List of zoonotic diseases

Short description: none

This is a list of zoonotic diseases, infectious diseases that have been reported of jumping from a non-human animal to a human.

## List

Causative pathogen keys

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Virus | Bacteria | Parasite | Fungi | Prion
| Disease[1] | Pathogens  | Animals involved  | Mode of transmission  | Emergence

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| African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness)  | Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense | range of wild animals and domestic livestock  | bite of the tsetse fly | 'Present in Africa for thousands of years' – major outbreak 1900–1920, cases continue (sub-Saharan Africa, 2020).
| Angiostrongyliasis | Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Angiostrongylus costaricensis | rats, cotton rats  | consuming raw or undercooked snails, slugs, other mollusks, crustaceans, contaminated water, and unwashed vegetables contaminated with larvae  |
| Anisakiasis | Anisakis | whales, dolphins, seals, sea lions, other marine animals  | eating raw or undercooked fish and squid contaminated with eggs  |
| Anthrax | Bacillus anthracis | grazing herbivores such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, horses, and pigs  | by ingestion, inhalation or skin contact of spores  | Known for at least 2000 years, but only first described clinically in 1752. Causative agent identified in 1877.[2]
| Ascariasis | Ascaris suum, Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati | pigs, dogs, cats  | ingestion of eggs from contaminated soil, food, or water  |
| Aspergillosis | Aspergillus spp.  | birds  | inhalation of spores from soil and contaminated surfaces, contact with infected birds  | First identified in 1847.[3]
| Avian influenza | Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 | wild birds, domesticated birds such as chickens[4] | close contact  | 2003–present avian influenza in Southeast Asia and Egypt.
| Babesiosis | Babesia spp.  | mice, other animals  | tick bite  |
| Balantidiasis | Balantidium coli | pigs (primary reservoir), other mammals (e.g., camels, cattle, sheep), rarely non-human primates  | fecal-oral transmission via ingestion of cysts in contaminated food or water, direct contact with pig feces, mechanical transmission possible via flies and cockroaches  |
| Batai virus infection  | Batai orthobunyavirus | birds, livestock  | mosquito bite  |
| Baylisascariasis | Baylisascaris procyonis | raccoons  | ingestion of eggs in feces  |
| Barmah Forest fever | Barmah Forest virus | kangaroos, wallabies, opossums  | mosquito bite  | First human case reported in 1986.
| Botulism | Clostridium botulinum | birds, mammals  | ingestion of contaminated food, wound infection, or intestinal colonization  |
| Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)  | Prions | cattle  | eating infected meat
| Brucellosis (undulant fever, Malta fever, Mediterranean fever)  | Brucella spp.  | cattle, goats, pigs, sheep  | infected milk or meat  | Historically widespread in the Mediterranean region; identified in the early 20th century.
| Bubonic plague, Pneumonic plague, Septicemic plague, Sylvatic plague | Yersinia pestis | rabbits, hares, rodents, ferrets, goats, sheep, camels  | flea bite  | Epidemics like Black Death in Europe around 1347–53 during the Late Middle Age; third plague pandemic in China-Qing dynasty and India alone.
| California encephalitis  | California encephalitis virus | small mammals  | mosquito bite (Aedes species)  | First identified in 1943 in Kern County, California.
| Campylobacteriosis | Campylobacter spp.  | poultry, cattle, pets (dogs and cats)  | consumption of contaminated food or water, direct contact with infected animals  |
| Capillariasis | Capillaria spp.  | rodents, birds, foxes  | eating raw or undercooked fish, ingesting embryonated eggs in fecal-contaminated food, water, or soil  |
| Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection  | Capnocytophaga canimorsus | dogs, cats  | bites, scratches, or close contact with animals  |
| Cat-scratch disease | Bartonella henselae | cats  | bites or scratches from infected cats  |
| Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)  | Trypanosoma cruzi | armadillos, Triatominae (kissing bug)  | contact of mucosae or wounds with feces of kissing bugs, accidental ingestion of parasites in food contaminated by bugs or infected mammal excretae  |
| Chikungunya | Alphavirus chikungunya | primates, small mammals, rodents, birds, mosquitoes  | mosquito bite (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus)  | First identified in 1952 in Tanzania.
| Clamydiosis / Enzootic abortion | Chlamydophila abortus | domestic livestock, particularly sheep  | close contact with postpartum ewes  |
| Clostridioides difficile infection (Clostridium difficile infection)  | Clostridioides difficile | cattle, companion animals  | fecal-oral route, contact with contaminated surfaces or hands  |
| Colorado tick fever | Colorado tick fever virus  | small rodents  | tick bite (primarily by Dermacentor andersoni, the Rocky Mountain wood tick)  |
| COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019)  | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | bats, felines, raccoon dogs, minks, white-tailed deer[5] | respiratory transmission  | 2019–present COVID-19 pandemic; ongoing pandemic.
| Cowpox | Cowpox virus | rodents, cattle, cats  | direct contact with infected animals  |
| Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease | PrPvCJD | cattle  | eating meat from animals with Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)  | 1996–2001: United Kingdom.
| Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever | Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus  | cattle, goats, sheep, birds, hares  | tick bite (Hyalomma spp.), human-to-human contact via bodily fluids  |
| Cryptococcosis | Cryptococcus neoformans | birds like pigeons  | inhaling fungi  |
| Cryptosporidiosis | Cryptosporidium spp.  | cattle, dogs, cats, mice, pigs, horses, deer, sheep, goats, rabbits, leopard geckos, birds  | ingesting cysts from water contaminated with feces  |
| Cysticercosis and taeniasis | Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, Taenia saginata | pigs and cattle  | consuming water, soil or food contaminated with the tapeworm eggs (cysticercosis) or raw or undercooked pork contaminated with the cysticerci (taeniasis)  |
| Dengue fever | Dengue virus | primates  | mosquito bite (primarily by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus)  | The earliest detailed descriptions of dengue-like illness appeared in medical records from 1779 to 1780, but has had a significant re-emergence in recent years (see for example 2019–20 dengue fever epidemic).
| Dermatophytosis (tinea, ringworm)  | Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp.  | cattle, sheep, goats, cats, dogs  | contact with infected individuals or animals, contact with contaminated surfaces (fomites) or soil  | Know by ancient Romans, but only fully described in 1837.[6]
| Dirofilariasis | Dirofilaria spp.  | dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals, cats, monkeys, raccoons, bears, muskrats, rabbits, leopards, seals, sea lions, beavers, ferrets, reptiles  | mosquito bite  |
| Dhori virus infection  | Dhori virus | birds, livestock, mammals  | tick bite  |
| Dobrava-Belgrade virus infection  | Dobrava-Belgrade virus | rodents (e.g., yellow-necked mouse)  | rodent bite and scratches, inhalation of aerosolized particles from rodent droppings, urine, or nesting materials  |
| Dracunculiasis | Dracunculus medinensis | dogs, cats, baboons  | mainly contaminated water  | Known by ancient Egyptians, but only fully identified in 1870.
| Eastern equine encephalitis | Eastern equine encephalitis virus | horses, birds, cattle  | mosquito bite  |
| Ebola | Ebolavirus spp. | chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, fruit bats, monkeys, shrews, forest antelope and porcupines  | through body fluids and organs  | 2013–16; possibly in Africa.
| Echinococcosis | Echinococcus spp.  | dogs, foxes, jackals, wolves, coyotes, sheep, pigs, rodents  | ingestion of infective eggs from contaminated food or water with feces of an infected definitive host  |
| Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection  | Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli | cattle, sheep, goats, deer  | ingestion of contaminated food or water, direct contact with infected animals or their feces  |
| Erysipeloid | Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae | pigs, fish, birds  | direct contact with infected animals or contaminated animal products  |
| Fasciolosis | Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica | sheep, cattle, buffaloes  | ingesting contaminated plants  |
| Fasciolopsiasis | Fasciolopsis buski | pigs  | eating raw vegetables such as water spinach  |
| Foodborne illnesses (commonly diarrheal diseases)  | Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., Shigella spp.  | animals domesticated for food production (cattle, poultry)  | raw or undercooked food made from animals and unwashed vegetables contaminated with feces  |
| Giardiasis | Giardia duodenalis | beavers, other rodents, raccoons, deer, cattle, goats, sheep, dogs, cats  | ingesting spores and cysts in food and water contaminated with feces  |
| Glanders | Burkholderia mallei. | horses, donkeys  | direct contact  |
| Gnathostomiasis (larva migrans profundus)  | Gnathostoma spp.  | dogs, minks, opossums, cats, lions, tigers, leopards, raccoons, poultry, other birds, frogs  | raw or undercooked fish or meat  |
| Hantavirus  | Hantavirus spp.  | deer mice, cotton rats and other rodents  | exposure to feces, urine, saliva or bodily fluids  |
| Henipavirus | Henipavirus spp.  | horses, bats  | exposure to feces, urine, saliva or contact with sick horses  |
| Hepatitis E | Hepatitis E virus | domestic and wild animals  | contaminated food or water  |
| Histoplasmosis | Histoplasma capsulatum | birds, bats  | inhaling fungi in guano  |
| HIV infection  | Simian immunodeficiency virus | primates  | contact with infected blood and other bodily fluids, mother-to-infant during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding  | Immunodeficiency resembling human AIDS was reported in captive monkeys in the United States beginning in 1983.[7][8][9] SIV was isolated in 1985 from some of these animals, captive rhesus macaques who had simian AIDS (SAIDS).[8] The discovery of SIV was made shortly after HIV-1 had been isolated as the cause of AIDS and led to the discovery of HIV-2 strains in West Africa. HIV-2 was more similar to the then-known SIV strains than to HIV-1, suggesting for the first time the simian origin of HIV. Further studies indicated that HIV-2 is derived from the SIVsmm strain found in sooty mangabeys, whereas HIV-1, the predominant virus found in humans, is derived from SIV strains infecting chimpanzees (SIVcpz).
| Human granulocytic anaplasmosis | Anaplasma phagocytophilum | deer, rodents, humans  | tick bite (primarily by Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus)  |
| Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis | Ehrlichia chaffeensis | deer  | tick bite (primarily by Amblyomma americanum, the lone star tick)  |
| Japanese encephalitis | Japanese encephalitis virus  | pigs, water birds  | mosquito bite  |
| Kyasanur Forest disease | Kyasanur Forest disease virus  | rodents, shrews, bats, monkeys  | tick bite  |
| La Crosse encephalitis | La Crosse virus | chipmunks, tree squirrels  | mosquito bite  |
| Lassa fever | Lassa mammarenavirus | rodents  | contact with urine, feces, or bodily fluids of infected rats; human-to-human transmission via bodily fluids  |
| Leishmaniasis | Leishmania spp.  | dogs, rodents, other animals[10][11] | sandfly bite  | 2004 Afghanistan.
| Leprosy (Hansen's disease)  | Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepromatosis | armadillos, monkeys, rabbits, mice[12] | mostly human-to-human direct contact, meat consumption[12][13] |
| Leptospirosis | Leptospira interrogans | rats, mice, pigs, horses, goats, sheep, cattle, buffaloes, opossums, raccoons, mongooses, foxes, dogs  | direct or indirect contact with urine of infected animals  | 1616–20 New England infection; present day in the United States.
| Louping ill | Louping ill virus | sheep, red grouse, other mammals  | tick bite (primarily by Ixodes ricinus)  | First human case reported in 1934.
| Lyme disease (Lyme borreliosis)  | Borrelia burgdorferi | deer, wolves, dogs, birds, rodents, rabbits, hares, reptiles  | tick bite  |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis | Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus | rodents  | exposure to urine, feces, or saliva  |
| Marburg virus disease (Marburg viral haemorrhagic fever)  | Marburg virus | Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus), primates  | contact with infected bat excreta, bushmeat consumption, or human-to-human transmission via bodily fluids (e.g., blood, saliva, vomit)  |
| Mediterranean spotted fever (Boutonneuse fever, Kenya tick typhus, Indian tick typhus, Marseilles fever, Astrakhan fever)  | Rickettsia conorii | dogs, rodents, other mammals  | tick bite  |
| Melioidosis | Burkholderia pseudomallei | various animals  | direct contact with contaminated soil and surface water  |
| Microsporidiosis  | Encephalitozoon cuniculi | rabbits, dogs, mice, and other mammals  | ingestion of spores  |
| Middle East respiratory syndrome | MERS coronavirus | bats, camels  | close contact  | 2012–present: Saudi Arabia.
| Mpox | Monkeypox virus | rodents, primates  | contact with infected rodents, primates, or contaminated materials  |
| MRSA infection  | Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus | livestock, companion animals  | direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces  |
| Nipah virus infection | Nipah virus (NiV) | bats, pigs  | direct contact with infected bats, infected pigs  |
| O'nyong'nyong fever  | O'nyong'nyong virus  | reservoir hosts unknown[14] | mosquito bite (Anopheles funestus, Anopheles gambiae)  | First identified in 1959 in Uganda.
| Orf | Orf virus | goats, sheep  | close contact  |
| Pasteurellosis | Pasteurella multocida | domestic cats, dogs, livestock, and wild animals  | bites, scratches, inhalation of aerosols, or contact with infected secretions  |
| Powassan encephalitis | Powassan virus | ticks  | tick bites  |
| Psittacosis (parrot fever)  | Chlamydophila psittaci | macaws, cockatiels, budgerigars, pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other bird species  | contact with bird droplets  |
| Puumala virus infection  | Puumala virus | bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus)  | rodent bite or scratches, inhalation of aerosols containing rodent excreta  |
| Q fever (query fever)  | Coxiella burnetii | livestock and other domestic animals such as dogs and cats  | inhalation of spores, contact with bodily fluid or feces  |
| Rabies | Rabies lyssavirus | dogs, bats, monkeys, raccoons, foxes, skunks, cattle, goats, sheep, wolves, coyotes, groundhogs, horses, mongooses and cats  | through saliva by biting, or through scratches from an infected animal  | Variety of places like Oceania, South America, Europe.
| Rat-bite fever | Streptobacillus moniliformis, Spirillum minus | rats, mice  | rat bite of rats, contact with urine and mucus secretions  |
| Rift Valley fever | Phlebovirus | livestock, buffaloes, camels  | mosquito bite, contact with bodily fluids, blood, tissues, breathing around butchered animals or raw milk  | 2006–07 East Africa outbreak.
| Rocio viral encephalitis | Rocio virus  | birds[15] | mosquito bite  |
| Rocky Mountain spotted fever | Rickettsia rickettsii | dogs, rodents  | tick bite  |
| Ross River fever | Ross River virus | kangaroos, wallabies, horses, opossums, birds, flying foxes  | mosquito bite  |
| Saint Louis encephalitis | Saint Louis encephalitis virus  | birds  | mosquito bite  |
| Seoul virus infection  | Seoul virus | rodents  | contact with infected rodent saliva, feces, urine, or bites  |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome | SARS coronavirus | bats, civets  | close contact, respiratory droplets  | 2002–04 SARS outbreak; China.
| Sindbis fever  | Sindbis virus | birds  | mosquito bite  |
| Smallpox | Variola virus  | possibly monkeys and horses  | spread from person to person quickly  | Last reported case in 1977; certified by WHO to be eradicated (i.e., eliminated worldwide) as of 1980.
| Streptococcosis  | Streptococcus suis | pigs  | direct contact with infected pigs or pork products, especially through cuts or abrasions, or inhalation of contaminated aerosols  |
| Swine influenza | Swine influenza virus | pigs  | close contact  | 2009–10; 2009 swine flu pandemic; Mexico.
| Taenia crassiceps infection  | Taenia crassiceps | wolves, coyotes, jackals, foxes  | contact with soil contaminated with feces  |
| Tick-borne encephalitis | Tick-borne encephalitis virus  | birds, rodents, horses  | tick bite (primarily by Ixodes ricinus)  |
| Thogotovirus infection  | Thogotovirus | livestock, humans  | tick bite  |
| Toxocariasis | Toxocara spp.  | dogs, foxes, cats  | ingestion of eggs in soil, fresh or unwashed vegetables or undercooked meat  |
| Toxoplasmosis | Toxoplasma gondii | cats, livestock, poultry, rodents  | exposure to cat feces, organ transplantation, blood transfusion, contaminated soil, water, grass, unwashed vegetables, unpasteurized dairy products and undercooked meat  | First identified in 1908 in a gundi in Tunisia and a rabbit in Brazil.[16]
| Trichinosis (trichinellosis)  | Trichinella spp.  | rodents, pigs, horses, bears, walruses, dogs, foxes, crocodiles, birds  | eating undercooked meat  |
| Tuberculosis (white death, consumption)  | Mycobacterium bovis | infected cattle, deer, llamas, pigs, domestic cats, wild carnivores (foxes, coyotes) and omnivores (possums, mustelids and rodents)  | milk, exhaled air, sputum, urine, feces and pus from infected animals  |
| Tularemia (rabbit fever)  | Francisella tularensis | lagomorphs (type A), rodents (type B), birds  | ticks, deer flies, and other insects including mosquitoes  |
| Valtice fever (Ťahyňa virus virus infection)  | Bunyavirus | rodents  | mosquito bite[17] |
| Venezuelan equine encephalitis  | Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus | horses, donkeys, zebras, birds, rodents  | mosquito bite  |
| Wesselsbron disease  | Wesselsbron virus | sheep, cattle  | mosquito bite  |
| West Nile fever | West Nile virus  | birds, horses, primates, dogs, cats, and incidentally reptiles and amphibians  | mosquito bite  | First identified in 1937 in the West Nile sub-region of Uganda. Later emerged in the Western Hemisphere in 1999 during an outbreak in New York.[18]
| Western equine encephalitis  | Western equine encephalitis virus | horses, birds  | mosquito bite  |
| Yersiniosis | Yersinia enterocolitica | pigs, rodents, cattle  | ingestion of contaminated food or water  |
| Zika fever | Zika virus | chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, monkeys, baboons  | mosquito bite, sexual intercourse, blood transfusion and sometimes bites of monkeys  | 2015–16 epidemic in the Americas and Oceania.

## See also

* Zoonosis
* Reverse zoonosis
* Spillover infection
* Wildlife disease
* Veterinary medicine
* Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses
* List of zoonotic primate viruses
* List of reverse zoonotic diseases

## References

1. ↑ Information in this table is largely compiled from: World Health Organization. "Zoonoses and the Human-Animal-Ecosystems Interface". https://www.who.int/zoonoses/en/.
2. ↑ Mikesell, P.; Ivins, B. E.; Ristroph, J. D.; Vodkin, M. H.; Dreier, T. M.; Leppla, S. H. (1983). "Plasmids, Pasteur, and anthrax". ASM News 49 (7). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237280309.
3. ↑ Knoke, M.; Bernhardt, Hannelore; Schwesinger, G. (2003). "Frühe Beschreibung einer pulmonalen Aspergillose 1847 aus Greifswald". Mycoses 46 (S1): 37–41. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2003.tb00036.x. ISSN 0933-7407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2003.tb00036.x.
4. ↑ "Bird flu (Avian influenza) - Symptoms and causes". https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bird-flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20368455.
5. ↑ "Why Omicron-infected white-tailed deer pose an especially big risk to humans". Fortune. https://fortune.com/2022/02/08/omicron-infected-white-tail-deer-covid/.
6. ↑ Ajello, Libero (1974). "Natural history of the dermatophytes and related fungi". Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata 53 (1-4): 93–110. doi:10.1007/bf02127200. ISSN 0301-486X. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02127200.
7. ↑ "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a colony of macaque monkeys". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 80 (9): 2718–2722. May 1983. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.9.2718. PMID 6221343. Bibcode: 1983PNAS...80.2718L.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Isolation of T-cell tropic HTLV-III-like retrovirus from macaques". Science 228 (4704): 1201–1204. June 1985. doi:10.1126/science.3159089. PMID 3159089. Bibcode: 1985Sci...228.1201D.
9. ↑ "Histopathologic changes in macaques with an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)". The American Journal of Pathology 113 (3): 382–388. December 1983. PMID 6316791.
10. ↑ "Parasites – Leishmaniasis". CDC. 27 February 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/epi.html.
11. ↑ "Leishmaniasis". World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "How Armadillos Can Spread Leprosy". Smithsonian.com. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-armadillos-can-spread-leprosy-180954440/.
13. ↑ "Leprosy From An Armadillo? That's An Unlikely Peccadillo". NPR (National Public Radio). 22 July 2015. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/07/22/425380811/leprosy-from-an-armadillo-thats-an-unlikely-pecadillo.
14. ↑ Rezza, Giovanni; Chen, Rubing; Weaver, Scott C. (2017). "O'nyong-nyong fever: a neglected mosquito-borne viral disease". Pathog Glob Health 111 (6): 271–275. doi:10.1080/20477724.2017.1355431. PMID 28829253.
15. ↑ Service, M. W., ed (January 2001). Encyclopedia of arthropod-transmitted infections of man and domesticated animals. UK: CABI Publishing. doi:10.1079/9780851994734.0000. ISBN 978-0-85199-473-4. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994734.0000.
16. ↑ Dubey, Jitender P. (2008). "The history of Toxoplasma gondii—the first 100 years". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 55 (6): 467–475. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x. PMID 19120791.
17. ↑ Bennett, Richard S; Gresko, Anthony K; Murphy, Brian R; Whitehead, Stephen S (2011-03-24). "Tahyna virus genetics, infectivity, and immunogenicity in mice and monkeys". Virology Journal 8 (1): 135. doi:10.1186/1743-422x-8-135. ISSN 1743-422X. PMID 21435229.
18. ↑ Chancey, C. (2015). "The global ecology and epidemiology of West Nile virus". BioMed Research International 2015: 1–20. doi:10.1155/2015/376230. PMID 25866777.

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