Water fluoridation

Some dare call it
Conspiracy

What THEY don't want
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v \- t \- e

“”Do you realize that fluoridation is the most monstrously conceived and dangerous communist plot we have ever had to face?

—General Jack D. Ripper in Dr. Strangelove, shortly before blowing the world to kingdom come[1]

Since its inception in the 1940s, the scientifically sound concept of fluoridating water has been a source of fear and suspicion in the minds of conspiracy theorists.

Water is fluoridated by adding a small quantity (up to 2 mg/l) of a fluoride salt of fluorine. Fluoride works by converting the outer layer of tooth enamel made of hydroxylapatite, Ca5(PO4)3OH, to fluoroapatite, Ca5(PO4)3F. The latter chemical is less soluble in acidic solutions. The three most commonly added fluoride chemicals are sodium fluoride (NaF), fluorosilicic acid ((H3O)2SiF6), and sodium fluorosilicate (Na2[SiF6]).[2] Fluorosilicic acid is a byproduct of phosphate fertilizer manufacture, a fact which fluoride opponents repeat ad absurdum in an attempt to scare you.[3]

In short: the issue has been extensively studied since the 1940s. As a result, every reputable public health organization endorses the benefits of fluoridation. To date, no such organizations have endorsed claims that fluoride is a secret communist mind-control plot — though we wait with bated breath.

## Contents

* 1 History of fluoridation
* 2 Arguments for fluoridation
* 3 Standard arguments against fluoridation
* 3.1 "But the EPA opposes fluoridation!"
* 3.2 "But the National Research Council opposes fluoridation!"
* 3.3 "But the World Health Organization opposes fluoridation!"
* 3.4 "But a bunch of Western European countries oppose fluoridation!"
* 3.5 "But the freakin' Nazis fluoridated the water in their death camps!"
* 3.6 "I'm fine with fluoride on toothpaste, but fluoride shouldn't be ingested!"
* 3.7 The IQ studies
* 3.8 "But, informed consent!"
* 3.9 Conspiracy theories
* 4 The end is nigh?
* 5 The cream of the anti-fluoridation crap
* 6 Trivia
* 7 In a nutshell
* 8 See also
* 9 External links
* 10 References

## History of fluoridation[edit]

Henry Trendley Dean (1893–1962), dentist and epidemiologist, researched and advocated for water fluoridation.

“”I go to the dentist every six months, I get a cleaning, so… I'm fortunate enough that those fluoride treatments as a child worked. Not getting any cavities.

—Daniel Tosh, being serious for once[4]

There are five periods concerning the history of water fluoridation:

1. Before 1933, the study of mottled tooth enamel, later known as fluorosis.[5] Researchers noticed reduced dental caries in communities with naturally-occurring fluoride in the drinking water, in places such as Colorado and India.
2. From 1933 to 1945, the study of the relationship between fluorine and tooth decay. No, it was not in Nazi Germany.[6]
3. From 1945 onward, which focused on deployment of water fluorides, creating pretty rainbows in garden sprinklers [7] … which definitely weren't there before and certainly are not caused by the refraction of light.
4. From the 1940s to 2024, widespread community water fluoridation began in earnest in the 1940s in the United States. One last bastion of hope for modern anti-fluoridationists has been the city of Portland, Oregon. As of 2012, only 3 of the 50 largest metropolitan cities in the United States had unfluoridated municipal water, the other two were San Jose, California and Wichita, Kansas.[8] This was despite four popular vote attempts to add fluoride to Portland's water.[9] In 2020, San Jose finally decided to fluoridate its water.[10]

In the United States, the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) of 1974 confers the authority for ensuring the safety of public drinking water to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[11][12]
5. All that progress on reducing dental caries began to be rolled back at the beginning of the kook-o-cene with Trump's inauguration and his appointment of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (RFK) as the head of the Department of Health and Human Services. In June 2025, RFK announced that he intended to direct the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) to cease recommending water fluoridation, contrary to American Dental Association advice.[13] In that month, EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin also announced that the agency would review "new science" regarding fluoride safety.[14] In anticipation of the imminent kook-o-cene, Utah became the first US state to ever ban fluoridation in May 2025,[15] followed a few days later by Florida.[16]

## Arguments for fluoridation[edit]

Centralized fluoridation is a safe, simple, and effective way to improve the dental health of the population at large (especially children in the ~~candy~~ cavity-prone years). It is also extremely cost-effective: one study estimated that for every $1 a city invested in fluoridation it saved the average citizen (with a mean dental health cost) $38 on dental care.[17] The CDC considerd water fluoridation to be one of the top 10 public health advances of the 20th century,[18][19][20] at least until RFK opened his pie hole. The American Dental Association "unreservedly endorses the fluoridation of community water supplies as safe, effective and necessary in preventing tooth decay."[21] The World Health Organization stated that "fluoridation of water supplies, where possible, is the most effective public health measure for the prevention of dental decay."[22]

Having been around for 70-odd years and having been the focus of much research, water fluoridation has been studied to death (the number of studies seems to have peaked around the late 1960s followed by a general decline[23][24][25]). Arguments along the lines of "the jury is out" or "the science is incomplete" are wrong. Thousands of studies and years of actual implementation have not upset the scientific consensus.

As a rule, dentists do not want to see patients with more severe dental problems due to lack of fluoridation, which can be so bad as to require general anesthesia for treatment.[26] Dentists are in the business of prevention and of helping patients.

“”It's always sad seeing a young child in pain. Dental decay is very preventable. It breaks your heart to see these young kids that aren’t able to eat.

—Warren Loeppky, dentist in Calgary, Canada, where fluoridation was curtailed in 2011[26]

Calgary removed fluoride from its drinking water in 2011 by vote of the city council, and reinstated it by citywide vote in 2021 (62% in favor). This gave epidemiologists a chance to compare schoolchildren Calgary to the comparable city of Edmonton, which did have fluoridation, during this period. They found that 65% of the second-graders in Calgary who had likely never been exposed to fluoride had tooth decay compared to 55% in Edmonton.[26] In a separate study of Juneau, before and after fluoridation ceased, dental Medicaid claims rose from 1.5 treatments/child to 2.5 treatments/child after fluoridation ceased.[26]

## Standard arguments against fluoridation[edit]

The global extent of water fluoridation, both natural and added (where known), as of 2012.

80–100%

60–80%

40–60%

20–40%

1–20%

< 1%

unknown

See the main article on this topic: PRATT

Most of the arguments against fluoridation are based on ethical and moral issues, namely that water fluoridation is medicating large numbers of people without their explicit consent. Curiously, they don't typically complain about regulations that add "drugs" to other foods, like iodine added to salt, vitamin D added to milk, iron added to cereal, or folic acid (vitamin B9) added to flour.[27]

Despite fluoride's natural occurrence in food and water,[28] a common argument against it is the appeal to nature. Most health effect arguments against water fluoridation (such as toxicity and mottled teeth) base their assumptions on much higher doses of fluoride than are allowed in municipal tap water and the excessive cherry-picking of studies. Additional studies on links between fluoride and cancer, and fluoride and bone fractures have been shown to be invalid.[29] Other arguments are based on the false assumption that if fluoridation worked, there would be no tooth decay.

The favourite adverse effect of the anti-fluoride crowd, dental fluorosis, is a scary-sounding but rather benign condition in which the teeth become slightly stained. It is a purely cosmetic issue that does not lead to tooth decay, whereas removing fluoride from water does if individuals do not brush their teeth regularly. In all but the most severe cases, the mottling is barely noticeable, and it's only significant in children whose teeth have not finished developing. By comparison, drinking a lot of coffee or tea can also make your teeth yellow, though this is reversible. Dental fluorosis is a potential risk, but is not problematic if the dosage is controlled. Drinking water with fluoride above "safe dosages", such as that found in some natural ground water wells in developing countries or in brick teas exposed to excessively fluorinated water, can also cause a more serious condition called skeletal fluorosis.

#### "But the EPA opposes fluoridation!"[edit]

Deniers will typically claim 1,500+ EPA scientists are opposed to fluoridation.[30] Upon closer inspection, however, this "study" is actually just a grievance letter written in 1999 by J. William Hirzy, Ph.D. on the letterhead of his local National Treasury Employees Union Chapter 280. The letter — far from representing the views of 1,500 scientists (the union represents all employees, which includes non-scientists such as lawyers[31]) — is really the result of a poorly attended meeting of one local union chapter. With only 20 of said union chapter members in attendance, Hirzy and his followers were able to adopt a resolution opposing fluoridation. When it became obvious to the wider union that Hirzy and his local chapter were falsely presenting their fringe position as representing the view of the entire union, the chapter officers who actually represented the majority of the members rapidly disowned Hirzy's position.[32] After the above incident, Hirzy seems to have gone on to become the deniers' go-to guy.[33]

#### "But the National Research Council opposes fluoridation!"[edit]

Deniers will hand wave to a 2006 500+ page report by the NRC's Committee Report on Fluoride in Drinking Water[34] and claim that it opposes fluoridation, and of course such claims will be accompanied by cherry-picked scare quotes.[35] The study makes no claims against water fluoridation. The report merely reviews the evidence for safe levels. Science does that from time to time because it is appropriate to review safe consumption levels given changes in technologies and lifestyles. The report gives no support to fluoridation deniers as it suggests that up to 2.0 ppm is a safe level in drinking water. Most public water is fluoridated at a 0.7 ppm level, a third of what the NRC determined was still a safe level. In response to the misuse of the report, the report's chair has stated, "I do not believe there is any valid, scientific reason for fearing adverse health conditions from the consumption of water fluoridated at the optimal level."[36]

#### "But the World Health Organization opposes fluoridation!"[edit]

Deniers will make various claims that the World Health Organization (WHO) opposes fluoridation. By way of evidence they will point to various WHO publications about the need to remove fluoride from water.[37] Deniers miss that these guides are for people living in areas where there's a dangerous concentration in the local drinking water due to natural sources and a government unable to fund the technology to reduce it to a safe level. Deniers miss the notion that everything is poisonous in high enough concentrations. For example, vitamin A is critical to human health but a human (typically a child) can realistically poison himself/herself by consuming too much.[38] The 2016 revision, Fluoride and Oral Health, of a 1994 WHO report both clearly support fluoridation for populations that would benefit from it.[39][40]

#### "But a bunch of Western European countries oppose fluoridation!"[edit]

Deniers will typically list nations that do not fluoridate their water.[41] Mostly they're Western European nations, which lends their position a gloss of respectability because, you know, apparently Western Europeans have their shit together. What opponents ignore is water fluoridation is a public health measure created to benefit the poor[42] without means to access dentists. They typically list nations such as Sweden, Finland, Denmark, etc., which have low-to-no levels of municipal water fluoridation (<20%) rather than outright national bans.[43] It goes without saying these nations provide excellent universal health care regardless of family income, including free access to dental care for children. Most of these nations have dental care and surveillance at the school level.[44] In addition to better access to childhood dental care, many of these nations — for example, Switzerland, Germany, and France — don't fluoridate their water because they fluoridate their table salt.[43]

#### "But the freakin' Nazis fluoridated the water in their death camps!"[edit]

See the main article on this topic: Nazi analogies

This wonderful fluoride tank, with some help from its chemtrail friends, is busy subjugating the death camp populations, including the one where giants drowned and were tossed into the water (as pictured here). Don't bother it!

This is one of those wonderful examples of an unsourced anecdote mentioned once that gets repeated as fact for decades. The suggestion is the Nazis fluoridated the water to pacify the death camp populations. Apparently starvation, soldiers with guns, and machine gun towers that would mow you down if you got too close to the fence were not enough to mollify the death camp population. They needed to drug them up. The claim is generally attributed to an early denier named Charles E. Perkins who wrote a book called The Truth about Water Fluoridation.[45] The claim is that Perkins' source was a worker at a German chemical company that ostensibly supplied fluoride. However, PolitiFact refutes the Perkins' claim.[46] Perkins' book makes no mention of this. However, some have alleged that he wrote a follow-on letter that made this claim.[47] Suffice it to say there's zero documentation anywhere that the Nazis ever used fluoride for mind control purposes. It may be connected with claims that the similar chemical potassium bromide (once used medically as a sedative) was added to British soldiers' rations to lower their libidos or for some other reason, although this also appears to be a myth, and fluoride doesn't have the same effect anyway.[48]

#### "I'm fine with fluoride on toothpaste, but fluoride shouldn't be ingested!"[edit]

Just as how other denialist circles have soft and hard nuances, anti-fluoridation people have their share of softcore anti-fluoride opinions. According to them, fluoride is fine when applied topically (on toothpaste, for instance), but not when it is part of the water supply (systemic).[49] The problem, particularly in the U.S., is that people, especially children, need more exposure to fluoride to receive the positive effects of decreasing cavities. In the U.S., fluoridated water is how most children are exposed to fluoride, since, compared to Europe, children do not have school-based dental care and do not visit the dentist regularly. Additionally, fluoride, when swallowed, can be distributed throughout the body, which includes being in the saliva that covers the teeth. Nevertheless, fluoridated water has been shown with more than enough evidence to improve the quality of teeth in humans compared to its risks, if any, and removing them in water will reduce those benefits. The main problem is that it goes against the heaps of evidence demonstrating the safety and benefits of drinking fluoridated water.

#### The IQ studies[edit]

* In 2006, the National Research Council (NRC) published a review of the EPA's drinking water standard for fluoride.[34] The report noted potential negative effects due to fluoridation, including cognitive impairment, impaired thyroid functioning, and increases in bone fractures, in addition to the fluorosis of children's teeth. The NRC called for a reduction of the EPA's limit of 4.0 mg/L of fluoride in drinking water.[34] This was a much higher standard than the recommended levels for water fluoridation (targeting levels from 0.7 to 1.2 mg/L).

* The Harvard IQ study: "Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" evaluated the impact of highly elevated natural fluoride in Chinese water supplies on childhood development.[50] (Read: They were studying fluoride poisoning.) In short, they concluded that their results can prove nothing about US intentional water fluoridation:[51][52]

> These results do not allow us to make any judgment regarding possible levels of risk at levels of exposure typical for water fluoridation in the U.S. On the other hand, neither can it be concluded that no risk is present.

* In 2014, a study conducted in New Zealand examined the relationship between fluoridation and IQ directly on a cohort of people born in Dunedin in the 1970s. It found no statistically significant link. The authors suggest that the earlier Harvard study might have been affected by confounding variables, especially urban or rural status.[53]

* In 2017, there is another study conducted in Mexico, published in Environmental Health Perspectives, determining the effects of high fluoridation and IQ scores called "Prenatal Fluoride Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes in Children at 4 and 6–12 Years of Age in Mexico". It is shortened to the "Bashash study".[54] Despite being the largest long-term study and following standard protocal for measurements, it is still limited by a multitude of factors including lack of data for fluoride intake, the only recorded fluoride intake being salts and naturally-occurring fluoride, a relatively small convenience sample, and a lack of factoring for confounding factors such as accounting for possible arsenic, thus making this study far from conclusive in determining the effects.[55]

#### "But, informed consent!"[edit]

The pseudo-Libertarian ~~argument~~ concern trolling. The basic premise is that not everyone "agrees" to have their water fluoridated. This might be valid logic in magical sunshine land where the unicorns fart dollar bills, but unfortunately we do not live in such a world. Giving everyone the ability to choose whether or not their water was fluoridated would effectively mean that every single house would have its own fluoridation unit which could be turned on or off, meaning it's prohibitively expensive to install, let alone maintain. Instead, everyone "consents" in the sense that in a democracy, every town/municipality has elected people who chose to fluoridate the water. If such a thing was tyranny, then having any municipal water system at all would equally be tyranny, since you also didn't consent to having your water chlorinated, either.

But fear not, even if you have municipal water, no one is forcing you to use it. You can still "drink only distilled water, or rain water, and only pure grain alcohol", just like Brigadier General Jack D. Ripper in Dr. Strangelove.[1]

#### Conspiracy theories[edit]

See the main article on this topic: Conspiracy theory

Impurifying your precious bodily fluids for more than half a century.

“”General Jack D. Ripper: You know when fluoridation first began?

Group Capt. Lionel Mandrake: I… no, no. I don't, Jack.

General Jack D. Ripper: Nineteen hundred and forty-six. 1946, Mandrake. How does that coincide with your post-war Commie conspiracy, huh? It's incredibly obvious, isn't it? A foreign substance is introduced into our precious bodily fluids without the knowledge of the individual. Certainly without any choice. That's the way your hard-core Commie works.

—Dr. Strangelove[1]

Water fluoridation as a commie plot started among the wingnut paranoids during the Cold War, most notably the John Birch Society — the "dark age" claims of which were being debunked in public at least as early as 1962.[56]:60 The conspiracy theory gained currency among far-left moonbats after it mutated in the early 1990s into a plot by the aluminum industry to dispose of their fluoride wastes by dumping them into the water supply for profit.[57] The implication that Big Pharma is out to poison you and that the scientific consensus is proof of a massive world-wide conspiracy of scientists/dentists makes reasoning with conspiracy theorists particularly difficult. Then again, reasoning with conspiracy theorists is almost always a waste of time.

Another popular claim is that fluoridation is a method of nuclear waste disposal.[58] It is true that gaseous fluorine was first used during the Manhattan Project in the process of uranium enrichment, which involves the conversion of uranium oxide to uranium hexafluoride. However, this is irrelevant, because fluoridation uses fluoride (i.e., soluble salts that contain fluorine) rather than fluorine (a gas so corrosive that it violently reacts with water). Furthermore, uranium enrichment does not involve any nuclear reactions, so no radioactivity or nuclear waste is generated in this process. Finally, this is actually a niche use of fluorine compounds. They are mainly used in steelmaking, aluminum smelting, and the production of specialty plastics (such as PTFE, also known as Teflon) and pharmaceuticals. Cranks apparently find these uses much less interesting.

“”Does a tiger brush his teeth?

—Mao Zedong, veterinary dentistry denialist[59]

Prominent commie Mao Zedong's refusal to brush his teeth is not only definitive proof that the commies were indeed behind US fluoride use all along; his aversion to fluoride also helps to explain his super-appalling dental hygiene.[60] The cranks agree — resist world communism by not listening to scientists, instead following the Dear Leader's example.

## The end is nigh?[edit]

RFK Jr.

Robert F. Kennedy Jr., realizing that his 2024 presidential campaign was doomed, instead joined team MAGA. After Trump won the 2024 election, RFK was promised a senior role at the Department of Health and Human Services and his appointment was soon confirmed by the Senate. In that post, he plans to direct government policy about two of his favorite dangerously kooky ideas, antivax and banning fluoride supplementation of municipal water supplies. In November 2024, before election day, RFK claimed that Trump would "advise all U.S​. water systems to remove fluoride from public water",[61] making previously debunked claims about the dangers of fluoridation.[62][63] Despite RFK's misguided desires to eliminate all water fluoridation in the US, several US states mandate water fluoridation, primarily in municipal or urban water supplies: Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, Ohio and South Dakota.[63] Therefore, such a presidential directive might have much less effect than RFK would anticipate.

## The cream of the anti-fluoridation crap[edit]

See the main article on this topic: Crank magnetism

* Mike Adams — operator/editor of NaturalNews, an infamous alternative medicine website. Claims that proponents of water fluoridation are "psychopathic criminals," "mad scientists," and "some of the most life-hating people you'll ever meet."[64]
* Ed Begley Jr. — American actor and environmentalist.[65]
* Erin Brockovich — American legal clerk and environmental activist.[66]
* Paul Connett — executive director of the Fluoride Action Network (an anti-fluoridation activist group).
* Ludwik Gross, (1904–1999) most famous for showing that viruses can cause cancers in animals, he also believed that fluoridation was "an insidious poison, harmful, toxic and cumulative in its effect, even when ingested in minimal amounts."[67]
* David Icke — Exposing the reptilian side to this vast fluoridation conspiracy.[68]
* Alex Jones — Possibly the most vocal opponent to fluoridation today.[69] He even put it on a t-shirt.[70]
* Joseph Mercola — quack internet doctor and supplement peddler. You know you're an asshole when InfoWars quotes you.[71]
* Ralph Nader — consumer advocate.[72]
* Richard A. Passwater — American megavitamin therapy kook
* Vinnie Paz of Jedi Mind Tricks — semi-underground hip-hop artist, conspiracy theorist, and homophobe. Clearly an academic worthy of your time.[73]
* Paul Saladino — Conspiracy theorist and opponent of fluoride in toothpaste, promotes an expensive "animal-based diet" with fruit.
* John Yiamouyiannis — AIDS denialist quack and "science director" for the anti-vaccine, phony cancer cure-pushing National Health Federation.

## Trivia[edit]

* A word of advice — if you're the type of person who freaks out about the fluoride in the water supply, it is advised that you never drink tea; this is because the tea plant — that makes both black and green teas — is exceptionally good at soaking up fluoride in its soil.[74] If you're sane, then well, drinking tea without sugar is a good way to improve your dental hygiene because of its high fluoride concentration. People in China commonly used to brush their teeth with tea as an alternative, though their teeth were still significantly worse off than those of the modern toothpaste user.[75]
* Due to a pressing need among cranks to rationalize away why the average person won't just ~~run along with any zany Internet theory~~ accept the facts as provided by truthers, the term "fluoride stare" has actually been popularized in the fringe. This term denotes the embarrassed glance of non-judgemental (though, palpable) disbelief given by those whose first reaction to having been dragged through a lecture on Obama being a reptilian isn't "YES!! IT ALL FITS!".

## In a nutshell[edit]

Why Is Fluoride Good For Teeth? (SciShow)

All about Fluoridation (inFact)

Fluoride in the Water Isn't Going to Hurt You (Healthcare Triage)

## See also[edit]

| For those of you in the mood, RationalWiki has a fun article about Anti-fluoridation argument Bingo.

|

* American Academy of Environmental Medicine, a pro-pseudoscience group of physicians.
* Dental woo
* Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis \- a commonly miscited study by the anti-fluoridation group.
* Water woo
* Chemophobia
* Fluoride Stare
* Water chlorination

## External links[edit]

* A Systematic Review of Public Water Fluoridation (2000), University of York
* Quackwatch on Water Fluoridation
* Is fluoride in water a good thing or a danger?, The Straight Dope

## References[edit]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Dr. Strangelove: A Continuity Transcript Visual Memory: Stanley Kubrick.
2. ↑ Water Fluoridation: A Manual For Engineers and Technicians, CDC
3. ↑ Fluoride Action Network: Fluoridation Chemicals
4. ↑ Daniel Tosh: Quotes IMDb.
5. ↑ See the Wikipedia article on History of water fluoridation.
6. ↑ Critics of water fluoridation… Say water fluoridation started in Nazi Germany ghettos and death camps to pacify the Jews. by Becky Bowers (October 6, 2011) PolitiFact.
7. ↑ Sprinkler Rainbow Conspiracy by copstack (Aug 5, 2008) YouTube.
8. ↑ Water Fluoridation Status of the 50 Largest Cities in the United States (May 2012) Wisconsin Dental Association (archived from January 20, 2022).
9. ↑ Why Portland Is Wrong About Water Fluoridation by Kyle Hill (May 22, 2013) Scientific American (archived from December 22, 2013).
10. ↑ San Jose, Calif., no longer nation’s largest city without fluoridated drinking water by Mary Otto (January 3, 2017) Association of Health Care Journalists
11. ↑ Basic Information about Fluoride in Drinking Water United States Environmental Protection Agency (archived from Novmeber 30, 2011).
12. ↑ Fact Sheet: Fluoride in Drinking Water (1993) National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP) (archived from 3 Jul 2025 05:51:57 UTC).
13. ↑ RFK Jr. to tell CDC to change fluoride guidelines: ADA reaffirms support of practice by Olivia Anderson (April 09, 2025) ADA News.
14. ↑ EPA Will Expeditiously Review New Science on Fluoride in Drinking Water (April 7, 2025) United States Environmental Protection Agency.
15. ↑ Utah becomes first state to make it illegal to add fluoride to public drinking water (May 11, 20258:08 AM ET) National Public Radio.
16. ↑ Florida becomes second state to ban fluoride in public water. Gov. Ron DeSantis called the fluoridation of water "forced medication," saying it violates "informed consent." by Mirna Alsharif (May 15, 2025, 12:57 PM PDT) NBC News.
17. ↑ Do cities really save $38 for every $1 they spend on fluoridation? by Ian K. Kullgren (August 23, 2012) PolitiFact.
18. ↑ Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century (April 26, 2013) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (archived from March 8, 2017).
19. ↑ Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Fluoridation of Drinking Water to Prevent Dental Caries (October 22, 1999) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 48(41);933-940.
20. ↑ Community Water Fluoridation (September 23, 2013) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (archived from April 14, 2015).
21. ↑ Fluoride in water American Dental Association. In section "ADA policy on fluoridation".
22. ↑ Water Fluoridation by Rosalind Stanwell Smith (May 2002) World Health Organization.
23. ↑ PubMed has over six thousand citations to studies regarding water fluoridation, and this is by no means a complete registry of every study ever done.
24. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last Updated May 12, 2015. Scientific Reviews and Reports: Assessing the Evidence. Retrieved March 20, 2017.
25. ↑ Yeung, Ca. PubMed. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation. Retrieved March 20, 2017. This is one systematic review on the many, many studies done.
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 Two cities stopped adding fluoride to water. Science reveals what happened. Calgary, Canada, and Juneau, Alaska, show how ending fluoridation can affect health by Alex Viveros (April 28, 2025 at 11:00 am) Science News.
27. ↑ Food Fortification Dietitians of Canada (archived from August 26, 2013).
28. ↑ Naturally occurring hazards: Fluoride World Health Organization (archived from April 24, 2015).
29. ↑ Review of Fluoride: Benefits and Risks (February 1991) Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services (archived from April 20, 2008).
30. ↑ Why EPA'S Headquarters Union of Scientists Opposes Fluoridation (May 1, 1999) Fluoridation.com (archived from February 4, 2005).
31. ↑ History of NTEU Chapter 280 National Treasury Employees Union Chapter 280 (archived from April 5, 2025).
32. ↑ Questions and Answers about Fluoridation: Does the U.S. EPA oppose water fluoridation? Indiana Department of Health.
33. ↑ Anti-fluoride authors indulge in data manipulation and statistical porkies by Ken Perrott (March 12, 2017) Open Parachute, WordPress.
34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Fluoride in Drinking Water: A Scientific Review of EPA's Standards by the National Research Council (2006) The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/11571.
35. ↑ National Research Council (2006) Fluoride Action Network.
36. ↑ Email from John Doull to Matt Jacob et al. Re: NRC Report findings and Adverse effect at 1 ppm (March 22, 2013) Campaign for Dental Health.
37. ↑ How to Remove Fluoride from Drinking Water World Health Organization – Regional office for Africa (archived from 18 May 2016 17:46:30 UTC).
38. ↑ How Much is Too Much? Excess Vitamins and Minerals in Food Can Harm Kids’ Health Environmental Working Group.
39. ↑ Fluoride and Oral Health by D. M. O’Mullane et al. (2016) Community Dental Health 33:69-99, doi:10.1922/CDH_3707O’Mullane31.
40. ↑ Fluorides and Oral Health: Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use (1994) World Health Organization. ISBN 9241208465.
41. ↑ 50 Reasons to Oppose Fluoridation by Paul Connett (2002) Second Look (archived from February 13, 2006).
42. ↑ The Ethics of Water Fluoridation by Mary McNally & Jocelyn Downie (2000) J. Can. Dent. Assoc. 66:592-593.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 See the Wikipedia article on Water fluoridation by country.
44. ↑ Dental Care in Denmark FYI Denmark (archived from June 7, 2012).
45. ↑ The Truth about Water Fluoridation by Charles Eliot Perkins (1952) Fluoridation Educational Society.
46. ↑ Truth about fluoride doesn't include Nazi myth by Becky Bowers (October 6, 2011) PolitiFact.
47. ↑ Water Fluoridation: A Communist Plot? Skeptical Vegan (archived from June 22, 2013).
48. ↑ Potassium bromide by Brian Clegg (19 November 2013) Chemistry World.
49. ↑ Expert Testimony: How Your Drinking Water May be Damaging Your Brain by Joseph Mercola (July 1, 2014) Mercola.com (archived from 22 May 2016 04:54:33 UTC). Most dental authorities now agree that the predominant benefit of fluoride is topical, not systemic."
50. ↑ Developmental Fluoride Neurotoxicity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Anna L. Choi et al. (2012) Environ. Health Perspect. 120(10): 1362–1368. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104912.
51. ↑ Statement on Fluoride Paper by Anna Choi & Philippe Grandjean (September 11, 2012) School of Public Health, Harvard University.
52. ↑ Harvard IQ Study American Fluoridation Society.
53. ↑ Community Water Fluoridation and Intelligence: Prospective Study in New Zealand by Jonathan M. Broadbent et al. (2015) American Journal of Public Health 105(1):72-76.
54. ↑ Prenatal Fluoride Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes in Children at 4 and 6–12 Years of Age in Mexico by Bashash et. al. (2017) Environmental Health Perspectives 125(9):097017. doi:10.1289/EHP655.
55. ↑ American Dental Association. (November 27, 2017). Comments on a Study Published in Environmental Health Perspectives Prenatal Fluoride Exposure and Cognitive Outcomes in Children at 4 and 6-12 Years of Age in Mexico.
56. ↑ 'Dark Age' Attitudes Hold Up Fluoridation (March 21, 1962) Gadsden Times.
57. ↑ Fluoridation of water (Last updated 16-Dec-2015) The Skeptic's Dictionary.
58. ↑ Fluoride, Teeth, and the Atomic Bomb by Joel Griffiths and Chris Bryson (2001) Fluoride: Protected Pollutant or Panacea? (archived from April 14, 2008).
59. ↑ The Tyrant's Physician by Bill Hewitt (October 24, 1994 at 12:00pm EST) People (archived from February 3, 2011).
60. ↑ The Tyrant's Physician by Bill Hewitt (October 24, 1994) People (archived from February 4, 2009).
61. ↑ On January 20, the Trump White House will advise all U.S​. water systems to remove fluoride from public water. Fluoride is an industrial waste associated with arthritis, bone fractures, bone cancer, IQ loss, neurodevelopmental disorders, and thyroid disease. President ​@realDonaldTrump and First Lady @MELANIATRUMP want to Make America Healthy Again.​ @michaelpconnett by Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (8:36 PM · Nov 2, 2024) Twitter (archived from 2 Nov 2024 22:45:46 UTC).
62. ↑ Fluoridated Water National Cancer Institute.
63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Which states mandate fluoride in drinking water: RFK Jr. wants fluoride out of water but about a dozen states require it. Here's what the federal government can do. by Hannah Recht (December 17, 2024 at 6:00 a.m. EST) The Washington Post.
64. ↑ Water fluoridation DEFEATED in Portland by Mike Adams (May 23, 2013) NaturalNews.
65. ↑ Ed Begley Jr: Fluoridation is a "Clumsy Form of Medicine" by fluoridealert (Apr 19, 2013) YouTube.
66. ↑ letter to the Institute of Medicine/National Library of Medicine signed by Brockovich and others (April 27, 2015).
67. ↑ Ludwik Gross, a Trailblazer in Cancer Research, Dies at 94 by Lawrence K. Altman (July 22, 1999) The New York Times.
68. ↑ 30,000 more people freed from water fluoridation after Australian town rejects poison by David Icke (28th November 2013 at 03:38) David Icke (archived from December 1, 2013).
69. ↑ Google search: site:infowars.com flouride (archived from July 5, 2025).
70. ↑ Fluoride In The Tap Water - Blue Shirt InfoWars (archived from 21 Feb 2015 01:41:43 UTC).
71. ↑ The Fluoride Deception: What’s Added to Your Water Supply? There is not one single metabolic process in your body that requires fluoride by Dr. Mercola (December 13, 2014) Infowars.
72. ↑ Ralph Nader on Water Fluoridation by fluoridealert (Feb 11, 2011) YouTube.
73. ↑ End of Days, Vinnie Paz Genius.
74. ↑ Do fluoride levels in cheap tea pose a health risk? (July 25 2013) National Health Service (November 3, 2013).
75. ↑ Concerns over China's teeth (23 April, 2002, 00:53 GMT 01:53) BBC.