Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

Part of a series on the

COVID-19 pandemic
Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each "ball" is an atom.

* COVID-19 (disease)
* SARS-CoV-2 (virus)

* Cases
* Deaths

Timeline

2019

2020

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* responses
* December
* responses

2021

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* responses
* December
* responses

2022

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* December

2023

2024

Locations

By country and territory

* Africa
* Antarctica
* Asia
* Europe
* North America
* Oceania
* South America

By conveyance

* Cruise ships
* Naval ships

International response

* Endemic phase
* Evacuations
* Face masks
* International aid
* Origin
* Lockdowns
* by country
* Misinformation
* by governments
* Fake treatments
* Social distancing
* Software
* Travel
* United Nations
* World Health Organization
* WTO IP waiver
* Undercounting of deaths
* COVID-19 apps
* Zero-COVID

National responses

* Africa
* China
* European Union
* Germany
* Ghana
* India
* Ireland
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Nigeria
* Philippines
* Russia
* Sweden
* UK
* government
* US
* federal government
* Vietnam

Medical response

* Disease testing
* Breathalyzer
* Development
* Drug development
* Drug repurposing
* Public health mitigation

Vaccines

* History
* Research
* VITT
* Deployment
* Authorizations
* Operation Warp Speed
* Misinformation and hesitancy
* US
* Vaccine card
* Vaccine passports

Current vaccines

* CoronaVac
* Covaxin
* Convidecia
* Janssen
* Medigen
* Moderna
* Novavax
* Oxford–AstraZeneca
* Pfizer–BioNTech
* Sinopharm BIBP
* Sputnik V

Variants

Variants of concern

* Alpha
* Beta
* Gamma
* Delta
* Omicron

Other variants

* Epsilon
* Zeta
* Eta
* Theta
* Iota
* Kappa
* Lambda
* Mu
* Cluster 5
* Lineage B.1.617

Economic impact and recession

* Arts and culture
* Aviation
* Cannabis
* Cinema
* films
* Disney
* Fashion
* Financial markets
* Food industry
* Food security
* Journalism
* Music
* Performing arts
* Retail
* Shipping
* Television
* US
* sportscasting
* programs
* Tourism
* Video games

By country

* Canada
* India
* Ireland
* Malaysia
* New Zealand
* Russia
* UK
* US

By sport

* Association football
* Baseball
* Basketball
* Combat sports
* Cricket
* Disc golf
* Gaelic games
* Gridiron football
* Ice hockey
* Motorsport
* Rugby league

Impacts

* Animals
* Alzheimer's disease patients
* Black people
* Crime
* Death rates by country
* Disability
* Domestic violence
* Emergency evacuations
* Education
* Female
* Environment
* Hospitals
* Language
* LGBT community
* Long-term care
* Media coverage
* Mental health
* symptoms
* Migration
* Military
* Notable deaths
* Other health issues
* Politics
* diplomacy
* Popular culture
* Protests
* Pregnancy
* Prisons
* Religion
* Catholic Church
* Hajj
* Science and technology
* Social media
* Strikes
* Suicides
* Telehealth
* Xenophobia and racism

Society

* Ireland
* Malaysia
* New Zealand
* Russia
* UK
* US

* v
* t
* e

The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching consequences beyond the spread of the disease itself and efforts to quarantine it, including political, cultural, and social implications.

## Contents

* 1 Political impacts
* 1.1 Sovereignty
* 1.2 Civil rights and democracy
* 1.3 Conflicts
* 2 Educational impact
* 3 COVID-19 and inequality
* 4 Religious impact
* 5 Healthcare and COVID-19
* 5.1 Post-quarantine transmission risks
* 6 Psychological impact
* 6.1 Suicide
* 6.2 Risk perception
* 6.3 Coronaphobia
* 6.4 Socialization
* 7 Personal gatherings
* 8 Domestic violence
* 9 Elderly care
* 10 People with disabilities
* 11 See also
* 12 References
* 13 Further reading

## Political impacts[edit | edit source]

Main article: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics

A number of provincial-level administrators of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) were dismissed over their handling of the quarantine efforts in Central China, a sign of discontent with the political establishment's response to the outbreak in those regions. Some[who?] experts believe this is likely in a move to protect Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping from people's anger over the coronavirus pandemic.[1] Some[who?] commentators have suggested that outcry over the disease could be a rare protest against the CCP.[2] Additionally, protests in the special administrative region of Hong Kong have strengthened due to fears of immigration from mainland China.[3] Taiwan has also voiced concern over being included in any travel ban involving the People's Republic of China (PRC) due to the "one-China policy" and its disputed political status.[4] Further afield, the treasurer of Australia was unable to keep a pledge to maintain a fiscal surplus due to the effect of the coronavirus on the economy.[5] A number of countries have been using the outbreak to show their support to China, such as when Prime Minister Hun Sen of Cambodia made a special visit to China with an aim to showcase Cambodia's support to China in fighting the outbreak of the epidemic.[6]

The United States president Donald Trump was criticised for his response to the pandemic.[7][8][9] He was accused of making several misleading or false claims, of failing to provide adequate information, and of downplaying the pandemic's significance.[10] Trump was also criticised for having closed down the global health security unit of the United States National Security Council, which was founded to prepare the government for potential pandemics.[11] Research suggests that the pandemic was a contributing factor to his failure to win reelection in the 2020 United States presidential election.[12]

The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been heavily affected by the virus, with at least two dozen members (approximately 10%) of the Iranian legislature being infected, as well as at least 15 other current or former top government officials, including the vice-president.[13][14] Advisers to Ali Khamenei and Mohammad Javad Zarif have died from the disease.[15] The spread of the virus has raised questions about the future survival of the regime.[16]

### Sovereignty[edit | edit source]

M. Nicolas Firzli, director of the World Pensions Council (WPC) and advisory-board member at the World Bank Global Infrastructure Facility (GIF), refers to the pandemic as "the Greater Financial Crisis", that will "bring to the surface pent-up financial and geopolitical dysfunctions ... [many] national economies will suffer as a result, and their political sovereignty itself may be severely eroded".[17]

### Civil rights and democracy[edit | edit source]

In April 2020, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet warned that using states of emergency during the pandemic "should not be a weapon governments can wield to quash dissent, control the population, and even perpetuate their time in power".[18][19] According to the OHCHR, around 80 countries already declared some form of state of emergency, with the most severe being among Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, the Philippines, Iran, Jordan, Morocco, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Uzbekistan, Peru, Honduras, El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, Uzbekistan, and Hungary.[19]

Iran, Jordan, Morocco, Oman, and Yemen banned or suspended the printing and distribution of newspapers.[20][21] On 30 March 2020, the parliament of Hungary granted Prime Minister Viktor Orbán the power to rule by decree for an indefinite period.[22]

### Conflicts[edit | edit source]

Main article: Global ceasefire

The pandemic appears to have worsened conflict dynamics;[23] it has also led to a United Nations Security Council resolution demanding a global ceasefire. On March 23, 2020, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres issued an appeal for a global ceasefire as part of the United Nations' response to the pandemic.[24][25] On 24 June 2020, 170 UN Member States and Observers signed a non-binding statement in support of the appeal,[26] rising to 172 on 25 June 2020. On 1 July 2020, the UN Security Council passed resolution S/RES/2532 (2020), demanding a "a general and immediate cessation of hostilities in all situations on its agenda," expressing support for "the efforts undertaken by the Secretary-General and his Special Representatives and Special Envoys in that respect," calling for "all parties to armed conflicts to engage immediately in a durable humanitarian pause" of at least 90 consecutive days, and calling for greater international cooperation to address the pandemic.[27]

## Educational impact[edit | edit source]

Main article: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education

A sign on a local school closed because of the coronavirus

The pandemic has affected educational systems worldwide, leading to the widespread closures of schools and universities.[28] According to data released by UNESCO on 25 March, school and university closures due to COVID-19 were implemented nationwide in 165 countries. Including localized closures, this affects over 1.5 billion students worldwide, accounting for 87% of enrolled learners.[29][30] Those higher education universities have also impacted their students by deciding not to stop classes but rather migrate everything to virtual. Of 195 students interview surveyed at a large university, their findings show that there is an increased concern in mental health of these students.[31] During the COVID-19 pandemic, many people who were not connected to the internet lost access to health care and education. Production in all industries was seriously harmed.[32][33][34][35]

## COVID-19 and inequality[edit | edit source]

Low income individuals are more likely to contract COVID-19 and to die from it.[36] In both New York City and Barcelona, low income neighborhoods are disproportionately hit by COVID-19 cases. Hypotheses for why this is the case include that poorer families are more likely to live in crowded housing and work in the low skill jobs, such as supermarkets and elder care, which are deemed essential during the crisis.[37][38] In the United States, millions of low-income people may lack access to health care due to being uninsured or underinsured.[39] Millions of Americans lost their health insurance after losing their jobs.[40][41][42] Many low income workers in service jobs have become unemployed.[43]

Many people began teleworking during the pandemic, however teleworking has only been suitable for a tiny group of workers. Highly educated workers, usually in white-collar professions have been able to telework more than other working environments. For those still commuting to work despite the pandemic or other factors, transport remains vital.[44][45]

## Religious impact[edit | edit source]

Main article: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion

A church forced to close because of the coronavirus

The pandemic has impacted religion in various ways, including the cancellation of the worship services of various faiths, the closure of Sunday Schools, as well as the cancellation of pilgrimages surrounding observances and festivals.[46] Many churches, synagogues, mosques, and temples have offered worship through livestream amidst the pandemic.[47] Relief wings of religious organisations have dispatched medical supplies and other aid to affected areas.[48] Adherents of many religions have gathered together to pray for an end to the pandemic, for those affected by it, as well as for the deity they believe in to give physicians and scientists the wisdom to combat the disease;[49][50][51] in the United States, Trump designated 15 March 2020 as a National Day of Prayer for "God’s healing hand to be placed on the people of our Nation".[52][53]

## Healthcare and COVID-19[edit | edit source]

One of the social impacts of COVID-19 is its influence on healthcare. Two main changes in healthcare include the providers’ experience of patient care and delivery of care. With the start of COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers struggled to keep up with an increase in demands, a reduced capacity, increased stress and workload, and to lack of protective equipment.[54]

COVID-19 changed the perception of patient care for providers. Research about patient care during COVID-19 suggested that nurses, for example, felt more confident in their skills and role in the healthcare team. Nurses viewed their profession as essential and felt increased pride in their services, as well as, patients and other healthcare workers gained a better perspective of the nursing profession. The close contact and extensive care nurses provided during the pandemic allowed them to appreciate the nursing profession. Moreover, the research indicates that nurses achieved professional growth, and uncovered a greater need to provide counseling services for COVID-19 patients to help cope with their illness.[55] Additional research suggested a different progression to nurses’ caregiving during COVID-19. Initially, nurses experienced negative emotions associated with patient care such as increased fatigue and stressful emotions. Many nurses found self-coping styles such as teamwork and altruism to combat their fatigue. As the pandemic progressed, nurses developed a sense of gratefulness and self-reflection as opposed to the negative emotions during the initial stages of the pandemic.[56]

Healthcare delivery is another aspect of healthcare that changed during the pandemic. Most healthcare providers transitioned to providing virtual or telemedicine visits in place of traditional office visits. One study found that psychiatrists faced some barriers using telemedicine such as lack of non-verbal clues, access to internet issues, and environmental distraction. However, the overall transition to telemedicine was positive and successful, even though many patients and providers still prefer in-person interaction.[57]

For healthcare providers, there is a shared feeling of responsibility, added challenges from working with COVID-19 patients, and finding ways to be resilient. As the research finds, COVID-19 placed healthcare providers in a new environment and with unexpected challenges. Providers experienced fears of helplessness, coupled with the obligation to know answers for their patients. Other common fears included becoming infected and spreading the disease to others. To mitigate these fears, the study suggested providing extensive and regular training to healthcare professionals.[54]

### Post-quarantine transmission risks[edit | edit source]

A current debate going on amongst the community involves the transmission risks post-quarantine. When COVID-19 reached the United States, the original required quarantine was 14 days of length, and later was shortened to 10 days, then 7 days, and eventually even 5 days in some places. Researchers have conducted studies using a variety of methods to analyze the statistical data behind the transmission risks. A group of researchers performed an experiment at numerous college universities, testing to examine what the post quarantine transmission risk was. From Harvard University, Duke University, Boston University, and Northeastern University, the post quarantine transmission risk after 7 days, was 13%.[58] However, the difficulty with this is that some individuals may remain communicable as short as 4 days or as long as 14 days. Another leading factor to the post quarantine transmission risks that researchers discovered, was that the different variants of covid, had different levels of contractibility.[59] After comparing the transmission risks from individuals with different strains, the Omicron strain was found to be the most communicable on day 5, but begins to balance out with the other strains in days 5-10. [59] Having differing rates of infectivity for each variant can play a role in the amount of time an individual should quarantine. This is one of the many factors affecting the post quarantine transmission risks, and more research should be done before coming to a set conclusive quarantine time.

## Psychological impact[edit | edit source]

See also: Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic

On 18 March 2020, the World Health Organization issued a report related to mental health and psychosocial issues by addressing instructions and some social considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak.[60]

Due to doubts if pets or other livestock may pass on coronavirus to humans,[61] many people were reluctant to keep their pets fearing transmission, for instance in the Arab World, celebrities were urging people to keep and protect their pets.[62] Meanwhile, people in the United Kingdom tended to acquire more pets during the coronavirus lockdown.[63]

### Suicide[edit | edit source]

Main article: Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic § Impact on suicides

The coronavirus pandemic has been followed by a concern for a potential spike in suicides, exacerbated by social isolation due to quarantine and social-distancing guidelines, fear, and unemployment and financial factors.[64][65]

### Risk perception[edit | edit source]

Main article: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment § Psychology and risk perception

Chaos and the negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic may have made a catastrophic future seem less remote and action to prevent it more necessary. However, it may also have the opposite effect by having minds focus on the more immediate threat of the pandemic rather than the climate crisis or the prevention of other disasters.[66][additional citation(s) needed]

### Coronaphobia[edit | edit source]

Researchers have identified coronaphobia as a byproduct of the pandemic, where individuals have an excessive fear of contracting the virus that causes "marked impairment in daily life functioning".[67][68]

### Socialization[edit | edit source]

Crowd anxiety and apprehension to pre-pandemic behavior were normalized due to the virus and subsequent lockdowns around the world. Additionally, social upheaval and other stressors have resulted in hesitancy to be comfortable sharing the same physical space with strangers.[69] In February 2021, Saturday Night Live poked fun at "post-COVID dating" after a year of isolation imagining the "weird quirks and behaviors we've picked up".[70]

## Personal gatherings[edit | edit source]

First Annual COVID-19 half-marathon finish line at Lake Artemesia, Maryland.

The impact on personal gatherings has been strong as medical experts have advised, and local authorities often mandated stay-at-home orders to prevents gatherings of any size, not just the larger events that were initially restricted. Such gatherings may be replaced by teleconferencing, or in some cases with unconventional attempts to maintain social distancing with activities such as a balcony sing-along for a concert,[71] or a "birthday parade" for a birthday party.[72] Replacements for gatherings have been seen as significant to mental health during the crisis.[73] Social isolation among alcohol users has also adopted a trend towards Kalsarikänni or "pantsdrunking", a Finnish antisocial drinking culture.[74][75][76][77]

## Domestic violence[edit | edit source]

Main article: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence

Many countries have reported an increase in domestic violence and intimate partner violence attributed to lockdowns amid the COVID-19 pandemic.[78] Financial insecurity, stress, and uncertainty have led to increased aggression at home, with abusers able to control large amounts of their victims' daily life.[79] United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres has called for a domestic violence "ceasefire".[80]

## Elderly care[edit | edit source]

Older people are particularly affected by COVID-19. They need special attention during the COVID-19 crisis, and their voices, opinions and concerns are important in formulating responses.[81]

Global data are extremely uncertain at present, nonetheless, the heightened risks of COVID-19 for older persons are evident in all national data. The scale of testing and nature of reporting vary between governments and hence there is risk of misinformation by generalizing from the experience and reports of a given country.[81]

While the number of older persons is relatively and absolutely smaller in developing countries, particularly in Africa, this coincides with other serious structural risks. Countries with the fewest older persons (such as many of the least developed countries), have the fewest health resources, limited experience caring for older patients (including few geriatric specialists), less institutional care for older persons, and far fewer public or NGO support structures for outreach, screening and community-based care of older persons.[81]

Older persons living in long-term care facilities, such as nursing homes and rehabilitation centers, are particularly vulnerable to infection and adverse outcomes from COVID-19. Older persons who live alone may face barriers to obtaining accurate information, food, medication, and other essential supplies during quarantine conditions and community outreach is required. Older persons, especially in isolation, those with cognitive decline, and those who are highly care-dependent, need a continuum of practical and emotional support through informal networks (families), health workers, caregivers, and volunteers.[81]

## People with disabilities[edit | edit source]

Main article: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities

People with disabilities are at greater risk for contracting and dying from COVID-19. This is especially true for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities.[82] Data from the United States indicate that people with intellectual and developmental disabilities are four times more likely to contract COVID and twice as likely to die from the disease;[83] this is likely due to the fact that people with disabilities are overrepresented in care facilities where COVID is known to spread more easily. People with disabilities are also more likely to have co-morbidities that put them at higher risk for developing COVID-related complications and may have a more difficult time socially distancing due to their support needs.[84]

People with disabilities are more likely to experience isolation and other forms of mental distress as a result of the pandemic.[85] Women and children with disabilities are more likely to experience domestic abuse during pandemics.[86]

School closures have presented children with disabilities with a host of challenges.[87][88] Many children with disabilities have seen disruptions to critical physical and occupational therapies. Many of the assistive technologies people with disabilities use are not compatible with the platforms schools are using for remote learning.[89] A large number of children with disabilities also live in poverty and may not have access to the internet and technology required for remote learning. These children may also experience a variety of social and psychological issues as the result of school closures, including food insecurity, anxiety, as well as delays in their development.[90]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic
* Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic
* Distance learning
* Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland
* Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
* Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States

## References[edit | edit source]

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3. ↑ "Hong Kong protesters torch planned Wuhan virus quarantine building". CNA. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
4. ↑ "Taiwan hits out at China virus travel bans". medicalxpress.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
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7. ↑ Smith, David (14 March 2020). "'I don't take responsibility': Trump shakes hands and spreads blame over coronavirus". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
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36. ↑ Fisher, Max; Bubola, Emma (15 March 2020). "As Coronavirus Deepens Inequality, Inequality Worsens Its Spread". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
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38. ↑ Burgen, Stephen; Jones, Sam (1 April 2020). "Poor and vulnerable hardest hit by pandemic in Spain". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
39. ↑ "Coronavirus May Disproportionately Hurt the Poor—And That's Bad for Everyone". Time. Archived from the original on 31 March 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
40. ↑ "Coronavirus: 5.4m Americans lost health insurance during pandemic, report says". The Independent. 15 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
41. ↑ "27 million Americans could lose health insurance as Congress proposes industry 'bailout'". The Independent. 13 May 2020. Archived from the original on 4 September 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
42. ↑ "Up to 43m Americans could lose health insurance amid pandemic, report says". The Guardian. 20 May 2020. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
43. ↑ Thompson, Derek (20 March 2020). "The Coronavirus Will Be a Catastrophe for the Poor". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
44. ↑ "Urban mobility gets a rethink after COVID-19". European Investment Bank. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
45. ↑ "COVID-19 and the shift to remote work" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
46. ↑ Burke, Daniel (14 March 2020). "What churches, mosques and temples are doing to fight the spread of coronavirus". CNN. Archived from the original on 14 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
47. ↑ Parke, Caleb (13 March 2020). "Churches cancel Sunday service, move online amid coronavirus pandemic". Fox News. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
48. ↑ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. 2019. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
49. ↑ Sheva, Arutz (15 February 2020). "Thousands to pray at Western Wall for end to COVID-19 epidemic". Israel National News. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
50. ↑ Solovy, Alden (27 February 2020). "Coronavirus: A Prayer for Medical Scientists". Union for Reform Judaism. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
51. ↑ Trump, Donald (14 March 2020). "Proclamation on the National Day of Prayer for all Americans Affected by the Coronavirus Pandemic and for our National Response Efforts". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2020 - via National Archives.
52. ↑ Casiano, Louis (13 March 2020). "Trump declares Sunday a National Day of Prayer amid coronavirus crisis". Fox News. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
53. ↑ Parke, Caleb (16 March 2020). "Trump, millions go to church online on National Day of Prayer amid coronavirus". Fox News. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Liu, Qian; Luo, Dan; Haase, Joan E; Guo, Qiaohong; Wang, Xiao Qin; Liu, Shuo; Xia, Lin; Liu, Zhongchun; Yang, Jiong; Yang, Bing Xiang (June 2020). "The experiences of health-care providers during the COVID-19 crisis in China: a qualitative study". The Lancet Global Health. 8 (6): e790–e798. doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30204-7. ISSN 2214-109X. PMC 7190296. PMID 32573443.
55. ↑ Galehdar, Nasrin; Toulabi, Tahereh; Kamran, Aziz; Heydari, Heshmatolah (January 2021). "Exploring nurses' perception of taking care of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A qualitative study". Nursing Open. 8 (1): 171–179. doi:10.1002/nop2.616. ISSN 2054-1058. PMC 7729793. PMID 33318825.
56. ↑ Sun, Niuniu; Wei, Luoqun; Shi, Suling; Jiao, Dandan; Song, Runluo; Ma, Lili; Wang, Hongwei; Wang, Chao; Wang, Zhaoguo; You, Yanli; Liu, Shuhua (June 2020). "A qualitative study on the psychological experience of caregivers of COVID-19 patients". American Journal of Infection Control. 48 (6): 592–598. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2020.03.018. ISSN 0196-6553. PMC 7141468. PMID 32334904.
57. ↑ Uscher-Pines, Lori; Sousa, Jessica; Raja, Pushpa; Mehrotra, Ateev; Barnett, Michael L.; Huskamp, Haiden A. (1 November 2020). "Suddenly Becoming a "Virtual Doctor": Experiences of Psychiatrists Transitioning to Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Pandemic". Psychiatric Services. 71 (11): 1143–1150. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202000250. ISSN 1075-2730. PMC 7606640. PMID 32933411.
58. ↑ Liu, Andrew Bo; Davidi, Dan; Landsberg, Hannah Emily; Francesconi, Maria; Platt, Judy T.; Nguyen, Giang T.; Yune, Sehyo; Deckard, Anastasia; Puglin, Jamie; Haase, Steven B.; Hamer, Davidson H.; Springer, Michael (25 February 2022). "Association of COVID-19 Quarantine Duration and Postquarantine Transmission Risk in 4 University Cohorts". JAMA Network Open. 5 (2): e220088. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0088. ISSN 2574-3805. PMC 8881770. PMID 35212750. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Wells, C.; Pandey, A.; Gokcebel, S.; Krieger, G.; Donoghue, H.; Singer, B; Moghadas, S.; Galvani, A.; Townsend, J. (27 July 2022). "Quarantine and serial testing for variants of SARS-COV-2 with benefits of vaccination and boosting on consequent control of COVID-19". PNAS Nexus. 1 (3): pgac100. doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac100. PMC 9335027. PMID 35909795. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
60. ↑ "Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak" (PDF). World Health Organization. 18 March 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
61. ↑ "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): If You Have Animals". cdc.gov. 11 February 2020. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
62. ↑ فنانون عرب في رسالة لمتابعيهم: الحيوانات الأليفة لا تنقل فيروس كورونا. arabic.cnn.com (in العربية). 31 March 2020. Archived from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
63. ↑ "Households 'buy 3.2 million pets in lockdown'". BBC News. 12 March 2021. Archived from the original on 7 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
64. ↑ Gunnell, David; et al. (21 April 2020). "Suicide risk and prevention during the COVID-19 pandemic". The Lancet. 7 (6): 468–471. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30171-1. PMC 7173821. PMID 32330430.
65. ↑ Baker, Noel (22 April 2020). "Warning Covid-19 could lead to spike in suicide rates". Irish Examiner. Archived from the original on 30 April 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
66. ↑ "The Guardian view on Brazil and the Amazon: don't look away | Editorial". The Guardian. 5 June 2020. Archived from the original on 12 December 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
67. ↑ Arora, Alisha; Jha, Amrit Kumar; Alat, Priya; Das, Sitanshu Sekhar (December 2020). "Understanding coronaphobia". Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 54: 102384. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102384. PMC 7474809. PMID 33271693.
68. ↑ ""Coronaphobia": How antivaxxers and pandemic minimizers pathologize fear of disease | Science-Based Medicine". sciencebasedmedicine.org. 16 May 2022. Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 4 November 2022.
69. ↑ Iovine, Anna (16 March 2021). "FODA (Fear of Dating Again) is a thing now". Mashable. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
70. ↑ Rosenberg, Adam (28 February 2021). "'SNL' imagines the hilarious fails in store for all of our post-COVID date nights". Mashable. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
71. ↑ Hassan, Jennifer. "During quarantine, balconies worldwide set the stage for DJ sets, squats and singing". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
72. ↑ Ryan, Shannon (26 March 2020). "How do you celebrate a kid's birthday during the stay-at-home order? Try a Coronavirus Caravan, with drive-by signs and songs and smiles". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
73. ↑ Janiak, Lily (23 March 2020). "Bay Area neighbors sing and dance in social-distancing block party". Datebook. Archived from the original on 15 May 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
74. ↑ "Kalsarikännit: Drinking at home in your undies, like Finns". The World from PRX. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
75. ↑ "It's time to embrace the Finnish tradition of drinking in your underwear". Matador Network. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
76. ↑ Brech, Anna (11 April 2020). "The Finnish word for being drunk in underwear is perfect for now". Stylist. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
77. ↑ "What may happen after the coronavirus in Finland?". Reachinghot. 5 May 2020. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
78. ↑ Godbole, Tanika (9 April 2020). "Domestic violence rises amid coronavirus lockdowns in Asia". Deutsche Welle (DW). Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
79. ↑ Johnston, Kirsty (12 April 2020). "Covid 19 coronavirus: Domestic violence is the second, silent epidemic amid lockdown". NZ Herald. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
80. ↑ "UN chief calls for domestic violence 'ceasefire' amid 'horrifying global surge'". UN News. 5 April 2020. Archived from the original on 10 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 "Implications of COVID-19 for Older Persons: Responding to the Pandemic". UNFPA. 24 April 2020. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
82. ↑ "Disability considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
83. ↑ "COVID-19 Infections And Deaths Are Higher Among Those With Intellectual Disabilities". NPR.org. Archived from the original on 9 November 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
84. ↑ Policy Brief: A Disability-Inclusive Response to COVID-19 (PDF). United Nations. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
85. ↑ "How COVID-19 impacts people with disabilities". American Psychological Association. 6 May 2020. Archived from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
86. ↑ Women with Disabilities in a Pandemic (COVID-19) (PDF). UN Women. 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
87. ↑ "Child disability and COVID-19". UNICEF DATA. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
88. ↑ "Empowering students with disabilities during the COVID-19 crisis". UNESCO Bangkok. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
89. ↑ Hill, Faith (18 April 2020). "Special Education Goes Remote in the COVID-19 Pandemic - The Atlantic". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
90. ↑ Masonbrink, Abbey R.; Hurley, Emily (September 2020). "Advocating for Children During the COVID-19 School Closures" (PDF). Pediatrics. 146 (3): e20201440. doi:10.1542/peds.2020-1440. PMID 32554517. S2CID 219906270. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.

## Further reading[edit | edit source]

* Durugu, S. R., Tanzeem, H., Menghani, D., Imran, Z., & Krishnan, P. (n.d.). A review of quarantine period in relation to incubation period of SARS-COV-2. ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. Retrieved September 5, 2022, from https://ir.library.louisville.edu/jri/vol4/iss1/60/
* Gowda, G., Holla, R., Ramraj, B., & Gudegowda, K. S. (2020). Contact Tracing and Quarantine for COVID-19: Challenges in community surveillance. Indian Journal of Community Health, 32, 306–308. https://doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2020.v32i02supp.025
* Hayden, M. E., Rozycki, D., Tanabe, K. O., Pattie, M., Casteen, L., Davis, S., & Holstege, C. P. (2021). COVID-19 Isolation and Quarantine Experience for Residential Students at a Large Four-Year Public University. American Journal of Public Health, 111(10), 1772–1775. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2021.306424
* Zawbaa, H., Osama, H., El-Gendy, A., Saeed, H., Harb, H., Madney, Y., Abdelrahman, M., Mohsen, M., Ali, A., Nicola, M., & Ibrahim, I. Effect of mutation and vaccination on spread, severity, and mortality of COVID-19 disease. Journal of Medical Virology. (n.d.). https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.27293

* v
* t
* e

COVID-19 pandemic

* COVID-19 (disease)
* SARS-CoV-2 (virus)

Timeline

| Pre-pandemic|

* Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
* Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
* Crimson Contagion
* Disease X
* Event 201
* Exercise Cygnus
* 2019

|

2020|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* responses
* December
* responses

2021|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* responses
* December
* responses

2022|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* December

2023 and after|

* 2023
* 2024

Locations

| Africa

*     * timeline
* national
responses

| Northern|

* Algeria
* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Egypt
* Libya
* Mauritania
* Melilla
* Morocco
* Sudan
* Tunisia
* Western Sahara
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

|

Eastern|

* Burundi
* Comoros
* Djibouti
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Madagascar
* Mauritius
* Mayotte
* Réunion
* Rwanda
* Seychelles
* Somalia
* Puntland
* Somaliland
* South Sudan
* Tanzania
* Uganda

Southern|

* Angola
* Botswana
* Eswatini
* Lesotho
* Malawi
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* South Africa
* list of deaths
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

Central|

* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Gabon
* São Tomé and Príncipe

Western|

* Benin
* Burkina Faso
* Cape Verde
* Equatorial Guinea
* Gambia
* Ghana
* timeline
* 2020
* March–July
* August–December
* 2021
* government response
* impact
* education
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* Liberia
* Mali
* Niger
* Nigeria
* government response
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* Senegal
* Sierra Leone
* Togo

Asia|

| Central/North|

* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Russia
* timeline
* January–June
* July–December
* impact
* economic
* social
* political
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

|

East|

* Hong Kong
* Japan
* timeline
* Tokyo
* 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Macau
* Mongolia
* Taiwan
* respirator diplomacy

Mainland China|

* lockdown
* detail
* statistics
* vaccination
* Beijing
* 2022 Winter Olympics and Paralympics
* Heilongjiang
* Henan
* Hubei
* Inner Mongolia
* Liaoning
* Shanghai
* 2022 outbreak
* Sichuan
* Tibet
* Xinjiang

South|

* Afghanistan
* Bangladesh
* timeline
* Bhutan
* Maldives
* Nepal
* Pakistan
* Tablighi Jamaat hotspot
* Sri Lanka

India|

* economic impact
* evacuations
* lockdown
* migrant workers' crisis
* statistics
* timeline
* 2020
* January–May
* June–December
* 2021
* union government response
* PM CARES Fund
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund
* state government responses
* vaccination
* Vaccine Maitri

By location|

* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Andhra Pradesh
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Chandigarh
* Chhattisgarh
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
* Delhi
* Tablighi Jamaat hotspot
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* timeline
* Ladakh
* Lakshadweep
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Manipur
* Meghalaya
* Mizoram
* Nagaland
* Odisha
* Puducherry
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Sikkim
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Tripura
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal

Southeast|

* Brunei
* Cambodia
* East Timor
* Indonesia
* timeline
* 2021
* social restrictions
* Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement
* Laos
* Myanmar
* Singapore
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* circuit breaker response
* vaccination
* statistics
* Thailand
* timeline
* vaccination
* statistics
* Vietnam
* timeline
* government response

Malaysia|

* impact
* social
* economic
* political
* Aid and relief efforts
* movement control order
* Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* statistics
* Johor
* Kuala Lumpur
* Sabah
* Sarawak
* Selangor

Philippines|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* government response
* community quarantines
* Luzon
* evacuations
* testing controversy
* vaccination
* Bangsamoro
* Bicol Region
* Cagayan Valley
* Calabarzon
* Caraga
* Central Luzon
* Central Visayas
* Cordillera
* Davao Region
* Eastern Visayas
* Ilocos Region
* Metro Manila
* Mimaropa
* Northern Mindanao
* Soccsksargen
* Western Visayas
* Zamboanga Peninsula
* Overseas Filipinos

West|

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Artsakh
* Bahrain
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* Abkhazia
* South Ossetia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* vaccination
* Syria
* Turkey
* timeline
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

Europe|

| United Kingdom|

* history
* timeline
* January–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* January–June 2021
* July–December 2021
* January–June 2022
* July–December 2022
* 2023
* responses
* government response
* response
* Operation Rescript
* contracts
* impact
* social
* economic
* education

By location|

* England
* timeline
* 2020
* January–June
* July–December
* 2021
* 2022
* London
* local lockdown regulations
* first tier regulations
* Northern Ireland
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Scotland
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Wales
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Crown Dependencies
* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Guernsey
* Overseas territories
* Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Gibraltar

Eastern|

* Belarus
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Kazakhstan
* Moldova
* Gagauzia
* Transnistria
* Russia
* timeline
* January–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* government responses
* political impact
* Turkey
* timeline
* Ukraine
* Crimea
* Sevastopol

Western Balkans|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Kosovo
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Serbia
* statistics

European Union|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* timeline
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Faroe Islands
* Estonia
* Finland
* Åland
* France
* Guadeloupe
* French Guiana
* Réunion
* Martinique
* Mayotte
* Normandy
* Saint Martin
* Germany
* North Rhine-Westphalia
* government response
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* economic impact
* social impact
* vaccination
* Italy
* lockdowns
* timeline
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Netherlands
* government response
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* timeline
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* timeline
* Asturias
* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Community of Madrid
* Melilla
* Sweden
* government response
* Operation Gloria

EFTA countries|

* Iceland
* Liechtenstein
* Norway
* Svalbard
* Switzerland

Microstates|

* Andorra
* Monaco
* San Marino
* Vatican City

North
America|

| Atlantic|

* Bermuda
* Greenland
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon

|

Canada|

* timeline
* economic impact
* federal aid
* vaccination
* by province
* military response
* Atlantic Bubble
* Alberta
* timeline
* British Columbia
* Manitoba
* New Brunswick
* Newfoundland and Labrador
* Northwest Territories
* Nova Scotia
* Nunavut
* Ontario
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* Ottawa
* Peel Region
* Toronto
* York Region
* Provincial government response
* Vaccination
* Prince Edward Island
* Quebec
* Montreal
* boroughs
* Saskatchewan
* timeline
* Yukon

Caribbean|

| Countries|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Cuba
* Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Grenada
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Trinidad and Tobago
* timeline

|

British Overseas Territories|

* Anguilla
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Montserrat
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* response

* Aruba
* Curaçao
* Sint Maarten

Caribbean Netherlands|

* Bonaire
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius

French West Indies|

* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin

US insular areas|

* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Central America|

* Belize
* Costa Rica
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico
* timeline
* vaccination
* Nicaragua
* Panama

United States|

* Trump administration communication
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* social impact
* economic impact
* 2021 hospital crisis

responses|

* federal government
* state and local governments
* California government response
* New York government response
* Texas government response
* Eastern States Multi-state Council
* Midwest Governors Regional Pact
* Western States Pact

By location|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* American Samoa
* Arizona
* Navajo Nation
* Arkansas
* California
* timeline
* S.F. Bay Area
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* timeline
* Massachusetts
* timeline
* Boston
* timeline
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* timeline
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* New York City
* timeline
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Ohio
* Columbus
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Portland
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* timeline
* Austin
* U.S. Virgin Islands
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* Washington, D.C.
* White House
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Oceania|

* American Samoa
* Cook Islands
* Easter Island
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* New Caledonia
* Niue
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Bougainville
* Pitcairn Islands
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tokelau
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu
* Wallis and Futuna

Australia|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* January–June
* July–December
* 2022
* Australian Capital Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* New South Wales
* Norfolk Island
* Northern Territory
* Queensland
* South Australia
* Tasmania
* Victoria
* Western Australia

New Zealand|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* economic impact
* government response
* Alert levels
* Traffic light system
* social impact
* managed isolation

South
America|

* Argentina
* statistics
* human rights
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* São Paulo
* Chile
* statistics
* Easter Island
* Colombia
* timeline
* Ecuador
* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* statistics
* Cusco
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Others|

* Antarctica
* Cruise ships
* Diamond Princess
* Grand Princess
* Naval ships
* Charles de Gaulle
* USS Theodore Roosevelt

Impact

| Culture and
entertainment|

| Arts and
cultural heritage|

* References in popular culture
* Cinema
* films affected
* Corona-chan
* Disney
* Fashion industry
* Music industry
* Performing arts
* Television
* U.S.
* U.S. sports
* programs affected
* Video games

|

Education|

* Female education
* Homeschooling

By country|

* Ghana
* Ireland
* United Kingdom
* exam grading controversy
* United States

Sports|

* Bio-secure bubble

By country|

* Ireland
* Philippines

By sport|

* Association football
* Baseball
* Basketball
* NBA
* Combat sports
* Cricket
* Disc golf
* Gaelic games
* Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)
* Ice hockey
* Motorsport
* Rugby league

Society
and rights|

| Social impact|

* Social media
* Stigma
* COVID-19 parties
* Children
* foster care in the U.S.
* Pandemic baking

|

Labor|

* Healthcare workers
* Indian migrant workers
* Great Resignation
* Strikes

Human rights|

* Argentina
* Hong Kong
* Myanmar
* North Korea
* Turkmenistan

Legal|

* Abortion in the U.S.
* Crime
* Domestic violence
* Prisons
* U.S. immigration detention

Minority|

* Gender
* LGBT community
* African communities
* Disability community
* Native American communities
* Xenophobia and racism

Religion|

* Catholic Church
* Hajj

Economic|

* Charitable activity
* COVID-19 scams
* Travel restrictions

By country|

* Canada
* India
* Ireland
* COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment
* Malaysia
* New Zealand
* Russia
* U.K.
* U.S.

By industry|

* Aviation
* Airlines
* Cannabis industry
* Food industry
* meat industry in Canada
* meat industry in the U.S.
* restaurant industry in the U.S.
* Hospitals
* ICU capacity
* Long-term care facilities
* Mink farming
* Public transport
* Retail
* Tourism

Supply and trade|

* Shortages
* Chip supply
* Energy
* Global supply chain
* Oil price war
* Food security

Financial markets|

* Global stock market crash
* COVID-19 recession
* Inflation

Information|

* Journalism
* Media coverage
* Wikipedia's response

Misinformation|

* Governments
* China
* United States
* By country
* Canada
* Philippines
* Ivermectin
* Plandemic

Politics|

* National responses
* Legislation
* European Union

Political impact|

* Ireland
* Malaysia
* Russia

Protests|

* Canada
* convoy protest
* China
* Italy
* Germany
* Idar-Oberstein shooting
* the Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Serbia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Open the States

International relations|

* Aid
* Italy
* Moldovan–Romanian collaboration
* Nicaragua–Taiwan relations
* Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan
* Vaccine diplomacy

Language|

* Anthropause
* Doomscrolling
* Flattening the curve
* Green recovery
* Long COVID
* Quarantini
* Social distancing
* Superspreader
* Twindemic
* Zero-COVID
* Zoom
* Zoom towns

Others|

* Animals
* Cluster 5
* Environment
* Military
* Pregnant women
* Science and technology

Health issues

| Medical topics|

* Transmission
* Symptoms
* Cancer
* Endemic COVID-19
* Skin manifestations
* Long COVID
* Mental health
* neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes
* Pregnancy
* Non-COVID-19–related health issues
* Shortages
* Raise the line
* Rehabilitation
* Unproven medical methods

|

Testing and
epidemiology|

* Datasets
* Death rates by country
* Disease testing
* Breathalyzer
* Operation Moonshot
* Test to Release
* UK Rapid Test Consortium
* AbC-19 rapid antibody test
* investigations into the origins
* lab leak theory
* Rapid antigen test
* Software
* Surveillance
* Undercounting COVID-19 deaths

Apps|

* Aarogya Setu
* BlueTrace
* careFIJI
* Coronavirus Australia
* Corona-Warn-App
* COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application
* COVID Alert (Canada)
* COVID AlertSA (South Africa)
* COVIDSafe
* COVID Tracker Ireland
* Covid Watch
* Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
* Exposure Notification
* Health Code
* Healthy Together
* Immuni
* Koronavilkku
* LeaveHomeSafe
* MySejahtera
* NHS COVID-19
* NZ COVID Tracer
* NZ Pass Verifier
* PathCheck
* PeduliLindungi
* SafeEntry
* SafePass
* StaySafe.ph
* SwissCovid
* TCN Protocol
* Test, Trace, Protect
* Thai Chana
* TousAntiCovid
* TraceTogether
* Valtrace
* Zoe Health Study

Prevention|

* Air purifier (Corsi–Rosenthal Box)
* Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
* COVID fatigue
* Evacuations
* Face masks
* Anti-mask sentiment
* United States
* Flattening the curve
* Great Barrington Declaration
* International aid
* Lockdowns
* Public health mitigation
* Safe Hands Challenge
* Social distancing
* Workplace hazard controls
* Zero-COVID

Vaccines|

| Topics|

* Authorizations
* Clinical research
* Deployment
* Development
* EU Certificate
* Misinformation and hesitancy
* Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates
* US
* Operation Warp Speed (U.S.)
* Post-vaccination complications
* Vaccine card
* Vaccine passports

|

Authorized|

| DNA|

* ZyCoV-D

|

Inactivated|

* Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
* CoronaVac
* Covaxin
* COVIran Barekat
* CoviVac (Russia)
* FAKHRAVAC
* Minhai
* QazCovid-in
* Sinopharm BIBP
* Sinopharm WIBP
* Turkovac
* Valneva

mRNA|

* Moderna
* Pfizer–BioNTech

Subunit|

* Abdala
* Corbevax (Bio E COVID-19)
* COVAX-19
* EpiVacCorona
* IndoVac
* MVC
* Noora
* Novavax
* Razi Cov Pars
* Sinopharm CNBG
* Soberana 02
* Soberana Plus
* ZF2001 (Zifivax)

Viral vector|

* Convidecia
* Janssen
* Oxford–AstraZeneca
* Sputnik V
* Sputnik Light

Virus-like particles|

* CoVLP

In trials|

| Attenuated|

* COVI-VAC (United States)

|

DNA|

* AG0302-COVID‑19
* GX-19
* Inovio

Inactivated|

* KD-414
* NDV-HXP-S

RNA|

* ARCT-021
* ARCT-154
* Bangavax
* CureVac (terminated)
* HGC019
* mRNA-1283
* PTX-COVID19-B
* Sanofi–Translate Bio (terminated)
* Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
* Walvax

Subunit|

* 202-CoV
* AKS-452
* EuCorVac-19
* IVX-411
* Nanocovax
* ReCOV
* Sanofi–GSK
* S-268019
* SCB-2019
* SCTV01C
* Skycovione
* UB-612
* V-01
* V451 (terminated)
* Vabiotech
* West China Hospital
* Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech

Viral vector|

* AdCLD-CoV19
* BriLife
* COH04S1
* DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT
* GRAd-COV2
* ImmunityBio
* iNCOVACC
* INNA-051
* NDV-HXP-S
* Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine

Virus-like particles|

* ABNCoV2
* LYB001
* MigVax-101
* VBI-2902

Deployment
by location|

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eswatini
* Ghana
* Morocco
* Nigeria
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Zimbabwe

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Mainland China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Malaysia
* Nepal
* Philippines
* Russia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Vietnam

Europe|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Moldova
* Norway
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

North America|

* Canada
* Ontario
* Quebec
* Cuba
* Haiti
* Mexico
* United States
* mandates

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand

South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Peru

Others|

* Antarctica

Treatment|

* Drug development
* Drug repurposing research
* Baricitinib
* Dexamethasone
* Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
* Open-source ventilator
* PANORAMIC trial (UK)
* RECOVERY Trial (UK)
* Solidarity trial (WHO)

Monoclonal antibodies|

* Bamlanivimab/etesevimab
* Bamlanivimab
* Etesevimab
* Bebtelovimab
* Casirivimab/imdevimab
* Regdanvimab
* Sarilumab
* Sotrovimab
* Tixagevimab/cilgavimab
* Tocilizumab

Small molecule antivirals|

* Broad-spectrum
* Ensitrelvir
* Molnupiravir
* Remdesivir
* Co-packaged
* Nirmatrelvir
* ritonavir

Variants

| Specific|

* Alpha
* Beta
* Gamma
* Delta
* Epsilon
* Zeta
* Eta
* Theta
* Iota
* Kappa
* Lambda
* Mu
* Omicron
* timeline

|

General|

* Cluster 5
* Lineage B.1.617
* Lineage B.1.640.2
* Variant of concern

Institutions

| Hospitals and
medical clinics|

| Mainland China|

* Central Hospital of Wuhan
* Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre
* Fangcang hospitals
* Huoshenshan Hospital
* Leishenshan Hospital
* Xinjia Express Hotel
* Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital

|

Others|

* Hospital ships
* Garran Surge Centre (Australia)
* Hospital El Salvador
* SevenHills Hospital (India)
* Kemayoran Athletes Village (Indonesia)
* Pyongyang General Hospital (North Korea)
* Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (Malaysia)
* Mega Ligtas COVID Centers (Philippines)
* Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre (Sri Lanka)
* Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom
* NHS Nightingale Hospitals (England)
* Birmingham
* London
* North East
* North West
* Yorkshire and the Humber
* NHS Louisa Jordan (Scotland)
* Dragon's Heart Hospital (Wales)

Organizations|

| Global|

|

By location|

* National Cabinet (Australia)
* ScienceUpFirst (Canada)
* Wuhan Institute of Virology (China)
* Independent SAGE (United Kingdom)

Health
institutes|

* Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (African Union)
* Ghana Infectious Disease Centre (Ghana)
* Department of Health (Hong Kong)
* Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (South Korea)
* National Institute for Communicable Diseases (South Africa)
* Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan)

Pandemic
institutes|

* National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board (Australia)
* COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (Canada)
* COVID-19 Supply Council (Canada)
* PREPARE (European Union)
* National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 (India)
* COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force (Indonesia)
* National Public Health Emergency Team (Ireland)
* Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting (Japan)
* Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (Malaysia)
* Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee (Philippines)
* Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Philippines)
* Central Epidemic Command Center (Taiwan)
* Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board (Turkey)
* COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (United Kingdom)
* Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (United Kingdom)
* Joint Biosecurity Centre (United Kingdom)
* Vaccine Taskforce (United Kingdom)
* COVID-19 Advisory Board (United States)
* Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups (United States)
* White House Coronavirus Task Force (United States)
* White House COVID-19 Response Team (United States)
* GACH (Uruguay)

Relief funds|

* PM CARES Fund (India)
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund (India)
* Artist Relief (United States)

People

| Medical
professionals|

* Ai Fen
* Corona Rintawan
* Li Wenliang
* Liu Wen
* Xie Linka
* Zhang Wenhong

|

Researchers|

* Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud
* Roberto Burioni
* Chen Wei
* Kizzmekia Corbett
* Andrea Crisanti
* Peter Daszak
* Christian Drosten
* Neil Ferguson
* Dale Fisher
* George F. Gao
* Azra Ghani
* Sarah Gilbert
* Guan Yi
* Kentaro Iwata
* Katalin Karikó
* Matt Keeling
* Trudie Lang
* Li Lanjuan
* W. Ian Lipkin
* Ma Xiaowei
* Shabir Madhi
* Allison McGeer
* Camilla Rothe
* Shi Zhengli
* Moncef Slaoui
* Mike Tildesley
* John Todd
* Wang Chen
* Wang Guangfa
* Drew Weissman
* Yuen Kwok-yung
* Zeng Guang
* Zhang Jixian
* Zhang Yongzhen
* Zhong Nanshan

Officials|

| WHO|

* Tedros Adhanom (Director-General of the WHO)
* Bruce Aylward (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)
* Maria Van Kerkhove (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)
* Michael J. Ryan (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)

|

By location|

* Frank Atherton (Wales)
* Ashley Bloomfield (New Zealand)
* Catherine Calderwood (Scotland)
* Chang Shan-chwen (Taiwan)
* Anutin Charnvirakul (Thailand)
* Chen Shih-chung (Taiwan)
* Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching (Taiwan)
* Victor Costache (Romania)
* Fabrizio Curcio (Italy)
* Carmen Deseda (Puerto Rico)
* Jaap van Dissel (the Netherlands)
* Christian Drosten (Germany)
* Francisco Duque III (Philippines)
* Anthony Fauci (United States)
* Francesco Paolo Figliuolo (Italy)
* Graça Freitas (Portugal)
* Henrique Gouveia e Melo (Portugal)
* Matt Hancock (United Kingdom)
* Hamad Hasan (Lebanon)
* Greg Hunt (Australia)
* Tony Holohan (Ireland)
* Jeong Eun-kyeong (South Korea)
* Fahrettin Koca (Turkey)
* Li Keqiang (China)
* Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez (Mexico)
* Michael McBride (Northern Ireland)
* Oriol Mitjà (Andorra)
* Zweli Mkhize (South Africa)
* Doni Monardo (Indonesia)
* Alma Möller (Iceland)
* Saeed Namaki (Iran)
* Ala Nemerenco (Moldova)
* Nguyễn Thanh Long (Vietnam)
* Noor Hisham Abdullah (Malaysia)
* Ali Pilli (Northern Cyprus)
* Daniel Salinas (Uruguay)
* Jérôme Salomon (France)
* Fernando Simón (Spain)
* Gregor Smith (Scotland)
* Su Ih-jen (Taiwan)
* Łukasz Szumowski (Poland)
* Theresa Tam (Canada)
* Anders Tegnell (Sweden)
* Þórólfur Guðnason (Iceland)
* Sotiris Tsiodras (Greece)
* Harsh Vardhan (India)
* Víðir Reynisson (Iceland)
* Carla Vizzotti (Argentina)
* Vlad Voiculescu (Romania)
* Chris Whitty (United Kingdom)
* Lawrence Wong (Singapore)
* Jeff Zients (United States)

Others|

* Chen Qiushi
* Brett Crozier
* Fang Bin
* Fang Fang
* Joseph Ashitey Hammond
* Li Zehua
* Captain Tom Moore
* Qiu Menghuang
* Ren Zhiqiang

Deaths|

* List

Data (templates)

| Global|

* Cases, deaths, recoveries by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision
* WHO situation reports
* cases
* January 2020
* February 2020
* March 2020
* April 2020
* May 2020
* June 2020
* July 2020
* August 2020
* September 2020
* October 2020
* November 2020
* December 2020
* January 2021
* February 2021
* March 2021
* April 2021
* May 2021
* June 2021
* July 2021
* August 2021
* deaths
* World map by countries: confirmed per capita
* China
* Hospital beds by country
* Lockdowns

|

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Comoros
* Egypt
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* cases chart
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Libya
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara)
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigera
* cases chart
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* cases chart
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe
* cases chart

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* by province
* vaccinations by province
* Chile
* by commune
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* cases chart
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Mexico
* cases chart
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* United States
* by state
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Artsakh
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* by division
* Bhutan
* cases chart
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* cases chart
* summary
* China
* cases chart
* confirmed per capita
* lockdowns
* by province
* Hong Kong
* Macau
* Cyprus
* East Timor
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* cases chart
* Iran
* cases chart
* Iraq
* Israel
* cases chart
* Japan
* cases chart
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* cases chart
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* cases chart
* charts
* Myanmar
* cases chart
* summary
* Nepal
* cases chart
* Oman
* cases chart
* Pakistan
* cases chart
* Philippines
* cases chart
* areas of quarantine
* vaccinations chart
* Qatar
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* North Asia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* cases chart
* vaccinations charts
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* vaccination charts
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* United Arab Emirates
* cases chart
* Uzbekistan
* cases chart
* Vietnam
* statistics charts
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* cases chart
* Belarus
* Belgium
* cases chart
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* cases chart
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* cases chart
* Faroe Islands
* Estonia
* cases chart
* Finland
* France
* cases chart
* Germany
* cases chart
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* cases chart
* Ireland
* cases chart
* Italy
* cases chart
* statistics charts
* vaccinations chart
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* cases chart
* Lithuania
* cases chart
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* cases chart
* Poland
* cases chart
* by voivodeship
* Portugal
* cases chart
* Romania
* cases chart
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* North Asia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* cases chart
* by region
* Slovenia
* cases chart
* Spain
* cases chart
* Sweden
* cases chart
* Switzerland
* cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Scotland
* 2020
* 2021
* Gibraltar
* vaccinations chart
* daily
* by nation
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* by state/territory
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* New Caledonia
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Solomon Islands

Others|

* Cruise ships
* Diamond Princess

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