Kapala

A kapala (Sanskrit for "skull") is a skull cup used as a ritual implement (bowl) in both Buddhism Tantra and Tibetan Buddhist Tantra (Vajrayana). Especially in Tibetan Buddhism, kapalas are often carved or elaborately mounted with precious metals and jewels. In Hinduism, tantric and aghoris use Kapala for rituals.

Part of a series on

Tibetan Buddhism

Sects

* Nyingma
* Kagyu
* Jonang
* Sakya
* Gelug

* Rimé

Key personalities

First dissemination

* Padmasambhava
* Śāntarakṣita
* Kamalaśīla

Second dissemination

* Atiśa
* Talika
* Abhayakirti
* Niguma
* Sukhasiddhi
* Milarepa

Nyingma

* Longchenpa
* Patrul Rinpoche
* Mipham

Kagyu

* Rangjung Dorje

Jonang

* Dolpopa
* Taranatha

Sakya

* Sakya Pandita
* Gorampa

Gelugpa

* Je Tsongkhapa
* 5th Dalai Lama
* 13th Dalai Lama
* 14th Dalai Lama

Teachings

General Buddhist

* Three marks of existence

* Skandha
* Cosmology
* Saṃsāra

* Rebirth
* Bodhisattva
* Dharma

* Dependent origination
* Karma

Tibetan

* Four Tenets system
* Rangtong-Shentong
* Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction

Nyingma

* Dzogchen
* Pointing-out instruction

Practices and attainment

* Lamrim
* Pāramitās

* Bodhicitta
* Avalokiteśvara

* Meditation
* Laity

* Vajrayana
* Tantra techniques
* Deity yoga

* Buddhahood

Major monasteries

* Tradruk
* Drepung
* Dzogchen

* Ganden
* Jokhang
* Kumbum

* Labrang
* Mindrolling
* Namgyal

* Narthang
* Nechung
* Pabonka

* Palcho
* Ralung
* Ramoche
* Rato

* Sakya
* Sanga
* Sera
* Shalu

* Tashi Lhunpo
* Tsurphu
* Yerpa

Institutional roles

* Dalai Lama
* Panchen Lama

* Lama
* Karmapa
* Rinpoche

* Geshe
* Tertön
* Tulku

Festivals

* Chotrul Duchen
* Dajyur
* Galdan Namchot
* Losar
* Dosmoche
* Monlam
* Sho Dun

Texts

* Kangyur
* Tengyur

* Tibetan Buddhist canon

* Mahayana sutras
* Nyingma Gyubum

Art

* Sand mandala
* Thangka
* Wall paintings
* Ashtamangala
* Tree of physiology
* Festival thangka

History and overview

* History
* Timeline

* Outline
* Culture

* Index of articles

* v
* t
* e

Part of a series on

Hinduism

* Hindus
* History

Origins

* History
* Indus Valley Civilisation
* Historical Vedic religion
* Śramaṇa
* Tribal religions in India

Main traditions

* Vaishnavism
* Shaivism
* Shaktism
* Smartism

Deities

Trimurti

* Brahma
* Vishnu
* Shiva

* * *

Other major Devas / Devis

* Vedic

* Indra
* Agni
* Prajapati
* Rudra
* Devi
* Saraswati
* Ushas
* Varuna
* Vayu

* Post-Vedic

* Durga
* Ganesha
* Hanuman
* Kali
* Kartikeya
* Krishna
* Lakshmi
* Parvati
* Radha
* Rama
* Shakti
* Sita

Concepts

Worldview

* Hindu cosmology
* Puranic chronology
* Hindu mythology

Supreme Reality

* Brahman
* Om

God

* Ishvara
* God in Hinduism
* God and gender

Life

* Varna

* Brahmana
* Kshatriya
* Vaishya
* Shudra
* Ashrama (stage)

* Brahmacharya
* Grihastha
* Vanaprastha
* Sannyasa
* Purusharthas

* Dharma
* Artha
* Kama
* Moksha

Mind

* Antahkarana
* Pramanas
* Guna
* Ahamkara (Attachment)
* Uparati (Self-settledness)
* Titiksha (Forbearance)
* Ānanda (Happiness)
* Kshama (Forgiveness)
* Shama (Equanimity)
* Dama (Temperance)
* Dhyana (Serenity)
* Moksha (Release)
* Viveka (Discrimination)
* Vairagya (Dispassion)
* Samadhana (Complete Concentration)
* Shraddha (Faith)
* Shadripu (Six Enemies)

Liberation

* Atman
* Maya
* Karma
* Saṃsāra

Ethics

* Niti shastra
* Yamas
* Niyama
* Ahimsa
* Asteya
* Aparigraha
* Brahmacharya
* Satya
* Damah
* Dayā
* Akrodha
* Ārjava
* Santosha
* Tapas
* Svādhyāya
* Shaucha
* Mitahara
* Dāna

Liberation

* Bhakti yoga
* Jnana yoga
* Karma yoga

Practices

Worship

* Puja
* Śrauta
* Temple
* Murti
* Bhakti
* Japa
* Bhajana
* Yajna
* Homa
* Vrata
* Prāyaścitta
* Tirtha
* Tirthadana
* Matha
* Nritta-Nritya

Meditation and Charity

* Tapa
* Dhyana
* Dāna

Yoga

* Sadhu
* Yogi
* Asana
* Hatha yoga
* Jnana yoga
* Bhakti yoga
* Karma yoga
* Raja yoga
* Kundalini Yoga

Arts

* Bharatanatyam
* Kathak
* Kathakali
* Kuchipudi
* Manipuri
* Mohiniyattam
* Odissi
* Sattriya
* Bhagavata Mela
* Yakshagana
* Dandiya Raas
* Carnatic music

Rites of passage

* Garbhadhana
* Pumsavana
* Simantonayana
* Jatakarma
* Namakarana
* Nishkramana
* Annaprashana
* Chudakarana
* Karnavedha
* Vidyarambha
* Upanayana
* Keshanta
* Ritushuddhi
* Samavartana
* Vivaha
* Antyeshti

Ashrama Dharma

* Ashrama: Brahmacharya
* Grihastha
* Vanaprastha
* Sannyasa

Festivals

* Diwali
* Holi
* Shivaratri
* Navaratri
* Durga Puja
* Ramlila
* Vijayadashami-Dussehra
* Raksha Bandhan
* Ganesh Chaturthi
* Vasant Panchami
* Rama Navami
* Janmashtami
* Onam
* Makar Sankranti
* Kumbha Mela
* Pongal
* Ugadi
* Vaisakhi
* Bihu
* Puthandu
* Vishu
* Ratha Yatra

Philosophical schools

Six Astika schools

* Samkhya
* Yoga
* Nyaya
* Vaisheshika
* Mimamsa
* Vedanta

* Advaita
* Dvaita
* Vishishtadvaita

Other schools

* Pasupata
* Saiva
* Pratyabhijña
* Charvaka

Gurus, saints, philosophers

Ancient

* Agastya
* Angiras
* Aruni
* Ashtavakra
* Atri
* Bharadwaja
* Gotama
* Jamadagni
* Jaimini
* Kanada
* Kapila
* Kashyapa
* Pāṇini
* Patanjali
* Raikva
* Satyakama Jabala
* Valmiki
* Vashistha
* Vishvamitra
* Vyasa
* Yajnavalkya

Medieval

* Nayanars
* Alvars
* Adi Shankara
* Basava
* Akka Mahadevi
* Allama Prabhu
* Siddheshwar
* Jñāneśvar
* Chaitanya
* Gangesha Upadhyaya
* Gaudapada
* Gorakshanath
* Jayanta Bhatta
* Kabir
* Kumarila Bhatta
* Matsyendranath
* Mahavatar Babaji
* Madhusudana
* Madhva
* Haridasa Thakur
* Namdeva
* Nimbarka
* Prabhakara
* Raghunatha Siromani
* Ramanuja
* Sankardev
* Purandara Dasa
* Kanaka Dasa
* Ramprasad Sen
* Jagannatha Dasa
* Vyasaraya
* Sripadaraya
* Raghavendra Swami
* Gopala Dasa
* Śyāma Śastri
* Vedanta Desika
* Tyagaraja
* Tukaram
* Tulsidas
* Vachaspati Mishra
* Vallabha
* Vidyaranya

Modern

* Aurobindo
* Bhaktivinoda Thakur
* Chinmayananda
* Dayananda Saraswati
* Mahesh Yogi
* Jaggi Vasudev
* Krishnananda Saraswati
* Narayana Guru
* Prabhupada
* Ramakrishna
* Ramana Maharshi
* Radhakrishnan
* Sarasvati
* Sivananda
* U. G. Krishnamurti
* Sai Baba
* Vivekananda
* Nigamananda
* Yogananda
* Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade
* Tibbetibaba
* Trailanga

Texts

Scriptures

Vedas

* Rigveda
* Yajurveda
* Samaveda
* Atharvaveda

Divisions

* Samhita
* Brahmana
* Aranyaka
* Upanishad

Upanishads

* Rigveda:
* Aitareya
* Kaushitaki

* Yajurveda:
* Brihadaranyaka
* Isha
* Taittiriya
* Katha
* Shvetashvatara
* Maitri

* Samaveda:
* Chandogya
* Kena

* Atharvaveda:
* Mundaka
* Mandukya
* Prashna

Other scriptures

* Bhagavad Gita
* Agama (Hinduism)

Other texts

Vedangas

* Shiksha
* Chandas
* Vyakarana
* Nirukta
* Kalpa
* Jyotisha

Puranas

* Vishnu Purana
* Bhagavata Purana
* Nāradeya Purana
* Vāmana Purana
* Matsya Purana
* Garuda Purana
* Brahma Purana
* Brahmānda Purana
* Brahma Vaivarta Purana
* Bhavishya Purana
* Padma Purana
* Agni Purana
* Shiva Purana
* Linga Purana
* Kūrma Purana
* Skanda Purana
* Varaha Purana
* Mārkandeya Purana

Itihasas

* Ramayana
* Mahabharata

Upavedas

* Ayurveda
* Dhanurveda
* Gandharvaveda
* Sthapatyaveda

Shastras and Sutras

* Dharma Shastra
* Artha Śastra
* Kamasutra
* Brahma Sutras
* Samkhya Sutras
* Mimamsa Sutras
* Nyāya Sūtras
* Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
* Yoga Sutras
* Pramana Sutras
* Charaka Samhita
* Sushruta Samhita
* Natya Shastra
* Panchatantra
* Divya Prabandha
* Tirumurai
* Ramcharitmanas
* Yoga Vasistha
* Swara yoga
* Shiva Samhita
* Gheranda Samhita
* Panchadasi
* Stotra
* Sutras

Text classification

* Śruti Smriti

* Timeline of Hindu texts

Society

* Varna

*     * Brahmin
* Kshatriya
* Vaishya
* Shudra

* Dalit
* Jati

* Persecution
* Nationalism
* Hindutva

Other topics

* Hinduism by country

* Balinese Hinduism
* Criticism
* Calendar
* Iconography
* Mythology
* Pilgrimage sites

* Hinduism and Jainism / and Buddhism / and Sikhism / and Judaism / and Christianity / and Islam

* Glossary of Hinduism terms
* '

* v
* t
* e

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 In Hinduism
* 2.1 Hindu deities
* 2.2 Kapalikas
* 3 In Buddhism
* 3.1 Vajrayana deities
* 3.2 Charnel ground or sky burial
* 4 Gallery
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 External links

## Etymology

'Kapala' (Tibetan: ཀ་པ་ལ་, Wylie: kapala) is a loan word into Tibetan from Sanskrit kapāla (Devanagari: कपाल) referring to the skull or forehead, usually of a human. By association, it refers to the ritual skullcup fashioned out of a human cranium. The Sanskrit word, in turn, was derived from Proto Indo-Aryan *kapā́las, and descended from Proto-Indo-European *káp-ōl- (cup, bowl), from *kap- (to seize, to hold).[citation needed]

## In Hinduism

Kapalas are used mainly for esoteric purposes such as rituals. Among the rituals using kapalas are higher tantric meditation to achieve a transcendental state of mind within the shortest possible time; libation to gods and deities to win their favor.[citation needed]

### Hindu deities

Bhairava's image in the Durbar Square, Kathmandu. He holds the kapala in his lower right hand, near his chest

Hindu deities that may be depicted with the kapala include Durga, Kālī and Shiva, especially in his Bhairava form. Even Ganesha, when adopted into Tibetan Buddhism as Maharakta Ganapati, is shown with a kapala filled with blood.

Some of the Hindu deities pictured thus are:

* Kālī, pictured in the most common four-armed iconographic image, shows each hand carrying variously a sword, a trishula (trident), a severed head, and a bowl or skullcup (kapala) catching the blood of the severed head.
* The Chamunda, a form of Durga, seen in the Halebidu temple built by the Hoysala, is described as wearing a garland of severed heads or skulls (Mundamala). She is described as having four, eight, ten, or twelve arms, holding a damaru (drum), trishula (trident), sword, a snake (nāga), skull-mace (khatvanga), thunderbolt (vajra), a severed head and panapatra (drinking vessel, wine cup) or skullcup (kapala), filled with blood.

### Kapalikas

The Kāpālika tradition was a Tantric, non-Puranic form of Shaivism in India.[1][2] The word is derived from kapāla, meaning "skull", and Kāpālika means the "skull-men". The Kāpālikas were an extinct sect of Shaivite ascetics devoted to the Hindu god Shiva dating back to the 8th century CE, which traditionally carried a skull-topped trident (khatvanga) and an empty skull as a begging bowl.[1][2]

## In Buddhism

Tibetan carved kapala

In Tibetan monasteries a kapala is used symbolically to hold bread or dough cakes, torma, and wine instead of blood and flesh as offerings to wrathful deities, such as the ferocious Dharmapāla ("defender of the faith"). The dough cakes are shaped to resemble human eyes, ears and tongues. The kapala is made in the form of a skull, specially collected and prepared. It is elaborately anointed and consecrated before use. The cup is also elaborately decorated and kept in a triangular pedestal. The heavily embossed cup is usually made of silver-gilt bronze with lid shaped like a skull and with a handle made in the form of a thunderbolt.[3]

### Vajrayana deities

The Buddhist Deities Chakrasamvara and Vajravarahi, circa 15th century Painted Kapala is seen on one of the left hands Kapala Mala, 19th century, Tibet, courtesy of the Wovensouls collection

Many of the deities of Vajrayana, including mahasiddhas, dakinis and dharmapalas, are depicted as carrying the kapala, usually in their left hand. Some deities such as the Hindu Chinnamasta and the related Buddhist Vajrayogini are depicted as drinking blood from the kapala.[4] The kapala itself is a symbol of wisdom (prajna) and knowledge. In the inner-level or subtle-body practices of Buddhist Tantra, the underside of the skull contains the moon drops, which are melted by tummo or inner heat yoga, creating a cooling sensation of bliss as the drops move through the inner channels.[5]

As many Vajrayana empowerments such as the vase empowerment are also performed by touching the top of the head, the kapala also represents the transmission of knowledge from the Tantric guru to disciple, known as lineage transmission.[6] As blood was associated with hell-beings and was considered to be one of the most polluting substances in the Indian Vedas, the drinking of blood was an esoteric symbol for non-discrimination.[7] As wisdom transforms all duhkha into emptiness (sunyata), a yogi who has accomplished the siddhi of non-discriminatory awareness has broken through all illusions of duality, of purity and impurity (all constructed realities), and most importantly, nirvana and samsara.[8]

The ability to break through the duality of nirvana and samsara results in the union of emptiness and bliss, which is the highest expression of enlightenment in Vajrayana Buddhism.[9] In this way, the image of the dakini who not only drinks but takes pleasure and delight from consuming the blood in the kapala is a powerful symbol of a yogi who has perfected the paramita of prajna, and who dwells in the reality of non-dualism.[citation needed]

Sky burial site in Yerpa valley in Tibet where kapalas are searched for by tantric practitioners

### Charnel ground or sky burial

Main article: Unsolved:Sky burial

The kapala is one of several charnel ground implements made from human bone found by tantrics at sky burial sites.

The charnel ground, an ancient Tibetan burial custom, is distinctly different from the customs of graveyards and cremation, but all three of them have been a part of the home ground of tantric practitioners’ such as the yogis and yoginis, Shaiva Kapalikas and Aghoris, shamans and sadhus. The charnel ground, often referred to as "sky burial" by Western sources, is an area demarcated specifically in Tibet, defined by the Tibetan word jhator (literal meaning is ’giving alms to the birds’), a way of exposing the corpse to nature, where human bodies are disposed as it were or in a chopped (chopped after the rituals) condition in the open ground as a ritual that has great religious meaning of the ascent of the mind to be reincarnated into another circle of life.

Such a practice results in finding human bones, half or whole skeletons, more or less putrefying corpses and disattached limbs lying scattered around. Items made from human skulls or bones are found in the sky burial grounds by the Sadhus and Yogins of the tantric cult. The charnel grounds are also known by the epithets the "field of death" or the "valley of corpses". In Tibet, a class distinction in the burial practices is also noted. The dead High Lamas are buried in stupas or cremated but the dead commoners are disposed of in the charnel ground or in a sky burial.[10][11]

The products from the charnel ground are the charnel ground ornaments such as the i) crown of five skulls, ii) bone necklace, iii) bone armlets, iv) bone bracelets, v) bone skirt and vi) bone anklets which decorate many images of dakinis, yoginis, dharmapalas and a few other deities (as may be seen in some of the pictures and stone images depicted in the gallery here), and other products such as the bone trumpet, the skull cup and skull drum used by the tantric practitioners. Kapala or the skull cup is thus produced from the charnel ground.[12]

## Gallery

* 6 armed Mahakala – tantric protective deity with a kapala in the hand.

* Dancing Rakta Ganapathi with Kapala in hand

* Tibetan Rakta Ganapathi with Kapala in hand

* Ten armed Mahakali with Kapala in one hand

## See also

* Chöd
* Ganachakra
* Sahasrara

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 James G. Lochtefeld (2001). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 349. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA349.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Gavin Flood (2008). The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 212–213. ISBN 978-0-470-99868-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=SKBxa-MNqA8C.
3. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica. Kapala
4. ↑ Benard, Elisabeth Anne (1994). Chinnamasta: The Aweful Buddhist and Hindu Tantric Goddess. Delhi: Motilal Barnarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1065-1
5. ↑ Mountain doctrine: Tibet's fundamental treatise on other-emptiness and the Buddha matrix. Shambhala Publications, 2017.
6. ↑ Rangdrol, Tsele Natsok. Empowerment and the Path of Liberation. Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 1993, p. 33.
7. ↑ Urban, Hugh B. The power of Tantra: Religion, sexuality and the politics of South Asian studies. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009, p. 56.
8. ↑ Goudriaan, Teun, ed (1990). The Sanskrit tradition and tantrism. 1. Brill. p. 38.
9. ↑ Tulku, Ringu. The Ri-Me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet. Shambhala Publications, 2007.
10. ↑ Camphausen, Rufus C.. "Charnel- and Cremation Grounds". http://www.yoniversum.nl/dakini/charnel_g.html.
11. ↑ "Sky Burial, Tibetan Religious Ritual, Funeral Party". http://www.travelchinaguide.com/cityguides/tibet/sky-buria.htm.
12. ↑ Camphausen, Rufus C.. "Charnel Ground Ornaments and Implements". http://www.yoniversum.nl/dakini/charnel_o.html.

## External links

* The Yoniverse. Skull Cup

* v
* t
* e

Tibetan Buddhism

Traditions|

* Vajrayana
* Bön
* Nyingma
* Kadam
* Bodongpa
* Sakya
* Jonang
* Kagyu
* Gelug
* Rimé movement

Practices and teachings|

* Lamrim
* Lamdre
* Ngöndro
* Chöd
* Dzogchen
* Mahamudra
* Six Dharmas
* Kālacakra

Institutional roles|

* Lama
* Tulku
* Tertön
* Rinpoche
* Ngagpa
* Dalai Lama
* Panchen Lama
* Karmapa
* Sakya Trizin

Key figures|

| Nyingma (Dzogchen)|

* Padmasambhava

|

Sakya|

* Sakya Pandita
* Drogön Chögyal Phagpa

Kagyu|

* Milarepa
* Thang Tong Gyalpo

Gelug|

* Je Tsongkhapa

Other|

* Trisong Detsen
* Vairotsana
* Dampa Sangye
* Drukpa Kunley
* Namkhai Norbu
* Godrakpa
* Gorampa Sonam Sengye
* Jigdral Yeshe Dorje (2nd Dudjom Rinpoche)
* Shamarpa
* Dilgo Khyentse
* Jamgon Kongtrul
* Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo
* Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö
* Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen
* Longchenpa
* Jigme Lingpa
* Patrul Rinpoche
* Gampopa
* Marpa Lotsawa
* Chögyam Trungpa
* Penor Rinpoche
* Ratna Lingpa
* Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche
* Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche
* Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche
* Shakya Shri
* Thinley Norbu
* Chogye Trichen
* Tenzin Ösel Hita
* Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche
* Taranatha
* Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama
* Minling Terton
* Rendawa
* Rongtong Shenrab Kunrig
* Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa
* Pema Lingpa
* Tai Situpa
* Thubten Yeshe
* Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso
* Tenzin Palmo
* Sakya Chokden
* Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche
* Tsele Natsok Rangdröl
* Ganden Tripa
* Lama Jampa Thaye
* Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama
* Thubten Zopa Rinpoche
* Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche
* Tarthang Tulku
* Dodrupchen Rinpoche
* Anagarika Govinda
* Alexandra David-Néel
* Vimalamitra
* Atiśa
* Ngorchen Kunga Zangpo
* Tsangnyön Heruka
* Go Lotsawa Shonnu Pal
* Sogyal Rinpoche
* Second Beru Khyentse
* Alexander Berzin (scholar)
* Chatral Rinpoche
* Dezhung Rinpoche
* Tulku Thondup
* Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche
* Akong Rinpoche
* Khenpo Abbey Rinpoche
* Kangyur Rinpoche
* Dudjom Yangsi
* Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche
* Orgyen Tobgyal
* Kathok Ontrul Rinpoche
* Zurmang Tenpa Rinpoche
* Adzom Drukpa
* Yudra Nyingpo
* Ratna Vajra Sakya
* Gyana Vajra Sakya
* Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche
* Dawa Chodrak Rinpoche
* Kalu Rinpoche
* Tenga Rinpoche
* Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche
* Thrangu Rinpoche
* Chetsang Rinpoche
* Trijang Rinpoche
* Phabongkha
* Reting Rinpoche
* Zong Rinpoche
* Ling Rinpoche
* Khandro Rinpoche
* Trulshik Rinpoche
* Karma Thinley Rinpoche
* Khamtrul Rinpoche
* Gyalwang Drukpa
* Luding Khenchen Rinpoche
* Rechung Dorje Drakpa
* Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo
* Arija Rinpoche
* Hugh Edward Richardson
* Charles Alfred Bell

Texts|

* Terma
* Gyubum
* Kangyur
* Tengyur
* Tibetan canon

Ritual objects|

* Thangka
* Stupa
* Yidam

Monasteries|

* Jokhang
* Palyul Monastery
* Dzogchen Monastery
* Kathog Monastery
* Shechen Monastery
* Namdroling Monastery
* Ganden Monastery
* Sera Monastery
* Ramoche Temple
* Sanga Monastery
* Drepung Monastery
* Tashilhunpo Monastery
* Dzongsar Monastery
* Sakya Monastery

Places|

* Lhasa
* Shambhala

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapala. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Philosophy:Kapala&oldid=4351168"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template