Lists of metalloids

Short description: none

This is a list of 194 sources that list elements classified as metalloids. The sources are listed in chronological order. Lists of metalloids differ since there is no rigorous widely accepted definition of metalloid (or its occasional alias, 'semi-metal'). Individual lists share common ground, with variations occurring at the margins. The elements most often regarded as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.[n 1] Other sources may subtract from this list, add a varying number of other elements, or both.

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Chronological list
* 3 Appearance frequency clusters
* 4 Elements regarded as metalloids
* 5 Notes
* 6 References

## Overview

Template:Periodic table (metalloid)

Element  | Citations  | Frequency

|
|

| in n = 194
publications  | 194 = 100%
|  |  |
Arsenic  | As  | 191.5  | 99%
Tellurium  | Te  | 190.5  | 98%
Germanium  | Ge  | 184.5  | 95%
Silicon  | Si  | 183.5  | 95%
Antimony  | Sb  | 169.5  | 87%
Boron  | B  | 166  | 86%
Polonium  | Po  | 94.5  | 49%
Astatine  | At  | 77  | 40%
Selenium  | Se  | 46  | 24%
Aluminium  | Al  | 18  | 9.3%
Carbon  | C  | 16.5  | 8.5%
Bismuth  | Bi  | 11.5  | 5.9%
Phosphorus  | P  | 10  | 5.2%
Beryllium  | Be  | 7.5  | 3.9%
Tin  | Sn  | 5.5  | 2.8%
Sulfur  | S  | 3  | 1.5%
Livermorium  | Lv  | 3  | 1.5%
Iodine  | I  | 2.5  | 1.3%
Flerovium  | Fl  | 1  | 0.5%
Gallium  | Ga  | 1  | 0.5%
Hydrogen  | H  | 1  | 0.5%
Lead  | Pb  | 1  | 0.5%
Moscovium  | Mc  | 1  | 0.5%
Tennessine  | Ts  | 1  | 0.5%

## Chronological list

This table shows which elements are included in each of 194 different lists of metalloids. A parenthesized symbol indicates an element whose inclusion in a particular metalloid list is qualified in some way by the author(s). The 'citations' rows show how many and what percentage of the authorities consider each element to be a metalloid, with qualified citations counted as one-half.

Citations as metalloid by element

Element  | Arsenic | Tellu­rium | Germa­nium | Silicon | Anti­mony | Boron | Polo­nium | Asta­tine | Sele­nium | Alu­minium | Carbon | Bis­muth | Phos­phorus | Beryl­lium | Tin | Sulfur | Liver­morium | Iodine | Other  | Count
As  | Te  | Ge  | Si  | Sb  | B  | Po  | At  | Se  | Al  | C  | Bi  | P  | Be  | Sn  | S  | Lv  | I  |  | avg
Citations
(with qualification)*  | 191.5
(1) | 190.5
(1) | 184.5
(3) | 183.5
(1) | 169.5
(3) | 166
(2) | 94.5
(5) | 77
(6) | 46
(4) | 18
(2) | 16.5
(3) | 11.5
(1) | 10
(2) | 7.5
(1) | 5.5
(1) | 3
(0) | 3
(0) | 2.5
(1) | 6
(0) | 7.15

(% out of 194) | 99%  | 98%  | 95%  | 95%  | 87%  | 86%  | 49%  | 40%  | 24%  | 9.3%  | 8.5%  | 5.9%  | 5.2%  | 3.9%  | 2.8%  | 1.5%  | 1.5%  | 1.3%  | 3.1%  |
Source  | Yr  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Simmons[1] | 1947 | As | Te |  |  | Sb |  |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4
Szabó & Lakatos[2] | 1954 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  | Al |  |  |  | Be |  |  |  |  |  | 10
Dull, Metcalfe & Williams[3] | 1958 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  | Al |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Frey[4] | 1958 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Johnstone & Miller[5] | 1960 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  | Se |  | C |  | P |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Edwards et al.[6] | 1961 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | I |  | 8
Bond[7] | 1962 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Swift & Schaefer[8] | 1962 | As |  | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  | Bi |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Hoffman[9] | 1963 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Be |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Nathans[10] | 1963 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Bailar, Moeller & Kleinberg[11] | 1965 | As | Te | Ge |  |  |  |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4
Selwood[12] | 1965 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  | Al |  | Bi |  |  | Sn |  |  |  | Ga | 12
Bassett et al.[13] | 1966 |  | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  | Al |  |  |  | Be |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Hultgren[14] | 1966 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  |  |  | Se |  | C |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Metcalfe, Williams & Castka[15] | 1966 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  | (Al) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.5
Rochow[16] | 1966 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | (Po) | (At) | (Se) |  | (C) | (Bi) | (P) |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Mahan[17] | 1967 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Paul, King & Farinholt[18] | 1967 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Siebring[19] | 1967 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  | Al |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Cotton & Lynch[20] | 1968 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At | Se |  | C |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Dunstan[21] | 1968 | As | Te | (Ge) |  | Sb |  | Po |  |  | Al |  | Bi |  | Be | Sn |  |  |  | Pb | 7.5
Tyrell & Warren[22] | 1968 | As | Te | (Ge) | Si | (Sb) | B | (Po) | At | (Se) | (Al) | (C) |  | (P) |  |  |  |  | (I) |  | 9.5
Williams, Embree & DeBey[23] | 1968 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  | Al |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Chedd[24] | 1969 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Hägg[25] | 1969 | As | Te | Ge |  | Sb |  |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  | Sn |  |  |  |  | 6
Holum[26] | 1969 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  | Al |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Hunter[27] | 1969 | As | Te |  | Si | Sb |  |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Moody[28] | 1969 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  | Al |  |  |  | Be |  |  |  |  |  | 10
Dickerson, Gray & Haight[29] | 1970 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Hardwick & Knobler[30] | 1970 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Williams, Embree & DeBay[31] | 1970 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  | Al |  |  |  | Be |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Dickson[32] | 1971 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Emsley[33] | 1971 | As | Te | Ge |  | Sb |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4
Nitz & Dhonau[34] | 1971 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Pimentel & Spratley[35] | 1971 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | (Po) | (At) | Se |  | C |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Barrow[36] | 1972 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Choppin & Johnsen[37] | 1972 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Horvath[38] | 1973 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Pascoe[39] | 1973 |  | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  | At | Se |  | C |  | P |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Seager & Stoker[40] | 1973 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  | Al |  |  |  | Be |  |  |  |  |  | 10
Allen & Keefer[41] | 1974 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Andrews[42] | 1974 | As | Te |  | Si |  | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Day & Johnson[43] | 1974 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Dickson[44] | 1974 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Duffy[45] | 1974 | As | Te | Ge |  | Sb |  |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Fuller[46] | 1974 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  | Se |  | C |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Nordmann[47] | 1974 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B | Po | At | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
O'Connor[48] | 1974 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Rock & Gerhold[49] | 1974 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Pauling & Pauling[50] | 1975 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Hearst & Ifft[51] | 1976 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Tyler Miller[52] | 1976 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  | Al |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | H | 10
Waser, Trueblood & Knobler[53] | 1976 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Bloomfield[54] | 1977 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  | Al |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Ucko[55] | 1977 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  | Al |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Hill & Holman[56] | 1978 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  |  |  | (C) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.5
Coxon, Fergusson & Phillips[57] | 1980 | As | Te | Ge | Si | (Sb) | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  | (Be) |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Warrena & Geballe[58] | 1981 | As | Te |  | Si |  | B |  | At | Se |  | C |  | P |  |  | S |  |  |  | 9
Walters[59] | 1982 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Edwards & Sienko[60] | 1983 | As | Te | Ge |  | Sb |  | Po | (At) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5.5
Holtzclaw, Robinson & Nebergall[61] | 1984 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Boikess & Edelson[62] | 1985 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Peters[63] | 1986 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Hibbert & James[64] | 1987 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  | Po |  |  |  |  | Bi |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Jones et al.[65] | 1987 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
McQuarrie & Rock[66] | 1987 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Wulfsberg[67] | 1987 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Thayer[68] | 1988 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  |  |  |  |  | P |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Whitten, Gailey & Davis[69] | 1988 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  | Al |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Bailar et al.[70] | 1989 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Gill[71] | 1989 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Malone[72] | 1989 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Petrucci[73] | 1989 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Puddephatt & Monaghan[74] | 1989 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Scott[75] | 1989 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Segal[76] | 1989 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Oxtoby, Nachtrieb & Freeman[77] | 1990 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Atkins & Beran[78] | 1990 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Ebbing & Wrighton[79] | 1993 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Zumdahl[80] | 1993 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Birk[81] | 1994 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Smith[82] | 1994 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
AAE[83] | 1996 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Brady & Holum[84] | 1996 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Harrison & de Mora[85] | 1996 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Hook & Post[86] | 1996 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Atkins & Jones[87] | 1997 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Dayah[88] | 1997 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Mingos[89] | 1998 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Joesten & Wood[90] | 1999 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Kremer[91] | 1999 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Thompson[92] | 1999 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Umland & Bellama[93] | 1999 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  | At | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Callister[94] | 2000 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  | Se |  | C |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Enloe[95] | 2000 | As | Te |  | Si |  | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Mann, Meek & Allen[96] | 2000 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  | Bi |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Phillips, Stozak & Wistrom[97] | 2000 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Ryan[98] | 2000 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Hawkes[99] | 2001 | As | Te | Ge |  | Sb |  |  |  | Se |  |  | Bi |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Lewis & Evans[100] | 2001 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Masterton & Hurley[101] | 2001 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Barrett[102] | 2002 | (As) | (Te) | (Ge) | (Si) | (Sb) | (B) |  |  | (Se) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 3.5
Chang[103] | 2002 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Lv |  | Ts | 10
Harding, Johnson & Janes[104] | 2002 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Johnson[105] | 2002 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Rodgers[106] | 2002 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Szefer[107] | 2002 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Woodgate[108] | 2002 | As | Te | Ge |  | Sb |  |  |  |  | Al |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Wright & Welbourn[109] | 2002 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
e-encyclopedia[110] | 2003 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Gupta[111] | 2003 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Hunt[112] | 2003 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Myers[113] | 2003 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Williams[114] | 2003 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Atkins[115] | 2004 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Cox[116] | 2004 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Gilbert, Kirss & Davies[117] | 2004 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Reilly[118] | 2004 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Ebbing & Gammon[119] | 2005 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Fry & Page[120] | 2005 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Halliday, Resnick & Walker[121] | 2005 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Holler & Selegue[122] | 2005 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | (At) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7.5
Kotz, Treichel & Weaver[123] | 2005 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Meyer[124] | 2005 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Orchin[125] | 2005 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Swenson[126] | 2005 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At | Se |  | C | Bi |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 11
Baird[127] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Blei & Odian[128] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Lv |  |  | 8
Brown & Holme[129] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Dashek & Harrison[130] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Finch et al.[131] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Goldfrank & Flomenbaum[132] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Hatt[133] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Hérold[134] | 2006 | As |  | Ge | Si |  | B | Po | (At) | Se |  | C | Bi | P |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9.5
McMonagle[135] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Lv |  | Fl
Mc | 8
Rayner-Canham & Overton[136] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si |  | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 5
Silberberg[137] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Slade[138] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Wertheim, Oxlade & Stockley[139] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Whitley[140] | 2006 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
American Chemical Society[141] | 2007 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Astruc[142] | 2007 | As |  |  | Si |  | B |  |  | Se |  |  |  | P |  |  | S |  |  |  | 6
Casper[143] | 2007 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Crystal[144] | 2007 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
DeGraff[145] | 2007 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Joesten, Hogg & Castellion[146] | 2007 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Lewis[147] | 2007 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  | Se |  | C |  | P |  |  | S |  |  |  | 11
Petty[148] | 2007 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At | Se |  | C | Bi | P |  | Sn |  |  |  |  | 13
Rösler, Harders & Bäker[149] | 2007 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | (Sn) |  |  |  |  | 6.5
Saunders[150] | 2007 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Saunders[151] | 2007 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Shipman, Wilson & Tood[152] | 2007 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Bauer, Birk & Sawyer[153] | 2008 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Clugston & Flemming[154] | 2008 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Encyclopedia Columbia[155] | 2008 | As | Te |  |  | Sb |  |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 4
Ham[156] | 2008 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Kelter, Mosher & Scott[157] | 2008 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Masterton & Hurley[158] | 2008 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Merck[159] | 2008 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Nicolaou & Montagnon[160] | 2008 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  | C |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Řezanka & Sigler[161] | 2008 | As | Te |  | Si |  | B |  | At | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Tro & Neu[162] | 2008 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Vallero[163] | 2008 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Brown et al.[164] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Burrows et al.[165] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Castor-Perry[166] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | I |  | 9
Cracolice & Peters[167] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Economou[168] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  | Al |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Habashi[169] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  | Se |  |  | Bi |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Hein & Arena[170] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Leach[171] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Manning[172] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
McMurray & Fay[173] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Reger, Goode & Ball[174] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Schnepp[175] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Shubert & Leyba[176] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Whitten et al.[177] | 2009 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Aldinger & Weberruss[178] | 2010 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Banks et al.[179] | 2010 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Fayer[180] | 2010 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
Gray[181] | 2010 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Groysman[182] | 2010 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb |  | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6
Halka & Nordstrom[183] | 2010 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Lombi E & Holm PE[184] | 2010 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 8
NEST Association[185] | 2010 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
RCCS[186] | 2010 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po | At | Se |  | C | Bi | P |  | Sn |  |  |  |  | 13
Senese[187] | 2010 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | (B) | Po | At | (Se) |  | C |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 9
Weiner[188] | 2010 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Barbalace[189] | 2011 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | Po |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Encyclopædia Britannica Online[190] | 2011 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | (Po) | (At) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Helmenstine[191] | 2011 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B | (Po) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 6.5
Moore[192] | 2011 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  | At |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
QA International[193] | 2011 | As | Te | Ge | Si | Sb | B |  |  | Se |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 7
Element  | Arsenic  | Tellu­rium  | Germa­nium  | Silicon  | Anti­mony  | Boron  | Polo­nium  | Asta­tine  | Sele­nium  | Alu­minium  | Carbon  | Bis­muth  | Phos­phorus  | Beryl­lium  | Tin  | Sulfur  | Liver­morium  | Iodine  | Other  |

* () Parenthesized symbols indicate elements whose inclusion in a particular metalloid list is qualified in some way by the author(s). It is counted as 0.5 citation.

There is an average of 7.15 elements per metalloid list.

## Appearance frequency clusters

Clusters of elements and their appearance in the sources

Elements cited in the listed sources (as of August 2011; n = 194) have appearance frequencies that occur in clusters of comparable values. The diamonds in the graph mark the mean appearance frequency of each cluster.

* Cluster 1 (93%): B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
* Cluster 2 (44%): Po, At
* Cluster 3 (24%): Se
* Cluster 4 (9%): C, Al
* Cluster 5 (5%): Be, P, Bi
* Cluster 6 (3%): Sn
* Cluster 7 (1%): H, Ga, S, I, Pb, Fl, Mc, Lv, Ts

The resulting geometric trend line has the formula y = 199.47e−0.7423x and an R2 value of 0.9962.[n 2]

## Elements regarded as metalloids

The elements commonly classified as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony and tellurium.[n 3] The status of polonium and astatine is not settled. Most authors recognise one or the other, or both, as metalloids; Herman, Hoffmann and Ashcroft, on the basis of relativistic modelling, predict astatine will be a monatomic metal.[n 4] One or more of carbon, aluminium, phosphorus, selenium, tin or bismuth, these being periodic table neighbours of the elements commonly classified as metalloids, are sometimes recognised as metalloids.[n 5] Selenium, in particular, is commonly designated as a metalloid in environmental chemistry[n 6] on account of similarities in its aquatic chemistry with that of arsenic and antimony.[n 7] There are fewer references to beryllium, in spite of its periodic table position adjoining the dividing line between metals and nonmetals. Isolated references in the literature can also be found to the categorisation of other elements as metalloids. These elements include: hydrogen, nitrogen,[n 8] sulfur,[n 9] zinc,[n 10] gallium,[n 11] iodine,[n 12] lead,[n 13] and radon[n 14] (citations are for references other than those listed above).

## Notes

1. ↑ Lack of a rigorous definition:
* Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–527, doi:10.1021/ed059p526
* Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–87, doi:10.1021/ed078p1686
2. ↑ The R2 value is a measure of how close a formula fits a set of data points. Values fall between 0.0 and 1.0, with those near 1.0 indicating a good fit.
3. ↑ Elements commonly classified as metalloids:
* Goldsmith RH 1982, 'Metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 526–7 (526), doi:10.1021/ed059p526
* Mann JB, Meek TL & Allen LC 2000, 'Configuration energies of the main group elements', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, no. 12, pp. 2780–3 (2783), doi:10.1021/ja992866e: Mann et al. refer to these elements as 'the recognized metalloids'.
* Kotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, 7th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont, California, ISBN 1439041318
4. ↑ Polonium and astatine:
* Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity?', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–87, doi:10.1021/ed078p1686
* Holt, Rinehart & Wilson c. 2007 'Why polonium and astatine are not metalloids in HRW texts', viewed 8 February 2013
* Hawkes SJ 2010, 'Polonium and astatine are not semimetals', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 87, no. 8, p. 783, doi:10.1021/ed100308w
* Hermann A, Hoffmann R & Ashcroft NW 2013, 'Condensed Astatine: Monatomic and Metallic', Physical Review Letters, vol. 111, pp. 11604–1−11604-5, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.116404
* Vernon RE 2013, 'Which Elements Are Metalloids?', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 90, no. 12, pp. 1703–1707, doi:10.1021/ed3008457
5. ↑ Carbon, aluminium, phosphorus, selenium, tin, bismuth:
* Rochow EG 1966, The metalloids, DC Heath and Company, Boston, pp. 7–8
* Cobb HM 2012, Dictionary of Metals, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, p. 145, ISBN 9781615039784
* Walker CH 2012, Organic Pollutants: An Ecotoxicological Perspective, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 163, ISBN 9781420062588
* Whiten K, Davis R, Peck L & Stanley G 2014, Chemistry, 10th ed., Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA, p. 134, ISBN 9781133610663
6. ↑ Selenium as a metalloid in environmental chemistry:
* Meyer JS, Adams WJ, Brix KV, Luoma SM, Mount DR, Stubblefield WA & Wood CM (eds) 2005, Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms, Proceedings from the Pellston Workshop on Toxicity of Dietborne Metals to Aquatic Organisms, 27 July – 1 August 2002, Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia, Canada, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida, p. 284, ISBN 1880611708
* Weiner ER 2013, Applications of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry: A Practical Guide, 3rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, p. 181, ISBN 9781439853320
7. ↑ Similarities in the aquatic chemistry of selenium, arsenic, and antimony:
* US Environmental Protection Agency 1988, Ambient aquatic life water quality criteria for antimony (III), draft, Office of Research and Development, Environmental Research Laboratories, Washington, p. 1
* De Zuane J 1997, Handbook of drinking water quality, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 93, ISBN 047128789X
* Uden PC 2005, 'Speciation of selenium,' in R Cornelis, J Caruso, H Crews & K Heumann (eds), Handbook of elemental speciation II: Species in the environment, food, medicine and occupational health, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, pp. 346–65 (347–8), ISBN 0470855983
* Dev N 2008, 'Modelling selenium fate and transport in Great Salt Lake Wetlands' PhD dissertation, University of Utah, ProQuest, Ann Arbor, Michigan, pp. 2–3, ISBN 054986542X
8. ↑ Nitrogen: Rausch MD 1960, 'Cyclopentadienyl compounds of metals and metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 568–78, doi:10.1021/ed037p568
9. ↑ Sulfur:
* Chalmers B 1959, Physical metallurgy, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 72
* US Bureau of Naval Personnel 1965, Shipfitter 3 & 2, US Government Printing Office, Washington, p. 26
10. ↑ Zinc: Siebring BR 1967, Chemistry, MacMillan, New York, p. 613
11. ↑ Gallium: Wiberg N 2001, Inorganic chemistry, Academic Press, San Diego, p. 282, ISBN 0123526515
12. ↑ Iodine:
* Friend JN 1953, Man and the chemical elements, 1st ed., Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, p. 68
* Rausch MD 1960, 'Cyclopentadienyl compounds of metals and metalloids', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 568–78, doi:10.1021/ed037p568
13. ↑ Lead: Murray JF 1928, 'Cable-sheath corrosion', Electrical World, vol. 92, Dec 29, pp. 1295–7 (1295)
14. ↑ Radon:
* Hampel CA & Hawley GG 1966, The encyclopedia of chemistry, 3rd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York,p. 950
* Stein L 1985, 'New evidence that radon is a metalloid element: ion-exchange reactions of cationic radon', Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications, vol. 22, pp. 1631–2, doi:10.1039/C39850001631
* Stein L 1987, 'Chemical properties of radon' in PK Hopke (ed.) 1987, Radon and its decay products: Occurrence, properties, and health effects, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, pp. 240–51 (240, 247–8), ISBN 0841210152

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82. ↑ Smith R 1994, Conquering chemistry, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 25
83. ↑ Academic American Encyclopedia 1996, vol. 13, 'metalloids', Grolier, Danbury, CT, p. 328
84. ↑ Brady JE & Holum JR 1996, Chemistry: The study of matter and its changes, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 59
85. ↑ Harrison RM & de Mora SJ 1996, Introductory chemistry for the environmental sciences, 2nd ed., Cambridge University, Cambridge, p. 150
86. ↑ Hook CC & Post R 1996, Chemistry: Concepts and problems, 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 297
87. ↑ Atkins P & Jones L 1997, Chemistry: Molecules, matter and change, 3rd ed., WH Freeman, New York, p. 15
88. ↑ Dayah M 1997, Dynamic Periodic Table, viewed 14 July 2011
89. ↑ Mingos DMP 1998, Essential trends in inorganic chemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, p. 202
90. ↑ Joesten MD & Wood JL 1999, World of chemistry: Essentials, 2nd ed., Saunders College/Harcourt Brace, Fort Worth, p. 57
91. ↑ Kremer P 1999, ChemGlobe – Periodic table of the elements, viewed 14 July 2011
92. ↑ Thompson R, 1999, 'Re: What is the metalloid line and where is it located on the Periodic Table?', MadSci Network
93. ↑ Umland JB & Bellama JM 1999, General chemistry, 3rd ed., Brooks/Cole, Pacific Grove, inside front cover
94. ↑ Callister WD 2000, Materials science and engineering: An introduction, John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. 17
95. ↑ Enloe CL 2000, Physical science: What the technology professional needs to know, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 93
96. ↑ Mann JB, Meek TL and Allen LC 2000, 'Configuration energies of the main group elements', Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 122, pp. 2780–2783
97. ↑ Phillips JS, Stozak VS & Wistrom C 2000, Chemistry: Concepts and applications, Glencoe/McGraw Hill, Columbus OH, p. 93
98. ↑ Ryan L 2000, Advanced chemistry for you, Nelson Thornes, Cheltenham, p. 92
99. ↑ Hawkes SJ 2001, 'Semimetallicity', Journal of Chemical Education, vol. 78, no. 12, pp. 1686–1686
100. ↑ Lewis R & Evans W 2001, Chemistry, 2nd ed., Palgrave, Basingstoke, Hampshire, p. 212
101. ↑ Masterton WL & Hurley N 2001, Chemistry: Principles and reactions, 4th ed., Harcourt College, Fort Worth, inside front cover
102. ↑ Barrett J 2002, Atomic structure and periodicity, Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ, p. 105
103. ↑ Chang R 2002, Chemistry, 7th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 46
104. ↑ Harding C, Johnson DA & Janes R 2002, Elements of the p block, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, p. 210
105. ↑ Johnson DA 2002, Metals and chemical change, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, p. 22
106. ↑ Rodgers GE 2002, Descriptive inorganic, coordination, and solid-state chemistry, 2nd ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson, Australia, p. 235
107. ↑ Szefer P 2002, Metals, metalloids and radionuclides in the Baltic Sea ecosystem, Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 14
108. ↑ Woodgate S 2002, GEN periodic table: Metals, metalloids, nonmetals, The University of Auckland
109. ↑ Wright DA & Welbourn P 2002, Environmental toxicology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, p. 254
110. ↑ e-encyclopedia 2003, Dorling Kindersley, London, p. 161
111. ↑ Gupta CK 2003, Chemical metallurgy: principles and practice, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, p. 4
112. ↑ Hunt A 2003, Schaum's A-Z: Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 231
113. ↑ Myers R 2003, The basics of chemistry, Greenwood, Westport CT, p. 68
114. ↑ Williams LD 2003, Chemistry demystified, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 151
115. ↑ Atkins P 2004, Galileo's finger: the ten great ideas of science, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 159
116. ↑ Cox PA 2004, Inorganic chemistry, 2nd ed., Bios Scientific, London, p. 27
117. ↑ Gilbert TR, Kirss RV & Davies G 2004, Chemistry: The science in context, WW Norton, New York, inside front cover
118. ↑ Reilly C 2004, The nutritional trace metals, Blackwell, Oxford, p. 5
119. ↑ Ebbing DD & Gammon 2005, General chemistry, 8th ed., Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 58
120. ↑ Fry M & Page E 2005, Catchup chemistry: For the life and medical sciences, Scion, Bloxham, Oxfordshire, p. 14
121. ↑ Halliday D, Resnick R & Walker J 2005, Fundamentals of physics, 7th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, p. A-15
122. ↑ Holler FJ & Selegue JP 2005, The periodic table of comic books, viewed 14 Jul 2011
123. ↑ Kotz JC, Treichel P & Weaver GC 2005, Chemistry & chemical reactivity, 6th ed., Brooks Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 80
124. ↑ Meyer JS (ed.) 2005, Toxicity of dietborne metals to aquatic organisms, Allen Press/ACG, place p. 282
125. ↑ Orchin M 2005, The vocabulary and concepts of organic chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 20
126. ↑ Swenson J 2005, 'Classification of noble gases' in Ask a scientist, Chemistry archive
127. ↑ Baird C 2006, Chemistry in your life, 2nd ed., WH Freeman, New York, p. 81
128. ↑ Blei I & Odian G 2006, General, organic and biochemistry: Connecting chemistry to your life, WH Freeman, New York, inside cover
129. ↑ Brown L & Holme T 2006, Chemistry for engineering students, Thomson Brooks/Cole, Belmont, CA, p. 58
130. ↑ Dashek WV & Harrison M 2006, Plant cell biology, Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, p. 20
131. ↑ Finch J, Sinha R, Singh D & Saika A (eds) 2006, Encyclopedia of science, 3rd ed., Dorling Kindersley, London, p. 32
132. ↑ Goldfrank LR & Flomenbaum N 2006, Goldfrank's toxicologic emergencies, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 187
133. ↑ Hatt C 2006, Scientists and their discoveries, Evans Brothers, London, p. 21
134. ↑ Hérold A 2006, 'An arrangement of the chemical elements in several classes inside the periodic table according to their common properties', Comptes Rendus Chimie, vol. 9, pp. 148–153
135. ↑ McMonagle D 2006, Chemistry: an illustrated guide to science, Infobase Publishing, New York, p. 26
136. ↑ Rayner-Canham G & Overton T 2006, Descriptive inorganic chemistry, 4th ed., WH Freeman, New York, p. 29
137. ↑ Silberberg MS 2006, Chemistry: The molecular nature of matter and change, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 55
138. ↑ Slade S 2006, Elements and the periodic table, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, p. 16
139. ↑ Wertheim J, Oxlade C & Stockley C 2006, The Usborne illustrated dictionary of chemistry, Usborne, London, p. 51
140. ↑ Whitley K 2006, Periodic table: Metals, non-metals, and semi-metals, Chem Professor: Course outline, General chemistry, viewed 14 July 2011
141. ↑ American Chemical Society, Interactive periodic table, viewed 14 July 2011
142. ↑ Astruc D 2007, Organometallic chemistry and catalysis, Springer, Berlin. p. 312
143. ↑ Casper JK 2007, Minerals: Gifts from the earth, Infobase, New York, p. 9
144. ↑ Crystal D (ed.) 2007, 'metalloid', in The Penguin Concise Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., Penguin Books, London, p. 599
145. ↑ DeGraff J 2007, Understanding and responding to hazardous substances at mine sites in the western United States, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colordado, p. 26
146. ↑ Joesten MD, Hogg JL & Castellion ME 2007, The world of chemistry: essentials, Thommson Higher Education, Belmont, CA, p. 58
147. ↑ Lewis RJ 2007, Hawley's condensed chemical dictionary, 15th ed., Wiley-Interscience, New York p. 905
148. ↑ Petty MC 2007, Molecular electronics: From principles to practice, vol. 22 of Wiley series in materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications, John Wiley and Sons, New York, p. 25
149. ↑ Rösler J, Harders H & Bäker M 2007, Mechanical behaviour of engineering materials: metals, ceramics, polymers and composites, Springer, Berlin, p. 6
150. ↑ Saunders N 2007, Exploring atoms and molecules, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, p. 9
151. ↑ Saunders N 2007, Exploring chemical reactions, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York, p. 9
152. ↑ Shipman J, Wilson JD & Tood A 2007, An introduction to physical science, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, p. 297
153. ↑ Bauer RC, Birk JP & Sawyer DJ 2008, Laboratory inquiry in chemistry, 3rd ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont, inside back cover
154. ↑ Clugston M & Flemming R 2008, Advanced chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, p. 19
155. ↑ Encyclopedia Columbia 2008, 'nonmetal', 6th ed., viewed 14 July 2011
156. ↑ Ham B 2008, The periodic table, Infobase, New York, p. 66
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* v
* t
* e

Periodic table

Periodic table forms|

| Standard|

* 18-column
* 32-column

|

Alternative|

* Alternatives
* Janet's left step table

Extended|

* Extension beyond the 7th period
* Aufbau
* Fricke
* Pyykkö

Sets of elements|

| By periodic table structure|

| Groups|

* 1 (Alkali metals)
* 2 (Alkaline earth metals)
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* 15 (Pnictogens)
* 16 (Chalcogens)
* 17 (Halogens)
* 18 (Noble gases)

|

Periods|

* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8+
* Aufbau
* Fricke
* Pyykkö

Blocks|

* s-block
* p-block
* d-block
* f-block
* g-block
* Aufbau principle

By metallicity|

| Metals|

* Alkali metals
* Alkaline earth metals
* Lanthanides
* Actinides
* Transition metals
* Post-transition metals

|

Metalloids|

* Lists of metalloids by source
* Dividing line

Nonmetals|

* Reactive nonmetals
* Noble gases

Other sets|

* Platinum-group metals (PGM)
* Rare-earth elements
* Refractory metals
* Precious metals
* Coinage metals
* Noble metal
* Heavy metals
* Native metals
* Transuranium elements
* Superheavy elements
* Major actinides
* Minor actinides

Elements|

| Lists|

* By: Abundance (in humans)
* Atomic properties
* Nuclear stability
* Production
* Symbol

|

Properties|

* Crystal structure
* Electron configuration
* Electronegativity
* Goldschmidt classification
* Term symbol

Data pages|

* Abundance
* Atomic radius
* Boiling point
* Critical point
* Density
* Elasticity
* Electrical resistivity
* Electron affinity
* Electron configuration
* Electronegativity
* Hardness
* Heat capacity
* Heat of fusion
* Heat of vaporization
* Ionization energy
* Melting point
* Oxidation state
* Speed of sound
* Thermal conductivity
* Thermal expansion coefficient
* Vapor pressure

History|

* Element discoveries
* Mendeleev's predictions
* Naming
* etymology
* controversies
* for places
* for people
* in East Asia

See also|

* IUPAC
* nomenclature
* systematic element name
* Trivial name
* Dmitri Mendeleev

* Book
* Category

|  This article includes a science-related list of lists.

|

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