Cerium(III) chloride

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Names
IUPAC names

Cerium(III) chloride
Cerium trichloride

Other names

Cerous chloride

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 7790-86-5 Y
* 18618-55-8 (heptahydrate) Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChEBI |

* CHEBI:35458 Y

ChemSpider |

* 23038 Y

EC Number |

* 232-227-8

Gmelin Reference

| 1828

PubChem CID

* 24636

UNII |

* TH8E3IE00V Y
* 188BE3J495 (heptahydrate) Y

InChI

* InChI=1S/Ce.3ClH/h;3*1H/q+3;;;/p-3 Y

Key: VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K Y

* InChI=1/Ce.3ClH/h;3*1H/q+3;;;/p-3

Key: VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-DFZHHIFOAZ

SMILES

* [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ce+3]

Properties

Chemical formula

| CeCl3
Molar mass | 246.48 g/mol (anhydrous)
372.58 g/mol (heptahydrate)
Appearance  | fine white powder
Density | 3.97 g/cm3
Melting point |  817 °C (1,503 °F; 1,090 K) (anhydrous)
90 °C (heptahydrate, decomposes)
Boiling point |  1,727 °C (3,141 °F; 2,000 K)

Solubility in water

| 100 g/100 ml
Solubility | soluble in alcohol

Magnetic susceptibility (χ)

| +2490.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure

Crystal structure

| hexagonal (UCl3 type), hP8

Space group

| P63/m, No. 176

Coordination geometry

| Tricapped trigonal prismatic
(nine-coordinate)
Hazards
GHS pictograms |
GHS Signal word | Danger

GHS hazard statements

| H315, H318, H319, H335, H410

GHS precautionary statements

| P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P302+352, P304+340, P305+351+338, P310, P312, P321, P332+313, P337+313, P362, P391, P403+233, P405, P501
Flash point | Non-flammable
Related compounds

Other anions

| Cerium(III) oxide
Cerium(III) fluoride
Cerium(III) bromide
Cerium(III) iodide

Other cations

| Lanthanum(III) chloride
Praseodymium(III) chloride

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Cerium(III) chloride (CeCl3), also known as cerous chloride or cerium trichloride, is a compound of cerium and chlorine. It is a white hygroscopic salt; it rapidly absorbs water on exposure to moist air to form a hydrate, which appears to be of variable composition,[1] though the heptahydrate CeCl3·7H2O is known. It is highly soluble in water, and (when anhydrous) it is soluble in ethanol and acetone.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Preparation of anhydrous CeCl3
* 2 Uses
* 2.1 Organic synthesis
* 3 References
* 4 Further reading

## Preparation of anhydrous CeCl3

Simple rapid heating of the hydrate alone may cause small amounts of hydrolysis.[3]

A useful form of anhydrous CeCl3 can be prepared if care is taken to heat the heptahydrate gradually to 140 °C (284 °F) over many hours under vacuum.[2][4][5] This may or may not contain a little CeOCl from hydrolysis, but it is suitable for use with organolithium and Grignard reagents. Pure anhydrous CeCl3 can be made by dehydration of the hydrate either by slowly heating to 400 °C (752 °F) with 4–6 equivalents of ammonium chloride under high vacuum,[3][6][7][8] or by heating with an excess of thionyl chloride for three hours.[3][9] The anhydrous halide may alternatively be prepared from cerium metal and hydrogen chloride.[10][11] It is usually purified by high temperature sublimation under high vacuum. Soxhlet extraction of CeCl
3 with thf gives CeCl
3(thf)
1.04.[12]

## Uses

Cerium(III) chloride can be used as a starting point for the preparation of other cerium salts, such as the Lewis acid cerium(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate.[13]

### Organic synthesis

Cerium(III) chloride is a reagent in several procedures used in organic synthesis.[14] Luche reduction[15] of alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds has become a popular method in organic synthesis, where CeCl3·7H2O is used in conjunction with sodium borohydride. For example, carvone gives only the allylic alcohol 1 and none of the saturated alcohol 2. Without CeCl3, a mixture of 1 and 2 is formed.

It can also deprotect MEM group to alcohol in the presence of other acetal protecting groups (e.g. THP.)

Another important use in organic synthesis is for alkylation of ketones, which would otherwise form enolates if simple organolithium reagents were to be used. For example, compound 3 would be expected to simply form an enolate without CeCl3 being present, but in the presence of CeCl3 smooth alkylation occurs: [4]

It is reported that organolithium reagents work more effectively in this reaction than do Grignard reagents.[4]

## References

1. ↑ Several great producers such as Alfa and Strem list their products simply as a "hydrate" with "xH2O" in the formula, but Aldrich sells a heptahydrate.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Paquette, L. A. (1999). Coates, R. M.. ed. Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis: Reagents, Auxiliaries and Catalysts for C-C Bond Formation. New York: Wiley. ISBN 0-471-97924-4.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Edelmann, F. T.; Poremba, P. (1997). Herrmann, W. A.. ed. Synthetic Methods of Organometallic and Inorganic Chemistry. VI. Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. ISBN 3-13-103021-6.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Johnson, C. R.; Tait, B. D. (1987). "A cerium(III) modification of the Peterson reaction: methylenation of readily enolizable carbonyl compounds". Journal of Organic Chemistry 52 (2): 281–283. doi:10.1021/jo00378a024. ISSN 0022-3263.
5. ↑ Dimitrov, Vladimir; Kostova, Kalina; Genov, Miroslav (1996). "Anhydrous cerium(III) chloride — Effect of the drying process on activity and efficiency". Tetrahedron Letters 37 (37): 6787–6790. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(96)01479-7.
6. ↑ Taylor, M. D.; Carter, P. C. (1962). "Preparation of anhydrous lanthanide halides, especially iodides". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 24 (4): 387–391. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(62)80034-7.
7. ↑ Kutscher, J.; Schneider, A. (1971). "Notiz zur Präparation von wasserfreien Lanthaniden-Haloge-niden, Insbesondere von Jodiden". Inorg. Nucl. Chem. Lett. 7 (9): 815. doi:10.1016/0020-1650(71)80253-2.
8. ↑ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. New York: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-022056-8.
9. ↑ Freeman, J. H.; Smith, M. L. (1958). "The preparation of anhydrous inorganic chlorides by dehydration with thionyl chloride". Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry 7 (3): 224–227. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(58)80073-1.
10. ↑ Druding, L. F.; Corbett, J. D. (1961). "Lower Oxidation States of the Lanthanides. Neodymium(II) Chloride and Iodide". Journal of the American Chemical Society 83 (11): 2462–2467. doi:10.1021/ja01472a010. ISSN 0002-7863.
11. ↑ Corbett, J. D. (1973). "Reduced Halides of the Rare Earth Elements". Rev. Chim. Minérale 10: 239.
12. ↑ Hirneise, Lars; Buschmann, Dennis A.; Maichle-Mössmer, Cäcilia; Anwander, Reiner (2022). "Cerium Fluorenyl Complexes Including CC Coupling Reactions". Organometallics 41 (8): 962–976. doi:10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00029.
13. ↑ Mine, Norioki; Fujiwara, Yuzo; Taniguchi, Hiroshi (1986). "Trichlorolanthanoid (LnCl3)-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation reactions". Chemistry Letters 15 (3): 357–360. doi:10.1246/cl.1986.357.
14. ↑ Paquette, Leo A.; Sabitha, G.; Yadav, J. S.; Scheuermann, Angelique M.; Merchant, Rohan R. (2021). "Cerium(III) Chloride". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. pp. 1–15. doi:10.1002/047084289X.rc041.pub3. ISBN 9780471936237.
15. ↑ Luche, Jean-Louis; Rodriguez-Hahn, Lydia; Crabbé, Pierre (1978). "Reduction of natural enones in the presence of cerium trichloride". Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (14): 601–602. doi:10.1039/C39780000601.

## Further reading

* CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (58th edition), CRC Press, West Palm Beach, Florida, 1977.
* Anwander, R. (1999). Kobayashi, S.. ed. Lanthanides: Chemistry and Use in Organic Synthesis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 10–12. ISBN 9783540645269. https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-3-540-69801-9.

* v
* t
* e

Cerium compounds

Cerium(III)|

* CeBr3
* Ce2(CO3)3
* CeCl3
* CeF3
* CeI3
* Ce(OH)3
* Ce2O3
* Ce2(SO4)3
* Ce(NO3)3

| Organocerium(III)|

* Ce(acac)3
* Ce2(C2O4)3
* Ce(CH3SO3)3

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Cerium(III,IV)|

* Ce3O4

Cerium(IV)|

* (NH4)4Ce(SO4)4•2 H2O
* (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6
* CeB6
* Ce(NO3)4
* CeO2
* Ce(SO4)2

* v
* t
* e

Salts and covalent derivatives of the chloride ion

HCl |  |  |  | He

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LiCl | BeCl2 | BCl3
B2Cl4 | CCl4 | NCl3
ClN3 | Cl2O
ClO2
Cl2O7 | ClF
ClF3
ClF5 | Ne
NaCl | MgCl2 | AlCl
AlCl3 | SiCl4 | P2Cl4
PCl3
PCl5 | S2Cl2
SCl2
SCl4 | Cl2 | Ar
KCl | CaCl
CaCl2 | ScCl3 | TiCl2
TiCl3
TiCl4 | VCl2
VCl3
VCl4
VCl5 | CrCl2
CrCl3
CrCl4 | MnCl2 | FeCl2
FeCl3 | CoCl2
CoCl3 | NiCl2 | CuCl
CuCl2 | ZnCl2 | GaCl2
GaCl3 | GeCl2
GeCl4 | AsCl3
AsCl5 | Se2Cl2
SeCl4 | BrCl | KrCl
RbCl | SrCl2 | YCl3 | ZrCl3
ZrCl4 | NbCl4
NbCl5 | MoCl2
MoCl3
MoCl4
MoCl5
MoCl6 | TcCl4 | RuCl3 | RhCl3 | PdCl2 | AgCl | CdCl2 | InCl
InCl2
InCl3 | SnCl2
SnCl4 | SbCl3
SbCl5 | Te3Cl2
TeCl4 | ICl
ICl3 | XeCl
XeCl2
CsCl | BaCl2 |  | HfCl4 | TaCl5 | WCl2
WCl3
WCl4
WCl5
WCl6 | Re3Cl9
ReCl4
ReCl5
ReCl6 | OsCl4 | IrCl2
IrCl3
IrCl4 | PtCl2
PtCl4 | AuCl
AuCl3 | Hg2Cl2,
HgCl2 | TlCl | PbCl2,
PbCl4 | BiCl3 | PoCl2,
PoCl4 | AtCl  | RnCl2
FrCl | RaCl2 |  | Rf  | Db  | Sg  | Bh  | Hs  | Mt  | Ds  | Rg  | Cn  | Nh  | Fl  | Mc  | Lv  | Ts  | Og
| ↓  |  |
LaCl3 | CeCl3 | PrCl3 | NdCl2,
NdCl3 | PmCl3 | SmCl2,
SmCl3 | EuCl2,
EuCl3 | GdCl3 | TbCl3 | DyCl2,
DyCl3 | HoCl3 | ErCl3 | TmCl2
TmCl3 | YbCl2
YbCl3 | LuCl3
AcCl3 | ThCl4 | PaCl5 | UCl3
UCl4
UCl5
UCl6 | NpCl4 | PuCl3 | AmCl2
AmCl3 | CmCl3 | BkCl3 | CfCl3 | EsCl3 | Fm  | Md  | No  | LrCl3

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Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Chemistry:Cerium(III)_chloride&oldid=562772"
*[CID]: Compound ID
*[H315]: Causes skin irritation
*[H318]: Causes serious eye damage
*[H319]: Causes serious eye irritation
*[H335]: May cause respiratory irritation
*[H410]: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects
*[P261]: Avoid breathing dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray
*[P264]: Wash … thoroughly after handling
*[P271]: Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area
*[P273]: Avoid release to the environment
*[P280]: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection
*[P302+352]: IF ON SKIN: Wash with soap and water
*[P304+340]: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing
*[P305+351+338]: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do – continue rinsing
*[P310]: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician
*[P312]: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell
*[P321]: Specific treatment (see … on this label)
*[P332+313]: If skin irritation occurs: Get medical advice/attention
*[P337+313]: Get medical advice/attention
*[P362]: Take off contaminated clothing and wash before reuse
*[P391]: Collect spillage
*[P403+233]: Store in a well ventilated place. Keep container tightly closed
*[P405]: Store locked up
*[P501]: Dispose of contents/container to …
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