* 1116
* 1117
* 1118
* 1119
* 1125/848
* 1126
* 1127
* 1131/849
* 1139
* 1167
* 1168
* 1300
* 1351
* 1361
* 1362
* 1363
* 1372
* 1373
* 1374
* 1375
* 1380
* 1381
* 1385
* 1386
* 1391
* 1392
* 1393
* 1394
* 57781
* 58152
* 58210
* 58335
* 59234
* 59829
* 60258
* 60853
* 61282
* 62306
* CS Indic
* CSX Indic
* CSX+ Indic
* CWI-2
* Iran System
* Kamenický
* KOI8
* Mazovia
* MIK

IBM AIX code pages|

* 367
* 371
* 806
* 813
* 819
* 895
* 896
* 912
* 913
* 914
* 915
* 916
* 919
* 920
* 921/901
* 922/902
* 923
* 952
* 953
* 954
* 955
* 956
* 957
* 958
* 959
* 960
* 961
* 963
* 964
* 965
* 970
* 971
* 1004
* 1006
* 1008
* 1009
* 1010
* 1011
* 1012
* 1013
* 1014
* 1015
* 1016
* 1017
* 1018
* 1019
* 1029
* 1036
* 1089
* 1111
* 1124
* 1129/1163
* 1133
* 1350
* 1382
* 1383

IBM Apple MacIntosh
emulations|

* 1275
* 1280
* 1281
* 1282
* 1283
* 1284
* 1285
* 1286

IBM Adobe emulations|

* 1038
* 1276
* 1277

IBM DEC emulations|

* 1020
* 1021
* 1023
* 1090
* 1100
* 1101
* 1102
* 1103
* 1104
* 1105
* 1106
* 1107
* 1287
* 1288

IBM HP emulations|

* 1050
* 1051
* 1052
* 1053
* 1054
* 1055
* 1056
* 1057
* 1058

Windows code pages|

* CER-GS
* 874/1162 (TIS-620)
* 932/943 (Shift JIS)
* 936/1386 (GBK)
* 950/1370 (Big5)
* 949/1363 (EUC-KR)
* 1169
* 1174
* Extended Latin-8
* 1200 (UTF-16LE)
* 1201 (UTF-16BE)
* 1250
* 1251
* 1252
* 1253
* 1254
* 1255
* 1256
* 1257
* 1258
* 1261
* 1270
* 54936 (GB18030)
* 65001 (UTF-8)

EBCDIC EBCDIC code pages|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 20
* 21
* 22
* 23
* 24
* 25
* 26
* 27
* 28
* 29
* 30
* 31
* 32
* 33
* 34
* 35
* 36
* 37/1140
* 37-2
* 38
* 39
* 40
* 251
* 252
* 254
* 256
* 257
* 258
* 259
* 260
* 264
* 273/1141
* 274
* 275
* 276
* 277/1142
* 278/1143
* 279
* 280/1144
* 281
* 282
* 283
* 284/1145
* 285/1146
* 286
* 287
* 288
* 289
* 290
* 293
* 297/1147
* 298
* 300
* 310
* 320
* 321
* 322
* 330
* 351
* 352
* 353
* 355
* 357
* 358
* 359
* 360
* 361
* 363
* 382
* 383
* 384
* 385
* 386
* 387
* 388
* 389
* 390
* 391
* 392
* 393
* 394
* 395
* 410
* 420/16804
* 421
* 423
* 424/8616/12712
* 425
* 435
* 500/1148
* 803
* 829
* 833
* 834
* 835
* 836
* 837
* 838/1160
* 839
* 870/1110/1153
* 871/1149
* 875/4971/9067
* 880
* 881
* 882
* 883
* 884
* 885
* 886
* 887
* 888
* 889
* 890
* 892
* 893
* 905
* 918
* 924
* 930/1390
* 931
* 933/1364
* 935/1388
* 937/1371
* 939/1399
* 1001
* 1002
* 1003
* 1005
* 1007
* 1024
* 1025/1154
* 1026/1155
* 1027
* 1028
* 1030
* 1031
* 1032
* 1033
* 1037
* 1047
* 1068
* 1069
* 1070
* 1071
* 1073
* 1074
* 1075
* 1076
* 1077
* 1078
* 1079
* 1080
* 1081
* 1082
* 1083
* 1084
* 1085
* 1087
* 1091
* 1097
* 1112/1156
* 1113
* 1122/1157
* 1123/1158
* 1130/1164
* 1132
* 1136
* 1137
* 1150
* 1151
* 1152
* 1159
* 1165
* 1166
* 1278
* 1279
* 1303
* 1364
* 1376
* 1377
* JEF
* KEIS

DEC terminals (VTx)|

* Multinational (MCS)
* National Replacement (NRCS)
* French Canadian
* Swiss
* Spanish
* United Kingdom
* Dutch
* Finnish
* French
* Norwegian and Danish
* Swedish
* Norwegian and Danish (alternative)
* 8-bit Greek
* 8-bit Turkish
* 7-bit Hebrew
* 8-bit Hebrew
* Special Graphics
* Technical (TCS)

Platform specific|

* Acorn
* Adobe Standard
* Adobe Latin 1
* Amstrad CPC
* Apple I
* Apple II
* Apple III
* ATASCII
* Atari ST
* BICS
* Casio calculators
* CDC
* Compucolor II
* DEC Radix-50
* DEC MCS/NRCS
* DG International
* ELWRO-Junior
* FIELDATA
* GEM
* GEOS
* GSM 03.38
* HP Roman Extension
* HP Roman-8
* HP Roman-9
* HP FOCAL
* HP RPL
* LICS
* LMBCS
* Mattel Aquarius
* Minitel
* MSX
* NEC APC
* NeXT
* OricSCII
* PCW
* PETSCII
* Sega SC-3000
* Sharp calculators
* Sharp MZ
* Sinclair QL
* Teletext
* TI calculators
* TRS-80
* Ventura International
* Ventura Symbol
* Videotex
* WISCII
* XCCS
* ZX80
* ZX81
* ZX Spectrum

Unicode / ISO/IEC 10646|

* UTF-1
* UTF-7
* UTF-8
* UTF-16 (UTF-16LE/UTF-16BE) / UCS-2
* UTF-32 (UTF-32LE/UTF-32BE) / UCS-4
* UTF-EBCDIC
* GB 18030
* BOCU-1
* CESU-8
* SCSU

TeX typesetting system|

* Cork
* LGR
* LY1
* OML
* OMS
* OMX
* OT1
* OT2
* OT3
* OT4
* T2A
* T2B
* T2C
* T2D
* T3
* T4
* T5
* TS1
* TS3
* U
* X2

Miscellaneous code pages|

* ABICOMP
* APL
* 293
* 310 (Graphic Escape)
* 351 (GDDM)
* 907 (OEM)
* ISO-IR-68
* ARIB STD-B24
* HZ
* IEC-P27-1
* INIS
* 7-bit
* 8-bit
* Cyrillic
* ISO-IR-169
* ISO 2033
* Johab
* SEASCII
* Stanford/ITS
* TACE16
* TRON
* UTF-5
* UTF-6
* WTF-8

Related topics|

* Code page
* Control character (C0 C1)
* CCSID
* Character encodings in HTML
* Charset detection
* Han unification
* Hardware
* ISO 6429/IEC 6429/ANSI X3.64
* Mojibake

Character sets

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