List of populists

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This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Template:Populism sidebar The following is a list of populist parties, leaders and movements.

## Contents

* 1 Africa
* 1.1 Burkina Faso
* 1.2 Burundi
* 1.3 Cameroon
* 1.4 Egypt
* 1.5 Equatorial Guinea
* 1.6 Gabon
* 1.7 The Gambia
* 1.8 Ghana
* 1.9 Kenya
* 1.10 Liberia
* 1.11 Libya
* 1.12 Rwanda
* 1.13 South Africa
* 1.14 Sudan
* 1.15 Tanzania
* 1.16 Tunisia
* 1.17 Uganda
* 1.18 Zambia
* 1.19 Zimbabwe
* 2 Americas
* 2.1 Argentina
* 2.2 Bolivia
* 2.3 Brazil
* 2.4 Canada
* 2.5 Chile
* 2.6 Colombia
* 2.7 Cuba
* 2.8 Ecuador
* 2.9 El Salvador
* 2.10 Guatemala
* 2.11 Honduras
* 2.12 Mexico
* 2.13 Nicaragua
* 2.14 Paraguay
* 2.15 Peru
* 2.16 United States
* 2.17 Venezuela
* 3 Asia
* 3.1 Bangladesh
* 3.2 Mainland China
* 3.3 Hong Kong
* 3.4 India
* 3.5 Indonesia
* 3.6 Iran
* 3.7 Israel
* 3.8 Japan
* 3.9 Malaysia
* 3.10 Myanmar
* 3.11 Pakistan
* 3.12 Philippines
* 3.13 South Korea
* 3.14 Sri Lanka
* 3.15 Taiwan
* 3.16 Thailand
* 3.17 Turkey
* 4 Europe
* 4.1 Austria
* 4.2 Belarus
* 4.3 Belgium
* 4.4 Bosnia and Herzegovina
* 4.5 Bulgaria
* 4.6 Croatia
* 4.7 Czechia
* 4.8 Denmark
* 4.9 Estonia
* 4.10 France
* 4.11 Finland
* 4.11.1 Åland Islands
* 4.12 Georgia
* 4.13 Germany
* 4.14 Greece
* 4.15 Hungary
* 4.16 Iceland
* 4.17 Ireland
* 4.18 Italy
* 4.19 Latvia
* 4.20 Lithuania
* 4.21 Luxembourg
* 4.22 Moldova
* 4.23 Montenegro
* 4.24 Netherlands
* 4.25 North Macedonia
* 4.26 Norway
* 4.27 Poland
* 4.28 Portugal
* 4.29 Romania
* 4.30 Russia
* 4.31 Serbia
* 4.32 Slovakia
* 4.33 Slovenia
* 4.34 Spain
* 4.35 Sweden
* 4.36 Switzerland
* 4.37 Ukraine
* 4.38 United Kingdom
* 5 Oceania
* 5.1 Australia
* 5.2 New Zealand
* 6 See also
* 7 References

## Africa

### Burkina Faso

* Thomas Sankara[1]

### Burundi

* Pierre Nkurunziza[2]

### Cameroon

* Paul Biya[3]

### Egypt

* Gamal Abdel Nasser[4]
* Abdel Fattah el-Sisi[2]

### Equatorial Guinea

* Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[3]

### Gabon

* Ali Bongo Ondimba[2]

### The Gambia

* Yahya Jammeh[3]

### Ghana

* Jerry Rawlings[1]

### Kenya

* Raila Odinga[5]

### Liberia

* George Weah[6]

### Libya

* Muammar Gaddafi[7]

### Rwanda

* Paul Kagame[2]

### South Africa

* Economic Freedom Fighters[8]
* Freedom Front Plus[9]
* Jacob Zuma[10]

### Sudan

* Omar al-Bashir[3]

### Tanzania

* John Magufuli[2]

### Tunisia

* Kais Saied[11]
* Heart of Tunisia[12]

### Uganda

* Idi Amin[13]
* Yoweri Museveni[2]

### Zambia

* Michael Sata[10]

### Zimbabwe

* ZANU-PF[14]

## Americas

### Argentina

* Carlos Menem (1989-1999)[10]
* Néstor Kirchner (2003-2010)[10]
* Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (2007–2015)[10]
* Javier Milei (2023–present)[15][16]

### Bolivia

* Evo Morales (2006-2019)[10]

### Brazil

* Getúlio Vargas (1930-1945)
* Fernando Collor de Mello (1990-1992)[10]
* Lula da Silva (2003-2011, 2023–present)
* Jair Bolsonaro (2019–2022)

### Canada

* Preston Manning (1997-2000)[17]
* Niki Ashton (2008–present)[18]
* Maxime Bernier (2018–present)[19]
* Rob Ford (2000-2016)[20][21]
* Doug Ford (2018–present)[22]
* Pierre Poilievre (2022–present)[23]
* Danielle Smith (2009–present)[24]
* Kevin O'Leary[25]

### Chile

* Francisco Javier Errázuriz Talavera[26]
* Joaquín Lavín[27]
* Marco Enríquez-Ominami[28]
* Carlos Bianchi Chelech[29]
* Daniel Jadue[27]
* José Antonio Kast[30]
* Pamela Jiles[31]
* Frente Amplio[32][33][34]
* The List of the People[35]
* Party of the People[36]
* Franco Parisi[26][36]

### Colombia

* Álvaro Uribe (2002-2010)[37][38]
* Rodolfo Hernández Suárez[39]

### Cuba

* Fidel Castro (1959-2008)[40]

### Ecuador

* Abdalá Bucaram (1996-1997)[10]
* Lucio Gutiérrez (2003-2005)[10]
* Rafael Correa (2007-2017)[10]
* Abdalá Bucaram Jr. (2009-2014)[10]

### El Salvador

* FMLN[41]
* Nuevas Ideas[42]
* Nayib Bukele (2012–present)[43][44]

### Guatemala

* Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity[45]

### Honduras

### Mexico

* Andrés Manuel López Obrador

### Nicaragua

* Daniel Ortega (1979-1990) (2007–present)[46]

### Paraguay

* Fernando Lugo (2008-2012)[10]

### Peru

* Alberto Fujimori (1990-2000)[47][10]
* Pedro Castillo[48]
* Keiko Fujimori[48]
* Rafael López Aliaga[49]

### United States

* Huey Long (1928-1935)[50][51]
* William Jennings Bryan[52]
* George Wallace (1946-1955, 1963-1968, 1971-1979, 1983-1987) [53]
* Edwin Edwards (1964-1996)[54]
* Mike Gravel (1969-1981)[55]
* Ronald Reagan (1967-1989)[56][57]
* Ron Paul (1976-1977, 1979–1985, 1997–2018)[58]
* Pat Buchanan (1985-2000)[59]
* David Duke (1989-1992)[60]
* Jesse Jackson (1991-1997)[61]
* Bernie Sanders (1991–present)
* Ross Perot (1992-1996) [62]
* Roy Moore (1992–present)[63]
* Joe Arpaio (1993–2017)[64]
* Reform Party (1995–present)
* Jim Jordan (1995–present)
* Greg Abbott (1996–present)[65]
* Dennis Kucinich (1997-2013)[66]
* Steve King (1997-2021)
* Andy Harris (1999–present)
* Andy Biggs (2001–present)
* Ted Cruz (2003–present)[67][68]
* Tim Ryan[69]
* Louie Gohmert (2005–present)
* John Fetterman (2006–present)[70][71]
* Sarah Palin (2006–present)
* Tea Party movement
* Matt Gaetz (2010–2024)[72]
* Paul Gosar (2011–present)
* Ron Johnson (2011–present)[73]
* JD Vance (2016–present)[74][75]
* Allen West (2011–present)
* Tulsi Gabbard (2013–present)[76]
* Scott Perry (2013–present)
* Kelli Ward (2013–2023)[77]
* Elizabeth Warren (2013–present)[78]
* Donald Trump, 45th and 47th President (2015–present)[79][10]
* Amanda Chase (2016–present)[80]
* Josh Hawley (2017–present)[81][82][83]
* Jamaal Bowman (2020–present)[84]
* Mary Miller (2020–present)[85][86]
* Cori Bush (2020–present)[84]
* Andrew Yang[87]
* Ralph Nader[88]
* Zohran Mamdani (2021-present)[89][90][91][92]
* Ron DeSantis (2019-present)
* Occupy movement[93]

### Venezuela

* Rafael Caldera (1994-1999)[10]
* Hugo Chávez (1999-2013)[94][10]
* Nicolás Maduro (2013–present)[10]

## Asia

### Bangladesh

* Sheikh Hasina[10]

### Mainland China

* Xi Jinping[95]

### Hong Kong

* Civic Passion[96]
* League of Social Democrats[97]
* People Power[98]
* John Lee[99]
* Junius Ho[100][101][102]

### India

* Narendra Modi[10]
* Bharatiya Janata Party
* Shiv Sena
* Bal Thackeray
* Yogi Adityanath
* Amit Shah
* Devendra Fadnavis
* LK Advani
* Shyam Prasad Mukherjee

### Indonesia

* Joko Widodo[10]
* Prabowo Subianto

### Iran

* Mahmoud Ahmadinejad[103]
* People's Mujahedin of Iran[104]

### Israel

* Benjamin Netanyahu[10]

### Japan

* Shinzo Abe[10]
* Tōru Hashimoto[105]
* Shintaro Ishihara[106]
* Yuriko Koike[107][108]
* Junichiro Koizumi[10]
* Tarō Yamamoto[109]
* Yuichiro Tamaki[110]
* Japan Innovation Party[111][112]
* Democratic Party For the People[113][114][115][116]
* Reiwa Shinsengumi[117][118][119][120][121][122]

### Malaysia

* Syed Saddiq[123][124]

### Myanmar

* National League for Democracy[125]

### Pakistan

* Benazir Bhutto[126]
* Imran Khan and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf[127]

### Philippines

* Rodrigo Duterte[128]
* Joseph Estrada[10]
* Bongbong Marcos

### South Korea

* Han Dong-hoon[129]
* Hong Joon-pyo[130]
* Kim Moon-soo[131]
* Lee Jae Myung[132]
* Moon Jae-in[133]
* Yoon Suk Yeol[129]

### Sri Lanka

* Mahinda Rajapaksa[10]

### Taiwan

* Chen Shui-bian[10]
* Han Kuo-yu[134]
* Tsai Ing-wen[135]
* Terry Gou[136]

### Thailand

* Thaksin Shinawatra[10]
* Yingluck Shinawatra[10]
* Pheu Thai Party

### Turkey

* Justice and Development Party
* Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[10]
* Peoples' Democratic Party[137]
* Nationalist Movement Party[138][139]

## Europe

### Austria

* Freedom Party of Austria[140]
* Communist Party of Austria

### Belarus

* Alexander Lukashenko[10]

### Belgium

* Vlaams Belang[140]
* Workers' Party of Belgium[141]

### Bosnia and Herzegovina

* Alliance of Independent Social Democrats
* Milorad Dodik

### Bulgaria

* Revival
* There is Such a People
* GERB
* Boyko Borisov[10]
* Bulgarian Socialist Party[142]
* Attack[140]
* Reload Bulgaria[140]
* National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria[140]
* National Movement for Stability and Progress[140]

### Croatia

* Homeland Movement
* The Bridge
* Home and National Rally
* Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja[140]
* Croatian Party of Rights[140]
* Croatian Party of Rights 1861[140]
* Croatian Party of Rights Dr. Ante Starčević[140]
* Croatian Democratic Peasant Party[140]
* Human Shield[143]

### Czechia

* ANO 2011
* Andrej Babiš[10]
* Freedom and Direct Democracy[144]
* Motorists for Themselves
* PRO Law Respect Expertise
* Tricolour
* Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia[145]
* Oath Civic Movement

### Denmark

* Denmark Democrats
* Red-Green Alliance[146]
* Danish People's Party[147][140]
* New Right[148]

### Estonia

* Conservative People's Party of Estonia[149]
* Estonian Centre Party

### France

* La France Insoumise[150][144]
* Jean-Luc Mélenchon
* National Rally[144][140]
* Marine Le Pen[151]
* Reconquête
* Debout la France
* Movement for France[140]
* Pierre Poujade, founder of Poujadism.[152]
* Yellow vests movement[153]

### Finland

* Finns Party[154][140]
* Left Alliance
* Radical People's Party (1944-1950s)

#### Åland Islands

* Ålandic Democracy

### Georgia

* Georgian Dream
* Alliance of Patriots of Georgia[155]
* Mikheil Saakashvili[10]

### Germany

* Alternative for Germany[156][144][140]
* Alice Weidel[157]
* The Left[158]
* Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance - Reason and Justice
* The Homeland[140]

### Greece

* Golden Dawn[140]
* Course of Freedom
* Syriza[144][140]
* Independent Greeks[140]
* Popular Orthodox Rally[140]
* Greek Solution[159]

### Hungary

* Fidesz[144][140]
* Viktor Orbán[10]
* Our Homeland Movement

### Iceland

* Pirate Party[160]
* People's Party
* Centre Party

### Ireland

* Sinn Féin[161]
* Socialist Party[146]
* People Before Profit[146]

### Italy

* Silvio Berlusconi (1993–2023)[10]
* Brothers of Italy[140]
* Five Star Movement[162][144][140]
* League[144][140]
* New Force[146]
* CasaPound[146]
* Communist Refoundation Party[146]
* Potere al Popolo[163]

### Latvia

* Latvia First
* National Alliance
* Awakening[140]
* Latvian Association of Regions[140]
* For a Humane Latvia[164][165]
* Platform 21[166]
* Aldis Gobzems[165][167]
* Artuss Kaimiņš[164]

### Lithuania

* Labour Party

### Luxembourg

* Alternative Democratic Reform Party[140]
* The Left

### Moldova

* Our Party
* Democracy at Home Party

### Montenegro

* Milo Đukanović
* Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro
* New Serb Democracy
* Movement for Changes
* Democratic People's Party
* True Montenegro

### Netherlands

* Party for Freedom[144][140]
* Socialist Party[168]
* JA21
* Forum for Democracy[144]

### North Macedonia

* Nikola Gruevski[10]

### Norway

* Progress Party[140]
* Red Party[169]

### Poland

* Law and Justice
* Confederation Liberty and Independence[170][171]
* Left Together
* Kukiz'15
* Real Politics Union[140]

### Portugal

* Chega
* Left Bloc[172][circular reference][173]
* Portuguese Communist Party[169]

### Romania

* Alliance for the Union of Romanians[174][175][176][177]
* S.O.S. Romania
* Party of Young People
* Liviu Dragnea[178]
* Social Democratic Party[179][180][181]
* Traian Băsescu[10]
* Romanian Socialist Party[169]

### Russia

* Narodniks
* Vladimir Putin[10]
* Vladimir Zhirinovsky

### Serbia

* Serbian Progressive Party[182][183][184]
* Aleksandar Vučić[10]
* Socialist Party of Serbia[185]
* Slobodan Milošević[186]
* Ivica Dačić[187]
* Dveri[188][189][190]
* Serbian Radical Party[191][192]
* New Democratic Party of Serbia[193][194]
* United Serbia[195][196]
* Do not let Belgrade drown[197]
* Strength of Serbia Movement[198]
* Serbian People's Party[199]
* Enough is Enough[197][200]
* New Serbia[201]
* Serbian Renewal Movement (formerly)[202][203]
* Serbian Patriotic Alliance (defunct)[204]
* Yugoslav Left (defunct)[146]

### Slovakia

* Direction - Social Democracy
* Robert Fico[10]
* Slovak National Party[144][140]
* Vladimír Mečiar[10]
* People's Party Our Slovakia
* Republic
* Slovakia[144][140]
* We Are Family

### Slovenia

* Slovenian Democratic Party[140]

### Spain

* Podemos[144][140]
* Vox[144]
* United Left[169]
* Together for Catalonia[205][206]

### Sweden

* Sweden Democrats[207][144][140]
* Left Party[146]
* Alternative for Sweden[146]

### Switzerland

* Swiss People's Party[208][140]
* Swiss Party of Labour[169]
* Ticino League[208][140]
* Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland[140]
* Geneva Citizens' Movement[208]

### Ukraine

* Communist Party of Ukraine[209]
* Svoboda
* Radical Party of Oleh Liashko
* Volodymyr Zelensky[210]

### United Kingdom

* British National Party[140]
* Democratic Unionist Party[169]
* Respect Party[169]
* Scottish Socialist Party[211]
* Jeremy Corbyn[212]
* Boris Johnson[213]
* Liz Truss[214]
* UK Independence Party[144][140]
* Reform UK
* Nigel Farage[215]
* Zack Polanski[216][217]
* Ed Miliband[218]

## Oceania

### Australia

* John Curtin[219]
* Gough Whitlam[219]
* Pauline Hanson's One Nation[220]
* Pauline Hanson[220]
* Craig Kelly[221][222]
* Peter Dutton (2022–2025)[223][224]
* Tony Abbott (2009-2015)[225]
* United Australia Party[226][227]
* Clive Palmer[226][227]
* Ralph Babet
* Bob Katter[228]
* Australian Greens[219][229]
* Matthew Guy (2014-2018, 2021–2022) [230][231][232]
* Campbell Newman (2011-2015)[233]
* Joh Bjelke-Petersen (1968-1987) [234]
* Jacinta Nampijinpa Price

### New Zealand

* Robert Muldoon (1975-1984)[235]
* New Zealand First[236]
* Christopher Luxon (2021–present)[237][238][239]
* David Seymour[240]

## See also

* Populism

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Abidde, Sabella Ogbobode (2023). "Thomas Sankara and Jerry Rawlings: Intellectuals, Populists, Revolutionaries, and Pan-Africanists". The Political Impact of African Military Leaders: Soldiers as Intellectuals, Nationalists, Pan-Africanists, and Statesmen. Contributions to Political Science. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 89-103. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31427-8_6. ISBN 978-3-031-31427-8. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-31427-8_6. Retrieved 9 October 2025.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Kazeem, Yomi (9 November 2016). "Africa's populists and strongmen are some of the first to welcome a Trump presidency" (in en). https://qz.com/africa/832598/election-2016-africas-populists-and-strongmen-are-some-of-the-first-to-welcome-a-trump-presidency/.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Jideonwo, Chude (30 May 2016). "We've seen Donald Trump's type of populism in Africa, it always ends in tears" (in en). https://qz.com/africa/695291/weve-seen-donald-trumps-type-of-populism-in-africa-it-always-ends-in-tears/. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
4. ↑ "Egypt's former president Nasser still a divisive figure, 50 years after his death" (in en). France 24. 28 September 2020. https://www.france24.com/en/20200928-egypt-s-nasser-still-a-divisive-figure-50-years-after-his-death. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
5. ↑ Rice, Xan (2 January 2008). "Profile: Raila Odinga, Kenyan opposition leader" (in en). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/02/kenya.marktran. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
6. ↑ "State of play in Liberia: Half-time whistle goes on George Weah's presidency" (in en). 22 January 2021. https://www.rfi.fr/en/africa/20210122-state-of-play-in-liberia-half-time-whistle-goes-on-george-weah-s-presidency. Retrieved 9 August 2022.
7. ↑ "Muammar al-Qaddafi Biography, Death, & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muammar-al-Qaddafi. Retrieved 10 October 2020.
8. ↑ "ANC holds onto power in South Africa as other parties increase vote share" (in en). 2019-05-11. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/anc-holds-onto-power-in-south-africa-as-other-parties-increase-vote-share/articleshow/69278436.cms.
9. ↑ Pillay, Verashni (11 May 2019). "South Africa is the latest country to see a democratic swing to populism over liberal politics" (in en). https://qz.com/africa/1617273/south-election-eff-rise-leaves-democratic-alliance-down/.
10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 10.39 10.40 Kyle, Jordan; Gultchin, Limor (November 2018). "Populists in Power Around the World" (in en). Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. https://www.institute.global/insight/renewing-centre/populists-power-around-world. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
11. ↑ Saleh, Heba (24 August 2021). "Tunisia's populist president extends suspension of parliament". https://www.ft.com/content/fcc30c14-807d-4ffe-b8a3-e5f275efc307.
12. ↑ Ben Mahfoudh, Haykel (25 September 2019). "The democratic dilemma of the early Tunisian presidential elections". https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/the-democratic-dilemma-of-the-early-tunisian-presidential-elections/.
13. ↑ Vokes, Derek R. Peterson, Richard (30 June 2019). "A recently discovered trove of photos shows life in Uganda during Idi Amin's troubled reign" (in en). https://qz.com/africa/1655715/ugandas-idi-amin-rare-photos-capture-life-but-not-horrors/.
14. ↑ Gumede, William (8 October 2018). "Zim's left populism and the lessons for SA • Voices360" (in en-ZA). https://www.voices360.com/politics/zims-left-populism-and-the-lessons-for-sa. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
15. ↑ "After electing right-wing populist Milei as president, Argentina faces uncharted path". 20 November 2023. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/after-electing-right-wing-populist-milei-as-president-argentina-faces-uncharted-path.
16. ↑ "Right-wing populist Milei set to take Argentina down uncharted path: 'No room for lukewarm measures'". 20 November 2023. https://apnews.com/article/election-milei-massa-runoff-6a171de948a034bd43c853f6d3f50f5c.
17. ↑ "Populism in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia". https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/populism#.
18. ↑ Rousseau, Rob (19 September 2017). "Meet Niki Ashton, the Bernie Sanders of Canada" (in en). https://www.pastemagazine.com/politics/progressivism/meet-niki-ashton-the-bernie-sanders-of-canada/.
19. ↑ Levinson-King, Robin (2019-09-23). "Could populism ever take off in Canada?" (in en-GB). https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-49719947.
20. ↑ "Rob Ford: Colourful and populist mayor of Toronto". The Independent. 24 March 2016. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rob-ford-colourful-and-populist-mayor-of-toronto-whose-career-was-derailed-by-drinking-obscenities-and-videos-of-crack-abuse-a6949291.html.
21. ↑ "Former Toronto mayor Rob Ford dies after fighting cancer". 22 March 2016. https://apnews.com/general-news-4a1dfb5b08e94103ad6afc5a5da18dc4.
22. ↑ "Canada's Trump: populist Doug Ford stuns with Ontario election win" (in en). 2018-06-08. https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/2149824/canadas-trump-doug-ford-populist-brother-crack.
23. ↑ Kestler-D'Amours, Julian (11 September 2022). "Pierre Poilievre: Populist takes helm of Canada's Conservatives". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/11/canadas-conservative-party-bets-on-populist-career-politician.
24. ↑ "In Alberta, a bruising campaign invites political chaos". Politico. 28 May 2023. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/05/28/alberta-premier-smith-notley-00099090.
25. ↑ Hussain, Samira (22 February 2017). "Kevin O'Leary: Canada's Donald Trump?". https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-39010813.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "'La Gente' sí, los corruptos no". 10 December 2021. https://interferencia.cl/articulos/la-gente-si-los-corruptos-no.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Mander, Benedict (4 January 2021). "Chile populists challenge elite as voters seek new direction". https://www.ft.com/content/a6275216-bce4-4a5a-a582-3a99a6042732.
28. ↑ Libertad y Desarrollo (10 September 2021). "2021 ENTRANDO A LA RECTA FINAL ELECTORAL". https://lyd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/TP-1512-ELECTORAL.pdf.
29. ↑ "Poder Bianchi: El padre, el hijo y los votos del sur". 28 November 2021. https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-domingo/noticia/poder-bianchi-el-padre-el-hijo-y-los-votos-del-sur/GE6DP4GS2RE47I5NCH4NH67X5Q/.
30. ↑ "José Antonio Kast, el conservador que promete restablecer el orden en Chile". 16 December 2021. https://www.dw.com/es/josé-antonio-kast-el-conservador-que-promete-restablecer-el-orden-en-chile/a-60146320.
31. ↑ "El dilema de la extraviada oposición ante la performance populista de Pamela Jiles". 16 April 2021. https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2021/04/16/el-dilema-de-la-extraviada-oposicion-ante-la-performance-populista-de-pamela-jiles/.
32. ↑ Ojeda y Poblete (2017): El Populismo de Izquierda como práctica política: potencialidades y límites . Revista Trama de debate teórico-político.
33. ↑ Revista FPP (2017): Ese extraño animal llamado populismo. Revista Frente Para el Progreso.
34. ↑ Gómez, P. (2017): Pistas para entender si el populismo amenaza a Chile. Plataforma de análisis político-liberal.
35. ↑ "La Lista del Pueblo, atrapada en su populismo". 2 August 2021. https://www.pauta.cl/la-acera-de-los-tontos/la-lista-del-pueblo-atrapada-en-su-populismo.
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53. ↑ "Populism in the United States: Timeline" (in en). 2020-12-14. https://www.history.com/topics/us-government-and-politics/populism-united-states-timeline.
54. ↑ Bridges, Tyler (12 July 2021). "Edwin Edwards, Louisiana populist who served 4 terms as governor and 8 years in prison, dies at 93" (in en). https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/news/politics/article_6c91c6a0-2bf2-11e9-b57a-0f28036ae840.html.
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216. ↑ Wallace, Abby; O'Sullivan, Sacha (2 September 2025). "Zack Polanski just rocked Britain’s Greens. Now for the hard part". https://www.politico.eu/article/zack-polanski-britain-green-party/.
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222. ↑ "Craig Kelly appointed leader of the United Australia Party". 23 August 2021. https://www.unitedaustraliaparty.org.au/craig-kelly-appointed-leader-of-the-united-australia-party/.
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232. ↑ Wilson, Cam (November 18, 2022). "Victorian Liberals are dog whistling to conspiracy theorists to win votes. It's not working". https://www.crikey.com.au/2022/11/18/victorian-liberals-matthew-guy-conspiracy-freedom-movement/.
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235. ↑ McLean, Gavin (15 June 2015). "Robert Muldoon Biography". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/robert-muldoon.
236. ↑ Moore, John (11 November 2016). "Political Roundup: Could anti-Establishment politics hit New Zealand?" (in en-NZ). The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11746493.
237. ↑ "At the 2023 election New Zealand will face the starkest choice between left and right in decades" (in en-GB). The Guardian. 17 November 2022. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/18/at-the-2023-election-new-zealand-will-face-the-starkest-choice-between-left-and-right-in-decades.
238. ↑ "Refusing to rule out working with Brian Tamaki, Luxon gives NZ's populist right a 'sniff of credibility'" (in en-nz). 26 August 2022. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/on-the-inside/473596/refusing-to-rule-out-working-with-brian-tamaki-luxon-gives-nz-s-populist-right-a-sniff-of-credibility.
239. ↑ Clifford, Joe: Breaking the Binary: The New Zealand National Party and Strategic Populism for Elite Ends, New Zealand Sociology 2022, Issue 37, No. 2, 26–37
240. ↑ Smith, Anneke (26 November 2024). "ACT wielding 'disproportionate' influence in government - David Seymour" (in en-NZ). Radio New Zealand. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/534800/act-wielding-disproportionate-influence-in-government-david-seymour.

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