Stratigraphy of New Zealand

Short description: none

Cartoon cross-section of New Zealand stratigraphy.[1] Cenozoic deformation has been removed for clarity.

This is a list of the units into which the rock succession of New Zealand is formally divided. As new geological relationships have been discovered new names have been proposed and others are made obsolete. Not all these changes have been universally adopted. This table is based on the 2014 New Zealand Stratigraphic Lexicon (Litho2014).[1][2] However, obsolete names that are still in use and names postdating the lexicon are included if it aids in understanding.[3]

Names for particular rock units have two parts, a proper name which is almost always a geographic location where the rock is found and a hierarchical rank (e.g. Waitematā Group). This ranking system starts with individual 'beds' of rock which can be grouped into 'members', members are grouped into 'formations', formations into 'subgroups' then 'groups'. In New Zealand, groups are further combined into 'supergroups' or for basement rocks into terranes. Not all of these hierarchical layers are necessarily present within a particular rock succession. Many New Zealand rocks can also have names based on their major rock types, such as the Wooded Peak Limestone or the Hawks Crag Breccia.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Summary of New Zealand high order rock names
* 2 Basement rocks (Austral Superprovince)
* 3 Cover sequence (Zealandia Megasequence)
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Summary of New Zealand high order rock names

New Zealand stratigraphy has also informally been divided into two 'megasequences'.[1] The Austral Superprovince (Cambrian-Cretaceous) includes all basement rocks and the Zealandia Megasequence (Cretaceous-Holocene) refers to those, younger rocks, that cover them. The Austral Superprovince is divided into the Eastern and Western Province, which have seven and two terranes respectively. The Zealandia Megasequence is divided into five supergroups, from oldest to youngest they are the Momotu, Haerenga, Waka, Māui and Pākihi supergroups.[1]

New Zealand rocks |  | Cover sequence (Zealandia Megasequence)  |  |  |

Pākihi Supergroup

|

Māui Supergroup

Waka Supergroup

Haerenga Supergroup

Momotu Supergroup

Basement rocks (Austral Superprovince)  |  | Eastern Province |  |  |

Waipapa composite terrane

|

Torlesse composite terrane

Caples terrane

Dun Mountain–Maitai terrane

Murihiku terrane

Brook Street terrane

Drumduan terrane

Western Province |  |  |

Buller terrane

|

Tākaka terrane

## Basement rocks (Austral Superprovince)

Supergroup/Terrane[1] | Complex/Group/Terrane[1] | Period[2] | Location[2] | Summary[2][3][5] | Notable feature

|
|
|
|
|

Tākaka terrane | Haupiri Group  | Cambrian  | Tasman  | Conglomerate and siltstone  | Oldest rocks in New Zealand (early Mid-Cambrian)[6]
Tākaka terrane | Devil River Volcanics Group[6] | Cambrian(Middle)-Cambrian(Late)  | Tasman  | Volcanic rock. Arc igneous rocks and sediments  |
Tākaka terrane | Mount Patriarch Group[7] | Ordovician(Early)  | Tasman  | Marine. Siltstone and limestone  |
Tākaka terrane | Mount Arthur Group  | Ordovician(Late)-Silurian  | Tasman  | Marble, mudstone with conodonts and sparse corals  | Mount Arthur Marble[8] in which Harwoods Hole is formed.
Tākaka terrane | Ellis Group  | Devonian(Early)  | Tasman  | Schist and quartzite  |
Tākaka terrane | Edgecumbe Group  | Cambrian(Middle)-Cambrian(Late)  | Fiordland  | Meta-conglomerate, sandstone and basalt  |
Tākaka terrane | Cameron Group  | Paleozoic(Early)  | Fiordland  | Meta volcanic rocks and sediments  |
Tākaka terrane | Pegasus Group[9] | Paleozoic(Early)  | Stewart Island  | Schist  |
Western Province  | Tuhua Intrusives  | Permian  | North Island, South Island  | Granite and other plutonic rocks  |
Buller Terrane  | Greenland Group  | Cambrian-Ordovician(Early)  | Westland, Tasman, Fiordland  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones,  | Once thought to be Precambrian and New Zealand's oldest rocks[10]
Buller Terrane  | Golden Bay Group  | Ordovician(Middle)- Ordovician(Late)  | Tasman  | Schist, shale and quartzite  |
Buller Terrane  | Reefton Group[11] | Devonian  | West Coast, Nelson  | Sandstone, limestone and mudstone  |
Buller Terrane  | Fanny Bay Group  | Ordovician  | Fiordland  | Pelites, semi-pelites (graphitic), quartzite  |
Western Province  | Parapara Group[12] | Permian(Late)-Triassic  | Tasman  | Conglomerate, quartzite and slate  |
Western Province  | Median Tectonic Zone  | Permian  | North and South Islands  | Multiple arc sequences  |
Drumduan Terrane  | Pepin Group[13] | Jurassic  | Nelson  | Conglomerate  |
Drumduan Terrane  | Drumduan Group[14] | Jurassic  | Nelson  | Marine. Mudstone, siltstone and tuff  |
Drumduan Terrane  | Teetotal Group  | Triassic  | Nelson  | Conglomerate  |
Drumduan Terrane  | Largs Group  | Cretaceous  | Fiordland, Southland  | Volcanic rock. Andesite, tuff and breccia  |
Drumduan Terrane  | Paterson Group  | Jurassic(Late)  | Stewart Island  | Schistose volcaniclastic sediments and volcanic rhyolite and dacite  |
Brook Street Terrane  | Brook Street Volcanics Group  | Permian  | Nelson  | Volcanic rocks and sediments. Mafic-intermediate volcanic island arc  |
Brook Street Terrane  | Greenhills Group[15] | Permian(Middle)  | Southland  | Volcaniclastic breccia, dolerite, basalt with sandstone and marble  |
Brook Street Terrane  | Productus Creek Group[16] | Permian-Triassic  | Southland  | Shallow marine and volcanogenic sediments  |
Murihiku Terrane  | Huriwai Group  | Jurassic(Late)  | Waikato, Auckland  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff  |
Murihiku Terrane  | Apotu Group  | Jurassic(Late)  | Waikato, Auckland  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff  |
Murihiku Terrane  | Kirikiri Group  | Jurassic(Middle)-Jurassic(Late)  | Waikato, Auckland  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff  |
Murihiku Terrane  | Rengarenga Group  | Triassic(Late)-Jurassic(Early)  | Waikato, Auckland  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff  |
Murihiku Terrane  | Newcastle Group  | Triassic(Late)-Jurassic(Middle)  | Waikato  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff  |
Murihiku Terrane  | Richmond Group  | Triassic  | Nelson  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff  |
Murihiku Terrane  | Diamond Peak Group  | Jurassic(Early)  | Southland  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff  |
Murihiku Terrane  | Ferndale Group  | Jurassic(Middle)  | Southland  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff  | Cathedral Cave and Curio Bay petrified Forrest, Catlins
Murihiku Terrane  | Mataura Group  | Jurassic(Middle)  | Southland  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff  |
Murihiku Terrane  | North Range Group  | Triassic(Early)- Triassic(Middle)  | Southland  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff  | Rock type exposed in cliffs and sea stacks at Nugget Point, Catlins
Murihiku Terrane  | Taringatura Group  | Triassic(Middle)-Triassic(Late)  | Southland  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff  | Rock type exposed in cliffs and sea stacks at Nugget Point, Catlins
Murihiku Terrane  | Kuriwao Group  | Permian(Middle)  | Southland  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones, and tuff  |
Murihiku Terrane  | Park Volcanics Group[17] | Triassic(Late)-Jurassic(Early)  | Southland  | Volcanic rock. Andesites  |
Eastern Province  | Kaka Point Structural Belt[18] | Triassic  | Southland  | Marine. Volcanic sandstones, siltstones  |
Dun Mountain–Maitai terrane | Dun Mountain Ultramafics Group  | Permian  | South Island  | Plutonic rock. Ultramafic rocks and serpentinites  | Source of pounamu (jade)
Dun Mountain–Maitai terrane | Livingstone Volcanic Group  | Permian  | South Island  | Volcanic and plutonic rock. Gabbro and basalt flows  |
Dun Mountain–Maitai terrane | Maitai Group  | Permian-Triassic  | South Island  | Marine. Turbidite sequence and minor conglomerate  |
Dun Mountain–Maitai terrane | Otanomomo Complex  | Permian  | Southland  | Plutonic rock. Gabbro and diorite  |
Caples Terrane  | Caples Group  | Permian(Late)-Triassic(Late)  | North and South Islands  | Greywacke and ophiolite mélange  | Greenstone/Croisilles Mélange[19]
Caples Terrane  | Chrystalls Beach Complex  | Triassic(Middle)  | Southland  | Schist mélange  |
Haast Schist | Kaimanawa Schist  | Jurassic  | Rotorua  | Schist  |
Haast Schist | Terawhiti Schist  | Carboniferous-Triassic  | Wellington  | Schist  | "The most underwhelming outcrop of schist in New Zealand."[20]
Haast Schist | Marlborough Schist  | Carboniferous – Triassic  | South Island  | Schist  |
Haast Schist | Alpine Schist  | Carboniferous – Triassic  | South Island  | Schist  | Source of pounamu (jade)
Haast Schist | Otago Schist  | Carboniferous – Jurassic[21] | Otago  | Schist  |
Haast Schist | Chatham Schist  | Triassic  | Chatham Islands  | Schist  |
Torlesse composite terrane | Pahau Terrane[22] | Jurassic(Late)-Cretaceous(Early)  | North and South Islands  | Greywacke  |
Torlesse composite terrane | Kaweka Terrane  | Jurassic(Early)-Cretaceous(Early)  | Rotorua, Hawkes Bay, Wanganui  | Greywacke  |
Torlesse composite terrane | Rakaia Terrane  | Carboniferous-Jurassic  | North and South Islands  | Greywacke  | Main rock type of the Southern Alps
Torlesse composite terrane | Esk Head Belt[23] | Triassic(Late)-Cretaceous(Early)  | Wairarapa to North Canterbury  | Mélange  | Boundary of the Rakaia and Pahau Terranes.
Torlesse composite terrane | Pahaoa Group  | Cretaceous(Early)  | Wairarapa  | Greywacke  |
Torlesse composite terrane | Clent Hills Group  | Jurassic  | North Canterbury  | Greywacke  |
Waipapa Composite Terrane  | Waipapa Group[24] | Triassic(Late)-Jurassic(Late)  | Northland, Auckland  | Greywacke and chert-basalt mélanges  |
Waipapa Composite Terrane  | Manaia Hill Group  | Jurassic(Late)-Cretaceous(Early)  | Waikato, Auckland  | Greywacke  |

## Cover sequence (Zealandia Megasequence)

Supergroup/Terrane[1] | Complex/Group/Terrane[1] | Period[2] | Location[2] | Summary[2][3][5] | Notable feature

|
|
|
|
|

Momotu Supergroup  | Matawai Group  | Cretaceous  | Gisborne  | Marine. Sandstone, tuff and melange  | Part of the East Coast Allochthon,
Momotu Supergroup  | Ruatoria Group  | Cretaceous  | Gisborne  | Volcanic rock  | Part of the East Coast Allochthon,
Momotu Supergroup  | Matakaoa Volcanics  | Cretaceous- Cenozoic(Early)  | Gisborne  | Volcanic rock and sediments  | Part of the East Coast Allochthon,
Momotu Supergroup  | Mangapurupuru Group[25] | Cretaceous  | Wairarapa, Hawkes Bay  | Marine. Conglomerate, sandstone and siltstone  |
Momotu Supergroup  | Pororari Group  | Cretaceous  | West Coast  | Terrestrial sedimentary  | Hawks Crag Breccia, uranium mineralization,[26]
Momotu Supergroup  | Hapuku Group  | Cretaceous(Late)  | Marlborough  | Marine. Sandstone and marls  |
Momotu Supergroup  | Coverham Group  | Cretaceous(Middle)-Cretaceous(Late)  | Marlborough  | Marine. Siltstone and sandstone  |
Momotu Supergroup  | Wallow Group  | Cretaceous(Early)  | Marlborough  | Volcanic and sedimentary rocks  | .
Momotu Supergroup  | Mount Somers Volcanics Group  | Cretaceous  | Canterbury  | Intermediate to silicic volcanic flows and domes  |
Momotu Supergroup  | Waihere Bay Group  | Cretaceous  | Chatham Islands  | Sandstone and conglomerate  |
Momotu Supergroup  | Pitt Island Group  | Cretaceous(Late)  | Chatham Islands  | Volcanic Rocks. Trachyte, tuff  | Pitt Island
Momotu Supergroup  | Puysegur Group  | Cretaceous  | Fiordland  | Marine. Sandstone, siltstone rare conglomerate.  |
Momotu Supergroup  | Matakea Group  | Cretaceous(Middle)-Cretaceous(Late)  | Otago  | Terrestrial. Breccia, conglomerate and coal  |
Momotu Supergroup  | Hoiho Group[27] | Cretaceous(Late)  | Great South Basin  | Terrestrial. Sandstone and conglomerate, with minor coal  | Possible hydrocarbon source rock in Great South Basin[28]
Momotu Supergroup  | Houhora Complex (Mt Camel Terrane)  | Cretaceous(Early)  | Northland  | Volcanic rocks and sediments  |
Momotu Supergroup  | Tangihua Complex  | Cretaceous(Early)  | Northland Auckland  | Basalt, sandstone, mudstone  | Part of the Northland Allochthon[29]
Momotu Supergroup  | Tupou Complex[30] | Cretaceous(Early)  | Northland  | Marine. Sandstone and mudstone  | Part of the Northland Allochthon[29]
Momotu Supergroup  | Ngahape Volcanic Complex  | Cretaceous(Late)-Paleocene  | Wairarapa  | Plutonic rock. basalt sills with minor dolerite, breccia and teschenite  |
Momotu Supergroup  | Mandamus Igneous Complex[31] | Cretaceous(middle)  | Canterbury  | Volcanic rock. basalt  |
Momotu Supergroup  | Tapuaenuku Igneous Complex[32] | Cretaceous(Middle)  | Marlborough  | Dike swarm and cumulates  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Motatau Complex  | Eocene-Oligocene  | Northland  | Sandstone, Limestone  | Part of the Northland Allochthon.[33]
Haerenga Supergroup  | Mangakahia Complex  | Cretaceous(Late)-Eocene  | Northland, Auckland  | Mudstone  | Part of the Northland Allochthon,[33]
Haerenga Supergroup  | Te Kuiti Group  | Eocene(Late)-Oligocene(Late)  | Waikato, Northland, Auckland  | Sandstone, Coal, Limestone  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Moa Group  | Paleocene-Eocene  | Taranaki  | Marine.  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Kapuni Group  | Paleocene-Eocene  | Taranaki, Tasman  | Terrestrial. Alluvium  | Rocks forming the cliff and sea stacks around Cape Farewell and Wharariki Beach,
Haerenga Supergroup  | Tinui Group  | Cretaceous(Late)-Paleocene  | Wairarapa, Gisborne  | Marine. Mudstone and sandstone  | Dinosaur fossils (Tahora Formation),
Haerenga Supergroup  | Mangatu Group  | Paleocene-Oligocene  | Gisborne  | Marine. Mudstone and sandstone  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Tora Group  | Cretaceous(Late)-Eocene  | Wairarapa  | Marine. Mudstone, sandstone and greensand  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Jenkins Group  | Eocene-Miocene  | Nelson  | Coal  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Rapahoe Group  | Eocene-Oligocene  | Westland  | Marine and marginal marine sediments  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Pakawau Group[34] | Cretaceous(Late)  | Nelson, Taranaki  | Coal Measures  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Paparoa Coal Measures  | Cretaceous(Late)-Paleocene  | Westland  | Coal Measures  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Eyre Group  | Cretaceous(Late)-Oligocene(Early)  | Marlborough  | Volcanic and sedimentary rock. Basalt and greensand  | Plesiosaur fossils in the Conway Formation,
Haerenga Supergroup  | Muzzle Group  | Cretaceous(Late)-Paleocene  | Marlborough  | Marine. Mudstone, greensand, limestone and volcanic rock  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Seymour Group  | Cretaceous(Late)  | Marlborough  | Marine. Sandstone and limestone  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Tioriori Group  | Paleocene(Late)-Eocene(Early)  | Chatham Islands  | Marine. Limestone and greensand  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Kekerione Group  | Paleocene(Late)-Eocene(Late)  | Chatham Islands  | Marine and volcanic rock. Limestone, tuff and volcanic rock  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Annick Group  | Eocene  | Southland  | Terrestrial. Sandstone and siltstone  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Onekakara Group  | Cretaceous(Late)-Oligocene  | Otago, Canterbury  | Marine. Siltstone  | Host for the Moeraki Boulder concretions
Haerenga Supergroup  | Matakea Group  | Cretaceous(Middle)- Cretaceous(Late)  | Otago  | Terrestrial and marine. Sandstone and coal  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Ohai Group  | Cretaceous(Late)  | Southland  | Terrestrial. Breccia, sandstone and coal  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Nightcaps Group  | Eocene-Oligocene  | Southland  | Terrestrial. Coal and sandstone  | Nightcaps coal mines
Haerenga Supergroup  | Balleny Group  | Eocene-Oligocene  | Fiordland  | Terrestrial and marine  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Pakaha Group[27] | Cretaceous(Late)-Paleocene  | Great South Basin  | Marine. Mudstone  | Possible hydrocarbon source rock in Great South Basin[28]
Haerenga Supergroup  | Rakiura Group[27] | Paleocene-Eocene  | Great South Basin  | Marine. Mudstone  |
Haerenga Supergroup  | Campbell Island Group[35] | Cretaceous(Late)-Oligocene(Middle)  | Campbell Island  | Marine. Limestone  | Campbell Island,
Haerenga Supergroup  | Non-Grouped formation  | Eocene  | Nelson, West Coast  | Terrestrial sedimentary  | Brunner Coal Measures[36] and the Brunner Mine,
Waka Supergroup  | Motatau Complex  | Eocene-Oligocene  | Auckland  | Marine, Limestones and calcareous mudstones  | Part of the Northland Allochthon.[33]
Waka Supergroup  | Tangihua Complex  | Cretaceous(Early)  | Auckland and Northland  | Volcanic rock.Basalt  | Part of the Northland Allochthon.[33]
Waka Supergroup  | Te Kuiti Group[37] | Eocene(Late)-Oligocene(Late)  | Waikato, Northland, Auckland  | Marine, minor terrestrial. Clastic and biogenic sediments  | Host rock of the Waitomo Caves and the Piercy Island hole in the rock.
Waka Supergroup  | Ngatoro Group  | Oligocene  | Taranaki  | Marine. Sandstone, limestone and greensand  |
Waka Supergroup  | Mangatu Group  | Paleocene-Oligocene  | Gisborne  | Marine. Mudstone and sandstone  |
Waka Supergroup  | Nile Group  | Oligocene-Miocene(Early)  | Westland  | Marine. Limestones  | Punakaiki Rocks and Oparara Basin Arches.
Waka Supergroup  | Motunau Group  | Oligocene-Pleistocene(Late)  | North Canterbury  | Marine. Quartzose sandstone and minor siltstone  |
Waka Supergroup  | Cookson Volcanics Group  | Oligocene(Early)  | North Canterbury  | Volcanic Rock.  |
Waka Supergroup  | Kekenodon Group  | Oligocene-Miocene(Early)  | South Canterbury  | Glauconitic sandstone and sandy limestone  | Kokoamu Greensand and the Castle Hill climbing area
Waka Supergroup  | Alma Group  | Eocene(late)- Oligocene(early)  | Otago, South Canterbury  | Marine. Limestone, marl and volcanic rocks  | Oamaru Stone (limestone) and volcanic rocks in the cliffs around Oamaru.
Waka Supergroup  | Balleny Group  | Eocene-Oligocene  | Fiordland  | Breccia  |
Waka Supergroup  | Waiau Group  | Oligocene-Miocene  | Southland  | Marine and terrestrial. Conglomerate, breccia, limestone and sandstone  |
Māui Supergroup  | Reinga Group  | Cretaceous-Paleocene  | Northland  | Terrestrial, minor marine. Conglomerates and fluvial deposits  |
Māui Supergroup  | Parengarenga Group  | Oligocene-Miocene(Early)  | Northland  | Marine. Sandstone and mudstone  |
Māui Supergroup  | Coromandel Group  | Miocene(Early)-Pliocene  | Coromandel  | Volcanic rock  | Hard rock gold mines on the Coromandel Peninsula[38]
Māui Supergroup  | Early Miocene  | Auckland  | Volcanic rock. Basaltic-andesite and conglomerate  | Lion Rock, Piha
Māui Supergroup  | Otaua Group  | Oligocene(Late)-Miocene  | Northland  | Marine. Mudstone with minor sandstone  |
Māui Supergroup  | Ti Point Group[39] | Miocene(Late)-Holocene  | Northland  | Volcanic rock  |
Māui Supergroup  | Whitianga Group  | Miocene(Late)-Pleistocene(Early)  | Coromandel, Auckland, Northland  | Volcanic rock. Rhyolite lava dome and ignimbrite, minor sediments  |
Māui Supergroup  | Waitemata Group[40] | Miocene  | Auckland  | Marine. Turbidites  | Sea cliffs around Waitematā Harbour.
Māui Supergroup  | Kiwitahi Volcanic Group[41] | Miocene  | Auckland, Waikato, Rotorua  | Volcanic rock. Andesite  |
Māui Supergroup  | Whakamarama Group  | Pleistocene(Middle)  | Bay of Plenty  | Volcanic rock. Andesite and ignimbrite  |
Māui Supergroup  | Wai-iti Group  | Miocene(Middle-late)  | Taranaki  | Marine. Sandstone and mudstone  |
Māui Supergroup  | Whangamomona Group  | Miocene(Middle)-Pliocene(Early)  | Taranaki, Waikato, Wanganui  | Marine. Sandstone and siltstone  |
Māui Supergroup  | Mokau Group  | Miocene(Early)  | Taranaki, Waikato, Wanganui  | Terrestrial. Sandstone and coal  |
Māui Supergroup  | Mahoenui Group  | Miocene(Early)  | Taranaki  | Marine. Turbidites  |
Māui Supergroup  | Tolaga Group  | Miocene  | Gisborne  | Marine. Sandstone, limestone and mudstone  |
Māui Supergroup  | Awatere Group  | Miocene(Late)-Pliocene(Late)  | Marlborough  | Marine. Conglomerate and sandstone  |
Māui Supergroup  | Blue Bottom Group  | Miocene-Pliocene  | Westland, Nelson  | Marine. Calcareous sandstone and siltstone  |
Māui Supergroup  | Rappahannock Group  | Miocene(Late)- Pleistocene(Early)  | Nelson  | Terrestrial. Sandstone and conglomerate  |
Māui Supergroup  | Motunau Group  | Oligocene(Late)- Pleistocene  | North Canterbury  | Marine. Glauconitic, calcareous sandstone, with minor siltstone  |
Māui Supergroup  | Burnt Hill Group  | Oligocene-Pliocene(Early)  | North Canterbury  | Marine, minor terrestrial. Basalt breccia and sandstone  |
Māui Supergroup  | Diamond Harbour Volcanic Group[42][43] | Miocene(Late)-Pliocene)Early)  | North Canterbury  | Volcanic rock.Basalt  | Banks Peninsula Volcano, Christchurch.
Māui Supergroup  | Mount Herbert Volcanic Group[42][43] | Miocene(Late)  | North Canterbury  | Volcanic rock.Basalt  | Banks Peninsula Volcano, Christchurch.
Māui Supergroup  | Akaroa Volcanic Group[42][43] | Miocene(Late)  | North Canterbury  | Volcanic rock. Basaltic to trachytic lava flows  | Banks Peninsula Volcano, Christchurch.
Māui Supergroup  | Lyttelton Volcanic Group[42][43] | Miocene(Late)  | North Canterbury  | Volcanic rock.Basalt  | Banks Peninsula Volcano, Christchurch.
Māui Supergroup  | Dunedin Volcanic Group | Miocene  | Eastern Otago  | Volcanic rock. Multi phase shield volcano  | Otago Peninsula and the north side of Otago Harbour.
Māui Supergroup  | East Southland Group  | Oligocene(Late)-Miocene(Middle)  | Southland  | Terrestrial.  |
Māui Supergroup  | Otakou Group  | Oligocene- Miocene  | South Canterbury, Otago  | Marine. Sandstone, mudstone and limestone  | Cliff of Caversham Sandstone at Tunnel Beach, Dunedin.
Māui Supergroup  | Manuherikia Group | Miocene-Pliocene  | Otago, Southland  | Terrestrial. Fluvial sediments  | New Zealand's only fossilized land mammal (St Bathans fauna)).
Māui Supergroup  | Hawkdun Group  | Miocene(Late)-Pliocene  | Otago  | Terrestrial. Fluvial sediments  |
Māui Supergroup  | Waiau Group[44] | Oligocene-Miocene  | Southland  | Marine, Limestone, sandstone and mass flow conglomerates.  |
Māui Supergroup  | Penrod Group  | Eocene(Late)-Miocene  | Great South Basin, Campbell Island  | Marine.  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Ngaio Group  | Pleistocene(Late)  | Kermadec Islands  | Volcanic rock. Breccia, pumice, tephra  | Raoul Island
Pākihi Supergroup  | Macauley Group[45] | Pleistocene  | Kermadec Islands  | Volcanic rock. Lava, pumice  | Macauley Island
Pākihi Supergroup  | Haszard Group  | Pleistocene  | Kermadec Islands  | Volcanic rock. tuff, scoria  | Macauley Island
Pākihi Supergroup  | Herald Group[46] | Pleistocene  | Kermadec Islands  | Volcanic rock. Volcanics and intercalated sedimentary deposits  | Raoul Island
Pākihi Supergroup  | Karioitahi Group  | Pleistocene(Early)-Holocene  | Northland, Auckland  | Terrestrial. Sand dunes  | West coast ironsands, Auckland[47]
Pākihi Supergroup  | Awhitu Group  | Pliocene(Late)-Pleistocene(Early)  | Northland, Auckland  | Terrestrial, sand dunes, alluvium  | Old sand dunes from Ninety Mile Beach
Pākihi Supergroup  | Tauranga Group  | Pliocene-Pleistocene  | Bay of Plenty, Waikato  | Terrestrial, alluvium, sandstone, pumice  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Hauturu Volcanic Group[48] | Pliocene(Late)-Pleistocene(Early)  | Auckland, Northland  | Volcanic rock, Rhyodacite  | Little Barrier Island, Hauraki Gulf
Pākihi Supergroup  | Mayor Island Group[49] | Pleistocene(Late)-Holocene  | Bay of Plenty  | Volcanic rock, Rhyolite  | Forms Mayor Island, Bay of Plenty
Pākihi Supergroup  | Kerikeri Volcanic Group  | Pliocene(Late)-Holocene  | Auckland, Northland, Waikato  | Volcanic rock, Basaltic flows and scoria cones  | Auckland volcanic field and Wairere Boulders
Pākihi Supergroup  | Alexandra Volcanic Group  | Pliocene-Pleistocene  | Waikato  | Volcanic rock  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Orangiwhao Intrusive Group  | Pliocene(middle)  | Waikato  | Volcanic rock, Andesite  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Whakamaru Group[50] | Pleistocene  | Rotorua, Waikato  | Volcanic rock, Ignimbrite  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Pakaumanu Group  | Pliocene-Pleistocene  | Rotorua  | Volcanic rock, Ignimbrite  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Ongaroto Group  | Pleistocene  | Rotorua  | Volcanic rock, Rhyolite lava dome  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Maroa Group  | Pleistocene  | Rotorua  | Volcanic rock, Ignimbrites and pyroclastic rocks  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Taupō Group[51] | Holocene  | Rotorua  | Volcanic rock, Tephra and ignimbrite  | Taupō Volcano
Pākihi Supergroup  | Okataina Group  | Pleistocene(Late)-Holocene  | Rotorua  | Volcanic rock. Tephra, flows and lava domes  | Part of the Taupō Volcanic Zone
Pākihi Supergroup  | Ruapehu Group[52] | Pleistocene  | Wanganui  | Volcanic rock, Andesite and tephra  | Mount Ruapehu
Pākihi Supergroup  | Rotokare Group  | Pliocene  | Taranaki  | Marine, Sandstone and mudstone  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Whangamomona Group  | Miocene(Middle)-Pliocene(Early)  | Taranaki, Waikato, Wanganui  | Marine, Sandstone and mudstone  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Kidnappers Group  | Pleistocene(Late)  | Hawkes Bay  | Marine, Turbidites and tuff  | Cape Kidnappers
Pākihi Supergroup  | Onoke Group  | Miocene(Late)- Pleistocene  | Wellington, Wairarapa  | Marine, Mudstone, greensand and limestones  | Badlands erosion forming the Pūtangirua Pinnacles
Pākihi Supergroup  | Mangaheia Group  | Miocene(Late)-Pliocene  | Gisborne, Hawkes Bay  | Marine, Sandstone, mudstone, and limestones  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Old Man Group[53] | Pliocene(Late)- Pleistocene(Early)  | Nelson  | Terrestrial, minor marine, Gravel and minor sands and muds  | Caused by the start of uplift on the Alpine Fault and resultant erosion
Pākihi Supergroup  | Tadmor Group  | Miocene-Pliocene  | Nelson  | Terrestrial, Gravel and minor sands, peat and muds  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Motunau group  | Oligocene(Late)-Pleistocene  | North Canterbury  | Marine, Sandstone, greensand and limestones  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Karewa Group[54] | Pliocene-Pleistocene  | Chatham Islands  | Terrestrial, minor marine, Sand, peat and ash  |
Pākihi Supergroup  | Hawkdun Group  | Miocene(Late)-Pliocene  | Otago  | Terrestrial, Gravel, minor sand, mud and breccia  | One source of alluvial gold in Otago
Pākihi Supergroup  | Solander Island Volcanics[55] | Pliocene  | Fiordland  | Volcanic rock, Andesites  | Solander Island

## See also

* Geology of New Zealand
* New Zealand geologic time scale
* List of rock formations of New Zealand

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Mortimer, N; Rattenbury, MS; King, PR; Bland, KJ; Barrell, DJA; Bache, F; Begg, JG; Campbell, HJ et al. (2014). "High-level stratigraphic scheme for New Zealand rocks". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 57 (4): 402–419. doi:10.1080/00288306.2014.946062. ISSN 0028-8306.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "New Zealand Stratigraphic Lexicon (2014)". https://data.gnSuperGroupcri.nz/stratlex/search.jsp.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 J.J., Kamp, Peter; A., Vincent, Kirsty; J.S., Tayler, Michael (2015). ﻿Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of New Zealand: A reference volume of lithology, age and paleoenvironments with maps (PMAPs) and database.﻿ (Report). https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/handle/10289/9286.
4. ↑ Definitions and procedures, section 3
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Macrostrat". https://macrostrat.org/map/#/z=1.5/x=16/y=23/bedrock/lines/.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Münker, Carsten; Cooper, Roger (1999). "The Cambrian arc complex of the Takaka Terrane, New Zealand: An integrated stratigraphical, paleontological and geochemical approach". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 42 (3): 415–445. doi:10.1080/00288306.1999.9514854. ISSN 0028-8306.
7. ↑ Coleman, A. C. (1977). "Stratigraphy and structure of the Mt Patriarch-Crow River area, North-West Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 20 (3): 401–423. doi:10.1080/00288306.1977.10427595. ISSN 0028-8306.
8. ↑ Simes, J. E. (1980). "Age of the Arthur Marble: conodont evidence from Mount Owen, northwest Nelson". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 23 (4): 529–532. doi:10.1080/00288306.1980.10424123. ISSN 0028-8306.
9. ↑ Allibone, A. H.; Tulloch, A. J. (1997). "Metasedimentary, granitoid, and gabbroic rocks from central Stewart Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 40 (1): 53–68. doi:10.1080/00288306.1997.9514740. ISSN 0028-8306.
10. ↑ Adams, ComplexJ.D. (1975). "Discovery of Precambrian rocks in New Zealand: Age relations of the Greenland Group and Constant Gneiss, West Coast, South Island". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 28 (1): 98–104. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(75)90078-3. ISSN 0012-821X. Bibcode: 1975E&PSL..28...98A.
11. ↑ Bradshaw, M.A.; Hegan, B.D. (1983). "Stratigraphy and structure of the Devonian rocks of Inangahua Outlier, Reefton, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 26 (4): 325–344. doi:10.1080/00288306.1983.10422252. ISSN 0028-8306.
12. ↑ Campbell, H. J.; Smale, D.; Grapes, R.; Hoke, L.; Gibson, G. M.; Landis, C. A. (1998). "Parapara Group: Permian‐Triassic rocks in the Western Province, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 41 (3): 281–296. doi:10.1080/00288306.1998.9514811. ISSN 0028-8306.
13. ↑ Beresford, S. W.; Bradshaw, J. D.; Weaver, S. D.; Muir, R. J. (1996). "Echinus Granite and Pepin Group of Pepin Island, northeast Nelson, New Zealand: Drumduan Terrane basement or exotic fragment in the Median Tectonic Zone?". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 39 (2): 265–270. doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514710. ISSN 0028-8306.
14. ↑ Johnston, M. R.; Raine, J. I.; Watters, W. A. (1987). "Drumduan Group of East Nelson, New Zealand: Plant-bearing Jurassic arc rocks metamorphosed during terrane interaction". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 17 (3): 275–301. doi:10.1080/03036758.1987.10418162. ISSN 0303-6758.
15. ↑ Mossman, David J.; Force, Lucy M. (1969). "Permian fossils from the Greenhills group, Bluff, Southland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 12 (4): 659–672. doi:10.1080/00288306.1969.10431104. ISSN 0028-8306.
16. ↑ Force, Lucy M. (1975). "Stratigraphy and Paleoecology of the Productus Creek Group, South Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 18 (3): 373–399. doi:10.1080/00288306.1975.10421544. ISSN 0028-8306.
17. ↑ Coombs, D. Supergroup; Cook, N. D. J.; Kawachi, Y.; Johnstone, R. D.; Gibson, L. L. (1996). "Park Volcanics, Murihiku Terrane, New Zealand: Petrology, petrochemistry, and tectonic significance". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 39 (4): 469–492. doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514727. ISSN 0028-8306.
18. ↑ Campbell, J. D.; Coombs, D. S.; Grebneff, A. (2003). "Willsher Group and geology of the Triassic Kaka Point coastal section, south‐east Otago, New Zealand". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 33 (1): 7–38. doi:10.1080/03014223.2003.9517719. ISSN 0303-6758.
19. ↑ Dickins, J.M.; Johnston, M.R.; Kimbrough, D.L.; Landis, C.A. (July 1986). "The stratigraphic and structural position and age of the Croisilles Melange, east Nelson, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 29 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1080/00288306.1986.10422152. ISSN 0028-8306.
20. ↑ "New Zealand Stratigraphic Lexicon". https://data.gns.cri.nz/stratlex/view.jsp?id=7341&page=1.
21. ↑ Jugum, D; Norris, RH; Palin, JM (2013). "Late Jurassic detrital zircons from the Haast Schist and their implications for New Zealand terrane assembly and metamorphism". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 56 (4): 223–228. doi:10.1080/00288306.2013.815639. ISSN 0028-8306.
22. ↑ Bassett, Kari N.; Orlowski, Richard (2004). "Pahau Terrane type locality: Fan delta in an accretionary prism trench‐slope basin". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 47 (4): 603–623. doi:10.1080/00288306.2004.9515079. ISSN 0028-8306.
23. ↑ Silberling, N. J.; Nichols, K. M.; Bradshaw, J. D.; Blome, C. D. (1988). "Limestone and chert in tectonic blocks from the Esk Head subterrane, South Island, New Zealand". Geological Society of America Bulletin 100 (8): 1213–1223. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1988)100<1213:LACITB>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606. Bibcode: 1988GSAB..100.1213S.
24. ↑ Mayer, W. (1969). "Petrology of the Waipapa Group, near Auckland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 12 (2–3): 412–435. doi:10.1080/00288306.1969.10420291. ISSN 0028-8306.
25. ↑ Moore, P. R.; Speden, Ian (1979). "Stratigraphy, structure, and inferred environments of deposition of the Early Cretaceous sequence, eastern Wairarapa, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 22 (4): 417–433. doi:10.1080/00288306.1979.10424150. ISSN 0028-8306.
26. ↑ Beck, A. C.; Reed, J. J.; Willett, R. W. (1958). "Uranium mineralization in the Hawks Crag Breccia of the Lower Buller Gorge Region, South Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 1 (3): 432–450. doi:10.1080/00288306.1958.10422773. ISSN 0028-8306.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Killops, S. D.; Cook, R. A.; Sykes, R.; Boudou, J. P. (2010). "Petroleum potential and oil‐source correlation in the Great South and Canterbury Basins". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 40 (4): 405–423. doi:10.1080/00288306.1997.9514773. ISSN 0028-8306.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Schiøler, Poul; Rogers, Karyne; Sykes, Richard; Hollis, Chris J.; Ilg, Brad; Meadows, Dylan; Roncaglia, Lucia; Uruski, Chris (2010). "Palynofacies, organic geochemistry and depositional environment of the Tartan Formation (Late Paleocene), a potential source rock in the Great South Basin, New Zealand". Marine and Petroleum Geology 27 (2): 351–369. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.09.006. ISSN 0264-8172.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Schellart, W.P. (2007). "North-eastward subduction followed by slab detachment to explain ophiolite obduction and Early Miocene volcanism in Northland, New Zealand". Terra Nova 19 (3): 211–218. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2007.00736.x. ISSN 0954-4879. Bibcode: 2007TeNov..19..211S.
30. ↑ Bradshaw, J. D. (2004). "Northland Allochthon: An alternative hypothesis of origin". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 47 (3): 375–382. doi:10.1080/00288306.2004.9515063. ISSN 0028-8306.
31. ↑ Weaver, S. D.; Pankhurst, R.J. (1991). "A precise Rb‐Sr age for the Mandamus Igneous Complex, North Canterbury, and regional tectonic implications". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 34 (3): 341–345. doi:10.1080/00288306.1991.9514472. ISSN 0028-8306.
32. ↑ Baker, I. A.; Gamble, J. A.; Graham, I. J. (1994). "The age, geology, and geochemistry of the Tapuaenuku Igneous Complex, Marlborough, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 37 (3): 249–268. doi:10.1080/00288306.1994.9514620. ISSN 0028-8306.
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Ballance, P. F.; Spörli, K. B. (1979). "Northland Allochthon". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 9 (2): 259–275. doi:10.1080/03036758.1979.10419416. ISSN 0303-6758.
34. ↑ Higgs, K.E.; Arnot, M.J.; Browne, G.H.; Kennedy, E.M. (2010). "Reservoir potential of Late Cretaceous terrestrial to shallow marine sandstones, Taranaki Basin, New Zealand". Marine and Petroleum Geology 27 (9): 1849–1871. doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.08.002. ISSN 0264-8172.
35. ↑ Mac Beggs, J. (1978). "Geology of the metamorphic basement and late Cretaceous Oligocene sedimentary sequence of Campbell Island, Southwest Pacific Ocean". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 8 (2): 161–177. doi:10.1080/03036758.1978.10429389. ISSN 0303-6758.
36. ↑ Flores, Romeo M.; Sykes, Richard (1996). "Depositional controls on coal distribution and quality in the Eocene Brunner Coal Measures, Buller Coalfield, South Island, New Zealand". International Journal of Coal Geology 29 (4): 291–336. doi:10.1016/0166-5162(95)00028-3. ISSN 0166-5162.
37. ↑ Kamp, PJJ; Tripathi, ARP; Nelson, CS (2014). "Paleogeography of Late Eocene to earliest Miocene Te Kuiti Group, central-western North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 57 (2): 128–148. doi:10.1080/00288306.2014.904384. ISSN 0028-8306. https://figshare.com/ndownloader/files/1505179.
38. ↑ Christie, A. B.; Simpson, M. P.; Brathwaite, R. L.; Mauk, J. L.; Simmons, S. F. (2007). "Epithermal Au-Ag and Related Deposits of the Hauraki Goldfield, Coromandel Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Economic Geology 102 (5): 785–816. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.102.5.785. ISSN 0361-0128.
39. ↑ Heming, R. F. (1980). "Petrology of Ti Point Group, Northland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 23 (3): 345–351. doi:10.1080/00288306.1980.10424144. ISSN 0028-8306.
40. ↑ Hayward, Bruce W.; Smale, David (2010). "Heavy minerals and the provenance history of Waitemata Basin sediments (early Miocene, Northland, New Zealand)". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 35 (2): 223–242. doi:10.1080/00288306.1992.9514516. ISSN 0028-8306.
41. ↑ Cole, J. W (1978). "Distribution, petrography, and chemistry of Kiwitahi and Maungatautari volcanics, North Island, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 21 (2): 143–153. doi:10.1080/00288306.1978.10424046. ISSN 0028-8306.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Sewell, R. J. (1988). "Late Miocene volcanic stratigraphy of central Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 31 (1): 41–64. doi:10.1080/00288306.1988.10417809. ISSN 0028-8306.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Timm, Christian; Hoernle, Kaj; Van Den Bogaard, Paul; Bindeman, Ilya; Weaver, Steve (2009). "Geochemical Evolution of Intraplate Volcanism at Banks Peninsula, New Zealand: Interaction Between Asthenospheric and Lithospheric Melts". Journal of Petrology 50 (6): 989–1023. doi:10.1093/petrology/egp029. ISSN 1460-2415. Bibcode: 2009JPet...50..989T.
44. ↑ Carter, Robert M; Norris, Richard J (1977). "Redeposited conglomerates in a miocene flysch sequence at Blackmount, Western Southland, New Zealand". Sedimentary Geology 18 (4): 289–319. doi:10.1016/0037-0738(77)90056-2. ISSN 0037-0738. Bibcode: 1977SedG...18..289C.
45. ↑ Lloyd, E. F.; Nathan, Simon; Smith, I. E. M.; Stewart, R. B. (1996). "Volcanic history of Macauley Island, Kermadec Ridge, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 39 (2): 295–308. doi:10.1080/00288306.1996.9514713. ISSN 0028-8306.
46. ↑ Brook, F. J. (1998). "Stratigraphy and paleontology of Pleistocene submarine volcanic‐sedimentary sequences at the northern Kermadec Islands". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 28 (2): 235–257. doi:10.1080/03014223.1998.9517561. ISSN 0303-6758.
47. ↑ Hamill, PAUL F.; Ballance, PETER F. (1985). "Heavy mineral rich beach sands of the Waitakere coast, Auckland, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 28 (3): 503–511. doi:10.1080/00288306.1985.10421203. ISSN 0028-8306.
48. ↑ Lindsay, Jan M.; Worthington, Tim J.; Smith, Ian E. M.; Black, Philippa M. (1999). "Geology, petrology, and petrogenesis of Little Barrier Island, Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 42 (2): 155–168. doi:10.1080/00288306.1999.9514837. ISSN 0028-8306.
49. ↑ Houghton, B.F.; Weaver, SupergroupD.; Wilson, ComplexJ.N.; Lanphere, M.A. (1992). "Evolution of a Quaternary peralkaline volcano: Mayor Island, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 51 (3): 217–236. doi:10.1016/0377-0273(92)90124-V. ISSN 0377-0273. Bibcode: 1992JVGR...51..217H.
50. ↑ Downs, D. T.; Wilson, C. J. N.; Cole, J. W.; Rowland, J. V.; Calvert, A. T.; Leonard, G. S.; Keall, J. M. (2014). "Age and eruptive center of the Paeroa Subgroup ignimbrites (Whakamaru Group) within the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand". Geological Society of America Bulletin 126 (9–10): 1131–1144. doi:10.1130/B30891.1. ISSN 0016-7606. Bibcode: 2014GSAB..126.1131D.
51. ↑ Froggatt, P. C.; Lowe, D. J. (1990). "A review of late Quaternary silicic and some other tephra formations from New Zealand: Their stratigraphy, nomenclature, distribution, volume, and age". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 33 (1): 89–109. doi:10.1080/00288306.1990.10427576. ISSN 0028-8306.
52. ↑ Donoghue, Susan L.; Neall, Vincent E. (2001). "Late Quaternary constructional history of the southeastern Ruapehu ring plain, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 44 (3): 439–466. doi:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514949. ISSN 0028-8306.
53. ↑ Mortimer, Nick; Sutherland, Rupert; Nathan, Simon (2010). "Torlesse greywacke and Haast Schist source for Pliocene conglomerates near Reefton, New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 44 (1): 105–111. doi:10.1080/00288306.2001.9514927. ISSN 0028-8306.
54. ↑ Campbell, H. J.; Andrews, P. B.; Beu, A. G.; Edwards, A. R.; Hornibrook, N. deB.; Laird, M. G.; Maxwell, P. A.; Watters, W. A. (1988). "Cretaceous-Cenozoic lithostratigraphy of the Chatham Islands". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 18 (3): 285–308. doi:10.1080/03036758.1988.10426471. ISSN 0303-6758.
55. ↑ Mortimer, N.; Gans, P.B.; Mildenhall, D.C. (2008). "A middle-late Quaternary age for the adakitic arc volcanics of Hautere (Solander Island), Southern Ocean". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 178 (4): 701–707. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.003. ISSN 0377-0273. Bibcode: 2008JVGR..178..701M.

## External links

* New Zealand Stratigraphic Lexicon

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