State legislative special elections, 2023

* Congress elections
* U.S. Congress
* Congressional special elections
* State elections
* Ballot measures
* State executives
* State legislatures
* State legislature special elections
* State supreme courts
* Intermediate appellate courts
* Local elections
* Ballot measures
* Municipal government
* School boards
* Trial courts
* Political recalls
* Voter information
* Sample ballot
* Election calendar
* Election results
* Poll opening and closing times
* Voting policies

2024 →

<- 2022

2023 State Legislative
Special Elections

* * *

Special Elections Information
Causes • Partisan control • Elections by date • Historical data

* * *

Special elections by state

Alabama • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Massachusetts • Minnesota • Mississippi • New Hampshire • New York • Oklahoma • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • Tennessee • Texas • Virginia • Wisconsin

Special elections by territory
American Samoa
Other 2023 Election coverage
Filing deadlines • Statewide elections
State legislative elections
Gubernatorial elections • Ballot measures

In 2023, 53 state legislative special elections were scheduled in 21 states. Between 2011 and 2022, an average of 73 special elections took place each year. See the sections below for additional information on state legislative special elections in 2023.

1. Causes: This section provides information on why special elections are held.
2. Partisan control: This section provides information on the impact of special elections on the partisan composition of state legislatures.
3. Special elections by date: This section lists all special elections held in 2023 in the order they were held.
4. Historical data: This section contains data on special elections going back to 2010.

See also: State legislative elections, 2023 and Election results, 2023: State legislatures

## Contents

* 1 Causes
* 2 Partisan control
* 3 Noteworthy special elections
* 3.1 District 32
* 3.2 District 34
* 3.3 District 35
* 3.4 District 108
* 3.5 District 163
* 4 Special elections by date
* 5 Vacancies
* 5.1 Partisan breakdown of vacancies
* 6 Seats that changed party control
* 6.1 Flipped seats
* 6.1.1 Seats flipped from D to R
* 6.1.2 Seats flipped from R to D
* 7 Historical data
* 7.1 State breakdown by year
* 7.2 Partisan breakdown by year
* 7.3 Seats that changed partisan control by year
* 7.4 Days between vacancies and elections by year
* 8 See also
* 9 Footnotes

## Causes[edit]

In 2023, special elections for state legislative positions were held for the following reasons:

* 10 due to appointment, election, or the seeking of election to another position
* 32 due to resignation
* 9 due to the death of the incumbent
* 2 due to removal from office

## Partisan control[edit]

The partisan breakdown for the special elections was as follows:

* 33 Democratic seats
* 20 Republican seats

## Noteworthy special elections[edit]

* New Hampshire District Rockingham 1

See also: New Hampshire House of Representatives District Rockingham 1 special election, 2023

Hal Rafter (D) defeated James Guzofski (R) in the special election for New Hampshire House of Representatives District Rockingham 1 on September 19, 2023. The previous incumbent, Benjamin T. Bartlett IV (R), resigned on April 26, 2023, due to health concerns.[1]

The partisan composition on the day of the election was 198-196. Rafter's victory on the evening of September 19 brought the partisan composition to 198-197.

On August 13, 2023, the partisan composition of the New Hampshire House was 199 Republicans, 196 Democrats, two independents, and three vacancies. David Fracht (D) filled the first vacancy after being elected to Grafton 16 on August 22, bringing the partisan composition to 199-197 with two vacancies. Two additional House vacancies occurred when William Hatch (D) and Troy Merner (R) resigned on September 18 and 19, respectively.[2] Only one of the remaining three vacancies, Hillsborough 3, was scheduled for special election as of this writing on September 19. A Democratic victory in this district would bring the House's partisan composition to an even 198-198, while a Republican victory would result in a 199-197 split (with two independents and two vacancies).

Rafter was a partner for Waterline, an organization that provides river flow information for boaters and anglers. He previously worked for New Hampshire Housing for more than 35 years, and had served on the Nottingham School Board for eight years and the Nottingham Board of Selectmen for three years. Rafter said, "This election is important because the outcome could result in a NH House that is divided equally between Democrats and Republicans. ... If you are concerned about Republican attacks on education, women’s rights, voting rights, and their lack of attention to climate change, this election can make a difference."[3]

Guzofski was a Northwood selectman and a chaplain for the Northwood Fire Department. He had been in the ministry for 34 years. Guzofski said, "I have been elected twice to the office of selectman in Northwood dedicated to keep your taxes low. As selectman I have implemented plans for better communication between town officials and you. ... For years I have served our Nottingham and Northwood community, fighting for your needs in town."[4]

In 2020, former President Donald Trump (R) carried Rockingham 1 49.1% to 48.7%.[5] In 2022, U.S. Sen. Maggie Hassan (D) won the district 50% to 48%, while Democrats lost one of the district's three state House seats by 10 votes.[5] Heading into the election, New Hampshire had been a Republican trifecta since 2020. If Democrats won all three special elections, the state House would have split and New Hampshire's trifecta status would become divided. The state would remain a Republican trifecta if Democrats did not win all three special elections.

#### General election

##### Special general election for New Hampshire House of Representatives Rockingham 1

Hal Rafter defeated James Guzofski in the special general election for New Hampshire House of Representatives Rockingham 1 on September 19, 2023.

Candidate

Votes

|
|
|

| Hal Rafter (D) |

55.9

| 1,571

| James Guzofski (R) |

44.1

| 1,240

* * *

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

| Total votes: 2,811

|
|

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

* Pennsylvania House of Representatives (February 7)

See also: Pennsylvania House of Representatives special elections (February 7, 2023)

On May 16, 2023, Republicans won a special election in House District 108, while Democrats won a special election in House District 163, and as a result, Democrats maintained a majority in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. The results of these elections determined majority control of the chamber.

Michael Stender (R) defeated Trevor Finn (D) and Elijah Scretching (L) in District 108 with 70% of the vote to Finn's 26% and Scretching's 4%. Heather Boyd (D) defeated Katie Ford (R) and Alfe Goodwin (L) in District 163 with 60% of the vote to Ford's 39% and Goodwin's 1%. Following the new members' swearing in, partisan control of the chamber would be 102 Democrats to 101 Republicans.

Pennsylvania House Democrats won 102 districts to Republicans' 101 as a result of the 2022 elections. Three Democratic representatives left office after those elections, giving Republicans a functional 101-99 seat majority to start the 2023 legislative session. Democratic candidates then won special elections in all three vacant districts on February 7, 2023, giving the party a majority. Zabel's resignation reduced the majority by one. Click here to view a chart listing the key events affecting the partisan control of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives since October 2022.

Stender defeated Finn and Scretching in District 108 to succeed Lynda Schlegel Culver (R), who resigned on February 28, 2023, after she won a special election in the Pennsylvania State Senate.[6] Finn was elected to the Montour County commission in 2004.[7] He said his campaign platforms were "economic development, [advancing] the cause of all citizens, and protecting our small town heritage."[8] Stender was elected as an at-large member of the Shikellamy School Board in 2021.[9] Stender's campaign website said, "he supports American energy independence, backs our workers and small businesses and works to bring fiscal responsibility to state government."[10] As of the election, Scretching was a U.S. Marine Corps veteran. He said, "I love my family, my state, and my country, and I’m ready to continue serving."[11]

Boyd defeated Ford and Goodwin to succeed Michael Zabel (D) — who resigned on March 16, 2023 — in District 163.[12] Boyd worked as the district director for U.S. Rep. Mary Gay Scanlon (D) and said she was running "to make sure that every person and family in our district gets the resources and representation they deserve. ... [I] will fight for laws and budgets that serve the district."[13] Ford was a special needs instructor and said one of her priorities "will be to fight for the increased funding needed to properly educate our children, including those with special needs. ... Public safety, adequate funding, and training for law enforcement will also be a top priority."[14] Goodwin previously worked as a police officer, was a brigade command chaplain, and founded Follow Your Bliss LLC.[15] She said, "This is a wonderful opportunity for voters to take a second look and re-consider not only who we vote for but why we vote in the first place."[11]

According to CNalysis, in the 2020 presidential election under current district boundaries, Donald Trump (R) would have received 65% of the vote in District 108, while Joe Biden (D) would have received 62% of the vote in District 163.[16]

### District 32[edit]

#### General election

##### Special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 32

Joe McAndrew defeated Clay Walker in the special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 32 on February 7, 2023.

Candidate

Votes

|
|
|

| Joe McAndrew (D) |

75.0

| 9,604

Submit photo

| Clay Walker (R) |

25.0

| 3,195

* * *

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

| Total votes: 12,799

|
|

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

### District 34[edit]

#### General election

##### Special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 34

Abigail Salisbury defeated Robert Pagane in the special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 34 on February 7, 2023.

Candidate

Votes

|
|
|

| Abigail Salisbury (D) |

87.9

| 10,282

| Robert Pagane (R) |

12.1

| 1,416

* * *

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

| Total votes: 11,698

|
|

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

#### Withdrawn or disqualified candidates

* Bhavini Patel (D)

### District 35[edit]

#### General election

##### Special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 35

Matthew Gergely defeated Donald Nevills in the special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 35 on February 7, 2023.

Candidate

Votes

|
|
|

| Matthew Gergely (D) |

74.7

| 6,792

| Donald Nevills (R) |

25.3

| 2,302

* * *

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

| Total votes: 9,094

|
|

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

* Pennsylvania House of Representatives (May 16)

See also: Pennsylvania House of Representatives special elections (May 16, 2023)

On May 16, 2023, Republicans won a special election in House District 108, while Democrats won a special election in House District 163, and as a result, Democrats maintained a majority in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives. The results of these elections determined majority control of the chamber.

Michael Stender (R) defeated Trevor Finn (D) and Elijah Scretching (L) in District 108 with 70% of the vote to Finn's 26% and Scretching's 4%. Heather Boyd (D) defeated Katie Ford (R) and Alfe Goodwin (L) in District 163 with 60% of the vote to Ford's 39% and Goodwin's 1%. Following the new members' swearing in, partisan control of the chamber would be 102 Democrats to 101 Republicans.

Pennsylvania House Democrats won 102 districts to Republicans' 101 as a result of the 2022 elections. Three Democratic representatives left office after those elections, giving Republicans a functional 101-99 seat majority to start the 2023 legislative session. Democratic candidates then won special elections in all three vacant districts on February 7, 2023, giving the party a majority. Zabel's resignation reduced the majority by one. Click here to view a chart listing the key events affecting the partisan control of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives since October 2022.

Stender defeated Finn and Scretching in District 108 to succeed Lynda Schlegel Culver (R), who resigned on February 28, 2023, after she won a special election in the Pennsylvania State Senate.[17] Finn was elected to the Montour County commission in 2004.[18] He said his campaign platforms were "economic development, [advancing] the cause of all citizens, and protecting our small town heritage."[19] Stender was elected as an at-large member of the Shikellamy School Board in 2021.[20] Stender's campaign website said, "he supports American energy independence, backs our workers and small businesses and works to bring fiscal responsibility to state government."[21] As of the election, Scretching was a U.S. Marine Corps veteran. He said, "I love my family, my state, and my country, and I’m ready to continue serving."[11]

Boyd defeated Ford and Goodwin to succeed Michael Zabel (D) — who resigned on March 16, 2023 — in District 163.[22] Boyd worked as the district director for U.S. Rep. Mary Gay Scanlon (D) and said she was running "to make sure that every person and family in our district gets the resources and representation they deserve. ... [I] will fight for laws and budgets that serve the district."[13] Ford was a special needs instructor and said one of her priorities "will be to fight for the increased funding needed to properly educate our children, including those with special needs. ... Public safety, adequate funding, and training for law enforcement will also be a top priority."[14] Goodwin previously worked as a police officer, was a brigade command chaplain, and founded Follow Your Bliss LLC.[23] She said, "This is a wonderful opportunity for voters to take a second look and re-consider not only who we vote for but why we vote in the first place."[11]

According to CNalysis, in the 2020 presidential election under current district boundaries, Donald Trump (R) would have received 65% of the vote in District 108, while Joe Biden (D) would have received 62% of the vote in District 163.[24]

### District 108[edit]

#### General election

##### Special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108

Michael Stender defeated Trevor Finn and Elijah Scretching in the special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 108 on May 16, 2023.

Candidate

Votes

|
|
|

| Michael Stender (R) |

58.4

| 6,600

| Trevor Finn (D) |

38.2

| 4,318

| Elijah Scretching (L) |

3.5

| 393

* * *

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

| Total votes: 11,311

|
|

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

### District 163[edit]

#### General election

##### Special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163

Heather Boyd defeated Katie Ford and Alfe Goodwin in the special general election for Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 163 on May 16, 2023.

Candidate

Votes

|
|
|

| Heather Boyd (D) |

60.2

| 9,415

| Katie Ford (R) |

38.6

| 6,040

| Alfe Goodwin (L) |

1.2

| 194

* * *

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

| Total votes: 15,649

|
|

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

* Virginia State Senate District 7

See also: Virginia State Senate District 7 special election, 2023

Aaron Rouse (D) defeated Kevin Adams (R) in the January 10, 2023, special general election for Virginia State Senate District 7. Rouse's victory gave Democrats a 22-18 majority in the state Senate.[25] The special election was called after the previous incumbent, Sen. Jennifer Kiggans (R), resigned on November 15, 2022, after being elected to represent Virginia's 2nd Congressional District.[26]

Going into the election, Democrats had a 21-18 majority in the state Senate (with the District 7 vacancy). According to Daily Kos' David Nir, District 7 "has been very swingy: In 2019, Kiggans won it by less than one point, while Joe Biden carried it by 10 points the following year, only to see [Glenn] Youngkin prevail by 4 points in 2021."[27]

At the time of the election, Rouse, a former NFL player, had been an at-large member of the Virginia Beach City Council since 2018. Rouse said, “So much is at stake in this upcoming election, from a woman’s fundamental right to choose, which I will fiercely defend, to the efforts that will set us back on voting rights, to addressing climate change, protecting the Chesapeake Bay and waterways, to criminal justice reform.”[28] Rouse listed education as his top priority, including raising teacher salaries and expanding access to preschool.[29] Rouse also listed the economy, healthcare, and public safety as priorities.[29]

At the time of the election, Adams was a retired U.S. Navy lieutenant commander who founded and operated a handyman business. Adams said he will "continue working to pass Governor Glenn Youngkin’s pro-veteran agenda, cut taxes, ease regulations, keep our communities safe, and make it easier for small business owners like me to get started and stay in business.”[30] Adams' platform included working to improve education and workforce training, supporting veterans, lowering gas, grocery, and sales taxes, and growing "school funding while shrinking the power of left-wing idealogues."[31]

#### General election

##### Special general election for Virginia State Senate District 7

Incumbent Aaron Rouse defeated Kevin Adams in the special general election for Virginia State Senate District 7 on January 10, 2023.

Candidate

Votes

|
|
|

| Aaron Rouse (D) |

50.8

| 19,923

| Kevin Adams (R) |

49.1

| 19,227
|  | Other/Write-in votes|

0.1

| 34

* * *

Incumbents are bolded and underlined. The results have been certified. Source

| Total votes: 39,184

|
|

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

* Wisconsin State Senate District 8

See also: Wisconsin State Senate District 8 special election, 2023

Daniel Knodl (R) defeated Jodi Habush Sinykin (D) in the special general election for Wisconsin Senate District 8 on April 4, 2023. Republicans regained a supermajority in the state Senate after Knodl won the election. As of the election, a party with a two-thirds supermajority in the Senate could suspend Senate rules and impeach state officials.[32]

Republicans represented the district since 1993, following Alberta Darling's (R) election in 1992. Republicans gained a supermajority in 2022. Darling's December 1, 2022, retirement reduced Senate Republicans' 22-member supermajority to a 21-member majority.[33]

Habush Sinykin was an environmental lawyer and textile mill owner. Her campaign website said, "Jodi is running on the issues that actually matter to the people of the 8th Senate District: keeping good paying jobs here in Wisconsin, ensuring public safety, and protecting a woman's right to [choose]."[34]

Knodl owned a lakeside resort and had served as a member of the Wisconsin Assembly since 2009. He represented District 24. Knodl's campaign website said, "My priority is to help keep our communities safe and thriving and make sure state government is working efficiently for the people."[35]

During redistricting, the 8th District was redrawn to include portions of Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Washington, and Waukesha counties. Before redistricting, the district leaned 54% Republican.

#### General election

##### Special general election for Wisconsin State Senate District 8

Daniel Knodl defeated Jodi Habush Sinykin in the special general election for Wisconsin State Senate District 8 on April 4, 2023.

Candidate

Votes

|
|
|

| Daniel Knodl (R) |

50.8

| 38,492

| Jodi Habush Sinykin (D) |

49.1

| 37,200
|  | Other/Write-in votes|

0.1

| 59

* * *

There were no incumbents in this race. The results have been certified. Source

| Total votes: 75,751

|
|

= candidate completed the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection survey.
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey.

Do you want a spreadsheet of this type of data? Contact our sales team.

## Special elections by date[edit]

2023 state legislative special elections

Office  | Former incumbent  | Filing deadline  | Primary election date  | General election date
Georgia House District 7 | David Ralston (R)  | December 7, 2022  | N/A  | January 3, 2023
Mississippi House District 23 | Charles Jim Beckett (R)  | November 21, 2022  | N/A  | January 10, 2023
Virginia House District 24 | Ronnie Campbell (R)  | December 22, 2022  | N/A[36] | January 10, 2023
Virginia House District 35 | Mark Keam (D)  | November 14, 2022  | N/A[36] | January 10, 2023
Virginia State Senate District 7 | Jennifer Kiggans (R)  | November 21, 2022  | N/A[36] | January 10, 2023
Georgia State Senate District 11 | Dean Burke (R)  | December 30, 2022  | N/A  | January 31, 2023
Georgia House District 172 | Sam Watson (R)  | December 30, 2022  | N/A  | January 31, 2023
Georgia House District 119 | Danny Rampey (R)  | January 5, 2023  | N/A  | January 31, 2023
Pennsylvania State Senate District 27 | John Gordner (R)  | December 12, 2022  | N/A  | January 31, 2023
Pennsylvania House District 32 | Anthony DeLuca (D)  | December 19, 2022  | N/A  | February 7, 2023
Pennsylvania House District 34 | Summer Lee (D)  | December 19, 2022  | N/A  | February 7, 2023
Pennsylvania House District 35 | Austin Davis (D)  | December 19, 2022  | N/A  | February 7, 2023
Kentucky State Senate District 19 | Morgan McGarvey (D)  | January 3, 2023  | N/A  | February 21, 2023
New Hampshire House Strafford District 8 | Donna Ellis (D)  | N/A[37] | N/A  | February 21, 2023
Connecticut House of Representatives District 6 | Edwin Vargas (D)  | January 23, 2023
February 14, 2023 (write-in)  | N/A  | February 28, 2023
Connecticut House of Representatives District 100 | Quentin Williams (D)  | January 23, 2023
February 14, 2023 (write-in)  | N/A  | February 28, 2023
Connecticut House of Representatives District 148 | Dan Fox (D)  | January 23, 2023
February 14, 2023 (write-in)  | N/A  | February 28, 2023
Tennessee House District 86 | Barbara Cooper (D)  | December 15, 2022  | January 24, 2023  | March 14, 2023
Georgia House District 75 | Mike Glanton (D)  | February 3, 2023  | N/A  | March 21, 2023
Louisiana House District 93 | Royce Duplessis (D)  | January 13, 2023  | February 18, 2023  | March 25, 2023
Virginia State Senate District 9 | Jennifer McClellan (D)  | February 27, 2023  | N/A  | March 28, 2023
Wisconsin State Senate District 8 | Alberta Darling (R)  | January 3, 2023  | February 21, 2023  | April 4, 2023
Florida House District 24 | Joe Harding (R)  | January 10, 2023  | March 7, 2023  | May 16, 2023
Georgia House District 68 | Tish Naghise (D)  | April 5, 2023  | N/A  | May 16, 2023
Kentucky State Senate District 28 | Ralph Alvarado (R)  | March 28, 2023
April 18, 2023 (write-in)  | N/A  | May 16, 2023
New Hampshire House Hillsborough District 3 | Stacie-Marie Laughton (D)  | January 27, 2023  | March 28, 2023  | May 16, 2023
Pennsylvania House District 108 | Lynda Schlegel Culver (R)  | March 27, 2023  | N/A  | May 16, 2023
Pennsylvania House District 163 | Michael Zabel (D)  | March 27, 2023  | N/A  | May 16, 2023
Massachusetts House District Suffolk 9 | Jon Santiago (D)  | March 21, 2023  | May 2, 2023  | May 30, 2023
Massachusetts House District Suffolk 10 | Edward Coppinger (D)  | March 21, 2023  | May 2, 2023  | May 30, 2023
Maine House District 45 | Clinton Collamore, Sr. (D)  | February 15, 2023  | N/A  | June 13, 2023
Wisconsin Assembly District 24 | Daniel Knodl (R)  | May 23, 2023  | June 20, 2023  | July 18, 2023
Tennessee House District 52 | Justin Jones (D)  | May 4, 2023  | June 15, 2023  | August 3, 2023
Tennessee House District 86 | Justin Pearson (D)  | May 4, 2023  | June 15, 2023  | August 3, 2023
Tennessee House District 3 | Scotty Campbell (R)  | May 11, 2023  | June 22, 2023  | August 3, 2023
New Hampshire House Grafton District 16 | Joshua Adjutant (D)  | June 23, 2023  | N/A  | August 22, 2023
Virginia House District 6 | Jeffrey Campbell (R)  | August 9, 2023  | N/A  | August 29, 2023
New York Assembly District 27 | Daniel Rosenthal (D)  | N/A  | N/A  | September 12, 2023
Tennessee House District 51 | Bill Beck (D)  | June 22, 2023  | August 3, 2023  | September 14, 2023
New Hampshire House Rockingham District 1 | Benjamin T. Bartlett IV (R)  | September 9, 2023  | August 1, 2023  | September 19, 2023
Pennsylvania House District 21 | Sara Innamorato (D)  | July 24, 2023  | N/A  | September 19, 2023
Alabama House 55 | Fred Plump (D)  | July 25, 2023 (major party)
September 26, 2023 (minor party and independent)  | N/A  | September 26, 2023[38]
Kentucky House of Representatives District 93 | Lamin Swann (D)  | September 19, 2023
October 10, 2023 (write-in)  | N/A  | November 7, 2023
Maine House of Representatives District 50 | Sean Paulhus (D)  | September 1, 2023
September 6, 2023 (write-in)  | N/A  | November 7, 2023
Massachusetts State Senate Worcester & Hampshire District | Anne Gobi (D)  | August 29, 2023  | October 10, 2023  | November 7, 2023
South Carolina State Senate District 42 | Marlon Kimpson (D)  | July 15, 2023  | September 5, 2023  | November 7, 2023
Rhode Island State Senate District 1 | Maryellen Goodwin (D)  | July 28, 2023  | September 5, 2023  | November 7, 2023
Texas House District 2 | Bryan Slaton (R)  | September 6, 2023  | N/A  | November 7, 2023
New Hampshire House Hillsborough District 3 | David Cote (D)  | July 28, 2023  | September 19, 2023  | November 7, 2023
Florida House District 118 | Juan Fernandez-Barquin (R)  | August 10, 2023  | October 3, 2023  | December 5, 2023
Minnesota House District 52B | Ruth Richardson (D)  | September 19, 2023  | November 16, 2023  | December 5, 2023
Oklahoma Senate District 32 | John Montgomery (R)  | August 2, 2023  | October 10, 2023  | December 12, 2023
Delaware House District 37 | Ruth Briggs King (R)  | November 27, 2023  | N/A  | December 21, 2023

## Vacancies[edit]

### Partisan breakdown of vacancies[edit]

See also: State legislative vacancies, 2023

In 2023, there were 155 state legislative vacancies in 44 states.

The process for filling vacancies varies among the state legislatures. Twenty-five states fill vacancies in the state legislature through special elections. Twenty-one states fill vacancies through appointments, and four states fill vacancies through a hybrid system that uses both appointments and special elections. The most common reasons for a state legislative vacancy include officeholders resigning, dying, leaving for a new job, being elected or appointed to a different office, or receiving a legal conviction.

The table below details the partisan breakdown for state legislative vacancies in 2023. The number on the left reflects how many vacant seats were originally held by each party, while the number on the right shows how many vacant seats each party held after the special elections and appointments took place.

Partisan breakdown of the vacancies (2023)

Party  | As of vacancy  | After vacancy
| Democratic Party | 85 | 87
| Republican Party | 68 | 68
| Independent  | 2 | 0
Total | 155 | 155

## Seats that changed party control[edit]

The table below details how many seats changed parties as the result of a special election in 2023. The number on the left reflects how many vacant seats were originally held by each party, while the number on the right shows how many vacant seats each party won in the special elections.

Note: This table reflects information for elections that were held and not the total number of vacant seats.

Partisan Change from Special Elections (2023)

Party  | As of Special Election  | After Special Election
| Democratic Party | 33  | 33
| Republican Party | 20  | 20
| Independent  | 0  | 0
Total | 53 | 53

### Flipped seats[edit]

In 2023, four seats flipped as a result of state legislative special elections.

#### Seats flipped from D to R[edit]

* Maine House of Representatives District 45 (June 13)
* Massachusetts State Senate Worcester & Hampshire District (November 8)

#### Seats flipped from R to D[edit]

* Virginia State Senate District 7 (January 10)
* New Hampshire House of Representatives District Rockingham 1 (September 19)

## Historical data[edit]

### State breakdown by year[edit]

The table below details how many state legislative special elections were held in a state in a given year. From 2010 to 2024, Georgia held the most state legislative special elections with 82. Pennsylvania held the second-most special elections with 69.

### Partisan breakdown by year[edit]

The average number of special elections per even year between 2011 and 2024 (2012, 2014, 2016, 2018, 2020, 2022, and 2024) was 59, while the average per odd year was 80. The most special elections in a single year during that same time frame was 99, which happened in 2018.

The table below details how many state legislative seats changed parties as the result of a special election between 2011 and 2024. The numbers on the left side of the table reflect how many vacant seats were originally held by each party, while the numbers on the right side of the table show how many vacant seats each party won in special elections.

State legislative special election vacancies and results, 2011-2024

Year  | Total elections held  | Vacancies before elections  | Seats held after elections  | Net change
Democrats  |  Republicans  | Minor party  |  Democrats  |  Republicans  | Minor party
2024 | 52 | 26 | 26 | 0 | 29 | 23 | 0 | +3 D, -3 R
2023 | 53 | 33 | 20 | 0 | 33 | 20 | 0 | \-
2022 | 54 | 36 | 18 | 0 | 36 | 18 | 0 | \-
2021 | 66 | 33 | 33 | 0 | 33 | 33 | 0 | \-
2020 | 59 | 21 | 38 | 0 | 27 | 32 | 0 | +6 D, -6 R
2019 | 77 | 39 | 38 | 0 | 36 | 40 | 1 | -3 D, +2 R, +1 I
2018 | 99 | 42 | 57 | 0 | 50 | 49 | 0 | +8 D, -8 R
2017 | 98 | 45 | 53 | 0 | 56 | 42 | 0 | +11 D, -11 R
2016* | 65 | 37 | 28 | 0 | 39 | 24 | 2 | +2 D, -4 R
2015* | 89 | 42 | 46 | 1 | 38 | 50 | 1 | -4 D, +4 R
2014 | 40 | 22 | 18 | 0 | 19 | 21 | 0 | -3 D, +3 R
2013 | 84 | 51 | 33 | 0 | 48 | 36 | 0 | -3 D, +3 R
2012 | 46 | 23 | 23 | 0 | 25 | 21 | 0 | +2 D, -2 R
2011* | 95 | 49 | 45 | 1 | 46 | 48 | 1 | -3 D, +3 R
Averages | 70 | 36 | 34 | N/A | 37 | 33 | N/A | N/A
*Please see the year-specific pages for information regarding minor-party candidates.

### Seats that changed partisan control by year[edit]

See also: State legislative special election changes in party control since 2010

Current as of January 17, 2025 (updated annually)
Since 2010, 121 state legislative seats have switched partisan control, or flipped, in special elections. The chart below shows the number of special elections that resulted in partisan changes in each year:

Flipped seats in state legislative special elections

Year  | Total special elections  | Total flips  | Democratic flips  | Republican flips  | Other flips
2024 | 52 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 0
2023 | 53 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0
2022 | 54 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0
2021 | 66 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 0
2020 | 59 | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0
2019 | 77 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 1
2018 | 99 | 16 | 12 | 4 | 0
2017 | 98 | 17 | 14 | 3 | 0
2016 | 65 | 9 | 5 | 2 | 2
2015 | 89 | 16 | 5 | 9 | 2
2014 | 40 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0
2013 | 84 | 7 | 1 | 6 | 0
2012 | 46 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 0
2011 | 95 | 11 | 4 | 6 | 1
2010 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0
Total | 1,007 | 121 | 66 | 49 | 6

Click here to see a list of all state legislative seats that have changed partisan control in special elections since 2010|

|

|  | State legislative seats that flipped in special elections

State (abbr.)  | Chamber  | District  | Year  | Party that gained seat  | Party of incumbent who vacated seat  | Party of winner in most recent election  | Party of winner in second most recent election  | Party of winner in third most recent election
AL | House | Alabama House of Representatives District 10 | 2024 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
FL | House | Florida House of Representatives District 35 | 2024 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives District Coos 6 | 2024 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
ND | Senate | North Dakota State Senate District 9 | 2024 | Democratic | Republican |  |  |
ND | House | North Dakota House of Representatives District 9 | 2024 | Democratic | Republican |  |  |
MA | Senate | Massachusetts State Senate Worcester & Hampshire District | 2023 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic |  |
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives District Rockingham 1 | 2023 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Democratic
ME | House | Maine House of Representatives District 45 | 2023 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
VA | Senate | Virginia State Senate District 7 | 2023 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
MT | Senate | Montana State Senate District 39 | 2022 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
MI | House | Michigan House of Representatives District 74 | 2022 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
CT | Senate | Connecticut State Senate District 36 | 2021 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Republican
IA | House | Iowa House of Representatives District 29 | 2021 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
TX | House | Texas House of Representatives District 118 | 2021 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives Hillsborough 7 | 2021 | Democratic | Republican | Republican |  |
ME | House | Maine House of Representatives District 86 | 2021 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
MA | House | Massachusetts House of Representatives Fourth Essex District | 2021 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
KY | House | Kentucky House of Representatives District 99 | 2020 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives Merrimack 24 District | 2020 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
MA | Senate | Massachusetts State Senate Second Hampden & Hampshire District | 2020 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
MA | Senate | Massachusetts State Senate Plymouth & Barnstable District | 2020 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
MA | House | Massachusetts House of Representatives Third Bristol District | 2020 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
KY | Senate | Kentucky State Senate District 26 | 2020 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
SC | House | South Carolina House of Representatives District 115 | 2020 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
OR | Senate | Oregon State Senate District 10 | 2020 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
NJ | Senate | New Jersey State Senate District 1  | 2019 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
MO | House | Missouri House of Representatives District 99 | 2019 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
PA | Senate | Pennsylvania State Senate District 37 | 2019 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Democratic
LA | House | Louisiana House of Representatives District 62 | 2019 | Independent | Republican | Republican | Republican |
KY | Senate | Kentucky State Senate District 31 | 2019 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
CT | House | Connecticut House of Representatives District 99 | 2019 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
CT | Senate | Connecticut State Senate District 6  | 2019 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
MN | Senate | Minnesota State Senate District 11 | 2019 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
WI | Senate | Wisconsin State Senate District 10 | 2018 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
MO | House | Missouri House of Representatives District 97 | 2018 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
FL | House | Florida House of Representatives District 72 | 2018 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
KY | House | Kentucky House of Representatives District 49 | 2018 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Republican
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives District Belknap 3 | 2018 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
CT | House | Connecticut House of Representatives District 120 | 2018 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
NY | House | New York State Assembly District 10 | 2018 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
PA | House | Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 178 | 2018 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
MO | Senate | Missouri State Senate District 17 | 2018 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican |
WI | Senate | Wisconsin State Senate District 1 | 2018 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican |
SC | Senate | South Carolina State Senate District 20 | 2018 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican |
TX | House | Texas House of Representatives District 52 | 2018 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
PA | House | Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 48 | 2018 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
TX | Senate | Texas State Senate District 19 | 2018 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
LA | House | Louisiana House of Representatives District 10 | 2018 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
LA | House | Louisiana House of Representatives District 33 | 2018 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
LA | House | Louisiana House of Representatives District 42 | 2017 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
MS | Senate | Mississippi State Senate District 10 | 2017 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
MA | Senate | Massachusetts State Senate Worcester & Middlesex District | 2017 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives District Carroll 6 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
NY | House | New York State Assembly District 9 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
OK | Senate | Oklahoma State Senate District 44 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican |
OK | House | Oklahoma House of Representatives District 75 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives District Belknap 9 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Democratic
OK | House | Oklahoma House of Representatives District 46 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives District Rockingham 4 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
FL | Senate | Florida State Senate District 40 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives District Hillsborough 15 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
GA | House | Georgia House of Representatives District 117 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
GA | House | Georgia House of Representatives District 119 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
WA | Senate | Washington State Senate District 45 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican |
OK | Senate | Oklahoma State Senate District 37 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican |
GA | Senate | Georgia State Senate District 6 | 2017 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
OK | Senate | Oklahoma State Senate District 34 | 2016 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican |
MN | House | Minnesota House of Representatives District 50B | 2016 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
MA | House | Massachusetts House of Representatives Twelfth Essex District | 2016 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Democratic
KY | House | Kentucky House of Representatives District 62 | 2016 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican |
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives District Rockingham 21 | 2016 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Democratic |
NY | Senate | New York State Senate District 9 | 2016 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican |
TX | House | Texas House of Representatives District 120 | 2016 | Independent | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
LA | House | Louisiana House of Representatives District 85 | 2016 | Independent | Republican | Republican | Republican |
CT | House | Connecticut House of Representatives District 90 | 2016 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
VA | House | Virginia House of Delegates District 34 | 2015 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican |
CT | Senate | Connecticut State Senate District 23 | 2015 | Working Families | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
KY | Senate | Kentucky State Senate District 27 | 2015 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
PA | House | Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 170 | 2015 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
MS | House | Mississippi House of Representatives District 45 | 2015 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
NY | House | New York State Assembly District 43 | 2015 | Working Families | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
GA | House | Georgia House of Representatives District 80 | 2015 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
PA | House | Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 161 | 2015 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
OK | House | Oklahoma House of Representatives District 85 | 2015 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
GA | Senate | Georgia State Senate District 43 | 2015 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
ME | House | Maine House of Representatives District 19 | 2015 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
ME | House | Maine House of Representatives District 23 | 2015 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Republican |
MO | House | Missouri House of Representatives District 29 | 2015 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican | Republican
TX | House | Texas House of Representatives District 118 | 2015 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
PA | Senate | Pennsylvania State Senate District 37 | 2015 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
WA | House | Washington House of Representatives District 30b | 2015 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
AR | Senate | Arkansas State Senate District 21 | 2014 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
VA | House | Virginia House of Delegates District 100 | 2014 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
MA | House | Massachusetts House of Representatives Fourth Hampden District | 2014 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican |
CT | House | Connecticut House of Representatives District 61 | 2014 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
VA | Senate | Virginia State Senate District 38 | 2014 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
MA | House | Massachusetts House of Representatives Twelfth Essex District | 2013 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
CA | Senate | California State Senate District 16 | 2013 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives District Sullivan 4 | 2013 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Republican |
CT | House | Connecticut House of Representatives District 53 | 2013 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic
FL | House | Florida House of Representatives District 36 | 2013 | Democratic | Republican | Republican | Republican |
WA | Senate | Washington State Senate District 26 | 2013 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
KY | House | Kentucky House of Representatives District 7 | 2013 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Democratic |
ME | Senate | Maine State Senate District 20 | 2012 | Democratic | Republican | Republican |  |
OK | House | Oklahoma House of Representatives District 1 | 2012 | Democratic | Republican | Republican |  |
NY | House | New York State Assembly District 103 | 2012 | Democratic | Republican | Republican |  |
NY | House | New York State Assembly District 100 | 2012 | Democratic | Republican | Republican |  |
PA | House | Pennsylvania House of Representatives District 169 | 2012 | Democratic | Republican | Republican |  |
KY | House | Kentucky House of Representatives District 2 | 2012 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic |  |
NY | Senate | New York State Senate District 27 | 2012 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic |  |
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives Hillsborough 4 | 2011 | Democratic | Republican | Republican |  |
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives Hillsborough 3 | 2011 | Democratic | Republican | Republican |  |
NH | House | New Hampshire House of Representatives Strafford 3 | 2011 | Democratic | Republican | Republican |  |
WI | House | Wisconsin State Assembly District 94 | 2011 | Democratic | Republican | Republican |  |
LA | Senate | Louisiana State Senate District 22 | 2011 | Republican | Independent | Independent |  |
LA | Senate | Louisiana State Senate District 26 | 2011 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic |  |
MA | House | Massachusetts House of Representatives Twelfth Bristol District | 2011 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic |  |
CT | Senate | Connecticut State Senate District 13 | 2011 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic |  |
CT | House | Connecticut House of Representatives District 101 | 2011 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic |  |
MA | House | Massachusetts House of Representatives Sixth Worcester District | 2011 | Republican | Democratic | Democratic |  |
MO | House | Missouri House of Representatives District 83 | 2011 | Independent | Democratic | Democratic |  |

### Days between vacancies and elections by year[edit]

The following table tracks the gap between when state legislative vacancies occurred and special elections were held from 2012 through March 14, 2025:

## See also[edit]

| Suggest a link

|

* State legislative elections, 2023
* State legislative elections, 2022
* State legislative elections, 2021
* State legislative elections, 2020
* State legislative elections, 2019
* State legislative elections, 2018
* State legislative special elections, 2022
* State legislative special elections, 2021
* State legislative special elections, 2020
* State legislative special elections, 2019
* State legislative special elections, 2018

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ↑ New Hampshire Bulletin, "Citing poor health, Nottingham Republican House member steps down," April 26, 2023
2. ↑ Daily Kos, "Democrats flip key New Hampshire seat, putting them inches from erasing GOP's majority," September 19, 2023
3. ↑ Facebook, "Rafter for State Representative," August 4, 2023
4. ↑ Elect James Guzofski State Representatives, "Continuing Service To Our Community," accessed August 14, 2023
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Daily Kos, "How the New Hampshire House could wind up in an exact tie between Democrats and Republicans," May 31, 2023
6. ↑ pennlive.com, "Schlegel Culver seated in Pa. Senate, leaving House with an open seat," February 28, 2023
7. ↑ Montour County, "Office of the County Commissioners," accessed May 1, 2023
8. ↑ Trevor Finn State Representative, "Home," accessed May 7, 2023
9. ↑ The Daily Item, "Four elected to board at Shikellamy," November 2, 2021
10. ↑ Michael Stender State House, "Home," accessed April 2, 2023
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Libertarian Party of Pennsylvania, "Libertarians Enter Special Elections For 108th & 163rd," March 30, 2023
12. ↑ Spotlight PA, "Pa. House lawmaker accused of sexual harassment says he will resign," March 8, 2023
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Twitter, "PA House Dems," March 27, 2023
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Politics PA, "Delco GOP Picks Ford As Candidate For HD-163," March 24, 2023
15. ↑ LinkedIn, "Alfeia DeVaughn- Goodwin, Ph.D., MPHL, MAR.," accessed April 19, 2023
16. ↑ CNalysis, "2020 Presidential by 2020s Legislative Districts," accessed April 2, 2023
17. ↑ pennlive.com, "Schlegel Culver seated in Pa. Senate, leaving House with an open seat," February 28, 2023
18. ↑ Montour County, "Office of the County Commissioners," accessed May 1, 2023
19. ↑ Trevor Finn State Representative, "Home," accessed May 7, 2023
20. ↑ The Daily Item, "Four elected to board at Shikellamy," November 2, 2021
21. ↑ Michael Stender State House, "Home," accessed April 2, 2023
22. ↑ Spotlight PA, "Pa. House lawmaker accused of sexual harassment says he will resign," March 8, 2023
23. ↑ LinkedIn, "Alfeia DeVaughn- Goodwin, Ph.D., MPHL, MAR.," accessed April 19, 2023
24. ↑ CNalysis, "2020 Presidential by 2020s Legislative Districts," accessed April 2, 2023
25. ↑ Wavy.com, "Democrat Rouse defeats GOP’s Adams in 7th District Va. Senate race," January 10, 2023
26. ↑ WRIC, "Special election to fill Kiggans’ Virginia Senate seat set for Jan. 10," November 15, 2022
27. ↑ Daily Kos, "Want to keep on winning? We have the chance for a huge flip in Virginia next month," December 7, 2022
28. ↑ 13 News Now, "Aaron Rouse will run for Virginia Senate seat held by Jen Kiggans," November 14, 2022
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Aaron Rouse, "Priorities," accessed December 20, 2022
30. ↑ Wavy, "Rouse, Adams running to fill Va. State Senate seat vacated by Kiggans," November 14, 2022
31. ↑ Kevin Adams 2022 campaign website, "My Platform," accessed December 11, 2022
32. ↑ Wisconsin Examiner, "Knodl to win tight race for Senate seat, securing Republican supermajority," April 5, 2023
33. ↑ Urban Milwaukee, "Sen. Alberta Darling Is Retiring," November 26, 2022
34. ↑ Jodi Habush Sinykin For State Senate, "Get Involved!" accessed February 27, 2023
35. ↑ Knodl For State Senate, "Welcome," accessed February 27, 2023
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Candidates running for special elections in Virginia are selected through firehouse primaries administered by each political party.
37. ↑ This contest was between the candidates who tied in the general election on November 8, 2022.
38. ↑ The special election was called for January 9, 2024, but the election was won outright in the primary runoff on October 24, 2023.

v • e

Election information

Resources|

Sample Ballot Lookup • Elections calendar • State poll opening and closing times • Ballot access for major and minor party candidates • Elections by state and year • State voter ID laws • Absentee voting • Early voting • Online voter registration • Election result canvassing • Where do I vote • List of absentee/mail-in ballot request websites by state • List of official voter registration websites by state • State of Election Administration Legislation Reports

Elections
by state|

Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming

2025 elections|

U.S. Congress special elections • State executives • State legislature • Statewide ballot measures • State judicial • Municipal government • Mayors • School boards • Local judicial • Local ballot measures • Recall

2024 elections|

U.S. President • U.S. Congress • U.S. Congress special elections • State executives • State legislature • Statewide ballot measures • State judicial • Municipal government • Mayors • School boards • Local judicial • Local ballot measures • Recall

2023 elections|

U.S. Congress special elections • State executives • State legislature • Statewide ballot measures • State judicial • Municipal government • Mayors • School boards • Local judicial • Local ballot measures • Recall

2022 elections|

U.S. Congress • State executives • State legislature • Statewide ballot measures • State judicial • Municipal government • Mayors • School boards • Local judicial • Local ballot measures • Recall

2021 elections|

U.S. Congress special elections • State executives • State legislature • Statewide ballot measures • State judicial • Municipal government • Mayors • School boards • Local judicial • Local ballot measures • Recall

2020 elections|

U.S. President • U.S. Congress • State executives • State legislature • Statewide ballot measures • State judicial • Municipal government • Mayors • School boards • Local judicial • Local ballot measures • Recall

How to vote
in each state|

Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • Washington, D.C. • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming

v • e

State legislatures

Legislatures|

Alabama (H, S) · Alaska (H, S) · Arizona (H, S) · Arkansas (H, S) · California (A, S) · Colorado (H, S) · Connecticut (H, S) · Delaware (H, S) · Florida (H, S) · Georgia (H, S) · Hawaii (H, S) · Idaho (H, S) · Illinois (H, S) · Indiana (H, S) · Iowa (H, S) · Kansas (H, S) · Kentucky (H, S) · Louisiana (H, S) · Maine (H, S) · Maryland (H, S) · Massachusetts (H, S) · Michigan (H, S) · Minnesota (H, S) · Mississippi (H, S) · Missouri (H, S) · Montana (H, S) · Nebraska · Nevada (A, S) · New Hampshire (H, S) · New Jersey (GA, S) · New Mexico (H, S) · New York (A, S) · North Carolina (H, S) · North Dakota (H, S) · Ohio (H, S) · Oklahoma (H, S) · Oregon (H, S) · Pennsylvania (H, S) · Rhode Island (H, S) · South Carolina (H, S) · South Dakota (H, S) · Tennessee (H, S) · Texas (H, S) · Utah (H, S) · Vermont (H, S) · Virginia (H, S) · Washington (H, S) · West Virginia (H, S) · Wisconsin (A, S) · Wyoming (H, S)

* * *

2025|

State legislative elections (2025) • State legislative special elections (2025) • Primary dates and filing requirements • 2025 Session Dates

* * *

2024|

State legislative elections (2024) • State legislative special elections (2024) • Primary dates and filing requirements • 2024 Session Dates

* * *

2023|

State legislative elections (2023) • State legislative special elections (2023) • Primary dates and filing requirements • 2023 Session Dates

* * *

Historical elections|

2022 • 2021 • 2020 • 2019 • 2018 • 2017 • 2016 • 2015 • 2014 • 2013 • 2012 • 2011 • 2010 • 2009 • 2008 • 2007 • 2006 • 2005 • 2004 • 2003 • 2002 • 2001 • 2000

* * *

Features of
state legislatures|

How vacancies are filled in state legislatures • States with a full-time legislature • State legislatures with term limits • Comparison of state legislative salaries • When state legislators assume office after a general election • Population represented by state legislators • State constitutional articles governing state legislatures • State legislative sessions • Resign-to-run law • State legislature candidate requirements by state • Official names of state legislatures • State legislative chambers that use multi-member districts • Factors Affecting Competitiveness in State Legislative Elections

* * *

State senates|

Length of terms of state senators • State senators • Partisan composition of state senates • State senators sorted by year first elected

* * *

State houses|

Length of terms of state representatives • State representatives • Partisan composition of state houses • State representatives sorted by year first elected

* * *

Leadership positions|

President of the Senate • President Pro Tempore • Senate Majority Leader • Senate Minority Leader • House Majority Leader • House Minority Leader • State Speaker of the House

v • e

Ballotpedia

About|

Overview • What people are saying • Support Ballotpedia • Contact • Contribute • Job opportunities

* * *

Executive: Leslie Graves, President • Gwen Beattie, Chief Operating Officer

Communications: Alison Graves • Carley Allensworth • Abigail Campbell • Sarah Groat • Nathaniel Harwood • Dillon Redmond • Erica Shumaker
External Relations: Ashley Fleming • Hannah Nelson • Katy Noble
Operations: Meghann Olshefski • Amanda Herbert • Mandy Morris • Caroline Presnell • Kelly Rindfleisch
Policy: Michael Leland • Jon Dunn • Amy Handlin • Jimmy McAllister • Annelise Reinwald • Emma Soukup • William Vogel
Content Strategy: Josh Altic
Tech: Matt Latourelle • Ryan Burch • Kirsten Corrao • Beth Dellea • Travis Eden • Tate Kamish • Margaret Kearney • Eric Lotto • Joseph Sanchez • Mary Susmitha

Contributors: Scott Rasmussen

* * *

Editorial Content|

Geoff Pallay, Director of Editorial Content and Editor-in-Chief • Ken Carbullido, Vice President of Election Product and Technology Strategy • Norm Leahy, Senior Editor • Daniel Anderson, Managing Editor • Ryan Byrne, Managing Editor • Cory Eucalitto, Managing Editor • Mandy Gillip, Managing Editor • Doug Kronaizl, Local Elections Project Manager • Jaclyn Beran • Marielle Bricker • Joseph Brusgard • Emma Burlingame • Kelly Coyle • Thomas Ellis • Frank Festa • Nicole Fisher • Brianna Hosea • Joseph Greaney • Thomas Grobben • Jaime Healy-Plotkin • Tyler King • Glorie Martinez • Nathan Maxwell • Ellie Mikus • Jackie Mitchell • Ellen Morrissey • Mackenzie Murphy • Kaley Platek • Samantha Post • Adam Powell • Ethan Rice • Spencer Richardson • Victoria Rose • Briana Ryan • Myj Saintyl • Maddy Salucka • Maddie Sinclair Johnson • Abbey Smith • Alexis Thacker • Janie Valentine • Joel Williams • Samuel Wonacott • Trenton Woodcox • Mercedes Yanora