John Stewart Service

John Stewart Service was a U.S. State Department official and Foreign Service Officer during World War II, who was caught red-handed by FBI surveillance delivering the Nationalist Chinese Order of Battle to secret Communist Phillip Jaffe. He was for decades popularly portrayed as an innocent victim of McCarthyism, but later admitted that he had falsified intelligence on the Communist Chinese because "I wanted them to win."

## Contents

* 1 Subversion in China
* 2 Return to the U.S.
* 3 Amerasia scandal
* 4 PSI investigations
* 5 See also
* 6 References

## Subversion in China[edit]

In 1944, Service was Second Secretary of the U.S. Embassy in Chungking, China. There he shared a house with two Communist agents: U.S. Treasury attaché Solomon Adler[1] and Chinese Ministry of Finance official Chi Chao-ting (Ji Chaoding).[2]

Adler had been identified five years before by confessed former Comintern-GRU courier Whittaker Chambers as a member of the Communist underground apparatus.[3] In 1945, defecting NKVD courier Elizabeth Bentley would idependently identify Adler as a Treasury official in Chungking who was also a member of an NKVD espionage ring known as the Silvermaster group.[4] In 1948, Chief of Soviet intelligence in the U.S. Anatoly Gorsky identified Adler (in KGB archives summarized by former KGB agent Alexander Vassiliev) as the agent code-named "Sachs,"[5] who appears in Venona as an NKVD source on China.[6] Chi, meanwhile, was a Communist propagandist[7] and intelligence agent.[8] After the fall of China to the Communists, both Adler and Chi would abscond to Beijing, where they would become officials of the new Communist government, Chi as a propagandist,[9] Adler as a foreign espionage official.[10]

During the early war years, Service and Adler wrote favorable reports on the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek, which were keeping the Japanese busy, so they could not attack the Soviet Union. But once the defeat of Japan became likely, Soviet policy shifted to hostility toward the Nationalist government, and support for the Communist rebels seeking to overthrow it. Service began an increasingly harsh series of attacks on the Chinese government as "fascist" and "Gestapo-like,"[11] writing that "the Kuomintang intensifies its drive for 'Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer'."[12]

In contrast, Service praised the Communists as "progressive" and "democratic."[13] According to Service, the Communist (or as Service put it, "the so-called Communist") rebels merely advocated "agrarian reform, civil rights, the establishment of democratic institutions."[14] "[T]he Communist political program is simple democracy," he wrote. "This is much more American than Russian in form and spirit."[15] He reassured Washington that Mao's policy involved "abandonment of any purely Communist program."[16] The Communists "are carrying out democratic policies," insisted Service, "which they expect the United States to approve and sympathetically support."[17]

When Vice President Henry Wallace visited China in June 1944, he was given a 68-page briefing, officially written by Service, although Service would later admit he actually co-wrote it with the Soviet agent Solomon Adler.[18] Service and his Soviet-agent housemate Adler wrote that the Communists were doing most of the fighting against the Japanese, while the Nationalists were sitting out the war or actually collaborating.[19] For example, Adler reported (attributing information to Service): "The Communists have successfully resisted the Japanese for seven years... with no active support from Chungking."[20] In contrast, General Albert Wedemeyer, commander of American forces in China reported: "No Communist Chinese forces fought in any major battles of the Sino-Japanese war.... Chinese Communist leaders were not interested in fighting the Japanese," he wrote; "their main interest was to occupy the territory which the Nationalist forces evacuated in their retreat."[21]

"[T]he war was to [Mao] an opportunity to have Chiang destroyed by the Japanese," agreed Jung Chang, a former member of Mao's Red Guards. "He ordered Red commanders to wait for Japanese troops to defeat the Nationalists, and then, to seize territories below the Japanese line."[22] As Mao put it, “Our determined policy is 70 percent self-development, 20 percent compromise, and 10 percent fight the Japanese.”[23] In July–August 1943, 20,000 Chinese troops were wiped out at Shantung when attacked simultaneously by the Japanese from the north and the Communist rebels from the south.[24] Indeed, in May 1945, an Office of Strategic Services (OSS) team code-named "Spaniel" that parachuted into China to link up with Communist forces was instead taken prisoner by the Communists, whom they found coexisting with Japanese troops. The Americans were held incommunicado until October, some two months after the end of the war. When finally freed, they reported, "The amount of actual fighting being carried on by the 8th R.A. [the “Eighth Route Army,” i.e., Communist Chinese rebels] has been grossly exaggerated. It was their policy to undertake no serious campaign against the Japanese..."[25] Even so ardent a pro-Communist as Theodore White[26] would have to admit, "The Communists...claimed that they held down most of the Japanese troops in China and that they bore the main weight of resistance; this was untrue." In fact, wrote White, "it was the weary soldiers of the Central Government who bore the shock, gnawed at the enemy, and died."[27]

On July 30, 1944 Service wrote, "...the Communists base their policy toward the Kuomintang on a real desire for democracy in China under which there can be orderly economic growth through a stage of private enterprise to eventual socialism without the need of violent social upheaval and revolution." [28] On June 6, 1945, he wrote to John Carter Vincent, Chief of the State Department's Division of Chinese Affairs, that the Chinese Communists had a "moderate policy of preserving the interests of the middle class, including landlords and private business, and protection of the institution of private property and capitalism," and that "it is unnecessary and not likely for them to turn toward radicalism," concluding that "Kuomintang-Communist reconciliation seems more than ever to depend on Kuomintang concessions."[29]

Jonathan Mirsky, former East Asia editor for the Times of London, reported that shortly before his death in 1999, Service admitted to him that he “purposely ignored Mao's persecution, including executions, of his perceived enemies at Yan'an.” (Asked why he had “covered-up” for the Communists, Service confessed, "I wanted them to win.")[30]

## Return to the U.S.[edit]

According to an FBI report, "A highly confidential source, which is completely reliable, has advised that Max and Grace Granich, both of whom have been engaged in Communist and Comintern activities for many years, were advised in the fall of 1944 that Service was returning to Washington from China, and that they should contact him because he could furnish fullest details as to the latest developments."[31] Max Granich (brother of Communist Party cultural commissar[32] "Mike Gold") was the bodyguard and chauffeur of C.P. General Secretary Earl Browder; Grace Granich was Browder's personal secretary. During the 1930s they had been Comintern agents stationed in China.[33]

Upon his arrival in D.C., Service met with[34] White House aide Lauchlin Currie, who would be identified by Gorsky as the Soviet spy code-named "PAZh/Page,"[35] who is recorded in Venona giving information to Iskhak Akhmerov,[36] the leading NKVD illegal in the U.S.,[37] and "handing over documents" to Nathan Gregory Silvermaster.[38] Currie was also the NKVD agent[39] in the White House[40] who tipped the Kremlin off in 1944 that the U.S. was on the verge of breaking the Soviet code.[41]

Service also met with FDR's personal emissary to Soviet dictator Josef Stalin, Harry Hopkins, whom Akhmerov called "the most important of all Soviet war-time agents in the United States," according to Oleg Gordievsky, the highest-ranking KGB agent ever to defect.[42] The late U.S. Air Force historian Eduard Mark identified Hopkins as Venona's Soviet agent "19."[43]

In addition, Service met with Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Harry Dexter White, the "most important member of the Silvermaster network and the most highly placed asset the Soviets possessed in the American government."[44] Finally, Service also visited the Washington headquarters of the Institute of Pacific Relations, which would be identified by the Senate Judiciary Committee as "a vehicle used by the Communists to orientate American far eastern policies toward Communist objectives."[45]

## Amerasia scandal[edit]

FBI surveillance recorded that Service then met with the secret Communist[46] Philip Jaffe on April 19, 1945 at D.C.'s Statler Hotel, reporting: "Service, according to the microphone surveillance, apparently gave Jaffe a document which dealt with matters the Chinese had furnished to the United States government in confidence."[47] Among the documents Service gave Jaffe was a report by his and Adler's other Soviet agent housemate, Chi, about which Service warned Jaffe that his source would "get his neck pretty badly wrung"[48] if it got out. The surveillance also caught Service admitting to Jaffe, "what I said about the military plans is, of course, very secret."[49] According to Emory University History Professor Harvey Klehr, co-author of The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism:

“  |  [One] wiretap picked up a conversation in which Jaffe informed Service that Chi Ch’ao-ting, his upstairs neighbor in Chungking, was Jaffe’s cousin, and that Jaffe was anxious to keep that information secret. Even though Service was well aware of Jaffe’s pro-Communist leanings, he agreed not to let anyone know--including his State Department superiors....[50] |  ”

|
|

OSS investigators broke into in the offices of Amerasia, finding hundreds of government documents, many labeled "secret," "top secret," or "confidential."[51] Among the papers seized were "a hundred-odd items from the pen of John Stewart Service";[52] Service was arrested as a suspect. In the wake of the arrests, the Soviet agent Currie told New Deal "fixer" Thomas Corcoran he wanted the charges against Service dropped.[53] An FBI wire tap then caught "Tommy the Cork"[54] trying to "throw a monkey wrench into the Amerasia prosecution"[55] in the form of a "political fix."[56] One FBI memorandum, under the heading "Political Manipulations," citing "technical surveillance on the offices of Thomas J. Corcoran," reported:

“  |  Considerable political pressure and maneuverings were exerted on behalf of Service, involving directly or indirectly Lauchlin Currie, then an Administrative Assistant at the White House; the then Attorney General, Tom Clark; James McGranery, then Assistant to the Attorney General; James McInerney, then General Assistant to the Assistant Attorney General in Charge of the Criminal Division; and Robert Hitchcock, Special Prosecutor for this case."[57] |  ”

|
|

The FBI surveillance logs in question recorded the Soviet agent Currie talking to Corcoran about Service, telling him, "the important thing is to get him out"; Corcoran telling Service that he had informed Attorney General Tom Clark "about the understanding we had below about the cutting out of your name"; James McGranery, assistant to the Attorney General, telling Corcoran, "Your man is Service. I got it" (to which Corcoran replies, "Yeah. So that we can cut him out. OK?"); Service telling Corcoran that federal prosecutor Robert Hitchcock told his attorney "we want to have Service cleared"; Corcoran telling Service, "I have a flat deal like that you are going to be cleared"; etc.[58]

When congressional investigators asked why the Justice Department dropped the case, Hitchcock claimed that department attorneys were concerned that the case would be thrown out because the initial documents had been obtained without a warrant. Asked why Justice had begun the prosecution, having known the origin of the evidence, MacInerney said, "I guess I was just overzealous." In fact, the courts in 1945 held that evidence obtained without a warrant, though inadmissible in court, could be used in investigation to develop other, admissible evidence. It would not be until the 1960s that the courts would adopt the so-called "tainted fruit" doctrine. According to Time magazine, "An FBI agent said flatly: 'The FBI secured no documents through any means … except incident to arrest. They were all legally obtained.'"[59] FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover later wrote, "in the event I had been asked at the time the arrests were made whether I thought we had an airtight case, I would have stated that I thought we had. Further, if I were asked today, I would have to so state."[60] Hitchcock left Washington later that year to take a job with the law firm of Kate Mitchell's uncle.[61]

According to Mirsky, Service would later confess that he had given Jaffe “a top-secret document revealing the Nationalist Order of Battle, which showed the exact disposition of the forces facing Mao's troops.” Service admitted that he knew this might be regarded as treason, but said, "I want to get this off my chest."[62] As Richard M. Fried admits, "Conservative suspicions of a high-level fix were correct."[63]

## PSI investigations[edit]

Service was accused by Senator Joseph McCarthy of being a security and loyalty risk. Between the years of 1942 and 1945, Service submitted memos to the U.S. State Department supporting the Chinese Communists and Mao and advocated that the U.S. destroy Chiang Kai-shek. According to Senator McCarthy, "Service was named by the U.S. Ambassador to China as one of the men who was serving the cause of Communism in China. He asked the President to remove Service. He said that this man's actions are not good for the United States, they are good for Russia. While in China, Service, in secret recommendations to the State Department, urged that the Communists were the only hope for China. On June 6, 1945, Service was arrested by the F.B.I. for, "having transmitted, without authority, classified documents to the editors of Amerasia, a Communist magazine". Service had in effect turned over to a known Communist, not only State Department documents, but also secret military information. In December 1951, Service was fired from the U.S. State Department, "as a result of an adverse finding as to his security qualifications by the Loyalty Review Board of the Civil Service Commission." [64] [65] [66] He was rehired in 1957 at the instruction of a federal judge, but was never again given a policy-making or China-related post, and never received another promotion. Service eventually admitted that "the evidence had been sufficient to support his firing as a security risk." In 1963 he retired from the State Department to the University of California at Berkeley, where, according to Mirsky, “he was admired by students and colleagues and regarded as a witch-hunt victim.” "For many years no expert on China stood higher in the opinion of American students of China, including myself,” than Service, writes Mirsky. However, in light of Service's confession, concludes Mirsky, Service “can no longer be viewed as an innocent victim.”[67]

## See also[edit]

* Koji Ariyoshi

## References[edit]

1. ↑ FBI recording summary, Philip Jacob Jaffe, April 19, 1945 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 39); "A highly confidential source has advised that Sol Adler was the roommate in Chungking, China, of John Stewart Service." (FBI summary: The Comintern Apparatus, March 6, 1946, p. 20 PDF p. 24); "I moved into an apartment in the city [Chungking] with Solomon Adler." United States Department of State Loyalty Security Board Meeting in the Case of John S. Service, May 26, 1950, State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation: Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1950), Part 2: Appendix, p. 1967 (PDF p. 491); The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), p. 592
2. ↑ "During 1944, Service was sharing a house in Chungking with Solomon Adler... Upstairs, in a separate flat, lived Chi Cha’o-ting." Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0807822456, p. 21
3. ↑ Adolf Berle’s Notes on His Meeting with Whittaker Chambers. Under the Heading “Underground Espionage Agent,” Berle listed (Under “TREASURY“) “Shlomer Adler (Sol Adler?)”
4. ↑ Statement of Elizabeth Terrill Bentley, November 30, 1945 (FBI file: Silvermaster, Volume 6), p. 26 (PDF p. 27)
5. ↑ A. Gorsky, “Failures in the USA (1938-48),” Dec. '48, in Alexander Vassiliev, Black Notebook, original, p. 78 (PDF p. 40), transcribed, p. 78, translated, p. 78. Under “‘Sound’ [Jacob Golos] and ‘Myrna’s’ [Bentley’s] group,” Gorsky listed “‘Sachs’ – Solomon Adler, former employee of the U.S. Dept. of the Treasury”
6. ↑ 14 KGB New York to Moscow 4 January 1945, p. 2
7. ↑ Gregory Lewis, "Bridging the Guomindang-Chinese Communist Party: Ji Chaoding in New York, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Beijing, 1933-1963," Zhongguo Shangye Shi (Chinese Business History), Vol. 11, No. 2 (Fall 2001) ISSN 1090-834X, p. 1; Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, Institute of Pacific Relations, S. Rpt. 2050, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574, pursuant to S. Res. 306, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 67
8. ↑ Lifu Chen, The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Chen Li-fu, 1900-1993 (Hoover Press, 1994) ISBN 0817992723, p. 181; Arthur Herman, Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684836254, p. 126
9. ↑ Sidney Rittenberg, The Man Who Stayed Behind (Duke University Press, 2001) ISBN 0822326671, p. 253
10. ↑ John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 144
11. ↑ Senate Internal Security Committee, The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China, Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), pp. 577, 592, 1015
12. ↑ Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, U.S. Senate, 82d Cong., 1st sess., Institute of Pacific Relations, Part 3 (Washington: GPO, 1951), pp. 817, 818
13. ↑ Senate Internal Security Committee, The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China, January 26, 1970, pp. 406, 410, 577, 579, 589, 1014
14. ↑ Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, U.S. Senate, 82d Cong., 1st sess., Institute of Pacific Relations, Part 3 (Washington: GPO, 1951), p. 828
15. ↑ Hongshan Li and Zhaohui Hong, Image, Perception, and the Making of U.S.-China Relations (University Press of America, 1998) ISBN 0761811583, p. 182; Michael M. Sheng, Battling Western Imperialism: Mao, Stalin, and the United States (Princeton University Press, 1997), ISBN 0691016356, p. 78
16. ↑ United States. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, Volume 6 (Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1944), p. 562
17. ↑ Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 82d Cong., 1st-2d sess., Institute of Pacific Relations (U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1952), p. 5419
18. ↑ M. Stanton Evans, Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9, p. 105, fn. Cf. "I worked on the translation and also provided some of the material and assisted in drafting the memorandum of comment on the book. However, the major part of the comment and the summary was done by Mr. Adler." Report of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, 1950, Vol. 2, appendix, p. 2456 (PDF p. 980)
19. ↑ Edward M. Collins, Myth, Manifesto, Meltdown: Communist Strategy, 1848-1991 (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger/Greenwood, 1998) ISBN 0275959384, p. 93
20. ↑ M. Stanton Evans, Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9, pp. 99-106
21. ↑ Albert C. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports (Holt, 1958), p. 285
22. ↑ Jung Chang, Mao: The Unknown Story (Jonathan Cape, 2005) ISBN 0-224-07126-2, p. 211
23. ↑ Subcommittee No. 5: National and International Movements, Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, United States 80th Congress, 2d session, The Strategy and Tactics of World Communism: Report Document no. 619. (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1948), p. 24. Cf. Edward M. Collins, Myth, Manifesto, Meltdown: Communist Strategy, 1848-1991 (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998) ISBN 0275959384, p. 60
24. ↑ Robert Henry Winborne Welch, Again, May God Forgive Us (Belmont, Wash.: Belmont Pub. Co., 1971), cited in James Perloff, "China Betrayed Into Communism," The New American, July 24, 2009; cf. Felix Wittmer, The Yalta Betrayal: Data on the Decline and Fall of Franklin Delano Roosevelt (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1961) p. 37
25. ↑ Maochun Yu, OSS in China (Yale University Press, 1997) ISBN 0300066988, pp. 220-223
26. ↑ Edward Carter, head of the Communist front American Russian Institute confided to White--in the midst of the Nazi-Soviet pact--"A trusted member of the IPR staff is about to take a journey on my behalf to certain countries that are not too popular at the moment in Wall Street or in Jewish circles." (Edward C. Carter to Theodore H. White, January 8, 1940 [FBI file: Institute of Pacific Relations, Vol. 54, Sec. 11, PDF p. 120])
27. ↑ Theodore Harold White, Thunder out of China [Da Capo Press, 1980] ISBN 0306801280, p. 210)
28. ↑ E. J. Kahn, Jr., The China Hands: America's Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them, New York, 1972, pg. 118
29. ↑ Excerpts from Memorandum by Mr. John S. Service to the Chief of the Division of Chinese Affairs (John Carter Vincent), Washington, June 6, 1945, The Grand Alliance and the Future of China, 1945, TeachingHistory.org
30. ↑ Jonathan Mirsky, “In Whose Service?” The Wall Street Journal, December 20, 2009. The Communists Service thus helped, whom he said he thought "were better than the Nationalists," would eventually murder some 70 million Chinese. Courtois et al. estimate Communist China at 65 million (Stephane Courtois, Jean-Louis Panne, Andrzej Paczkowski, Karel Bartosek, Jean-Louis Margolin [Mark Kramer, ed.; Jonathan Murphy, trans.], The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression [Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999] ISBN 9780674076082, p. 4); Jung and Halladay estimate "well over 70 million" (Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, Mao: The Unknown Story [London: Jonathan Cape, 2005] ISBN 0224071262, pp. 3, 560, 651); Rummel estimates 77 million. R.J. Rummel, "Death by Government: Stalin Beat Hitler but Mao Surpassed Both," Orthodoxy Today, December 4, 2005
31. ↑ FBI Report: Soviet Espionage Activity in the United States, November 25, 1945, p. 46
32. ↑ Cary D. Wintz and Paul Finkelman (Eds.), Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance (Taylor & Francis, 2004) ISBN 1579584578, p. 240
33. ↑ Historical/Biographical Note, Guide to the Grace Granich and Max Granich Papers, Elmer Holmes Bobst Library, Tamiment Library / Wagner Archives, New York University
34. ↑ M. Stanton Evans, Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 9781400081059, p. 111
35. ↑ Vassiliev's Black Notebook, p. 78
36. ↑ 1463 KGB New York to Moscow 14 October 1944
37. ↑ Christopher M. Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060166053, p. 286
38. ↑ 253 KGB Moscow to New York 20 March 1945
39. ↑ Robert J. Hanyok, Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939-1945 (Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, 2005), pp. 118-119 [PDF p. 123-124], n. 185; John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 146
40. ↑ "Cold War Counterintelligence," A Counterintelligence Reader: An American Revolution Into the New Millennium, Vol. 3, Chapter 1 (Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive) pp. 30-31 (PDF pp. 29-30); Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 167
41. ↑ FBI memo: Belmont to Boardman, February 1, 1956, p. 9 (FBI file: Venona, p. 71); Robert Louis Benson and Cecil Phillips, History of Venona (Fort George Meade, Md.: National Security Agency, 1995), p. 37; Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, eds., Venona: Soviet Espionage and The American Response (Washington: National Security Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 1996), pp. xiv, xxiv; John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (Yale University Press, 2009) ISBN 0300123906, p. 263; Kathryn S. Olmsted, Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 2002), ISBN 0807827398, p. 49; Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 2000), ISBN 046500312, p. 130
42. ↑ Peter B. Niblo, Influence: The Soviet Task Leading to Pearl Harbor, the Iron Curtain, and the Cold War (Oakland, Ore.: Elderberry Press, 2002) ISBN 1930859147, p. 65. In 2008, Gordievsky would become partially paralyzed, as a result, he told Scotland Yard, of what he suspected was an assassination attempt.
43. ↑ Eduard Mark, “Venona’s Source 19 and the ‘Trident’ Conference of 1943: Diplomacy or Espionage,” Intelligence and National Security, Summer 1998
44. ↑ John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (Yale University Press, 2009) ISBN 0300123906, p. 258
45. ↑ Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, Institute of Pacific Relations (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 225
46. ↑ Philip Jaffe, The Amerasia Case from 1945 to the Present (New York: Philip J. Jaffe, 1979), p. 1
47. ↑ Report of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, 1950, Vol. 2, appendix, p. 2051
48. ↑ Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0807822456, p. 60
49. ↑ Subcommittee on S. Res. 231, Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 81st Cong., 2d Sess., State Department Employee Loyalty Investigation, Vol. 1, (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1950), p. 1404 (PDF p. 1420)
50. ↑ Harvey Klehr, "Secret Service," National Review, December 7, 2009
51. ↑ Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 131
52. ↑ Henry M. Adams, "The Betrayal of Asia," Modern Age, Vol. 14, Nos. 3-4 (Summer-Fall 1970), pp. 338-340
53. ↑ Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America's Traitors (Regnery Publishing, 2001) ISBN 0895262258, p. 168
54. ↑ David McKean, Tommy the Cork: Washington's Ultimate Insider from Roosevelt to Reagan (Steerforth Press, 2004) ISBN 1586420682
55. ↑ Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 112
56. ↑ Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 0-8078-2245-0, p. 125
57. ↑ FBI memorandum: D.M. Ladd to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, Re Philip Jacob Jaffe, was., et al, Espionage - C, May 11, 1950, p. 7 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 54)
58. ↑ FBI recording summary, May 31, 1950: Philip Jacob Jaffe, June 10, 1945-April 19, 1946 (with cover memorandum, Ladd to Hoover, June 30, 1952)
59. ↑ "The Strange Case of Amerasia," Time, June 12, 1950
60. ↑ FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to Peyton Ford, Assistant to the Attorney General, re Philip Jacob Jaffe, was., et al., Espionage, May 4, 1950 (FBI file: Amerasia, Section 54)
61. ↑ Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996) ISBN 978-0807822456, p. 172
62. ↑ Jonathan Mirsky, “In Whose Service?” The Wall Street Journal, December 20, 2009
63. ↑ Richard M. Fried, Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective (Oxford University Press, 1991) ISBN 0195043618, p. 61
64. ↑ Buckley, Jr., William F. and Bozell, L. Brent (1954, 1995 Printing). McCarthy & His Enemies, The Record And Its Meaning. Regnery Publishing Inc.. ISBN 0-89526-472-2.
65. ↑ McCarthy, Joseph (1953). Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950-1951. U. S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 0-87968-308-2.
66. ↑ Klehr, Harvey and Radosh, Ronald (1996). The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-80782-245-0.
67. ↑ Jonathan Mirsky, “In Whose Service?” The Wall Street Journal, December 20, 2009

v • d • e

Communism

Topics|

Abolish ICE • Atheism and communism • Belt and Road Initiative • Bernie Bros • Biden/Harris domestic policy • Biden/Harris regime foreign policy • Biden/Harris regime propaganda apparatus • Biden Junta • Biden Putsch • Big Tech • Black bloc • Black liberation theology • Build Back Better • CCP propaganda war • Center for Tech and Civic Life • Chan Zuckerberg Initiative • CHAZ • Chinese Cold War • Cloward-Piven Strategy • Cold War I • Communism • Community organizing • Comintern • Coronavirus • Critical theory • Critical race theory • Cultural Marxism • Defund the Police • Democide • Democrat plantation • Democrat urban issues • Direct action • DNC • Doctrine of inevitability • Environmentalism • Feminism • Ferguson riots • Forced abortion • For the People Act • Frankfurt School • Front organization • Green New Deal • Individual mandate • Iron Curtain • Juche • Liberal hate speech • Long March through the institutions • Maoism • Marxism • Marxism-Leninism • Medicare for All • National Liberation Movement • New Left • No cash bail • Obama administration • Obama riots • Obamunism • Occupy Democrats • Occupy Wall Street • People's Republic of China • Progressive • Rectification • Rules for Radicals • Socialized medicine • Stalinism • The 1619 Project • The Squad • Trotskyism • U.S. Color Revolution • Vanguardism • Venona project • War on Freedom • War on Sovereignty • White privilege • Wolf warrior diplomacy • Young mass murderers • 1983 United States Senate bombing • 2020 Democrat issues • 2020 Leftwing riots • 2020 Voter fraud timeline • 610 Office •

* * *

People|

Saul Alinsky • Jacinda Ardern • Bill Ayers • Karen Bass • Ian Bassin • Xavier Becerra • T.A. Bisson • Richard Blumenthal • Chesa Boudin • Muriel Bowser • Kathy Boudin • Rosa Brooks • Earl Browder • Cori Bush • Fidel Castro • Nicolae Ceausescu • Konstantin Chernenko • Chou En-lai • Judy Clark • Patrisse Cullors • Carl Davidson • Angela Davis • Frank Marshall Davis • Walter Duranty • Jenny Durkan • Keith Ellison • Friedrich Engels • Linda Evans • Jane Fonda • Kim Gardner • Alicia Garza • David Gilbert • Nils Gilman • Antonio Gramsci • Che Guevara • Tom Hayden • George Jackson • Ho Chi Minh • Erich Honecker • Enver Hoxha • Noel Ignatiev • Rev. Jim Jones • Van Jones • Kim Il-sung • Kim Jong-Il • Kim Jong-un • Joseph P. Lash • Barbara Lee • Vladimir Lenin • Mao Zedong • Nicolás Maduro • Herbert Marcuse • Karl Marx • Michael Moore • Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez • Ilhan Omar • David Plouffe • Jen Psaki • Ayanna Pressley • Pol Pot • Susan E. Rice • Paul Robeson • Susan Rosenberg • Assata Shakur • Joseph Stalin • Eric Swalwell • Rashida Tlaib • Opal Tometi • Leon Trotsky • Dalton Trumbo • Xi Jinping • Yang Jiechi

* * *

Deep State|

John Abt • Solomon Adler • Josef Berger • Joe Biden • Bill de Blasio • John Brennan • Frank Coe • Judith Coplon • Lauchlin Currie • Anita Dunn • Eric Garcetti • Tashina Guahar • Kamala Harris • Alger Hiss • Mary Jane Keeney • Charles Kramer • Trude Lash • Owen Lattimore • Lori Lightfoot • Harry Magdoff • David Niles • Barack Hussein Obama • J. Robert Oppenheimer • Victor Perlo • Samantha Power • Susan Rice • Bernie Sanders • Nathan Gregory Silvermaster • Michael Whitney Straight • Cass Sunstein • Sylvester Turner • Henry Wallace • Bill Weisband • Harry Dexter White •

* * *

Media|

CBC • CCTV • CGTN • CNN • Global Times • MSNBC • National Guardian • New Masses • New York Times • NPR • PBS • People's World • Political Affairs • Snopes.com • Washington Post • Wikipedia

* * *

Victims|

Alexander Alekhine • Horace Lorenzo Anderson • Philip Anderson • Atheistic communism and torture • Ashli Babbitt • Berlin Wall • Davell Gardner, Jr. • Black Genocide • Cambodian genocide • Communist racism • Communism and religious persecution • Cultural Revolution • CCP global pandemic • Aaron Danielson • Dayton nightclub shooting • Death toll of communism • Doctor's plot • David Dorn • Michael T. Flynn • Davell Gardner, Jr. • Jake Gardner • Falun Gong • James V. Forrestal • Eric Greitens • Great Purge • Holodomor • Hungarian uprising • Jonestown Massacre • Katyn Massacre • Lee Keltner • Kulaks • Kuomintang • Li-Meng Yan • Mark McCloskey • Joseph Cardinal Mindszenty • Andy Ngo • Carter Page • George Papadopoulos • Prague Spring • Kyle Rittenhouse • Roger Stone • Michael Strickland • Tacoma suicide bomber attack • Three Years of Disasters • Tiananmen Square massacre • Bernell Tremmell • Secoriea Turner • Patrick Underwood • Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation

* * *

Organizations|

ACORN • ActBlue • Adbusters • Alliance for Global Justice • Antifa • Black Lives Matter • Bohai Harvest RST • Brand New Congress • Center for American Progress • Chinese Communist Party • Code Pink • Committees of Correspondence for Democratic Socialism • Communist Party of Cuba • Communist Party USA • Congressional Progressive Caucus • Democracy Defense Nerve Center • Democratic Socialists of America • Dominion Election Systems • Electronic Frontier Foundation • FARC • FMLF • Green Party • Left Inside/Outside Project • IPS • Justice Democrats • Liberation Road • Media Matters • MoveOn.org • National Lawyers Guild • NEA • New Consensus • NextGen America • Nike, Inc. • OFA • Our Revolution • Party for Socialism and Liberation • PFLP • PKK • Priorities USA • Refuse Fascism • Revolutionary Communist Party • Rosemont Seneca • Sandinistas • São Paulo Forum • Socialist Alternative • Socialist Unity Party • Sunrise Movement • Thousand Currents • Transition Integrity Project • United Front Work Department • Workers' Party of Korea • Workers World Party • 50 cent army

* * *

Defunct organizations|

ANSWER • Armed Forces of National Liberation • Black Panther Party • Communist Party of Great Britain • Communist Party of the Soviet Union • Democracy Integrity Project • FLQ • Khmer Rouge • League of American Writers • League for Industrial Democracy • M19CO • New Party • NION • Peoples Temple • Progressives for Obama • Red Brigades • Socialist Unity Party (East Germany) • Students for a Democratic Society • Symbionese Liberation Army • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics • Viet Minh • Weather Underground