Comparison of relational database management systems

Short description: none

The following tables compare general and technical information for a number of relational database management systems. Please see the individual products' articles for further information. Unless otherwise specified in footnotes, comparisons are based on the stable versions without any add-ons, extensions or external programs.

## Contents

* 1 General information
* 2 Operating system support
* 3 Fundamental features
* 4 Limits
* 5 Tables and views
* 6 Indexes
* 7 Database capabilities
* 8 Data types
* 9 Other objects
* 10 Partitioning
* 11 Access control
* 12 Databases vs schemas (terminology)
* 13 See also
* 14 References
* 15 External links

## General information

| Maintainer  | First public release date  | Latest stable version  | Latest release date  | License  | Public issues list

|
|
|
|
|
|

4D (4th Dimension)  | 4D S.A.S.  | 1984  | v16.0  | 2017-01-10[1] | Proprietary | No
ADABAS | Software AG  | 1970  | 8.1  | 2013-06  | Proprietary | No
Adaptive Server Enterprise | SAP AG  | 1987  | 16.0 SP03 PL07  | 2019-06-10  | Proprietary | No
Advantage Database Server (ADS)  | SAP AG  | 1992  | 12.0  | 2015  | Proprietary | No
Altibase | Altibase Corp.  | 2000  | 7.1.0.1.2  | 2018-03-02  | Proprietary | No
Apache Derby | Apache  | 2004  | 10.17.1.0[2] | 2023-11-14  | Apache License  | Yes[3]
ClustrixDB  | MariaDB Corporation | 2010  | v7.0  | 2015-08-19  | Proprietary | No
CockroachDB | Cockroach Labs  | 2015  | v24.1.0  | 2024-05-20  | BSL,CCL,MIT,BSD  | Yes[4]
CUBRID | CUBRID  | 2008-11  | 11.2.3  | 2023-01-31  | Apache License 2.0, BSD license for APIs and GUI tools  | Yes[5]
Datacom  | CA, Inc.  | Early 70s[6] | 14[7] | 2012[8] | Proprietary | No
IBM Db2 | IBM | 1983  |  | ; 0 seconds ago  | Proprietary | No
Empress Embedded Database  | Empress Software Inc  | 1979  | 10.20  | 2010-03  | Proprietary | No
Exasol  | EXASOL AG  | 2004  | 7.1.1  | 2021-09-15; 4 years ago  | Proprietary | No
FileMaker | FileMaker, Inc., an Apple subsidiary  | 1985-04  | 19  | 2020-05-20  | Proprietary | No
Firebird | Firebird project  | 2000-07-25  |  | ; 0 seconds ago  | IPL[9] and IDPL[10] | Yes[11]
GPUdb  | GIS Federal  | 2014  | 3.2.5  | 2015-01-14  | Proprietary | No
HSQLDB | HSQL Development Group  | 2001  | 2.6.1  | 2021-10-21  | BSD | Yes[12]
H2 | H2 Software  | 2005  | 2.3.232  | 2024-08-12  | EPL and modified MPL | Yes[13]
Informix Dynamic Server  | IBM / HCL Technologies | 1981????1980  | 15.0.0.1  | 2025-03-15  | Proprietary | No
Ingres | Actian(HCLSoftware)  | 1974  | 12.0.0[14] | 2024-05-06  | Proprietary | No
InterBase | Embarcadero Technologies | 1984  | XE7 v12.0.4.357  | 2015-08-12  | Proprietary | No
Linter SQL RDBMS | RELEX Group  | 1990  | 6.0.17.53  | 2018-02-15  | Proprietary | Yes[15]
LucidDB | The Eigenbase Project  | 2007-01  | 0.9.4  | 2012-01-05  | GPL v2  | No
MariaDB | MariaDB Community | 2010-02-01  |  | ; 0 seconds ago  | GPL v2, LGPL (for client-libraries)[16] | Yes[17]
MaxDB | SAP AG  | 2003-05  | 7.9.0.8  | 2014  | Proprietary | Yes[18]
SingleStore (formerly MemSQL) | SingleStore | 2012-06  | 7.1.11  | 2020-10-12  | Proprietary | No
Microsoft Access (JET)  | Microsoft | 1992  | 16 (2016)  | 2015-09-22  | Proprietary | No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro  | Microsoft | 1984  | 9 (2005)  | 2007-10-11  | Proprietary | No
Microsoft SQL Server | Microsoft | 1989  |  | ; 0 seconds ago  | Proprietary | No
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Microsoft | 2000  | 2011 (v4.0)  |  | Proprietary | No
Mimer SQL | Mimer Information Technology  | 1978  | 11.0.9D  | 2025-07-16  | Proprietary | No
MonetDB | MonetDB Foundation [19] | 2004  | Mar2025 [20] | 2025-03-27  | Mozilla Public License, version 2.0[21] | Yes[22]
mSQL | Hughes Technologies  | 1994  | 4.1[23] | 2017-06-30  | Proprietary | No
MySQL | Oracle Corporation | 1995-11  |  | ; 0 seconds ago  | GPL v2 or Proprietary | Yes[24]
NexusDB | NexusDB Pty Ltd  | 2003  | 4.00.14  | 2015-06-25  | Proprietary | No
HPE NonStop SQL | Hewlett Packard Enterprise | 1987  | SQL/MX 3.4  |  | Proprietary | No
NuoDB | NuoDB | 2013  | 4.1  | 2020-08  | Proprietary | No
Omnis Studio  | TigerLogic Inc  | 1982-07  | 6.1.3 Release 1no  | 2015-12  | Proprietary | No
OpenEdge  | Progress Software Corporation  | 1984  | 12.8  | 2024-1  | Proprietary | No
OpenLink Virtuoso | OpenLink Software  | 1998  | 7.2.14  | 2024-11-11  | GPL v2 or Proprietary | Yes[25]
Oracle DB | Oracle Corporation | 1979-11  |  | ; 0 seconds ago  | Proprietary | No
Oracle Rdb | Oracle Corporation | 1984  | Template:Oracle Rdb version | Template:Oracle Rdb version | Proprietary | No
Paradox | Corel Corporation  | 1985  | 11  | 2009-09-07  | Proprietary | No
Percona Server for MySQL  | Percona | 2006  | Template:Percona Server for MySQL version | Template:Percona Server for MySQL version | GPL v2  | Yes
Actian Zen (PSQL)  | Actian | 1982  | v16  | 2024-06-30  | Proprietary | No
Polyhedra DBMS | ENEA AB | 1993  | 9.0  | 2015-06-24  | Proprietary, with Polyhedra Lite available as Freeware[26] | No
PostgreSQL | PostgreSQL Global Development Group  | 1989-06  | 17.4  | 2025-02-21[27] | Postgres License[28] | No[29]
Software:R:Base | R:BASE Technologies  | 1982  | 10.0  | 2016-05-26  | Proprietary | No
SAP HANA | SAP AG  | 2010  | 2.0 SPS04  | 2019-08-08  | Proprietary | No
solidDB | UNICOM Global | 1992  | 7.0.0.10  | 2014-04-29  | Proprietary | No
SQL Anywhere | SAP AG  | 1992  | 17.0.0.48  | 2019-07-26  | Proprietary | No
SQLBase  | Unify Corp.  | 1982  | 11.5  | 2008-11  | Proprietary | No
SQLite | D. Richard Hipp  | 2000-09-12  |  | ; 0 seconds ago  | Public domain | Yes[30]
SQream DB | SQream Technologies  | 2014  | 2.1[31] | 2018-01-15  | Proprietary | No
Superbase  | Superbase  | 1984  | Classic  | 2003  | Proprietary | No
Superbase NG  | Superbase NG  | 2002  | Superbase NG 2.10  | 2017  | Proprietary | Yes[32]
Teradata | Teradata | 1984  | 15  | 2014-04  | Proprietary | No
TiDB | PingCAP Inc.  | 2016  |  | ; 0 seconds ago  | Apache License  | Yes[33]
UniData  | Rocket Software  | 1988  | 8.2.1  | 2017-07  | Proprietary | No
Vector | Actian(HCLSoftware)  | 2010  | 7.0[34] | 2024-12-17  | Proprietary | No
YugabyteDB | Yugabyte, Inc.  | 2018  | 2.7.2.0[35] | 2021-07-29[±] | Apache License  | Yes[36]
Actian Zen (PSQL)  | Actian | 1982  | v16  | 2024-06-30  | Proprietary | No
| Maintainer  | First public release date  | Latest stable version  | Latest release date  | License  | Public issues list

## Operating system support

The operating systems that the RDBMSes can run on.

| Windows | macOS | Linux | BSD  | UNIX  | AmigaOS | z/OS  | OpenVMS | iOS | Android

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

4th Dimension  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
ADABAS | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
Advantage Database Server | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
Altibase | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
Apache Derby | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | ?  | No
ClustrixDB  | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
CockroachDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
CUBRID | Yes  | Partial  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
IBM Db2 | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No
Empress Embedded Database  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes
EXASolution  | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
FileMaker | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | No
Firebird | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Maybe  | No  | Yes[37] | Yes
HSQLDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | ?  | ?
H2 | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | ?  | Yes
Informix Dynamic Server  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes (AIX)  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
Ingres | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Partial  | Yes[38] | No  | No
InterBase | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes (Solaris)  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Under Linux on IBM Z | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
LucidDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
MariaDB | Yes  | Yes[39] | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | Yes[40]
MaxDB | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Maybe  | No  | No  | No
Microsoft Access (JET)  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes  | No  | Yes[41] | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
Mimer SQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes[42] | No  | Yes
MonetDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
MySQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | ?  | Yes[43]
Omnis Studio | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
OpenEdge  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
Oracle | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No
Oracle Rdb | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | No
Actian Zen (PSQL)  | Yes  | Yes (OEM only)  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes
Polyhedra | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
PostgreSQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (MorphOS)[44] | Under Linux on IBM Z[45] | No  | No  | Yes
Software:R:Base | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
SAP HANA | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
solidDB | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Under Linux on IBM Z | No  | No  | No
SQL Anywhere | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes
SQLBase  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
SQLite | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Maybe  | No  | Yes  | Yes
SQream DB | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
Superbase  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No
Superbase NG  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
Teradata | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
TiDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Partial  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
UniData  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
UniVerse  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
YugabyteDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
| Windows | macOS | Linux | BSD  | UNIX  | AmigaOS | z/OS  | OpenVMS | iOS | Android

## Fundamental features

Information about what fundamental RDBMS features are implemented natively.

Database Name  | ACID | Referential integrity | Transactions | Fine-grained locking | Multiversion concurrency control | Unicode | Interface  | Type inference

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

4th Dimension  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | GUI & SQL | Yes
ADABAS | Yes  | No  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | proprietary direct call & SQL (via 3rd party)  | Yes
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)  | Yes  | Yes  | API & GUI & SQL | Yes
Advantage Database Server | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)  | ?  | Yes4 | API & SQL | Yes
Altibase | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)  | ?  | Yes  | API & GUI & SQL | Yes
Apache Derby | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking) [46] | ?  | Yes  | SQL | Yes
ClustrixDB  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | SQL | Yes
CockroachDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)  | Yes  | Yes  | SQL | No
CUBRID | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)  | Yes  | Yes  | GUI & SQL | Yes
IBM Db2 | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)[47] | ?  | Yes  | GUI & SQL | Yes
Empress Embedded Database  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | API & SQL | Yes
EXASolution  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | API & GUI & SQL | Yes
Firebird | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | API & SQL | Yes
HSQLDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | SQL | Yes
H2 | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | Yes[48] | Yes  | SQL | Yes
Informix Dynamic Server  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)  | Yes  | Yes  | SQL, REST, MQ, and JSON | Yes
Ingres | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)  | Yes  | Yes  | SQL & QUEL | Yes
InterBase | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | SQL | Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Except for DDL)  | Yes (Row-level locking)  | ?  | Yes  | API & GUI & SQL | Yes
LucidDB | Yes  | No  | No  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | SQL | Yes
MariaDB | Yes2 | Yes  | Yes2 except for DDL[49][50] | Yes (Row-level locking)  | Yes  | Yes  | SQL | Yes
MaxDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | SQL | Yes
Microsoft Access (JET)  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | GUI & SQL | Yes
Microsoft Visual FoxPro  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking SMB2)  | Yes  | No  | GUI & SQL | Yes
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)[51] | Yes  | Yes  | GUI & SQL | Yes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | GUI & SQL | Yes
Mimer SQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Optimistic locking)  | Yes  | Yes  | API & GUI & SQL | Yes
MonetDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | API & SQL & MAL  | Yes
MySQL | Yes2 | Yes3 | Yes2 except for DDL[49] | Yes (Row-level locking)[52] | Yes  | Yes  | GUI 5 & SQL | Yes
OpenEdge  | Yes  | Yes6 | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)  | ?  | Yes  | GUI & SQL | Yes
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | API & GUI & SQL | Yes
Oracle | Yes  | Yes  | Yes except for DDL[49] | Yes (Row-level locking)[53] | Yes  | Yes  | API & GUI & SQL | Yes
Oracle Rdb | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | SQL | Yes
Actian Zen (PSQL)  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | API & GUI & SQL | Yes
Polyhedra DBMS | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (optimistic and pessimistic cell-level locking)[54] | ?  | Yes  | API & SQL | Yes
PostgreSQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)[55] | Yes  | Yes  | API & GUI & SQL | No[56]
SAP HANA | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)  | Yes  | Yes  | API & GUI & SQL | Yes
solidDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)  | ?  | Yes  | API & SQL | Yes
SQL Anywhere | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Row-level locking)[57] | Yes[58] | Yes  | API & GUI & HTTP(S) (REST & SOAP)[59] & SQL | Yes
SQLBase  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | API & GUI & SQL | Yes
SQLite | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No (Database-level locking)[60] | No  | Optional[61] | API & SQL | Yes
Superbase NG  | ?  | ?  | ?  | Yes (Record-level locking)  | ?  | Yes  | GUI & Proprietary & ODBC  | Yes
Teradata | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (Hash and Partition)  | ?  | Yes  | SQL | Yes
TiDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes except for DDL[49] | Yes (Row-level locking)[62] | Yes  | Yes  | GUI 5 & SQL | Yes
UniData  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | Multiple  | Yes
UniVerse  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | Multiple  | Yes
Database Name  | ACID | Referential integrity | Transactions | Fine-grained locking | Multiversion concurrency control | Unicode | Interface  | Type inference

* Note (1): Currently only supports read uncommitted transaction isolation. Version 1.9 adds serializable isolation and version 2.0 will be fully ACID compliant.
* Note (2): MariaDB and MySQL provide ACID compliance through the default InnoDB storage engine.[63][64]
* Note (3): "For other than InnoDB storage engines, MySQL Server parses and ignores the FOREIGN KEY and REFERENCES syntax in CREATE TABLE statements.[65]" "The CHECK clause (as of 8.0.16) [66] supports most core features for all storage engines."
* Note (4): Support for Unicode is new in version 10.0.
* Note (5): MySQL provides GUI interface through MySQL Workbench.
* Note (6): OpenEdge SQL database engine uses Referential Integrity, OpenEdge ABL Database engine does not and is handled via database triggers.

## Limits

Information about data size limits.

| Max DB size  | Max table size  | Max row size  | Max columns per row  | Max Blob/Clob size  | Max CHAR size  | Max NUMBER size  | Min DATE value  | Max DATE value  | Max column name size

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

4th Dimension  | Limited  | ?  | ?  | 65,135  | 200 GB (2 GiB Unicode)  | 200 GB (2 GiB Unicode)  | 64 bits  | ?  | ?  | ?
Advantage Database Server | Unlimited  | 16 EiB | 65,530 B | 65,135 / (10+ AvgFieldNameLength)  | 4 GiB | ?  | 64 bits  | ?  | ?  | 128
Apache Derby | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | 1,012 (5,000 in views)  | 2,147,483,647 chars  | 254 (VARCHAR: 32,672)  | 64 bits  | 0001-01-01  | 9999-12-31  | 128
ClustrixDB  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | 64 MB on Appliance, 4 MB on AWS  | ?  | 64 MB  | 64 MB  | 64 MB  | 0001-01-01  | 9999-12-31  | 254
CUBRID | 2 EB  | 2 EB  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | 1 GB  | 64 bits  | 0001-01-01  | 9999-12-31  | 254
IBM DB2 | Unlimited  | 2 ZB | 1,048,319 B | 1,012  | 2 GB | 32 KiB | 64 bits  | 0001-01-01  | 9999-12-31  | 128
Empress Embedded Database  | Unlimited  | 263−1 bytes  | 2 GB  | 32,767  | 2 GB  | 2 GB  | 64 bits  | 0000-01-01  | 9999-12-31  | 32
EXASolution  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | 10,000  | N/A  | 2 MB  | 128 bits  | 0001-01-01  | 9999-12-31  | 256
FileMaker | 8 TB  | 8 TB  | 8 TB  | 256,000,000  | 4 GB  | 10,000,000  | 1 billion characters, 10−400 to 10400, ±  | 0001-01-01  | 4000-12-31  | 100
Firebird | Unlimited1 | ≈32 TB  | 65,536 B  | Depends on data types used  | 32 GB  | 32,767 B  | 128 bits  | 100  | 32768  | 63
HSQLDB | 64 TB  | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | 64 TB7 | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | 0001-01-01  | 9999-12-31  | 128
H2 | 64 TB  | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | Unlimited8 | 64 TB7 | Unlimited8 | 64 bits  | -99999999  | 99999999  | Unlimited8
| Max DB size  | Max table size  | Max row size  | Max columns per row  | Max Blob/Clob size  | Max CHAR size  | Max NUMBER size  | Min DATE value  | Max DATE value  | Max column name size
Informix Dynamic Server  | ≈0.5 YB12 | ≈0,5YB12 | 32,765 bytes (exclusive of large objects)  | 32,765  | 4 TB  | 32,76514 | 10125 13 | 01/01/000110 | 12/31/9999  | 128 bytes
Ingres | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | 256 KB  | 1,024  | 2 GB  | 32 000 B  | 64 bits  | 0001  | 9999  | 256
InterBase | Unlimited1 | ≈32 TB  | 65,536 B  | Depends on data types used  | 2 GB  | 32,767 B  | 64 bits  | 100  | 32768  | 31
Linter SQL RDBMS | Unlimited  | 230 rows  | 64 KB (w/o BLOBs),
2GB (each BLOB value)  | 250  | 2 GB  | 4000 B  | 64 bits  | 0001-01-01  | 9999-12-31  | 66
MariaDB | Unlimited  | MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB;
Innodb storage limits: 64 TB;
Aria storage limits: ???  | 64 KB3 | 4,0964 | 4 GB (longtext, longblob)  | 64 KB (text)  | 64 bits  | 1000  | 9999  | 64[67]
Microsoft Access (JET)  | 2 GB  | 2 GB  | 16 MB  | 255  | 64 KB (memo field),
1 GB ("OLE Object" field)  | 255 B (text field)  | 32 bits  | 0100  | 9999  | 64
Microsoft Visual Foxpro  | Unlimited  | 2 GB  | 65,500 B  | 255  | 2 GB  | 16 MB  | 32 bits  | 0001  | 9999  | 10
Microsoft SQL Server | 524,272 TB (32 767 files × 16 TB max file size)

16ZB per instance

| 524,272 TB  | 8,060 bytes / 2 TB6 | 1,024 / 30,000(with sparse columns)  | 2 GB / Unlimited (using RBS/FILESTREAM object)  | 2 GB6 | 126 bits2 | 0001  | 9999  | 128
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | 4 GB  | 4 GB  | 8,060 bytes  | 1024  | 2 GB  | 4000  | 154 bits  | 0001  | 9999  | 128
Mimer SQL | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | 16000 (+lob data)  | 252  | Unlimited  | 15000  | 45 digits  | 0001-01-01  | 9999-12-31  | 128
MonetDB | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | 2 GB  | 2 GB  | 128 bits  | -4712-01-01  | 9999-12-31  | 1024
MySQL | Unlimited  | MyISAM storage limits: 256 TB; Innodb storage limits: 64 TB  | 64 KB3 | 4,0964 | 4 GB (longtext, longblob)  | 64 KB (text)  | 64 bits  | 1000  | 9999  | 64
OpenLink Virtuoso | 32 TB per instance
(Unlimited via elastic cluster)  | DB size (or 32 TB)  | 4 KB  | 200  | 2 GB  | 2 GB  | 231 | 0  | 9999  | 100
Oracle | 2 PB (with standard 8k block)
8 PB (with max 32k block)
8 EB (with max 32k block and BIGFILE option)  | 4 GB × block size
(with BIGFILE tablespace)  | 8 KB  | 1,000  | 128 TB  | 32,767 B11 | 126 bits  | −4712  | 9999  | 128
| Max DB size  | Max table size  | Max row size  | Max columns per row  | Max Blob/Clob size  | Max CHAR size  | Max NUMBER size  | Min DATE value  | Max DATE value  | Max column name size
Actian Zen (PSQL)  | 4 billion objects  | 256 GB  | 2 GB  | 1,536  | 2 GB  | 8,000 bytes  | 64 bits  | 01-01-0001  | 12-31-9999  | 128 bytes
Polyhedra | Limited by available RAM, address space  | 232 rows  | Unlimited  | 65,536  | 4 GB (subject to RAM)  | 4 GB (subject to RAM)  | 64 bits  | 0001-01-01  | 8000-12-31  | 255
PostgreSQL[68] | Unlimited  | 32 TB  | 1.6 TB  | 250–1600 depending on type  | 1 GB (text, bytea) stored inline or 4 TB using pg_largeobject

[69]

| 1 GB  | Unlimited  | −4,713

[70]

| 5,874,897  | 63
SAP HANA | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
solidDB | 256 TB  | 256 TB  | 32 KB + BLOB data  | Limited by row size  | 4 GB  | 4 GB  | 64 bits  | -32768-01-01  | 32767-12-31  | 254
SQL Anywhere[71] | 104 TB (13 files, each file up to 8 TB (32 KB pages))  | Limited by file size  | Limited by file size  | 45,000  | 2 GB  | 2 GB  | 64 bits  | 0001-01-01  | 9999-12-31  | 128 bytes
SQLite | 128 TB (231 pages × 64 KB max page size)  | Limited by file size  | Limited by file size  | 32,767  | 2 GB  | 2 GB  | 64 bits  | No DATE type9 | No DATE type9 | Unlimited
Teradata | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | 64000 wo/lobs
(64 GB w/lobs)  | 2,048  | 2 GB  | 64,000  | 38 digits  | 0001-01-01  | 9999-12-31  | 128
UniVerse  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited  | Unlimited
| Max DB size  | Max table size  | Max row size  | Max columns per row  | Max Blob/Clob size  | Max CHAR size  | Max NUMBER size  | Min DATE value  | Max DATE value  | Max column name size

* Note (1): Firebird 2.x maximum database size is effectively unlimited with the largest known database size >980 GB.[72] Firebird 1.5.x maximum database size: 32 TB.
* Note (2): Limit is 1038 using `DECIMAL` datatype.[73]
* Note (3): InnoDB is limited to 8,000 bytes (excluding `VARBINARY`, `VARCHAR`, `BLOB`, or `TEXT` columns).[74]
* Note (4): InnoDB is limited to 1,017 columns.[74]
* Note (6): Using `VARCHAR (MAX)` in SQL 2005 and later.[75]
* Note (7): When using a page size of 32 KB, and when BLOB/CLOB data is stored in the database file.
* Note (8): Java array size limit of 2,147,483,648 (231) objects per array applies. This limit applies to number of characters in names, rows per table, columns per table, and characters per `CHAR`/`VARCHAR`.
* Note (9): Despite the lack of a date datatype, SQLite does include date and time functions,[76] which work for timestamps between 24 November 4714 B.C. and 1 November 5352.
* Note (10): Informix DATETIME type has adjustable range from YEAR only through 1/10000th second. DATETIME date range is 0001-01-01 00:00:00.00000 through 9999-12-31 23:59:59.99999.
* Note (11): Since version 12c. Earlier versions support up to 4000 B.
* Note (12): The 0.5 YB limit refers to the storage limit of a single Informix server instance beginning with v15.0. Informix v12.10 and later versions support using sharding techniques to distribute a table across multiple server instances. A distributed Informix database has no upper limit on table or database size.
* Note (13): Informix DECIMAL type supports up to 32 decimal digits of precision with a range of 10−130 to 10125. Fixed and variable precision are supported.
* Note (14): The LONGLVARCHAR type supports strings up to 4TB.

## Tables and views

Information about what tables and views (other than basic ones) are supported natively.

| Temporary table  | Materialized view

|
|

4th Dimension  | Yes  | No
ADABAS | ?  | ?
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes1 | Yes – see precomputed result sets
Advantage Database Server | Yes  | No (only common views)
Altibase | Yes  | No (only common views)
Apache Derby | Yes  | No
ClustrixDB  | Yes  | No
CUBRID | Yes (only CTE)  | No (only common views)
IBM Db2 | Yes  | Yes
Empress Embedded Database  | Yes  | Yes
EXASolution  | Yes  | No
Firebird | Yes  | No (only common views)
HSQLDB | Yes  | No
H2 | Yes  | No (only common views)
Informix Dynamic Server  | Yes  | No2
Ingres | Yes  | No
InterBase | Yes  | No
Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes  | Yes
LucidDB | No  | No
MariaDB | Yes  | No4
MaxDB | Yes  | No
Microsoft Access (JET)  | No  | No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro  | Yes  | Yes
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes  | Yes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Yes  | No
Mimer SQL | No  | No
MonetDB | Yes  | No (only common views)
MySQL | Yes  | No4
Oracle | Yes  | Yes
Oracle Rdb | Yes  | Yes
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes  | Yes
Actian Zen (PSQL)  | Yes  | No
Polyhedra DBMS | No  | No (only common views)
PostgreSQL | Yes  | Yes
SAP HANA | Yes  | ?
solidDB | Yes  | No (only common views)
SQL Anywhere | Yes  | Yes
SQLite | Yes  | No
Superbase  | Yes  | Yes
Teradata | Yes  | Yes
UniData  | Yes  | No
UniVerse  | Yes  | No
| Temporary table  | Materialized view

* Note (1): Server provides tempdb, which can be used for public and private (for the session) temp tables.[77]
* Note (2): Materialized views are not supported in Informix; the term is used in IBM's documentation to refer to a temporary table created to run the view's query when it is too complex, but one cannot for example define the way it is refreshed or build an index on it. The term is defined in the Informix Performance Guide.[78]
* Note (4): Materialized views can be emulated using stored procedures and triggers.[79]

## Indexes

Information about what indexes (other than basic B-/B+ tree indexes) are supported natively.

| R-/R+ tree | Hash | Expression | Partial | Reverse | Bitmap | GiST | GIN | Full-text  | Spatial  | Forest of Trees Index  | Duplicate index prevention

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

4th Dimension  | ?  | Cluster  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | No
ADABAS | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | No
Adaptive Server Enterprise | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | No
Advantage Database Server | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | No
Apache Derby | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No[80] | ?  | ?  | No
ClustrixDB  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | No
CUBRID | No  | No  | Yes[81] | Yes[81] | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
IBM Db2 | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes[82] | ?  | ?  | No
Empress Embedded Database  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?  | No
EXASolution  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?  | No
Firebird | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No[83] | ?  | ?  | No
HSQLDB | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?  | No
H2 | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes[84] | Yes[85] | ?  | No
Informix Dynamic Server  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes[86] | Yes
Ingres | Yes  | Yes  | Ingres v10  | No  | No  | Ingres v10  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?  | No
InterBase | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?  | No
Linter SQL RDBMS10 | No  | Yes temporary indexes for equality joins  | Yes for some scalar functions like LOWER and UPPER  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes[87] | No  | No  | Yes
LucidDB | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?  | No
MariaDB | Aria and MyISAM tables and, since v10.2.2, InnoDB tables only[88] | MEMORY,[89] InnoDB,5 tables only  | PERSISTENT virtual columns only[90] | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes[91] | Aria and MyISAM tables and, since v10.2.2, InnoDB tables only[88] | ?  | No
MaxDB | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?  | No
Microsoft Access (JET)  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No[92] | ?  | ?  | No
Microsoft Visual Foxpro  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes2 | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?  | No
Microsoft SQL Server | Spatial Indexes  | Yes4 | Yes3 | Yes  | on Computed columns3 | Bitmap filter index for Star Join Query  | No  | No  | Yes[93] | Yes[94] | ?  | No
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No[95] | ?  | ?  | No
Mimer SQL | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No
MonetDB | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
MySQL | Spatial Indexes[96] | MEMORY, Cluster (NDB), InnoDB,5 tables only  | No[97] | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | MyISAM tables[98] and, since v5.6.4, InnoDB tables[99] | MyISAM tables[100] and, since v5.7.5, InnoDB tables[101] | ?  | No
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes  | Cluster  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes (Commercial only)  | No  | No
Oracle | Yes 11 | Cluster Tables  | Yes  | Yes 6 | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes[102] | Yes[103] | ?  | Yes[104]
Oracle Rdb | No  | Yes  | ?  | No  | No  | ?  | No  | No  | ?  | ?  | ?  | No
Actian Zen (PSQL)  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
Polyhedra DBMS | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | No
PostgreSQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes7 | Yes  | Yes[105] | Yes  | Yes[106] | PostGIS[107] | No  | No
SAP HANA | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | No
solidDB | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No
SQL Anywhere | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | Yes
SQLite | Yes[108] | No  | Yes[109] | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes[110] | SpatiaLite[111] | ?  | No
SQream DB | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | No
Teradata | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | ?[112] | ?  | ?  | No
UniVerse  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes3 | Yes3 | Yes3 | No  | No  | No  | ?  | Yes[113] | ?  | No
| R-/R+ tree | Hash | Expression | Partial | Reverse | Bitmap  | GiST | GIN  | Full-text  | Spatial  | Forest of Trees Index  | Duplicate index prevention

* Note (1): The users need to use a function from freeAdhocUDF library or similar.[114]
* Note (2): Can be implemented for most data types using expression-based indexes.
* Note (3): Can be emulated by indexing a computed column[115] (doesn't easily update) or by using an "Indexed View"[116] (proper name not just any view works[117]).
* Note (4): Used for InMemory ColumnStore index, temporary hash index for hash join, Non/Cluster & fill factor.
* Note (5): InnoDB automatically generates adaptive hash index[118] entries as needed.
* Note (6): Can be implemented using Function-based Indexes in Oracle 8i and higher, but the function needs to be used in the sql for the index to be used.
* Note (7): A PostgreSQL functional index can be used to reverse the order of a field.
* Note (10): B+ tree and full-text only for now.
* Note (11): R-Tree indexing available in base edition with Locator but some functionality requires Personal Edition or Enterprise Edition with Spatial option.
* Note (12): FOT or Forest of Trees indexes is a type of B-tree index consisting of multiple B-trees which reduces contention in multi-user environments.[119]

## Database capabilities

| Union  | Intersect  | Except  | Inner joins  | Outer joins  | Inner selects  | Merge joins  | Blobs and clobs | Common table expressions  | Windowing functions | Parallel query  | System-versioned tables

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

4th Dimension  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
ADABAS | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | ?
Advantage Database Server | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | No  | ?  | ?
Altibase | Yes  | Yes  | Yes, via MINUS  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | ?
Apache Derby | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
ClustrixDB  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?
CUBRID | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes[81] | ?  | ?
IBM Db2 | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes[120] | Yes[121]
Empress Embedded Database  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
EXASolution  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?
Firebird | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?
HSQLDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes[122] | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes[122] | ?
H2 | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | experimental[123] | Yes[124] | ?  | ?
Informix Dynamic Server  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes, via MINUS  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes[125] | ?
Ingres | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes[126] | Yes[127] | Yes[128] | ?
InterBase | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No
LucidDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
MariaDB | Yes  | 10.3+[129] | 10.3+[130] | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes[131] | Yes[132] | No[133] | Yes[121]
MaxDB | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
Microsoft Access (JET)  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
Microsoft Visual Foxpro  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes[134] | Yes[135] | Yes[121]
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
Mimer SQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | ?
MonetDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No
MySQL | Yes  | 8+[136] | 8+[137] | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | 8+[138] | 8+[139] | No[133] | No[121]
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | ?
Oracle | Yes  | Yes  | Yes, via MINUS  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes 1 | Yes  | Yes[140] | Yes[141]
Oracle Rdb | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
Actian Zen (PSQL)  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | ?
Polyhedra DBMS | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | ?
PostgreSQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes[142] | No[121]
SAP HANA | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
solidDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | ?
SQL Anywhere | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?
SQLite | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | 3.43.0+[143] | Yes  | No  | Yes  | 3.8.3+[144] | 3.25+[145] | No  | No[121]
SQream DB | ALL only  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | ?
Teradata | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?
UniVerse  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
| Union  | Intersect  | Except  | Inner joins  | Outer joins  | Inner selects  | Merge joins  | Blobs and clobs | Common table expressions  | Windowing functions | Parallel query  | System-versioned tables

* Note (1): Recursive CTEs introduced in 11gR2 supersedes similar construct called CONNECT BY.

## Data types

| Type system | Integer | Floating point  | Decimal  | String | Binary | Date/Time  | Boolean | Other

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

4th Dimension  | Static  | UUID (16-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit), NUMERIC (64-bit)  | REAL, FLOAT | REAL, FLOAT | CLOB, TEXT, VARCHAR | BIT, BIT VARYING, BLOB | DURATION, INTERVAL, TIMESTAMP | BOOLEAN | PICTURE
Altibase[146] | Static  | SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE (64-bit)  | DECIMAL, NUMERIC, NUMBER, FLOAT | CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, CLOB | BLOB, BYTE, NIBBLE, BIT, VARBIT | DATE |  | GEOMETRY
ClustrixDB[147] | Static  | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), MEDIUMINT (24-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | FLOAT (32-bit), DOUBLE | DECIMAL | CHAR, BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT | TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB | DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, YEAR | BIT(1), BOOLEAN | ENUM, SET,
CUBRID[148] | Static  | SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | FLOAT, REAL(32-bit), DOUBLE(64-bit)  | DECIMAL, NUMERIC | CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, CLOB | BLOB | DATE, DATETIME, TIME, TIMESTAMP | BIT | MONETARY, BIT VARYING, SET, MULTISET, SEQUENCE, ENUM
IBM Db2 | ?  | SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | DECFLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE | DECIMAL | CLOB, CHAR, VARCHAR | BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB | DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIME ZONE | BOOLEAN | XML, GRAPHIC, VARGRAPHIC, DBCLOB, ROWID
Empress Embedded Database  | Static  | TINYINT, SQL_TINYINT, or INTEGER8; SMALLINT, SQL_SMALLINT, or INTEGER16; INTEGER, INT, SQL_INTEGER, or INTEGER32; BIGINT, SQL_BIGINT, or INTEGER64 | REAL, SQL_REAL, or FLOAT32; DOUBLE PRECISION, SQL_DOUBLE, or FLOAT64; FLOAT, or SQL_FLOAT; EFLOAT | DECIMAL, DEC, NUMERIC, SQL_DECIMAL, or SQL_NUMERIC; DOLLAR | CHARACTER, ECHARACTER, CHARACTER VARYING, NATIONAL CHARACTER, NATIONAL CHARACTER VARYING, NLSCHARACTER, CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, TEXT, NATIONAL CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT, NLSTEXT | BINARY LARGE OBJECT or BLOB; BULK | DATE, EDATE, TIME, ETIME, EPOCH_TIME, TIMESTAMP, MICROTIMESTAMP | BOOLEAN | SEQUENCE 32, SEQUENCE
EXASolution  | Static  | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT,  | REAL, FLOAT, DOUBLE | DECIMAL, DEC, NUMERIC, NUMBER | CHAR, NCHAR, VARCHAR, VARCHAR2, NVARCHAR, NVARCHAR2, CLOB, NCLOB | N/A  | DATE, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL | BOOLEAN, BOOL | GEOMETRY
FileMaker[149] | Static  | Not Supported  | Not Supported  | NUMBER | TEXT | CONTAINER | TIMESTAMP | Not Supported  |
Firebird[150] | ?  | INT128, INT64, INTEGER, SMALLINT | DOUBLE, FLOAT | DECIMAL, NUMERIC, DECIMAL(38, 4), DECIMAL(10, 4)  | BLOB, CHAR, CHAR(x) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS, VARCHAR(x) CHARACTER SET UNICODE_FSS, VARCHAR | BLOB SUB_TYPE TEXT, BLOB | DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP (without time zone and with time zone)  | BOOLEAN | TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, CHAR(38), User defined types (Domains)
| Type system | Integer | Floating point  | Decimal  | String | Binary | Date/Time  | Boolean | Other
HSQLDB[151] | Static  | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | DOUBLE (64-bit)  | DECIMAL, NUMERIC | CHAR, VARCHAR, LONGVARCHAR, CLOB | BINARY, VARBINARY, LONGVARBINARY, BLOB | DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL | BOOLEAN | OTHER (object), BIT, BIT VARYING, ARRAY
Informix Dynamic Server[152] | Static + UDT | SMALLINT (16-bit), INT (32-bit), INT8 (64-bit proprietary), BIGINT (64-bit)  | SMALLFLOAT (32-bit), FLOAT (64-bit)  | DECIMAL (32 decimal digits float/fixed, range 10130 to +10125), MONEY | CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, LVARCHAR, CLOB, TEXT, LONGLVARCHAR | TEXT, BYTE, BLOB, CLOB | DATE, DATETIME, INTERVAL | BOOLEAN | SET, LIST, MULTISET, ROW, TIMESERIES, SPATIAL, GEODETIC, NODE, JSON, BSON, USER DEFINED TYPES
Ingres[153] | Static  | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | FLOAT4 (32-bit), FLOAT (64-bit)  | DECIMAL | C, CHAR, VARCHAR, LONG VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, LONG NVARCHAR, TEXT | BYTE, VARBYTE, LONG VARBYTE (BLOB)  | DATE, ANSIDATE, INGRESDATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL | N/A  | MONEY, OBJECT_KEY, TABLE_KEY, USER-DEFINED DATA TYPES (via OME)
Linter SQL RDBMS | Static + Dynamic (in stored procedures)  | SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | REAL(32-bit), DOUBLE(64-bit)  | DECIMAL, NUMERIC | CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, BLOB | BYTE, VARBYTE, BLOB | DATE | BOOLEAN | GEOMETRY, EXTFILE
MariaDB[154] | Static  | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), MEDIUMINT (24-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | FLOAT (32-bit), DOUBLE (aka REAL) (64-bit)  | DECIMAL | CHAR, BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT | TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB | DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, YEAR | BIT(1), BOOLEAN (aka BOOL) = synonym for TINYINT | ENUM, SET, GIS data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon)
Microsoft SQL Server[155] | Static  | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT | FLOAT, REAL | NUMERIC, DECIMAL, SMALLMONEY, MONEY | CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, NTEXT | BINARY, VARBINARY, IMAGE, FILESTREAM, FILETABLE | DATE, DATETIMEOFFSET, DATETIME2, SMALLDATETIME, DATETIME, TIME | BIT | CURSOR, TIMESTAMP, HIERARCHYID, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, SQL_VARIANT, XML, TABLE, Geometry, Geography, Custom .NET datatypes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database)[156] | Static  | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT | FLOAT, REAL | NUMERIC, DECIMAL, MONEY | NCHAR, NVARCHAR, NTEXT | BINARY, VARBINARY, IMAGE | DATETIME | BIT | TIMESTAMP, ROWVERSION, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER, IDENTITY, ROWGUIDCOL
Mimer SQL | Static  | SMALLINT, INT, BIGINT, INTEGER(n) | FLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE, FLOAT(n) | NUMERIC, DECIMAL | CHAR, VARCHAR, NCHAR, NVARCHAR, CLOB, NCLOB | BINARY, VARBINARY, BLOB | DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP, INTERVAL | BOOLEAN | DOMAINS, USER-DEFINED TYPES (including the pre-defined spatial data types location, latitude, longitude and coordinate, and UUID)
MonetDB | Static, extensible  | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INT, INTEGER, BIGINT, HUGEINT, SERIAL, BIGSERIAL | FLOAT, FLOAT(n), REAL, DOUBLE, DOUBLE PRECISION | DECIMAL, NUMERIC | CHAR, CHAR(n), VARCHAR, VARCHAR(n), CLOB, CLOB(n), TEXT, STRING | BLOB, BLOB(n) | DATE, TIME, TIME WITH TIME ZONE, TIMESTAMP, TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, INTERVAL YEAR, INTERVAL MONTH, INTERVAL DAY, INTERVAL HOUR, INTERVAL MINUTE, INTERVAL SECOND | BOOLEAN | JSON, JSON(n), URL, URL(n), INET, UUID, GIS data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon), User Defined Types
MySQL[147] | Static  | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), MEDIUMINT (24-bit), INT (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | FLOAT (32-bit), DOUBLE (aka REAL) (64-bit)  | DECIMAL | CHAR, BINARY, VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, TINYTEXT, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGTEXT | TINYBLOB, BLOB, MEDIUMBLOB, LONGBLOB | DATETIME, DATE, TIMESTAMP, YEAR | BIT(1), BOOLEAN (aka BOOL) = synonym for TINYINT | ENUM, SET, GIS data types (Geometry, Point, Curve, LineString, Surface, Polygon, GeometryCollection, MultiPoint, MultiCurve, MultiLineString, MultiSurface, MultiPolygon)
OpenLink Virtuoso[157] | Static + Dynamic  | INT, INTEGER, SMALLINT | REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION, FLOAT, FLOAT(n) | DECIMAL, DECIMAL(n), DECIMAL(m, n), NUMERIC, NUMERIC(n), NUMERIC(m, n) | CHARACTER, CHAR(n), VARCHAR, VARCHAR(n), NVARCHAR, NVARCHAR(n) | BLOB | TIMESTAMP, DATETIME, TIME, DATE | N/A  | ANY, REFERENCE (IRI, URI), UDT (User Defined Type), GEOMETRY (BOX, BOX2D, BOX3D, BOXM, BOXZ, BOXZM, CIRCULARSTRING, COMPOUNDCURVE, CURVEPOLYGON, EMPTY, GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONM, GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONZ, GEOMETRYCOLLECTIONZM, LINESTRING, LINESTRINGM, LINESTRINGZ, LINESTRINGZM, MULTICURVE, MULTILINESTRING, MULTILINESTRINGM, MULTILINESTRINGZ, MULTILINESTRINGZM, MULTIPOINT, MULTIPOINTM, MULTIPOINTZ, MULTIPOINTZM, MULTIPOLYGON, MULTIPOLYGONM, MULTIPOLYGONZ, MULTIPOLYGONZM, POINT, POINTM, POINTZ, POINTZM, POLYGON, POLYGONM, POLYGONZ, POLYGONZM, POLYLINE, POLYLINEZ, RING, RINGM, RINGZ, RINGZM)
| Type system | Integer | Floating point  | Decimal  | String | Binary | Date/Time  | Boolean | Other
Oracle[158] | Static + Dynamic (through ANYDATA)  | NUMBER | BINARY_FLOAT, BINARY_DOUBLE | NUMBER | CHAR, VARCHAR2, CLOB, NCLOB, NVARCHAR2, NCHAR, LONG (deprecated)  | BLOB, RAW, LONG RAW (deprecated), BFILE | DATE, TIMESTAMP (with/without TIME ZONE), INTERVAL | N/A  | SPATIAL, IMAGE, AUDIO, VIDEO, DICOM, XMLType, UDT, JSON
Actian Zen (PSQL)[159] | Static  | BIGINT, INTEGER, SMALLINT, TINYINT, UBIGINT, UINTEGER, USMALLINT, UTINYINT | BFLOAT4, BFLOAT8, DOUBLE, FLOAT | DECIMAL, NUMERIC, NUMERICSA, NUMERICSLB, NUMERICSLS, NUMERICSTB, NUMERICSTS | CHAR, LONGVARCHAR, VARCHAR | BINARY, LONGVARBINARY, VARBINARY | DATE, DATETIME, TIME | BIT | CURRENCY, IDENTITY, SMALLIDENTITY, TIMESTAMP, UNIQUEIDENTIFIER
Polyhedra[160] | Static  | INTEGER8 (8-bit), INTEGER(16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), INTEGER64 (64-bit)  | FLOAT32 (32-bit), FLOAT (aka REAL; 64-bit)  | N/A  | VARCHAR, LARGE VARCHAR (aka CHARACTER LARGE OBJECT)  | LARGE BINARY (aka BINARY LARGE OBJECT)  | DATETIME | BOOLEAN | N/A
PostgreSQL[161] | Static  | SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE PRECISION (64-bit)  | DECIMAL, NUMERIC | CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT | BYTEA | DATE, TIME (with/without TIME ZONE), TIMESTAMP (with/without TIME ZONE), INTERVAL | BOOLEAN | ENUM, POINT, LINE, LSEG, BOX, PATH, POLYGON, CIRCLE, CIDR, INET, MACADDR, BIT, UUID, XML, JSON, JSONB, arrays, composites, ranges, custom
SAP HANA | Static  | TINYINT, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT | SMALLDECIMAL, REAL, DOUBLE, FLOAT, FLOAT(n) | DECIMAL | VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, ALPHANUM, SHORTTEXT | VARBINARY, BINTEXT, BLOB | DATE, TIME, SECONDDATE, TIMESTAMP | BOOLEAN | CLOB, NCLOB, TEXT, ARRAY, ST_GEOMETRY, ST_POINT, ST_MULTIPOINT, ST_LINESTRING, ST_MULTILINESTRING, ST_POLYGON, ST_MULTIPOLYGON, ST_GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, ST_CIRCULARSTRING
solidDB | Static  | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE (64-bit), FLOAT (64-bit)  | DECIMAL, NUMERIC (51 digits)  | CHAR, VARCHAR, LONG VARCHAR, WCHAR, WVARCHAR, LONG WVARCHAR | BINARY, VARBINARY, LONG VARBINARY | DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP |  |
SQLite[162] | Dynamic  | INTEGER (64-bit)  | REAL (aka FLOAT, DOUBLE) (64-bit)  | N/A  | TEXT (aka CHAR, CLOB)  | BLOB | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
SQream DB[163] | Static  | TINYINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | REAL (32-bit), DOUBLE (aka FLOAT) (64-bit)  | N/A  | CHAR, VARCHAR, NVARCHAR | N/A  | DATE, DATETIME (aka TIMESTAMP)  | BOOL | N/A
| Type system | Integer | Floating point  | Decimal  | String | Binary | Date/Time  | Boolean | Other
Teradata | Static  | BYTEINT (8-bit), SMALLINT (16-bit), INTEGER (32-bit), BIGINT (64-bit)  | FLOAT (64-bit)  | DECIMAL, NUMERIC (38 digits)  | CHAR, VARCHAR, CLOB | BYTE, VARBYTE, BLOB | DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP (w/wo TIME ZONE)  |  | PERIOD, INTERVAL, GEOMETRY, XML, JSON, UDT (User Defined Type)
UniData  | Dynamic  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
UniVerse  | Dynamic  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A  | N/A
| Type system | Integer | Floating point  | Decimal  | String | Binary | Date/Time  | Boolean | Other

## Other objects

Information about what other objects are supported natively.

| Data domain | Cursor | Trigger | Function1 | Procedure1 | External routine1

|
|
|
|
|
|

4th Dimension  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
ADABAS | ?  | Yes  | ?  | Yes?  | Yes?  | Yes
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Advantage Database Server | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Altibase | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Apache Derby | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes2 | Yes2 | Yes2
ClustrixDB  | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
CUBRID | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes2 | Yes
Empress Embedded Database  | Yes via RANGE CHECK  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
EXASolution  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
IBM Db2 | Yes via CHECK CONSTRAINT  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Firebird | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
HSQLDB | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
H2 | Yes  | No  | Yes2 | Yes2 | Yes2 | Yes
Informix Dynamic Server  | Yes via CHECK  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes 5
Ingres | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
InterBase | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No
LucidDB | No  | Yes  | No  | Yes2 | Yes2 | Yes2
MariaDB | Yes[164] | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
MaxDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?
Microsoft Access (JET)  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | Yes, But single DML/DDL Operation  | Yes
Microsoft Visual Foxpro  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No
Mimer SQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No
MonetDB | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
MySQL | No 3 | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Oracle | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Oracle Rdb | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Actian Zen (PSQL)  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No
Polyhedra DBMS | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
PostgreSQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
SAP HANA | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
solidDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
SQL Anywhere | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
SQLite | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes
Teradata | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
UniData  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
UniVerse  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
| Data domain | Cursor | Trigger | Function1 | Procedure1 | External routine1

* Note (1): Both function and procedure refer to internal routines written in SQL and/or procedural language like PL/SQL. External routine refers to the one written in the host languages, such as C, Java, Cobol, etc. "Stored procedure" is a commonly used term for these routine types. However, its definition varies between different database vendors.
* Note (2): In Derby, H2, LucidDB, and CUBRID, users code functions and procedures in Java.
* Note (3): ENUM datatype exists. CHECK clause enforced as of 8.0.16.
* Note (5): Informix supports external functions written in Java, C, & C++.

## Partitioning

Information about what partitioning methods are supported natively.

| Range  | Hash  | Composite (Range+Hash)  | List  | Expression  | Round Robin

|
|
|
|
|
|

4th Dimension  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
ADABAS | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | ?  | ?
Advantage Database Server | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
Altibase | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | ?  | ?
Apache Derby | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
ClustrixDB  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?
CUBRID | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | ?  | ?
IBM Db2 | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?
Empress Embedded Database  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
EXASolution  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | ?
Firebird | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
HSQLDB | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
H2 | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
Informix Dynamic Server  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
Ingres | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?
InterBase | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
Linter SQL RDBMS | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?
MariaDB | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?
MaxDB | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
Microsoft Access (JET)  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
Microsoft Visual Foxpro  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes  | via computed column  | via computed column  | Yes  | via computed column  | ?
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
Mimer SQL | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?
MonetDB | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | ?
MySQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?
Oracle | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | via Virtual Columns  | ?
Oracle Rdb | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
OpenLink Virtuoso | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?
Actian Zen (PSQL)  | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?
Polyhedra DBMS | No  | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?
PostgreSQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?
SAP HANA | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?
solidDB | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
SQL Anywhere | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
SQLite | No  | No  | No  | No  | ?  | ?
Teradata | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?
UniVerse  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?
| Range  | Hash  | Composite (Range+Hash)  | List  | Expression  | Round Robin

## Access control

Information about access control functionalities.

| Native network encryption1 | Brute-force protection | Enterprise directory compatibility  | Password complexity rules2 | Patch access3 | Run unprivileged4 | Audit  | Script error: No such module "Vertical header". | Script error: No such module "Vertical header". | Script error: No such module "Vertical header". | Script error: No such module "Vertical header".

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

4D | Yes (with SSL)  | ?  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
Adaptive Server Enterprise | Yes (optional; to pay)  | Yes  | Yes (optional ?)  | Yes  | Partial (need to register; depend on which product)[165] | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (EAL4+ 1)  | ?
Advantage Database Server | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | ?  | ?
CUBRID | Yes (with SSL)  | ?  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | ?
IBM Db2 | Yes  | ?  | Yes (LDAP, Kerberos...)  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (EAL4+6)  | ?
Empress Embedded Database  | ?  | ?  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | No  | ?
EXASolution  | No  | Yes  | Yes (LDAP)  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | ?
Firebird | Yes  | Yes[166] | Yes (Windows trusted authenification)  | Yes (by custom plugin)  | Yes (no security page)[167] | Yes  | Yes[168] | Yes  | No7 | ?  | ?
HSQLDB | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | ?
H2 | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | No  | ?  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | ?
Informix Dynamic Server  | Yes  | ?  | Yes10 | ?10 | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | Yes
Linter SQL RDBMS | Yes (with SSL)  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (length only)  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
MariaDB | Yes (SSL)  | No  | Yes (with 5.2, but not on Windows servers)  | Yes[169][170] | Yes[171] | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?8 | No  | ?
Microsoft SQL Server | Yes  | ?  | Yes (Microsoft Active Directory)  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (From 2008)  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (EAL4+11)  | ?
Microsoft SQL Server Compact (Embedded Database) | No (not relevant, only file permissions)  | No (not relevant)  | No (not relevant)  | No (not relevant)  | Yes  | Yes (file access)  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | ?  | ?
Mimer SQL | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?  | Yes  | Yes (depending on OS)  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | ?  | Yes
MySQL | Yes (SSL with 4.0)  | No  | Yes (with 5.5, but only in commercial edition)  | No  | Partial (no security page)[172] | Yes  | ?  | ?  | ?8 | Yes  | ?
OpenLink Virtuoso  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (optional)  | Yes (optional)  | Yes  | Yes (optional)  | Yes (optional)  | Yes  | No  | Yes (optional)
Oracle | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (EAL21)  | ?
Actian Zen (PSQL)  | Yes  | ?  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes 12 | No  | No  | No  | ?
Polyhedra DBMS | Yes (with SSL. Optional)  | No  | No  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes 13 | Yes  | Yes 13 | No  | ?
PostgreSQL | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (LDAP, Kerberos...9)  | Yes (with passwordcheck module)  | Yes[173] | Yes  | Yes (with pgaudit extension)[174] | Yes  | Yes  | Yes (EAL2+1)  | ?
SAP HANA | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?  | ?
solidDB | No  | No  | Yes  | No  | No  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | No  | No
SQL Anywhere | Yes  | ?  | Yes (Kerberos)  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | Yes  | Yes (EAL2+1 as Adaptive Server Anywhere)  | ?
SQLite | No (not relevant, only file permissions)  | No (not relevant)  | No (not relevant)  | No (not relevant)  | Partial (no security page)[175] | Yes (file access)  | Yes  | Yes  | No  | No  | ?
Teradata | Yes  | No  | Yes (LDAP, Kerberos...)  | Yes  | ?  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes  | Yes
| Native network encryption1 | Brute-force protection  | Enterprise directory compatibility  | Password complexity rules2 | Patch access3 | Run unprivileged4 | Audit  | Script error: No such module "Vertical header". | Script error: No such module "Vertical header". | Script error: No such module "Vertical header". | Script error: No such module "Vertical header".

* Note (1): Network traffic could be transmitted in a secure way (not clear-text, in general SSL encryption). Precise if option is default, included option or an extra modules to buy.
* Note (2): Options are present to set a minimum size for password, respect complexity like presence of numbers or special characters.
* Note (3): How do you get security updates? Is it free access, do you need a login or to pay? Is there easy access through a Web/FTP portal or RSS feed or only through offline access (mail CD-ROM, phone).
* Note (4): Does database process run as root/administrator or unprivileged user? What is default configuration?
* Note (5): Is there a separate user to manage special operation like backup (only dump/restore permissions), security officer (audit), administrator (add user/create database), etc.? Is it default or optional?
* Note (6): Common Criteria certified product list.[176]
* Note (7): FirebirdSQL seems to only have SYSDBA user and DB owner. There are no separate roles for backup operator and security administrator.
* Note (8): User can define a dedicated backup user but nothing particular in default install.[177]
* Note (9): Authentication methods.[178]
* Note (10): Informix Dynamic Server supports PAM and other configurable authentication. By default uses OS authentication.
* Note (11): Authentication methods.[179]
* Note (12): With the use of Pervasive AuditMaster.
* Note (13): User-based security is optional in Polyhedra, but when enabled can be enhanced to a role-based model with auditing.[180]

## Databases vs schemas (terminology)

This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

The SQL specification defines what an "SQL schema" is; however, databases implement it differently. To compound this confusion the functionality can overlap with that of a parent database. An SQL schema is simply a namespace within a database; things within this namespace are addressed using the member operator dot ".". This seems to be a universal among all of the implementations.

A true fully (database, schema, and table) qualified query is exemplified as such: `SELECT * FROM database.schema.table`

Both a schema and a database can be used to isolate one table, "foo", from another like-named table "foo". The following is pseudo code:

* `SELECT * FROM database1.foo` vs. `SELECT * FROM database2.foo` (no explicit schema between database and table)
* `SELECT * FROM [database1.]default.foo` vs. `SELECT * FROM [database1.]alternate.foo` (no explicit database prefix)

The problem that arises is that former MySQL users will create multiple databases for one project. In this context, MySQL databases are analogous in function to PostgreSQL-schemas, insomuch as PostgreSQL deliberately lacks off-the-shelf cross-database functionality (preferring multi-tenancy) that MySQL has. Conversely, PostgreSQL has applied more of the specification implementing cross-table, cross-schema, and then left room for future cross-database functionality.

MySQL aliases schema with database behind the scenes, such that `CREATE SCHEMA` and `CREATE DATABASE` are analogs. It can therefore be said that MySQL has implemented cross-database functionality, skipped schema functionality entirely, and provided similar functionality into their implementation of a database. In summary, PostgreSQL fully supports schemas and multi-tenancy by strictly separating databases from each other and thus lacks some functionality MySQL has with databases, while MySQL does not even attempt to support standard schemas.

Oracle has its own spin where creating a user is synonymous with creating a schema. Thus a database administrator can create a user called PROJECT and then create a table PROJECT.TABLE. Users can exist without schema objects, but an object is always associated with an owner (though that owner may not have privileges to connect to the database). With the 'shared-everything' Oracle RAC architecture, the same database can be opened by multiple servers concurrently. This is independent of replication, which can also be used, whereby the data is copied for use by different servers. In the Oracle implementation, a 'database' is a set of files which contains the data while the 'instance' is a set of processes (and memory) through which a database is accessed.

Informix supports multiple databases in a server instance like MySQL. It supports the `CREATE SCHEMA` syntax as a way to group DDL statements into a single unit creating all objects created as a part of the schema as a single owner. Informix supports a database mode called ANSI mode which supports creating objects with the same name but owned by different users.

PostgreSQL and some other databases have support for foreign schemas, which is the ability to import schemas from other servers as defined in ISO/IEC 9075-9 (published as part of 2008). This appears like any other schema in the database according to the SQL specification while accessing data stored either in a different database or a different server instance. The import can be made either as an entire foreign schema or merely certain tables belonging to that foreign schema.[181] While support for ISO/IEC 9075-9 bridges the gap between the two competing philosophies surrounding schemas, MySQL and Informix maintain an implicit association between databases while ISO/IEC 9075-9 requires that any such linkages be explicit in nature.

## See also

* Relational database management system (includes market share data)
* List of relational database management systems
* Comparison of object–relational database management systems
* Comparison of database administration tools
* Object database – some of which have relational (SQL/ODBC) interfaces.
* IBM Business System 12 – an historical RDBMS and related query language.
* DB-Engine Ranking list

## References

1. ↑ "Product Release Life Cycle". 10 January 2020. http://www.4d.com/products/lifecycle.html.
2. ↑ "Apache Derby: Downloads". http://db.apache.org/derby/derby_downloads.html.
3. ↑ "- ASF JIRA". https://issues.apache.org/jira/projects/DERBY.
4. ↑ "cockroachdb Issue tracker". https://github.com/cockroachdb/cockroach/issues.
5. ↑ "Issue Navigator - CUBRID Bug Tracking System". http://jira.cubrid.org/browse/TOOLS-4308?jql=.
6. ↑ Stevens, O. (Oct–Dec 2009). "The History of Datacom/DB". Annals of the History of Computing (IEEE) 31 (4): 87–91. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2009.108. ISSN 1058-6180.
7. ↑ "CA Datacom - CA Technologies". http://www.ca.com/us/opscenter/ca-datacom.aspx.
8. ↑ "Datacom Product Sheet". http://www.ca.com/us/~/media/Files/ProductBriefs/cs2277-ca-datacom-v14-ps.pdf.
9. ↑ IPL, Firebird SQL, http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=doc&id=ipl
10. ↑ IDPL, Firebird SQL, http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=doc&id=idpl
11. ↑ "Firebird RDBMS Issue Tracker". http://tracker.firebirdsql.org/.
12. ↑ "HyperSQL Database Engine (HSQLDB) / Bugs". https://sourceforge.net/p/hsqldb/bugs/.
13. ↑ "Issues · h2database/h2database". https://github.com/h2database/h2database/issues.
14. ↑ "Actian X & Ingres - Lifecycle Dates". https://communities.actian.com/s/supportservices/lifecycle-dates/actian-x-ingres.
15. ↑ "Linter Techsupport". https://www.linter.ru/ru/support/technical-support/.
16. ↑ "MariaDB licenses". https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb-license/.
17. ↑ "- Jira". https://jira.mariadb.org/projects/MDEV/issues.
18. ↑ "MaxDB PTS - Problem Tracking". https://maxdb.sap.com/webpts/.
19. ↑ "MonetDB Foundation". 4 April 2023. https://www.monetdb.org/about-us/monetdb-foundation//.
20. ↑ "MonetDB Latest Release". 27 March 2025. https://www.monetdb.org/release-notes/.
21. ↑ MonetDB License MPL2.0, MonetDB Foundation, 8 February 2022, https://www.monetdb.org/about-us/privacy-and-legals/
22. ↑ "MonetDB Issues". https://github.com/MonetDB/MonetDB/issues.
23. ↑ mSQL, Products, AU: Hughes, http://www.hughes.com.au/products/msql/, retrieved 2009-09-13
24. ↑ "MySQL Bugs". https://bugs.mysql.com/.
25. ↑ "Issues · openlink/virtuoso-opensource · GitHub". https://github.com/openlink/virtuoso-opensource/issues.
26. ↑ Polyhedra Lite In-Memory Relational Database System Freeware Available Now from Enea, Press Release, EECatalog, http://eecatalog.com/embeddedlinux/2012/10/11/polyhedra-lite-in-memory-relational-database-system-freeware-available-now-from-enea/ .
27. ↑ "PostgreSQL 17.4, 16.8, 15.12, 14.17, and 13.20 Released!". The PostgreSQL Global Development Group. 2025-02-20. https://www.postgresql.org/about/news/postgresql-174-168-1512-1417-and-1320-released-3018/.
28. ↑ "PostgreSQL: License". https://www.postgresql.org/about/licence/.
29. ↑ "A bug tracker for PostgreSQL? [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/660468/.
30. ↑ "SQLite: Ticket Main Menu". https://www.sqlite.org/src/reportlist.
31. ↑ SQream DB Version 2.1 SQL Reference Guide, SQream Technologies, http://docs.sqream.com/2.1/manual/sql_reference.html, retrieved 2018-02-12
32. ↑ "Bug Reports". https://www.superbase.com/bug-reports/.
33. ↑ "Issues · pingcap/Tidb". https://github.com/pingcap/tidb/issues.
34. ↑ "Vector - Lifecycle Dates". https://communities.actian.com/s/supportservices/lifecycle-dates/actian-x-ingres.
35. ↑ "yugabyte/yugabyte-db". https://github.com/yugabyte/yugabyte-db/releases.
36. ↑ "Issues · yugabyte/Yugabyte-db". https://github.com/YugaByte/yugabyte-db/issues.
37. ↑ "Firebird: The true open source database for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X and more". https://www.firebirdsql.org/en/firebird-3-0/.
38. ↑ "Ingres 11.0 Documentation". https://docs.actian.com/ingres/11.0/index.html#page/Ing_Install/Install_Ingres_for_OpenVMS.htm.
39. ↑ "Building MariaDB on Mac OS X using Homebrew". AskMonty KnowledgeBase. http://kb.askmonty.org/en/building-mariadb-on-mac-os-x-using-homebrew.
40. ↑ https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.esminis.server.mariadb&hl=de MariaDB Android Version by Tautvydas Andrikys
41. ↑ "Announcing SQL Server on Linux". 7 March 2016. http://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2016/03/07/announcing-sql-server-on-linux.
42. ↑ "Mimer SQL is now available for OpenVMS on x86". 31 March 2023. https://developer.mimer.com/mimer-sql-is-now-available-for-openvms-on-x86/.
43. ↑ http://techotv.com/run-apache-mysql-php-http-web-server-android-os-phone-tablet/ Run Apache, Mysql, Php – Web server on Android mobile or Tablet
44. ↑ "Aminet - dev/Gg/Postgresql632-mos-bin.lha". http://aminet.net/package/dev/gg/postgresql632-mos-bin.
45. ↑ "PostgreSQL - Oss4zos". http://www.oss4zos.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=PostgreSQL#z.2FOS.
46. ↑ "Lock granularity". https://db.apache.org/derby/docs/10.14/devguide/cdevconcepts23810.html.
47. ↑ "DB2 for Linux UNIX and Windows 9.7.0>Fundamentos de DB2>Performance tuning>Factors affecting performance>Application design>Concurrency issues>Isolation levels". http://www-01.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/SSEPGG_9.7.0/com.ibm.db2.luw.admin.perf.doc/doc/c0004121.html.
48. ↑ "Advanced". http://www.h2database.com/html/advanced.html#mvcc.
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 "Transactional DDL in PostgreSQL: A Competitive Analysis - PostgreSQL wiki". https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Transactional_DDL_in_PostgreSQL:_A_Competitive_Analysis.
50. ↑ "[MDEV-4259 transactional DDL - Jira"]. https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-4259.
51. ↑ "SQL Server Transaction Locking and Row Versioning Guide". https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj856598.aspx.
52. ↑ "MySQL :: MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual :: 8.10.1 Internal Locking Methods". https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/internal-locking.html.
53. ↑ "dba-oracle.com". http://www.dba-oracle.com/t_locks_row_level_locking_update.htm.
54. ↑ "Polyhedra 8.7 new headline feature: locking". http://developer.polyhedra.com/history/polyhedra-8-7.
55. ↑ "PostgreSQL: Documentation: Explicit Locking : Row-Level Locks". https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/explicit-locking.html#LOCKING_ROWS.
56. ↑ Lane, Tom (April 13, 2011). "Re: BUG #5974: UNION construct type cast gives poor error message". https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/9799.1302719551@sss.pgh.pa.us.
57. ↑ "SAP Help Portal". https://help.sap.com/viewer/e38b2f6217f24bdb90a3ff8ae57b1dd5/17.0/en-US/3bee03b56c5f1014ab68e3eff32515dd.html.
58. ↑ "SAP Help Portal". https://help.sap.com/viewer/e38b2f6217f24bdb90a3ff8ae57b1dd5/17.0/en-US/3bf0656e6c5f1014bb32fe2f7ce00302.html.
59. ↑ "SAP Help Portal". https://help.sap.com/docs/r/98ad9ec940e2465695685d98e308dff5/17.0/en-US/3bd460b56c5f10148922c11d39abc0b3.html.
60. ↑ "File Locking And Concurrency In SQLite Version 3". https://www.sqlite.org/lockingv3.html.
61. ↑ SQLite Full Unicode support is optional and not installed by default in most systems (like Android, Debian...)
62. ↑ "TiDB Features". https://docs.pingcap.com/tidb/stable/basic-features/.
63. ↑ "MySQL - The InnoDB Storage Engine". http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/innodb-storage-engine.html.
64. ↑ "InnoDB - Oracle Wiki". http://wiki.oracle.com/page/InnoDB.
65. ↑ "MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual". http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/create-table.html.
66. ↑ "MySQL 8.0 CHECK Constraints". https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/create-table-check-constraints.html.
67. ↑ "Identifier Names". MariaDB KnowledgeBase. https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/documentation/sql-language-structure/identifier-names/.
68. ↑ "PostgreSQL Limits". https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/limits.html.
69. ↑ "Large Objects: Introduction". https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/lo-intro.html.
70. ↑ "Date/Time Types". https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/datatype-datetime.html.
71. ↑ "SAP Help Portal". https://help.sap.com/viewer/61ecb3d4d8be4baaa07cc4db0ddb5d0a/17.0/en-US/813836f16ce210149e89f219dc353b7e.html.
72. ↑ Technical Specifications, Guide, Firebird SQL, http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=guide&id=techspec, retrieved 2008-03-30
73. ↑ Library, MSDN, Microsoft, 21 May 2024, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187746.aspx
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 "Column count limit", Reference Manual, MySQL 5.1 Documentation, Oracle, https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/column-count-limit.html
75. ↑ "Row-Overflow Considerations", TechNet Library, SQL Server Documentation, Microsoft, 2012, https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms186981.aspx
76. ↑ "Date functions", Language, SQLite, http://www.sqlite.org/lang_datefunc.html
77. ↑ Online books, Sybase, http://sybooks.sybase.com/onlinebooks/group-as/asg1250e/sag/@Generic__BookTextView/3225;
78. ↑ Informix Performance Guide, Info Centre, IBM, http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/idshelp/v115/index.jsp?topic=/com.ibm.perf.doc/ids_prf_534.htm
79. ↑ Dynamic Materialized Views in MySQL, Pure, Red Noize, 2005, http://pure.rednoize.com/archives/13/
80. ↑ "Derby", Full Text Indexing, Search, Issues, Apache, https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/DERBY-472
81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 "CUBRID 9.0 release". http://www.cubrid.org/blog/news/announcing-cubrid-9-0-with-3x-performance-increase-and-sharding-support/.
82. ↑ Full-text search with Db2 Text Search, Developer Works, IBM, http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/tutorials/dm-0810shettar/
83. ↑ Does Firebird support full-text search?, Firebird FAQ, http://www.firebirdfaq.org/faq328/
84. ↑ Fulltext Search, Tutorial, H2 Database, http://www.h2database.com/html/tutorial.html#fulltext
85. ↑ Create Spatial Index, Grammar, H2 Database, http://www.h2database.com/html/grammar.html#create_index
86. ↑ Informix 15.0.0 online documentation, IBM, 19 November 2024, https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/informix-servers/15.0.0?topic=indexes-forest-trees
87. ↑ Full Text Search Functions, Documentation, RU: Linter, http://linter.ru/en/documentation/pdf/phrase.pdf, retrieved 2010-06-06
88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 SPATIAL INDEX, MariaDB, mariadb.com, https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/spatial-index/, retrieved 24 September 2017
89. ↑ "Storage Engine Index Types". mariadb.com. https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/storage-engine-index-types/.
90. ↑ Virtual Columns - MariaDB Knowledge Base, https://mariadb.com/kb/en/virtual-columns/
91. ↑ "Fulltext Index Overview". mariadb.com. https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/fulltext-index-overview/.
92. ↑ Does Microsoft Access have Full Text Search?, Questions, Stack Overflow, https://stackoverflow.com/questions/399406/does-microsoft-access-have-full-text-search
93. ↑ "Microsoft SQL Server Full-Text Search", Library, MSDN, Microsoft, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms142571.aspx
94. ↑ "Spatial Indexing Overview", Library, Tech Net, Microsoft, 4 October 2012, https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb964712.aspx
95. ↑ "Microsoft SQL Server Compact Full-text search is not available", Forums, MSDN, Microsoft, http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/sqlce/thread/4a8af1a6-c644-41a5-8637-c7c5a6d73a4c
96. ↑ Index Types Per Storage Engine, MySQL, Oracle, https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/create-index.html#create-index-storage-engine-index-types, retrieved 24 September 2017
97. ↑ "Feature request #4990: Functional Indexes", Bugs, MySQL, Oracle, http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=4990
98. ↑ "Feature request #13979: InnoDB engine doesn't support FULLTEXT", Bugs, MySQL, Oracle, http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=13979
99. ↑ "MySQL v5.6.4 Release Notes", Release Notes, MySQL, Oracle, http://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.6/en/news-5-6-4.html
100. ↑ Creating Spatial Indexes, MySQL, Oracle, http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/creating-spatial-indexes.html
101. ↑ Changes in MySQL 5.7.5, Oracle, https://dev.mysql.com/doc/relnotes/mysql/5.7/en/news-5-7-5.html#mysqld-5-7-5-spatial-support
102. ↑ Does Oracle support full text search?, Questions, Stack Overflow, https://stackoverflow.com/questions/202623/does-oracle-support-full-text-search
103. ↑ "Location Features for Database 11g", Spatial & Locator, Tech Network, Oracle, http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/database/options/spatial/
104. ↑ "Oracle / PLSQL: ORA-01408 Error Message". https://www.techonthenet.com/oracle/errors/ora01408.php.
105. ↑ Index Types, Documentation, PostgreSQL community, 11 November 2021, https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/indexes-types.html
106. ↑ Full Text Search, Documentation, PostgreSQL community, 11 November 2021, https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/textsearch.html
107. ↑ Building Spatial Indexes, PostGIS Manual, The PostGIS Development Group, https://postgis.net/docs/postgis_usage.html#build-indexes, retrieved 2021-05-13
108. ↑ "The SQLite R*Tree Module". http://www.sqlite.org/rtree.html.
109. ↑ "Indexes On Expressions". https://sqlite.org/expridx.html.
110. ↑ "SQLite FTS5 Extension". https://www.sqlite.org/fts5.html.
111. ↑ SpatiaLite, IT: Gaia GIS 2.3.1, http://www.gaia-gis.it/spatialite/, retrieved 2010-12-06
112. ↑ Full-Text Search, Online Publications, Teradata, http://www.info.teradata.com/FullText/eFull-Text-Srch.cfm
113. ↑ geospatial
114. ↑ UDF, Ad Hoc Data, http://www.udf.adhoc-data.de/index_eng.html, retrieved 2007-01-11
115. ↑ "Create DB", Library, MSDN, Microsoft, http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/createdb/cm_8_des_05_8os3.asp
116. ↑ "SQL", Library, MSDN, Microsoft, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa933124(SQL.80).aspx
117. ↑ Petkovic, Dusan (2005). Microsoft SQL Server 2005: A Beginner's Guide. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-07-226093-9.
118. ↑ "InnoDB adaptive Hash", Reference manual 5.0, Development documentation, Oracle, http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/innodb-adaptive-hash.html
119. ↑ = "Forest of Trees", Informix 15.0 online documentation, Development documentation, IBM, https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/informix-servers/15.0.0?topic=indexes-forest-trees =
120. ↑ "Article", Library, Developer Works, IBM, http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/data/library/techarticle/dm-0608mcinerney/
121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 121.3 121.4 121.5 "What's new in MariaDB 10.3". https://modern-sql.com/blog/2018-08/whats-new-in-mariadb-10.3#3.system-versioned-tables.
122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 "HyperSQL 2.5 New Features". http://hsqldb.org/web/features200.html.
123. ↑ "Advanced". http://h2database.com/html/advanced.html#recursive_queries.
124. ↑ "Functions". https://www.h2database.com/html/functions.html.
125. ↑ Clay, David (January 1, 1993). "Informix parallel data query (PDQ)". IEEE Computer Society Press. pp. 71–73. http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=382443.
126. ↑ "Ingres". https://docs.actian.com/ingres/10S/index.html#page/RelSum/Common_Table_Expressions.htm.
127. ↑ "Ingres". https://docs.actian.com/ingres/10.2/index.html#page/RelSum/Window_Functions.htm.
128. ↑ "Ingres". https://docs.actian.com/ingres/10s/index.html#page/DatabaseAdmin/Parallel_Query_Execution.htm.
129. ↑ "INTERSECT". https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/intersect/.
130. ↑ "EXCEPT". https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/except/.
131. ↑ "CTE implemented in 10.2.2". mariadb.org. https://jira.mariadb.org/browse/MDEV-8308.
132. ↑ "Window Functions Overview". mariadb.com. https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/window-functions-overview/.
133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 "Feature request #1542: Parallel query", Bugs, MySQL, Oracle, http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=1542
134. ↑ Only very limited functions available before SQL Server 2012, Microsoft, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms189798(v=sql.105)
135. ↑ "SQL Server Parallel Query Processing", Library, MSDN, Microsoft, 4 October 2012, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms178065.aspx
136. ↑ "INTERSECT". https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/intersect.html.
137. ↑ "EXCEPT". https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/except.html.
138. ↑ "Feature request #16244: SQL-99 Derived table WITH clause (CTE)", Bugs, MySQL, Oracle, http://bugs.mysql.com/bug.php?id=16244
139. ↑ Window Functions, mysql.com, https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/window-functions.html, retrieved 20 July 2021
140. ↑ Parallel Query, Wiki, Ora FAQ, http://www.orafaq.com/wiki/Parallel_Query_FAQ
141. ↑ "New Features Oracle 12.1.0.1". https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/12.2/sqlrf/Changes-in-This-Release-for-Oracle-Database-SQL-Language-Reference.html#GUID-10675CB5-32F6-4E2B-8D01-A9C6B9649839.
142. ↑ Parallel Query, PostgreSQL, 11 August 2022, https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/parallel-query.html
143. ↑ "SQLite Release 3.43.0 On 2023-08-24". https://www.sqlite.org/releaselog/3_43_0.html.
144. ↑ "The WITH Clause". https://sqlite.org/lang_with.html.
145. ↑ "Window Functions". https://sqlite.org/windowfunctions.html.
146. ↑ "Data Types", General Reference, HDB, Altibase, http://atc.altibase.com/sub09/611b/html/GeneralReference/ch01s01s01.html
147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 "10. Data Types", Reference manual, MySQL 5.0, Oracle, http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/data-types.html
148. ↑ "Data Types", CUBRID SQL Guide, Reference Manual, CUBRID, http://www.cubrid.org/manual/syntax/syntax_datatype_num_def.htm
149. ↑ "FileMaker 14 Tech Specs". FileMaker=May 12, 2015. http://help.filemaker.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/14164/kw/calculation timestamp.
150. ↑ "Migration from MS-SQL to Firebird". Firebird Project. http://www.firebirdsql.org/manual/migration-mssql-data-types.html.
151. ↑ "General: HSQLDB data types", Guide, 2.0 Documents, HSQLDB, http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/guide/sqlgeneral-chapt.html#sqlgeneral_types_ops-sect
152. ↑ "IBM Informix Guide to SQL: Reference, v11.50 (SC23-7750-04)". IBM. 20 August 2001. http://www-05.ibm.com/e-business/linkweb/publications/servlet/pbi.wss?CTY=US&FNC=SRX&PBL=SC23-7750-04.
153. ↑ "3: Understanding SQL Data Types", SQL 9.3 Reference Guide, Documents, Ingres, http://docs.ingres.com/Ingres/9.3/SQL Reference Guide/understandingsqldatatypes.htm#o3623, retrieved 2009-11-16
154. ↑ "Data Types". mariadb.com. https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/data-types/.
155. ↑ "SQL Server Data Types", Library, MSDN, Microsoft, 21 May 2024, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms187752.aspx
156. ↑ "SQL Server Compact Data Types", Library, MSDN, Microsoft, 24 March 2011, http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms172424.aspx
157. ↑ "Datatypes", SQL Reference, OpenLink Software, http://docs.openlinksw.com/virtuoso/sqlrefDATATYPES.html
158. ↑ "Data Types", SQL 11.2 Reference, Server documents, Oracle, http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/E11882_01/server.112/e10592/sql_elements001.htm#i45441, retrieved 2009-09-21
159. ↑ "Data Types", Pervasive PSQL Supported Data Types, Product documentation, Pervasive, http://docs.pervasive.com/products/database/psqlv11/wwhelp/wwhimpl/js/html/wwhelp.htm#href=sqlref/SQLDtype.10.1.html#134765
160. ↑ Polyhedra SQL Reference Manual, Product documentation, Enea AB, http://developer.polyhedra.com/manuals/rtrdb-reference-manual/sql-reference-manual, retrieved 2013-04-23
161. ↑ "Data Types", Manual, PostgreSQL 10 Documentation, PostgreSQL community, 11 August 2022, https://www.postgresql.org/docs/10/static/datatype.html
162. ↑ Datatypes, SQLite 3, http://www.sqlite.org/datatype3.html
163. ↑ SQream SQL Reference Guide, SQream Technologies, http://www.sqream.com/docs/latest/manual/#_data_types
164. ↑ "Constraint". https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/constraint/#check-constraints.
165. ↑ Support, Downloads, Sybase, http://downloads.sybase.com/swd/base.do?client=support, retrieved 2008-09-07
166. ↑ "Release", Engine, Development, Firebird SQL 2.0, http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=devel&sub=engine&id=fb20_release
167. ↑ Files, Firebird SQL, http://www.firebirdsql.org/index.php?op=files
168. ↑ "Trace and Audit Services". Firebird Project. http://www.firebirdsql.org/rlsnotesh/rlsnotes25.html#rnfb25-trace.
169. ↑ "cracklib_password_check". mariadb.com. https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/documentation/plugins/cracklib_password_check/.
170. ↑ "simple_password_check". mariadb.com. https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/documentation/plugins/simple_password_check/.
171. ↑ "Security Vulnerabilities Fixed in MariaDB". mariadb.com. https://mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb/security/.
172. ↑ "Downloads", Development, MySQL, Oracle, http://dev.mysql.com/downloads/
173. ↑ Security, Support, PostgreSQL community, https://www.postgresql.org/support/security.html, retrieved 2018-03-05
174. ↑ Open Source PostgreSQL Audit Logging, September 2022, https://github.com/pgaudit/pgaudit/blob/master/README.md
175. ↑ Download, SQLite, http://www.sqlite.org/download.html
176. ↑ DB, Products, Common Criteria Portal, https://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/products/#DB, retrieved 2021-05-13
177. ↑ Backup MySQL, How to, Gentoo wiki, http://gentoo-wiki.com/HOWTO_Backup_MySQL, retrieved 2008-09-07
178. ↑ Authentication methods, 8.1 Documents, PostgreSQL community, 24 July 2014, https://www.postgresql.org/docs/8.4/interactive/auth-methods.html
179. ↑ Common Criteria (CC, ISO15408), Microsoft, https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/sqlserver/common-criteria.aspx#tab6
180. ↑ Adding audit trails to a Polyhedra IMDB database, White paper, Enea AB, http://developer.polyhedra.com/how-to-guides/auditing
181. ↑ "PostgreSQL: Documentation: IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA". https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-importforeignschema.html.

## External links

| Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: SQL dialects reference

|

* Comparison of different SQL implementations against SQL standards. Includes Oracle, Db2, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL and PostgreSQL. (8 June 2007)
* The SQL92 standard
* DMBS comparison by SQL Workbench

* v
* t
* e

Database management systems

Types|

* Object-oriented
* comparison
* Relational
* comparison
* Document-oriented
* Graph
* NoSQL
* NewSQL

Concepts|

* Database
* ACID
* Armstrong's axioms
* CAP theorem
* CRUD
* Null
* Candidate key
* Foreign key
* Superkey
* Surrogate key
* Unique key

Objects|

* Relation
* table
* column
* row
* View
* Transaction
* Transaction log
* Trigger
* Index
* Stored procedure
* Cursor
* Partition

Components|

* Concurrency control
* Data dictionary
* JDBC
* XQJ
* ODBC
* Query language
* Query optimizer
* Query rewriting system
* Query plan

Functions|

* Administration
* Query optimization
* Replication

Related topics|

* Database models
* Database normalization
* Database storage
* Distributed database
* Federated database system
* Referential integrity
* Relational algebra
* Relational calculus
* Relational database
* Relational model
* Object-relational database
* Transaction processing

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison of relational database management systems. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Software:Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems&oldid=4217977"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template