Quaternion group

Short description: Non-abelian group of order eight

Quaternion group multiplication table (simplified form)  | 1 | i | j | k

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1 | 1 | i | j | k
i | i | −1 | k | −j
j | j | −k | −1 | i
k | k | j | −i | −1
Algebraic structure → Group theory
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* e

Cycle diagram of Q8. Each color specifies a series of powers of any element connected to the identity element e = 1. For example, the cycle in red reflects the fact that i2 = e, i3 = i and i4 = e. The red cycle also reflects that i2 = e, i3 = i and i4 = e.

In group theory, the quaternion group Q8 (sometimes just denoted by Q) is a non-abelian group of order eight, isomorphic to the eight-element subset {1,i,j,k,−1,−i,−j,−k} of the quaternions under multiplication. It is given by the group presentation

Q8=⟨e¯,i,j,k∣e¯2=e,i2=j2=k2=ijk=e¯⟩,

where e is the identity element and e commutes with the other elements of the group. These relations, discovered by W. R. Hamilton, also generate the quaternions as an algebra over the real numbers.

Another presentation of Q8 is

Q8=⟨a,b∣a4=e,a2=b2,ba=a−1b⟩.

Like many other finite groups, it can be realized as the Galois group of a certain field of algebraic numbers.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Compared to dihedral group
* 2 Cayley table
* 3 Properties
* 4 Matrix representations
* 5 Galois group
* 6 Generalized quaternion group
* 7 See also
* 8 Notes
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Compared to dihedral group

The quaternion group Q8 has the same order as the dihedral group D4, but a different structure, as shown by their Cayley and cycle graphs:

| Q8 | D4

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Cayley graph |
Red arrows connect g→gi, green connect g→gj.  |
Cycle graph |  |

In the diagrams for D4, the group elements are marked with their action on a letter F in the defining representation R2. The same cannot be done for Q8, since it has no faithful representation in R2 or R3. D4 can be realized as a subset of the split-quaternions in the same way that Q8 can be viewed as a subset of the quaternions.

## Cayley table

The Cayley table (multiplication table) for Q8 is given by:[2]

× | e | e | i | i | j | j | k | k

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e  | e | e | i | i | j | j | k | k
e | e | e | i | i | j | j | k | k
i  | i | i | e | e | k | k | j | j
i | i | i | e | e | k | k | j | j
j  | j | j | k | k | e | e | i | i
j | j | j | k | k | e | e | i | i
k  | k | k | j | j | i | i | e | e
k | k | k | j | j | i | i | e | e

## Properties

The elements i, j, and k all have order four in Q8 and any two of them generate the entire group. Another presentation of Q8[3] based in only two elements to skip this redundancy is:

⟨x,y∣x4=1,x2=y2,y−1xy=x−1⟩.

For instance, writing the group elements in lexicographically minimal normal forms, one may identify:

> {e,e¯,i,i¯,j,j¯,k,k¯}↔{e,x2,x,x3,y,x2y,xy,x3y}.

The quaternion group has the unusual property of being Hamiltonian: Q8 is non-abelian, but every subgroup is normal.[4] Every Hamiltonian group contains a copy of Q8.[5]

The quaternion group Q8 and the dihedral group D4 are the two smallest examples of a nilpotent non-abelian group.

The center and the commutator subgroup of Q8 is the subgroup {e,e¯}. The inner automorphism group of Q8 is given by the group modulo its center, i.e. the factor group Q8/{e,e¯}, which is isomorphic to the Klein four-group V. The full automorphism group of Q8 is isomorphic to S4, the symmetric group on four letters (see Matrix representations below), and the outer automorphism group of Q8 is thus S4/V, which is isomorphic to S3.

The quaternion group Q8 has five conjugacy classes, {e},{e¯},{i,i¯},{j,j¯},{k,k¯}, and so five irreducible representations over the complex numbers, with dimensions 1, 1, 1, 1, 2:

Trivial representation.

Sign representations with i, j, k-kernel: Q8 has three maximal normal subgroups: the cyclic subgroups generated by i, j, and k respectively. For each maximal normal subgroup N, we obtain a one-dimensional representation factoring through the 2-element quotient group G/N. The representation sends elements of N to 1, and elements outside N to −1.

2-dimensional representation: Described below in Matrix representations. It is not realizable over the real numbers, but is a complex representation: indeed, it is just the quaternions ℍ considered as an algebra over ℂ, and the action is that of left multiplication by Q8⊂ℍ.

The character table of Q8 turns out to be the same as that of D4:

Representation(ρ)/Conjugacy class | { e } | { e } | { i, i } | { j, j } | { k, k }

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Trivial representation | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1
Sign representation with i-kernel | 1 | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1
Sign representation with j-kernel | 1 | 1 | −1 | 1 | −1
Sign representation with k-kernel | 1 | 1 | −1 | −1 | 1
2-dimensional representation | 2 | −2 | 0 | 0 | 0

Nevertheless, all the irreducible characters χρ in the rows above have real values, this gives the decomposition of the real group algebra of G=Q8 into minimal two-sided ideals:

ℝ[Q8]=⨁ρ(eρ),

where the idempotents eρ∈ℝ[Q8] correspond to the irreducibles:

eρ=dim⁡(ρ)|G|∑g∈Gχρ(g−1)g,

so that

etriv=18(e+e¯+i+i¯+j+j¯+k+k¯)ei-ker=18(e+e¯+i+i¯−j−j¯−k−k¯)ej-ker=18(e+e¯−i−i¯+j+j¯−k−k¯)ek-ker=18(e+e¯−i−i¯−j−j¯+k+k¯)e2=28(2e−2e¯)=12(e−e¯)

Each of these irreducible ideals is isomorphic to a real central simple algebra, the first four to the real field ℝ. The last ideal (e2) is isomorphic to the skew field of quaternions ℍ by the correspondence:

12(e−e¯)⟷1,12(i−i¯)⟷i,12(j−j¯)⟷j,12(k−k¯)⟷k.

Furthermore, the projection homomorphism ℝ[Q8]->(e2)≅ℍ given by r↦re2 has kernel ideal generated by the idempotent:

e2⊥=e1+ei-ker+ej-ker+ek-ker=12(e+e¯),

so the quaternions can also be obtained as the quotient ring ℝ[Q8]/(e+e¯)≅ℍ. Note that this is irreducible as a real representation of Q8, but splits into two copies of the two-dimensional irreducible when extended to the complex numbers. Indeed, the complex group algebra is ℂ[Q8]≅ℂ⊕4⊕M2(ℂ), where M2(ℂ)≅ℍ⊗ℝℂ≅ℍ⊕ℍ is the algebra of biquaternions.

## Matrix representations

Multiplication table of quaternion group as a subgroup of SL(2,C). The entries are represented by sectors corresponding to their arguments: 1 (green), i (blue), −1 (red), −i (yellow).

The two-dimensional irreducible complex representation described above gives the quaternion group Q8 as a subgroup of the general linear group GL⁡(2,ℂ). The quaternion group is a multiplicative subgroup of the quaternion algebra:

ℍ=ℝ1+ℝi+ℝj+ℝk=ℂ1+ℂj,

which has a regular representation ρ:ℍ->M⁡(2,ℂ) by left multiplication on itself considered as a complex vector space with basis {1,j}, so that z∈ℍ corresponds to the ℂ-linear mapping ρz:a+jb↦z⋅(a+jb). The resulting representation

{ρ:Q8->GL⁡(2,ℂ)g⟼ρg

is given by:

e↦(1001)i↦(i00−i)j↦(0−110)k↦(0−i−i0)e‾↦(−100−1)i‾↦(−i00i)j‾↦(01−10)k‾↦(0ii0).

Since all of the above matrices have unit determinant, this is a representation of Q8 in the special linear group SL⁡(2,ℂ).[6]

A variant gives a representation by unitary matrices (table at right). Let g∈Q8 correspond to the linear mapping ρg:a+bj↦(a+bj)⋅jg−1j−1, so that ρ:Q8->SU⁡(2) is given by:

e↦(1001)i↦(i00−i)j↦(01−10)k↦(0ii0)e‾↦(−100−1)i‾↦(−i00i)j‾↦(0−110)k‾↦(0−i−i0).

It is worth noting that physicists exclusively use a different convention for the SU⁡(2) matrix representation to make contact with the usual Pauli matrices:

e↦(1001)=12×2i↦(0−i−i0)=−iσxj↦(0−110)=−iσyk↦(−i00i)=−iσze‾↦(−100−1)=−12×2i‾↦(0ii0)=iσxj‾↦(01−10)=iσyk‾↦(i00−i)=iσz.

This particular choice is convenient and elegant when one describes spin-1/2 states in the (J→2,Jz) basis and considers angular momentum ladder operators J±=Jx±iJy.

Multiplication table of the quaternion group as a subgroup of SL(2,3). The field elements are denoted 0, +, −.

There is also an important action of Q8 on the 2-dimensional vector space over the finite field 𝔽3={0,1,−1} (table at right). A modular representation ρ:Q8->SL⁡(2,3) is given by

e↦(1001)i↦(111−1)j↦(−1111)k↦(0−110)e‾↦(−100−1)i‾↦(−1−1−11)j‾↦(1−1−1−1)k‾↦(01−10).

This representation can be obtained from the extension field:

𝔽9=𝔽3[k]=𝔽31+𝔽3k,

where k2=−1 and the multiplicative group 𝔽9× has four generators, ±(k±1), of order 8. For each z∈𝔽9, the two-dimensional 𝔽3-vector space 𝔽9 admits a linear mapping:

{μz:𝔽9->𝔽9μz(a+bk)=z⋅(a+bk)

In addition we have the Frobenius automorphism ϕ(a+bk)=(a+bk)3 satisfying ϕ2=μ1 and ϕμz=μϕ(z)ϕ. Then the above representation matrices are:

ρ(e¯)=μ−1,ρ(i)=μk+1ϕ,ρ(j)=μk−1ϕ,ρ(k)=μk.

This representation realizes Q8 as a normal subgroup of GL(2, 3). Thus, for each matrix m∈GL⁡(2,3), we have a group automorphism

{ψm:Q8->Q8ψm(g)=mgm−1

with ψI=ψ−I=idQ8. In fact, these give the full automorphism group as:

Aut⁡(Q8)≅PGL⁡(2,3)=GL⁡(2,3)/{±I}≅S4.

This is isomorphic to the symmetric group S4 since the linear mappings m:𝔽32->𝔽32 permute the four one-dimensional subspaces of 𝔽32, i.e., the four points of the projective space ℙ1(𝔽3)=PG⁡(1,3).

Also, this representation permutes the eight non-zero vectors of 𝔽32, giving an embedding of Q8 in the symmetric group S8, in addition to the embeddings given by the regular representations.

## Galois group

Richard Dedekind considered the field ℚ[2,3] in attempting to relate the quaternion group to Galois theory.[7] In 1936 Ernst Witt published his approach to the quaternion group through Galois theory.[8]

In 1981, Richard Dean showed the quaternion group can be realized as the Galois group Gal(T/Q) where Q is the field of rational numbers and T is the splitting field of the polynomial

x8−72x6+180x4−144x2+36.

The development uses the fundamental theorem of Galois theory in specifying four intermediate fields between Q and T and their Galois groups, as well as two theorems on cyclic extension of degree four over a field.[1]

## Generalized quaternion group

A generalized quaternion group Q4n of order 4n is defined by the presentation[3]

⟨x,y∣x2n=y4=1,xn=y2,y−1xy=x−1⟩

for an integer n ≥ 2, with the usual quaternion group given by n = 2.[9] Coxeter calls Q4n the dicyclic group ⟨2,2,n⟩, a special case of the binary polyhedral group ⟨ℓ,m,n⟩ and related to the polyhedral group (p,q,r) and the dihedral group (2,2,n). The generalized quaternion group can be realized as the subgroup of GL2(ℂ) generated by

(ωn00ω‾n) and (0−110)

where ωn=eiπ/n.[3] It can also be realized as the subgroup of unit quaternions generated by[10] x=eiπ/n and y=j.

The generalized quaternion groups have the property that every abelian subgroup is cyclic.[11] It can be shown that a finite p-group with this property (every abelian subgroup is cyclic) is either cyclic or a generalized quaternion group as defined above.[12] Another characterization is that a finite p-group in which there is a unique subgroup of order p is either cyclic or a 2-group isomorphic to generalized quaternion group.[13] In particular, for a finite field F with odd characteristic, the 2-Sylow subgroup of SL2(F) is non-abelian and has only one subgroup of order 2, so this 2-Sylow subgroup must be a generalized quaternion group, (Gorenstein 1980). Letting pr be the size of F, where p is prime, the size of the 2-Sylow subgroup of SL2(F) is 2n, where n = ord2(p2 − 1) + ord2(r).

The Brauer–Suzuki theorem shows that the groups whose Sylow 2-subgroups are generalized quaternion cannot be simple.

Another terminology reserves the name "generalized quaternion group" for a dicyclic group of order a power of 2,[14] which admits the presentation

⟨x,y∣x2m=y4=1,x2m−1=y2,y−1xy=x−1⟩.

## See also

* 16-cell
* Binary tetrahedral group
* Clifford algebra
* Dicyclic group
* Hurwitz integral quaternion
* List of small groups

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dean, Richard (1981). "A Rational Polynomial whose Group is the Quaternions". The American Mathematical Monthly 88 (1): 42–45. doi:10.2307/2320711.
2. ↑ See also a table from Wolfram Alpha
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Johnson 1980, pp. 44-45
4. ↑ See Hall (1999), p. 190
5. ↑ See Kurosh (1979), p. 67
6. ↑ Artin 1991
7. ↑ Richard Dedekind (1887) "Konstrucktion der Quaternionkörpern", Ges. math. Werk II 376–84
8. ↑ Ernst Witt (1936) "Konstruktion von galoisschen Körpern..."Crelle's Journal 174: 237-45
9. ↑ Some authors (e.g., Rotman 1995, pp. 87, 351) refer to this group as the dicyclic group, reserving the name generalized quaternion group to the case where n is a power of 2.
10. ↑ Brown 1982, p. 98
11. ↑ Brown 1982, p. 101, exercise 1
12. ↑ Cartan & Eilenberg 1999, Theorem 11.6, p. 262
13. ↑ Brown 1982, Theorem 4.3, p. 99
14. ↑ Roman, Steven (2011). Fundamentals of Group Theory: An Advanced Approach. Springer. pp. 347–348. ISBN 9780817683016.

## References

* Artin, Michael (1991), Algebra, Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0-13-004763-2
* Brown (1982), Cohomology of groups (3rd ed.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90688-1
* Cartan, Henri; Eilenberg, Samuel (1999), Homological Algebra, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-04991-5
* Coxeter, H. S. M.; Moser, W. O. J. (1980). Generators and Relations for Discrete Groups. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-09212-9.
* Dean, Richard A. (1981) "A rational polynomial whose group is the quaternions", American Mathematical Monthly 88:42-5.
* Gorenstein, D. (1980), Finite Groups, New York: Chelsea, ISBN 978-0-8284-0301-6
* Johnson, David L. (1980), Topics in the theory of group presentations, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-23108-4
* Rotman, Joseph J. (1995), An introduction to the theory of groups (4th ed.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-94285-8
* P.R. Girard (1984) "The quaternion group and modern physics", European Journal of Physics 5:25-32.
* Hall, Marshall (1999), The theory of groups (2nd ed.), AMS Bookstore, ISBN 0-8218-1967-4
* Kurosh, Alexander G. (1979), Theory of Groups, AMS Bookstore, ISBN 0-8284-0107-1

## External links

* Weisstein, Eric W.. "Quaternion group". http://mathworld.wolfram.com/QuaternionGroup.html.
* Quaternion groups on GroupNames
* Quaternion group on GroupProps
* Conrad, Keith. "Generalized Quaternions"

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