Ceres

Date of discovery |  January 1, 1801[1]
Name of discoverer |  Giuseppe Piazzi[1]
Name origin |  Roman goddess of agriculture[1]
Orbital characteristics
Primary | Sun
Order from primary |  5
Perihelion | 2.54670746 AU[2]
Aphelion | 2.986856037 AU[2]
Semi-major axis | 2.76678175 AU[2]
Titius-Bode prediction | 2.8 AU
Orbital eccentricity | 0.07954162[2]
Sidereal year | 1680.973163 da[2]
Avg. orbital speed | 17.882 km/s
Inclination | 10.586404°[2] to the ecliptic
Rotational characteristics
Sidereal day |  9.075 h[2]
Rotational speed |  0.091584 m/s[2]
Axial tilt |  3°
Physical characteristics
Mass |  9.47 * 1020 kg[3]
Density |  2,093.95 kg/m³[3]
Mean radius |  476.2 km[2]
Equatorial radius |  487.3 km
Polar radius |  454.7 km
Surface gravity |  0.2787 m/s²[3]
Escape speed |  0.5152 km/s[3]
Surface area |  2,849,631 km²[3]
Mean temperature |  167 K
Maximum temperature |  239 K
Number of moons |  0
Composition |  Rock and water
Color |  Peach-gray
Albedo |  0.090[2]
Ceres, formerly known as Asteroid 1 Ceres, is the largest planetoid and the first identified object in the Asteroid Belt, roughly one-fourth of the diameter of the Moon. Giuseppe Piazzi discovered it on January 1, 1801. Recently, in the wake of the Eris-Pluto controversy, the International Astronomical Union has declared that it is more than a mere asteroid and qualifies as a dwarf planet.

Ceres is named for the Roman goddess of agriculture, from which name the word cereal derives.

## Contents

* 1 Discovery
* 2 Status
* 3 Composition
* 4 Satellites
* 5 Observation and Exploration
* 6 References
* 7 Related Link

## Discovery[edit]

Piazzi was searching for the "missing planet" that, according to Bode's law, should exist between Mars and Jupiter. Bode's law predicted an object having a semi-major axis of 2.8 AU, remarkably close to the actual semi-major axis of Ceres.

When Piazzi first observed Ceres, he thought he was looking at a comet. But comets normally move much faster than Ceres does, a fact Piazzi appreciated. He observed Ceres 24 times and reported his discoveries to Bode and other astronomers.

Shortly after the publication of Piazzi's findings, Ceres was lost in the glare of the sun. Karl Friedrich Gauss, then 24 years old, predicted Ceres' path and suggested where to look to reacquire Ceres. On December 31, 1801, the astronomer Baron von Zach found Ceres very near where Gauss said he might.

## Status[edit]

For many years Ceres was listed as a planet, even after the asteroids Pallas, Juno, and Vesta were discovered. With the discovery of yet more objects in what would later be known as the Asteroid Belt, Ceres was reclassified as an asteroid, the largest of all such bodies. But Ceres, unlike any other object in the asteroid belt, has a hydrostatic-equilibrium shape, characteristic of an object sufficiently massive that its self-gravity forces such a shape despite the rigid-body forces that normally hold a solid object's shape.

In 2006, the discovery of Eris provoked a fresh look at all the bodies of the solar system, and in particular what constituted a planet and what didn't. As a result of the debate, Eris and Pluto, an object even smaller than Eris, were classed as dwarf planets—a new classification with definite criteria. Ceres meets these criteria, and thus Ceres is considered a dwarf planet—the smallest of three known bodies of that class.

## Composition[edit]

In 2005, observations made by the Hubble Space Telescope suggest that Ceres might be very rich in water ice. Specifically, astronomers have concluded that Ceres has a layered interior, with a rocky inner core, a thick layer of water ice, and a dusty outer crust. McFadden speculated that Ceres was an "embryonic planet," one that (according to evolutionary theory) tried to form a planet but could not because Jupiter, being so close, so perturbed the local gravitational field that Ceres could not grow any larger than it is.[4][5] Findings supporting the water-ice theory include:

1. Most objects having hydrostatic-equilibrium or round shape have differentiated, or layered, interiors.
2. Spectrography of the surface shows evidence of water-bearing minerals.

Parker and his colleagues speculated that Ceres might be composed of 25% water and thus have more fresh water than in all the fresh-water sources on earth.[6]

On January 23, 2014, came confirmation of this abundance of water. Küppers et al. reported on observations from the Herschel space telescope, of water vapor gushing out from two discrete locations on the surface of Ceres, at the prodigious rate of 1026 molecules per second from each of them, for a total rate of thirteen pounds per second.[7]

Walter T. Brown, originator of the Hydroplate Theory of the Great Flood, claimed immediate vindication. In his book In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood, he had confidently predicted:

“  |  A deep, penetrating impact on a large asteroid, such as Ceres, will release huge volumes of water vapor.  |  ”

|
|

[8]

## Satellites[edit]

Ceres has no known satellites.

## Observation and Exploration[edit]

Until today, the only observation of Ceres has been by telescope. Astronomers have inferred a remarkable number of the physical properties of Ceres from this observation, but wish to learn much more.

On September 27, 2007, the Dawn mission began officially with the launch of Dawn, the first rocket probe to visit the asteroid belt. The Dawn craft carries an ion engine that it used on the second part of its journey after it makes rendezvous with Mars. Dawn entered orbit around the asteroid Vesta and then departed Vesta for the dwarf planet Ceres. It will reach Ceres in February 2015 and will then become the first space probe ever to orbit two celestial bodies other than the earth.[9][10]

Walter T. Brown eagerly awaits the mass-spectrographic analysis of the water-vapor gushers on Ceres (see above). He predicts that analysis will show Ceres' water vapor rich in deuterium, and at twice the concentration in the oceans of Earth. This will provide further vindication of the Hydroplate Theory and leave another thorny matter for conventional astronomers to explain: what nuclear catastrophe could have occurred in the solar system to release enough neutrons to produce so much heavy hydrogen, in comets and asteroids?[8]

## References[edit]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Blue, Jennifer, ed. "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature: Planetary Body Names and Discoverers." United States Geological Survey, March 31, 2008. Accessed June 2, 2008.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 "Orbital elements for 1 Ceres." JPL Small-Body Database, JPL, NASA, May 14, 2008. Accessed June 2, 2008.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Calculated
4. ↑ Carey, Bjorn. "Largest Asteroid Might Contain More Fresh Water than Earth." Space.com, September 7, 2005. Accessed January 22, 2008.
5. ↑ "Asteroid 1 Ceres." The Planetary Society. Accessed January 22, 2008.
6. ↑ Parker, Joel William, Thomas, Peter C., McFadden, Lucy A., Mutchler, M., and Levay, Z. "Largest Asteroid May Be 'Mini-Planet' with Water Ice." The Hubble Site, September 7, 2005. Accessed January 22, 2008.
7. ↑ Küppers M, O'Rourke L., Bockelëe-Morvan D, et al., "Localized sources of water vapour on the dwarf planet (1) Ceres," Nature, 505, 525–527 (23 January 2014). Retrieved 25 January 2014. doi:10.1038/nature12918
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hurlbut TA, "Ceres water find vindicates creation," Creationism Examiner, January 25, 2014. See also at Conservative News and Views and The Creation Science Hall of Fame.
9. ↑ "Dawn Mission Overview." JPL, NASA, March 31, 2008. Accessed June 2, 2008.
10. ↑ Rayman, Marc D., Fraschetti, Thomas C., Raymond, Carol A., and Russell, Chrisopher T. "Dawn: A mission in development for exploration of main belt asteroids Vesta and Ceres." JPL, NASA, April 5, 2006. Accessed June 2, 2008.

## Related Link[edit]

* Hamilton, Calvin J. "Dwarf planet Ceres." Views of the Solar System, 2007. Accessed January 22, 2008.

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