Merrill

Short description: American investing and wealth management division of Bank of America

Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated

Trade name

| Merrill
Type| Division
Industry| Financial services
Founded| January 6, 1914; 112 years ago (1914-01-06)
Founders|

* Charles E. Merrill
* Edmund C. Lynch

Headquarters| 250 Vesey Street,

New York City , New York

U.S.

Area served

| Worldwide
Services| Investment management
Revenue| US$13.8 billion (2012)[1]

Number of employees

| 15,100 (Financial Advisors as of 2010)
Parent| Bank of America
Divisions|

* Merrill Lynch Wealth Management
* Merrill Private Wealth Management
* Merrill Guided Investing
* Merrill Edge

Website| www.merrill.com

Merrill (officially Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated), previously branded Merrill Lynch, is an American investment management and wealth management division of Bank of America. Along with BofA Securities, the investment banking arm, both firms engage in prime brokerage and broker-dealer activities. The firm is headquartered in New York City , and once occupied the entire 34 stories of 250 Vesey Street, part of the Brookfield Place complex in Manhattan. Merrill employs over 14,000 financial advisors and manages $2.8 trillion in client assets ($3.4 trillion for Global Wealth and Investment Management).[2] The company also operates Merrill Edge, a division for investment and related services, including call center counsultancy.

Prior to 2009, the company was publicly owned and traded on the New York Stock Exchange. Merrill Lynch & Co. agreed to be acquired by Bank of America on September 14, 2008, at the height of the financial crisis of 2007–2008, the same weekend that Lehman Brothers was allowed to fail. The acquisition was completed in January 2009[3] and Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. was merged into Bank of America Corporation in October 2018, with certain Bank of America subsidiaries continuing to carry the Merrill Lynch name, including the broker-dealer Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith.[4][5] In 2019, Bank of America rebranded the unit to "Merrill".[6]

Merrill Lynch rose to prominence on the strength of its network of financial advisors, sometimes referred to as the "thundering herd", that allowed it to place securities it underwrote directly.[7] In contrast, many established Wall Street firms, such as Morgan Stanley, relied on groups of independent brokers for placement of the securities they underwrote.[8] It was once known as the "Catholic" firm of Wall Street[9] and most of its executives were Irish Catholics.[10]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Founding and early history
* 1.2 Post-war years
* 1.3 Canadian operations in the 1990s
* 1.4 Investment in TMS Entertainment (2003)
* 1.5 Subprime mortgage crisis
* 1.5.1 CDO losses
* 1.6 Sale to Bank of America
* 1.7 Post-merger with Bank of America
* 1.8 Launch of Merrill Edge
* 1.9 Rebranding
* 2 Regulatory actions
* 2.1 Orange County settlement
* 2.2 Analyst Research settlement
* 2.2.1 Misleading of investors by Henry Blodget
* 2.3 Enron/Merrill Lynch Nigerian barge
* 2.4 Discrimination charges
* 2.5 Market timing settlement
* 2.6 2008 bonus payments
* 2.7 Mismarking
* 2.8 Misleading customers about trading venues
* 2.9 Improper handling of ADRs
* 3 See also
* 4 References
* 5 Further reading
* 6 Merrill Lynch

## History

### Founding and early history

The company was founded on January 6, 1914, when Charles E. Merrill opened Charles E. Merrill & Co. for business at 7 Wall Street in New York City .[11] A few months later, Merrill's friend, Edmund C. Lynch, joined him, and in 1915 the name was officially changed to Merrill, Lynch & Co.[12] At that time, the firm's name included a comma between Merrill and Lynch, which was dropped in 1938.[13] In 1916, Winthrop H. Smith joined the firm.

Merrill Lynch logo c. 1917

In 1921, the company purchased Pathé Exchange, which later became RKO Pictures.[citation needed] In 1926, the firm acquired a controlling interest in Safeway Inc., transforming the small grocery store into the country's third-largest grocery store chain by the early 1930s.[14]

In 1930, Charles E. Merrill led the firm through a major restructuring, spinning-off the company's retail brokerage business to E. A. Pierce & Co. to focus on investment banking.[15][16] Along with the business, Merrill also transferred the bulk of its employees, including Edmund C. Lynch and Winthrop H. Smith. Charles Merrill received a minority interest in E.A. Pierce in the transaction. Throughout the 1930s, E.A. Pierce remained the largest brokerage in the U.S. The firm, led by Edward A. Pierce, Edmund Lynch and Winthrop Smith proved to be one of the most innovative in the industry, introducing IBM machines into the business's record keeping. Additionally, by 1938, E.A. Pierce controlled the largest wire network with a private network of over 23,000 miles of telegraph wires. These wires were typically used for orders.[17]

E. A. Pierce & Co. (above) merged with Merrill Lynch in 1940. The following year Fenner & Beane (below) was acquired by the firm

Despite its strong position in the market, E.A. Pierce was struggling financially in the 1930s and was thinly capitalized.[18] Following the death of Edmund C. Lynch in 1938, Winthrop Smith began discussions with Charles E. Merrill, who owned a minority interest in E.A. Pierce about a possible merger of the two firms. On April 1, 1940, Merrill Lynch, merged with Edward A. Pierce's E. A. Pierce & Co. and Cassatt & Co., a Philadelphia-based brokerage firm in which both Merrill Lynch and E.A. Pierce held an interest.[18] and was briefly known as Merrill Lynch, E. A. Pierce, and Cassatt.[19] The company became the first on Wall Street to publish an annual fiscal report in 1941.

Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith logo in use prior to the firm's 1974 rebranding that introduced the "bull" logo

In 1941, Merrill Lynch, E. A. Pierce, and Cassatt merged with Fenner & Beane, a New Orleans-based investment bank and commodities company. Throughout the 1930s, Fenner & Beane was consistently the second largest securities firm in the U.S. The combined firm, which became the clear leader in securities brokerage in the U.S., was renamed Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Beane.[20]

### Post-war years

In 1952, the company formed Merrill Lynch & Co. as a holding company and officially incorporated after nearly half a century as a partnership.[21] On December 31, 1957, The New York Times referred to that name as "a sonorous bit of Americana" and said, "After sixteen years of popularizing [it], Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, and Beane is going to change it—and thereby honor the man who has been largely responsible for making the name of a brokerage house part of an American saga," Winthrop H. Smith, who had been running the company since 1940.[22] The merger made the company the largest securities firm in the world, with offices in more than 98 cities and membership on 28 exchanges.[22] At the start of the firm's fiscal year on March 1, 1958, the firm's name became "Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith" and the company became a member of the New York Stock Exchange.[22]

In 1964, Merrill Lynch acquired C. J. Devine & Co., the leading dealer in U.S. Government Securities. The merger came together due to the death of Christopher J. Devine in May 1963.[23] The C. J. Devine & Co. partners, referred to as "The Devine Boys", formed Merrill Lynch Government Securities Inc., giving the firm a strong presence in the government securities market. The Government Securities business brought Merrill Lynch the needed leverage to establish many of the unique money market products and government bond mutual fund products, responsible for much of the firm's growth in the 1970s and 1980s.[24]

In June 1971, the company became a public company via an initial public offering, a year after the New York Stock Exchange allowed member firms to become publicly-owned.[25] It was a multinational corporation with over US$1.8 trillion in client assets operating in more than 40 countries around the world.

In 1977, the company introduced its Cash management account (CMA), which enabled customers to transfer all their cash into a money market fund, and included check-writing capabilities and a credit card.[26][27]

In 1978, it significantly buttressed its securities underwriting business by acquiring White Weld & Co., a small but prestigious old-line investment bank.[28][29]

In the late 1990s, Maxim Shashenkov (Russian: Максим Шашенков), who was in charge of Alfa-Bank's Alfa Securities Ltd, London, of the Alfa Group of companies, was formerly Vice President for Russia of the London branch of Merrill Lynch.[30]

### Canadian operations in the 1990s

In 1990, the company sold its Canadian private client operations to CIBC Wood Gundy.[31]

In June 1998, Merrill Lynch re-entered the Canadian investment business with its purchase of Midland Walwyn Inc.[32] At the time, Canada was the seventh-largest market for personal investment.[33]

In December 2001, Merrill Lynch sold Midland Walwyn to CIBC Wood Gundy.[34]

### Investment in TMS Entertainment (2003)

In 2003, Merrill Lynch became the second-largest shareholder of Japanese animation studio TMS Entertainment. In a report to the Finance Ministry, the Merrill Lynch group said it had acquired a 7.54% stake in TMS by purchasing 3.33 million shares. Merrill Lynch purchased the stake purely for investment purposes and had no intention of acquiring control of the firm's management.[35]

### Subprime mortgage crisis

Main article: Finance:Subprime mortgage crisis

In November 2007, Merrill Lynch announced it would write-down $8.4 billion (~$10.2 billion in 2024) in losses associated with the subprime mortgage crisis, and terminated E. Stanley O'Neal as its chief executive.[36] O'Neal had earlier approached Wachovia for a merger, without prior Board approval, but the talks ended after O'Neal's dismissal.[36] Merrill Lynch named John Thain as its new CEO that month.[36] In his first days at work in December 2007, Thain made changes in Merrill Lynch's top management, announcing that he would bring in former New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) colleagues such as Nelson Chai as CFO and Margaret D. Tutwiler as head of communications.[37][38] Later that month, the firm announced it would sell its commercial finance business to General Electric, and would sell shares of its stock to Temasek Holdings, a Singapore government investment group, in an effort to raise capital.[39] The deal raised more than $6 billion.[39]

In July 2008, Thain announced $4.9 billion fourth-quarter losses for the company from defaults and bad investments in the ongoing mortgage crisis.[40] In one year between July 2007 and July 2008, Merrill Lynch lost $19.2 billion, or $52 million daily.[40] The company's stock price had also declined significantly during that time.[40] Two weeks later, the company announced the sale of select hedge funds and securities in an effort to reduce their exposure to mortgage-related investments.[41] Temasek Holdings agreed to purchase the funds and increase its investment in the company by $3.4 billion.[42]

Then-New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo threatened to sue Merrill Lynch in August 2008 over its misrepresentation of the risk on mortgage-backed securities.[43] A week earlier, Merrill Lynch had offered to buy back $12 billion in auction-rate debt and said it was surprised by the lawsuit.[43] Three days later, the company froze hiring and revealed that it had charged almost $30 billion in losses to its subsidiary in the United Kingdom, exempting them from taxes in that country.[44] On August 22, 2008, CEO John Thain announced an agreement with the Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth to buy back all auction-rate securities from customers with less than $100 million in deposit with the firm, beginning in October 2008 and expanding in January 2009.[45] On September 5, 2008 Goldman Sachs downgraded Merrill Lynch's stock to "conviction sell" and warned of further losses at the company.[46] Bloomberg reported in September 2008 that Merrill Lynch had lost $51.8 billion (~$61.7 billion in 2024) on mortgage-backed securities as part of the subprime mortgage crisis.[46]

#### CDO losses

Merrill Lynch, like many other banks, became heavily involved in the mortgage-based collateralized debt obligation (CDO) market in the early 2000s. According to an article in Credit magazine, Merrill's rise to be the leader of the CDO market began in 2003 when Christopher Ricciardi brought his CDO team from Credit Suisse First Boston to Merrill.[47]

To provide a ready supply of mortgages for the CDOs, Merrill purchased First Franklin Financial Corp., one of the largest subprime lenders in the country, in December 2006.[48] Between 2006 and 2007, Merrill was "lead underwriter" on 136 CDOs worth $93 billion. By the end of 2007, the value of these CDOs was collapsing, but Merrill had held onto portions of them, creating billions of dollars in losses for the company.[49] In mid-2008, Merrill sold a group of CDOs that had once been valued at $30.6 billion to Lone Star Funds for $1.7 billion in cash and a $5.1 billion loan.[50][51]

In April 2009, bond insurance company MBIA sued Merrill Lynch for fraud and five other violations. These were related to the credit default swap "insurance" contracts Merrill had bought from MBIA on four of Merrill's mortgage-based collateralized debt obligations. These were the "ML-Series" CDOs, Broderick CDO 2, Highridge ABS CDO I, Broderick CDO 3, and Newbury Street CDO. MBIA claimed, among other things, that Merrill defrauded MBIA about the quality of these CDOs, and that it was using the complicated nature of these particular CDOs (CDOs squared and cubed) to hide the problems it knew about in the securities that the CDOs were based on. However, in 2010 Justice Bernard Fried disallowed all but one of the charges: the claim by MBIA that Merrill had committed breach of contract by promising the CDOs were worthy of an AAA rating when, it alleges, in reality, they weren't. When the CDOs lost value, MBIA wound up owing Merrill a large amount of money. Merrill disputed MBIA's claims.[52][53][54]

In 2009, Rabobank sued Merrill over a CDO named Norma. Rabobank later claimed that its case against Merrill was very similar to the SEC's fraud charges against Goldman Sachs and its Abacaus CDOs. Rabobank alleged that a hedge fund named Magnetar Capital had chosen assets to go into Norma, and allegedly bet against them, but that Merrill had not informed Rabobank of this fact. Instead, Rabobank alleges that Merrill told it that NIR Group was selecting the assets. When the CDO value tanked, Rabobank was left owing Merrill a large amount of money. Merrill disputed the arguments of Rabobank, with a spokesman claiming "The two matters are unrelated and the claims today are not only unfounded but weren't included in the Rabobank lawsuit filed nearly a year ago".[55][56][57][58]

### Sale to Bank of America

Main article: Company:BofA Securities

Significant losses were attributed to the drop in value of its large and unhedged mortgage portfolio in the form of collateralized debt obligations. Trading partners' loss of confidence in Merrill Lynch's solvency and ability to refinance money market obligations ultimately led to its sale.[59][60] During the week of September 8, 2008, Lehman Brothers came under severe liquidity pressures, with its survival in question. If Lehman Brothers failed, investors were afraid that the contagion could spread to the other surviving investment banks. On Sunday, September 14, 2008, Bank of America announced it was in talks to purchase Merrill Lynch for $38.25 billion (~$45.6 billion in 2024) in stock.[61] Later that day, Merrill Lynch was sold to Bank of America for 0.8595 shares of Bank of America common stock for each Merrill Lynch common share, or about US$50 billion or $29 per share.[62][63] This price represented a 70.1% premium over the September 12 closing price or a 38% premium over Merrill's book value of $21 (~$26.00 in 2024) a share,[64] but a discount of 61% from its September 2007 price.[65]

Congressional testimony by Bank of America CEO Kenneth Lewis, as well as internal emails released by the House Oversight Committee, indicated that the merger was transacted under pressure from federal officials, who said that they would otherwise seek the replacement of Bank of America's management as a condition of any government assistance.[66][67] In March 2009, it was reported that in 2008, Merrill Lynch received billions of dollars from its insurance arrangements with AIG, including $6.8 billion from funds provided by the United States government to bail out AIG.[68][69]

### Post-merger with Bank of America

After merging Merrill Lynch into its businesses, Bank of America continued to operate Merrill Lynch for its wealth management services and integrated Merrill Lynch's investment bank into the newly formed BofA Securities.

### Launch of Merrill Edge

On June 21, 2010, the company launched Merrill Edge, an electronic trading platform.[70]

### Rebranding

In February 2019, Bank of America announced the division was to be rebranded from "Merrill Lynch" to "Merrill".[71]

## Regulatory actions

### Orange County settlement

In 1998, Merrill Lynch paid Orange County, California $400 million (~$597 million in 2024) to settle accusations that it sold inappropriate and risky investments to former county treasurer Robert Citron.[72] Citron lost $1.69 billion, which forced the county to file for bankruptcy in December 1994.[72] The county sued a dozen or more securities companies, advisors and accountants, but Merrill settled without admitting liability, paying $400 million of a total $600 million recovered by the county.[73][74]

### Analyst Research settlement

In 2002, Merrill Lynch agreed to pay out $100 million (~$139 million in 2024) for publishing misleading research. As part of the agreement with the New York attorney general and other state securities regulators, Merrill Lynch agreed to increase research disclosure and work to decouple research from investment banking.[75]

#### Misleading of investors by Henry Blodget

Between 1999 and 2001, during the dot-com bubble, Henry Blodget, a well-known analyst at Merrill Lynch, gave assessments about stocks in private emails that conflicted with what he publicly published via Merrill. In 2003, he was charged with civil securities fraud by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. He settled without admitting or denying the allegations and was subsequently barred from the securities industry for life. He paid a $2 million fine and $2 million disgorgement.[76]

### Enron/Merrill Lynch Nigerian barge

In 2004, convictions of Merrill executives marked the only instance in the Enron investigation where the government criminally charged any officials from the banks and securities firms that allegedly helped Enron execute its accounting scandals. The case revolved around a 1999 transaction involving Merrill, Enron and the sale of some electricity-producing barges off the coast of Nigeria. The charges alleged that the 1999 sale of an interest in Nigerian power barge by an Enron entity to Merrill Lynch was a sham that allowed Enron to illegally book about $12 million (~$17.7 million in 2024) in pretax profit, when in fact there was no real sale and no real profit. Four former Merrill top executives and two former midlevel Enron officials faced conspiracy and fraud charges. The Merrill Lynch executives were convicted, but, unusually, all three of those that appealed subsequently had their charges overturned by the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New Orleans who called the conspiracy and wire fraud charges "flawed."[77] The Justice Department decided not to retry the case after the reversal of the verdict.[78][79] Merrill reached its own settlement, firing bankers and agreeing to the outside oversight of its structured-finance transactions. It also settled civil fraud charges brought by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, without admitting or denying fault.[80]

### Discrimination charges

On June 26, 2007, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) brought suit against Merrill Lynch,[81] alleging the firm discriminated against Dr. Majid Borumand because of his Iranian nationality and Islamic religion, with "reckless disregard" for his protected civil rights.[82] The EEOC lawsuit maintained that violations by the company were intentional and committed with malice. In another case concerning mistreatment of another Iranian employee by Merrill Lynch, on July 20, 2007, a National Association of Securities Dealers arbitration panel ordered the company to pay Fariborz Zojaji, a former Iranian employee, $1.6 million (~$1.94 million in 2024) for being fired due to his Persian ethnicity.[83][84] Merrill Lynch was criticized by both the National Iranian American Council, and the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee.[85]

On August 13, 2008, a New Jersey appeals court rendered a ruling against Merrill Lynch in a lawsuit filed by Darren Kwiatkowski, a gay employee who was called a “stupid fag” by another employee.[86]

In August 2013, the company agreed to pay $160 million to settle a class action racism lawsuit brought by a longtime U.S. employee in 2005. At the time the lawsuit was filed, 2% of the brokers at the company were black, despite a 30-year-old consent decree it had signed with the EEOC that required the company to increase its proportion of black brokers to 6.5%, and despite the fact that in 25 states, the company did not have a single black broker. The funds were available to all black brokers and trainees at the firm since May 2001, estimated to be 700–1,200 people. During the case, Merrill's black CEO, Stanley O'Neal, said that black brokers may have a harder time getting business for the company since most of its clients were white.[87][88]

### Market timing settlement

In March 2005, Merrill Lynch paid a $10 million (~$12.9 million in 2024) civil penalty to settle allegations of improper activities at the firm's Fort Lee, New Jersey office. Three financial advisors, and a fourth who was involved to a lesser degree, placed 12,457 trades for Millennium Partners, a client, in at least 521 mutual funds and 63 mutual fund sub-accounts of at least 40 variable annuities. Millennium made profits in over half of the funds and fund sub-accounts. In those funds where Millennium made profits, its gains totalled about $60 million. Merrill Lynch failed to reasonably supervise these financial advisers, whose market timing siphoned short-term profits out of mutual funds and harmed long-term investors.[89]

### 2008 bonus payments

In 2008, Merrill Lynch arranged for payment $3.6 billion in bonuses, one-third of the money received from the Troubled Asset Relief Program, for performance that year in what appeared to be "special timing," despite reported losses of $27 billion the same year.[90][91]

### Mismarking

In 2010, a Merrill Lynch trader in London who mismarked positions he had on behalf of the bank by $100 million (~$117 million in 2024) to cover up his losses was banned by the United Kingdom's Financial Services Authority (FSA) from working in the securities industry in the UK for at least five years.[92][93][94][95]

### Misleading customers about trading venues

On 19 June 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) charged Merrill Lynch of misleading brokerage customers about trading venues between 2008 and 2013. Merrill Lynch admitted wrongdoing and agreed to pay a $42 million penalty.[96][97]

### Improper handling of ADRs

On 22 March 2019, Merrill Lynch agreed to pay more than $8 million (~$8 million in 2024) to settle charges of improper handling of pre-released American depositary receipts under investigation of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Merrill Lynch neither admitted nor denied the investigation findings but agreed to pay disgorgement of more than $4.4 million in ill-gotten gains plus $724,000 in prejudgment interest and an additional penalty of $2.89 million.[98][99]

## See also

* Broker-dealer
* Calibuso, et al. v. Bank of America Corp., et al.
* Credit crunch
* Liquidity crisis
* Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Dabit, a 2006 Supreme Court case involving securities fraud claims.
* Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Inc. v. Manning, a 2016 Supreme Court case involving naked short selling claims.
* List of UK judgments relating to excluded subject matter
* Primary dealer

## References

1. ↑ "Bank of America Corporation Annual Report 2012". Bank of America Corporation. http://media.corporate-ir.net/Media_Files/IROL/71/71595/AR2012.pdf.
2. ↑ "Become a financial advisor with Merrill". Merrill Lynch. https://www.ml.com/merrill-lynch-advisor/overview.html.
3. ↑ Jan 2009 – see Crash of the Titans by Greg Farrell
4. ↑ Campbell, Dakin (October 1, 2013). "Bank of America Finishes Merger of Merrill Lynch Into Parent". Bloomberg L.P.. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-10-01/bank-of-america-finishes-merger-of-merrill-lynch-into-parent-1-.
5. ↑ "Bank of America Simplifies Corporate Structure" (Press release). Bank of America Corporation. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
6. ↑ Back, Aaron (February 25, 2019). "Merrill: What's in a Name?". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/merrill-whats-in-a-name-11551114631.
7. ↑ Perkins, Edwin J. (1999). Wall Street to Main Street: Charles Merrill and Middle-Class Investors. Cambridge University Press.
8. ↑ Chernow, Ron (1990). The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. Touchstone Books. ISBN 9780802198136. https://books.google.com/books?id=sgNUEqkgctEC.
9. ↑ Stewart, James B. (1992). Den of Thieves. Touchstone Books. ISBN 9781439126202. https://books.google.com/books?id=a9_Z413-J1IC&pg=PA26.
10. ↑ MCLEAN, BETHANY; NOCERA, JOE (November 2010). "THE BLUNDERING HERD". Vanity Fair. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2010/11/financial-crisis-excerpt-201011.
11. ↑ "Charles E. Merrill | American businessman" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-E-Merrill.
12. ↑ "TIMELINE: History of Merrill Lynch" (in en). Reuters. 2008-09-15. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-merrill-idUSN1546989520080915.
13. ↑ Stempel, Jonathan (September 15, 2009). "TIMELINE: History of Merrill Lynch". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-merrill/timeline-history-of-merrill-lynch-idUSN1546989520080915.
14. ↑ "Safeway Inc. | American supermarket chain" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Safeway-Inc.
15. ↑ "Business & Finance: No. 1 Wire House". Time (magazine) (1). February 4, 1935. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,788558,00.html.
16. ↑ "Bigger Biggest". Time (magazine). November 10, 1930. http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,740665,00.html.
17. ↑ "Curious Services". Life. June 27, 1938. https://books.google.com/books?id=W08EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA70.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Heenan, David A.; Bennis, Warren (1999). Co-leaders: the power of great partnerships. John Wiley and Sons. p. 65. ISBN 9780471316350. https://archive.org/details/coleaderspowerof0000heen.
19. ↑ "NEW FIRM PLANS CHANGES IN POLICY; Merrill Lynch, E.A. Pierce & Cassatt to Put Emphasis on Customer-Contact MERCHANDISING A FACTOR Branch Offices to Be Reduced In Size, Says Merrill-- 40 Partners Listed". The New York Times. March 29, 1940. https://www.nytimes.com/1940/03/29/archives/new-firm-plans-changes-in-policy-merrill-lynch-ea-pierce-cassatt-to.html.
20. ↑ Wigmore, Barrie A. (1985). The crash and its aftermath: a history of securities markets in the United States, 1929–1933. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313245749. https://books.google.com/books?id=I_Bs3s3rdHwC&pg=PA238.
21. ↑ "Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. | American brokerage firm" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Merrill-Lynch-and-Co-Inc.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Revising a Sonorous Piece of Americana: Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner and Smith." The New York Times, December 31, 1957, p. 29
23. ↑ "Deal Places Biggest Wall St. House in U.S. Bond Field". The New York Times. May 13, 1964. https://www.nytimes.com/1964/05/13/archives/deal-places-biggest-wall-st-house-in-us-bond-field.html.
24. ↑ "Wall Street: A Sweet Deal". Time (magazine). May 22, 1964. https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,871138-1,00.html.
25. ↑ Robards, Terry (June 24, 1971). "ISSUE SOLD AT $28 BY MERRILL LYNCH". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/24/archives/issue-sold-at-28-by-merrill-lynch-4-million-shares-snapped-up.html.
26. ↑ Egan, Jack (July 3, 1977). "Merrill Lynch Takes on The Banks". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1977/07/03/merrill-lynch-takes-on-the-banks/58e4d6b3-a904-40bd-90f6-71a3f0710726/.
27. ↑ Noble, Kenneth B. (May 18, 1981). "MERRILL LYNCH'S C.M.A. BOOM". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/18/business/merrill-lynch-s-cma-boom.html.
28. ↑ Egan, Jack (April 15, 1978). "Merrill Lynch Buys White Weld". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1978/04/15/merrill-lynch-buys-white-weld/7e3cef6a-35be-4821-b384-27372b1621e3/.
29. ↑ Jensen, Michael C. (May 1, 1978). "Merrill Lynch Merger With White Weld Causes Talk, Often Critical". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/01/archives/merrill-lynch-merger-with-white-weld-causes-talk-often-critical.html.
30. ↑ Макаркин, Алексей (13 March 2002). "АЛЬФА-РЕНОВА": КОЛЛЕКТИВНЫЙ ПОРТРЕТ ЛОББИСТОВ. Политком.ru website. Archived 18 June 2002. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
31. ↑ "Merrill to Buy Midland Walwyn" (in en-US). 1998-06-23. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jun-23-fi-62649-story.html.
32. ↑ "Merrill Lynch Buys Midland Walwyn For $855 Million, Seeks Access to Canada". The Wall Street Journal. June 22, 1998. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB898521792594349000.
33. ↑ "Merrill Lynch to buy Midland Walwyn for $1.26 billion". CBC News. October 6, 1999. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/merrill-lynch-to-buy-midland-walwyn-for-1-26-billion-1.159633.
34. ↑ WILLIS, ANDREW; WON, SHIRLEY (November 22, 2001). "CIBC wins battle for Merrill's brokers". The Globe and Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/cibc-wins-battle-for-merrills-brokers/article22499695/.
35. ↑ "Merrill Lynch ups stake in TMS". The Japan Times. December 31, 2003. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2003/12/31/business/merrill-lynch-ups-stake-in-tms/.
36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Anderson, Jenny (November 15, 2007). "NYSE Chief Is Chosen to Lead Merrill Lynch". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/15/business/15merrill.html.
37. ↑ "Merrill Hires Finance Chief". The New York Times. December 4, 2007. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/04/business/04merrill.html.
38. ↑ "Tutwiler follows Thain to Merrill". Investment News. December 11, 2007. http://www.investmentnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071211/REG/71211004.
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Dash, Eric (December 25, 2007). "Merrill Lynch Sells Stake to Singapore Firm". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/25/business/25merrill.html.
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Story, Louise (July 11, 2008). "Chief Struggles to Revive Merrill Lynch". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/business/18merrill.html.
41. ↑ "Merrill Lynch Announces Substantial Sale of U.S. ABS CDOs, Exposure Reduction of $11.1 billion" (Press release). Business Wire. July 28, 2008. `{{cite press release}}`: External link in ``|publisher=`` (help)
42. ↑ Timmons, Heather; Story, Loiuse (July 29, 2008). "Singapore to the rescue of a troubled Merrill Lynch". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/business/worldbusiness/29iht-merrill.4.14866295.html.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Lawsuit threat to Merrill Lynch". BBC News. August 15, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7564630.stm.
44. ↑ Bialeck, Alan R. (May 8, 2015). American Pinocchios. ISBN 9781483422770. https://books.google.com/books?id=_afXCQAAQBAJ.
45. ↑ Quaratiello, Frank (August 22, 2008). "Merrill Lynch settles up". The Boston Herald. https://www.bostonherald.com/2008/08/22/merrill-lynch-settles-up/.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Miller, Brett; Ho, Chua Kong (September 5, 2008). "Merrill Lynch Cut to 'Sell' at Goldman on Writedowns". Bloomberg News. https://infiniteunknown.net/2008/09/06/merrill-lynch-cut-to-sell-at-goldman-on-writedowns/.
47. ↑ Fahmy, Dalia (May 1, 2005). "Merrill Lynch (profile)". Credit magazine (as reprinted at risk.net). https://www.risk.net/risk-management/credit-risk/1500052/merrill-lynch.
48. ↑ Tully, Shawn (November 12, 2007). "Wall Street's money machine breaks down". CNN. https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2007/11/26/101232838/.
49. ↑ Goldstein, Matthew (October 25, 2007). "Why Merrill Lynch Got Burned". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-10-25/why-merrill-lynch-got-burnedbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice.
50. ↑ Keoun, Bradley; Harper, Christine (July 29, 2008). "Merrill to Sell $8.5 billion of Stock, Unload CDOs". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aoNJEp7BHg14.
51. ↑ Boyd, Roddy (August 6, 2008). "Merrill's picked pockets". CNN. https://money.cnn.com/2008/08/06/news/companies/merrill_bloomberg_sale.fortune/index.htm.
52. ↑ "MBIA Insurance Co. v Merrill Lynch". Supreme Court, New York County. April 9, 2010. http://courts.state.ny.us/Reporter/3dseries/2010/2010_51027.htm.
53. ↑ Ng, Serena (May 1, 2009). "MBIA Sues Merrill Lynch". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124112607580674555.
54. ↑ Honan, Edith (April 9, 2010). "Update 1-Judge dismisses most of MBIA's suit vs Merrill". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/mbia-merrill-lawsuit/update-1-judge-dismisses-most-of-mbias-suit-vs-merrill-idUSN0923921520100409.
55. ↑ Eisinger, Jesse; Bernstein, Jake (April 9, 2010). "A Lawsuit Suggests Merrill Lynch's Role". ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/a-lawsuit-suggests-merrill-lynchs-role.
56. ↑ Pickhardt, Jonathan (April 16, 2010). "Letter to Judge Bernard Fried, NY Supreme Court re: Rabobank and Merrill Lynch". Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan. https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/1700-letter-to-judge-bernard-fried-ny-supreme-court-re-rabobank-and-merrill-lynch.html.
57. ↑ Mollenkamp, Carrick; Ng, Serena (December 27, 2007). "Wall Street Wizardry Amplified Credit Crisis". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119871820846351717.
58. ↑ McQuillen, William (April 16, 2010). "Merrill Used Same Alleged Fraud as Goldman, Bank Says". Bloomberg News. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-04-16/merrill-lynch-used-same-alleged-cdo-fraud-as-goldman-a-dutch-bank-claims.
59. ↑ Morgenson, Gretchen (November 8, 2008). "The Reckoning: How the Thundering Herd Faltered and Fell". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/09/business/09magic.html. "Some banks were so concerned that they considered stopping trading with Merrill if Lehman went under, according to participants in the Federal Reserve's weekend meetings on Sept. 13 and 14 [2008]"
60. ↑ Paulden, Pierre (August 26, 2008). "Merrill, Wachovia Hit With Record Refinancing Bill". Bloomberg News. https://infiniteunknown.net/2008/08/26/merrill-wachovia-hit-with-record-refinancing-bill/. "In response to a slump in demand for their bonds, financial firms, which have incurred $504 billion of write-downs and credit losses since the start of 2007, are selling assets such as mortgage securities and collateralized debt obligations at fire-sale prices to pay down looming maturities"
61. ↑ Sorkin, Andrew Ross (September 14, 2008). "Bank of America in Talks to Buy Merrill Lynch". The New York Times. http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/14/bank-of-america-in-talks-to-buy-merrill-lynch/index.html.
62. ↑ Karnitschnig, Matthew; Mollenkamp, Carrick; Fitzpatrick, Dan (September 14, 2008). "Bank of America Reaches Deal for Merrill". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB122142278543033525.
63. ↑ Read, Madlen; Paradis, Tim (September 15, 2008). "Bank of America agrees to pay $50 billion for Merrill Lynch". The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/business/bank-of-america-agrees-to-pay-50-billion-for-merrill-lynch/.
64. ↑ "Merger proposed — your vote is very important". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/70858/000095012308014233/g15211b3e424b3.htm.
65. ↑ Rusli, Evelyn (September 15, 2008). "The Universal Appeal of BofA". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/2008/09/15/bofa-merrill-deal-markets-equity-cx_er_0915markets2.html.
66. ↑ Lanman, Scott; Torres (June 10, 2009). "Republican Staff Says Fed Overstepped on Merrill Deal". The New York Times. Bloomberg News. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/12/business/12bank.html.
67. ↑ Story, Louise; Becker, Jo (June 12, 2009). "Bank of America's Lewis Tells of Pressure to Buy Merrill Lynch". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/12/business/12bank.html.
68. ↑ Javers, Eamon (March 15, 2009). "AIG ships billions in bailout abroad". Politico. https://www.politico.com/story/2009/03/aig-ships-billions-in-bailout-abroad-020039.
69. ↑ "A.I.G. Lists Firms It Paid With Taxpayer Money". The New York Times. March 15, 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/16/business/16rescue.html.
70. ↑ Veneziani, Vince (17 June 2010). "Merrill Lynch Launching Online Discount Brokerage Next Monday". Business Insider. http://www.businessinsider.com/merrill-lynch-edge-2010-6.
71. ↑ Ensign, Rachel Louise (February 25, 2019). "Bank of America to Drop Merrill Lynch Name From Some Businesses". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/bank-of-america-to-drop-merrill-lynch-name-from-investment-bank-11551110080.
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Wayne, Andrew Pollack With Leslie (1998-06-03). "Ending Suit, Merrill Lynch to Pay California County $400 Million" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/03/business/ending-suit-merrill-lynch-to-pay-california-county-400-million.html.
73. ↑ RECKARD, E. SCOTT; WAGNER, MICHAEL G. (June 3, 1998). "Merrill Agrees to Pay $400 Million in O.C. Settlement". Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jun-03-mn-56193-story.html.
74. ↑ Pasztor, Andy; Emshwiller, John R.; Gasparino, Charles (June 3, 1998). "Merrill Will Pay $437.1 Million to End Damage Claims in Orange County Case". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB896816641597377500.
75. ↑ "Merrill to pay $125 million settlement to investors". Reuters. September 5, 2007. https://www.reuters.com/article/fundsFundsNews/idUSN0519185620070905.
76. ↑ "The Securities and Exchange Commission, NASD and the New York Stock Exchange Permanently Bar Henry Blodget From the Securities Industry and Require $4 Million Payment" (Press release). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. April 28, 2003.
77. ↑ "4 ex-Merrill Lynch execs' convictions overturned". August 2, 2006. https://www.chron.com/business/enron/article/4-ex-Merrill-Lynch-execs-convictions-overturned-1484942.php#:~:text=The 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in,of perjury and obstruction of justice against Brown.
78. ↑ "Feds won't fight overturned convictions". https://money.cnn.com/2007/02/16/news/companies/enron_convictions/index.htm.
79. ↑ "Judge dismisses charges against ex-Merrill exec in Enron case at prosecutors' request". March 27, 2015. https://www.foxnews.com/us/judge-dismisses-charges-against-ex-merrill-exec-in-enron-case-at-prosecutors-request.
80. ↑ Ackman, Dan (September 20, 2004). "Enron's Nigeria Barge: The Real Deal". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/2004/09/20/cx_da_0920topnews.html.
81. ↑ Associated, The. (June 27, 2007) "U.S. Sues Merrill on Treatment of Muslim". The New York Times. Associated Press. June 27, 2007. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/27/business/27bias.html.
82. ↑ "EEOC vs. Merrill Lynch $ Co. – Complaint". United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. June 25, 2007. http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/eeoc062607mer1.pdf.
83. ↑ "Merrill Lynch Pays Fired Iranian Broker $1.6 Million". HuffPost. March 28, 2008. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/merrill-lynch-pays-fired_n_57644.
84. ↑ "Amended Award". National Association of Securities Dealers. July 20, 2007. http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/Zojaji20070723.pdf.
85. ↑ "EEOC: Merrill Lynch Hired Iranian for His Brains, Fired Him for His Nationality". National Iranian American Council. July 4, 2007. https://www.niacouncil.org/eeoc-merrill-lynch-hired-iranian-for-his-brains-fired-him-for-his-nationality/.
86. ↑ "Single Gay Epithet At Work Sustains Claim: Court". Law360. August 15, 2008. https://www.law360.com/articles/66319/single-gay-epithet-at-work-sustains-claim-court.
87. ↑ Becker, Amanda (August 28, 2013). "BofA's Merrill to settle racial bias suit for $160 million". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-merrillynch/bofas-merrill-to-settle-racial-bias-suit-for-160-million-idUSBRE97R13X20130828.
88. ↑ McGeehan, Patrick (August 27, 2013). "Merrill Lynch in Big Payout for Bias Case". The New York Times. https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/08/27/merrill-lynch-in-big-payout-for-bias-case/.
89. ↑ "Attorney General Harvey Reaches Agreement with Merrill Lynch Covering Securities Practices" (Press release). New Jersey. March 8, 2005.
90. ↑ Story, Louise (February 12, 2009). "Nearly 700 at Merrill in Million-Dollar Club". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/12/business/12merrill.html.
91. ↑ Weiner, Rachel (March 30, 2009). "Merrill Lynch Bonuses 22 Times The Size Of AIG". HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/merrill-lynch-bonuses-22_n_180780.
92. ↑ Ridley, Clara Ferreira-Marques, Kirstin (March 17, 2010). "FSA bans former Merrill Lynch trader". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-fsa-merrill-idUKTRE62F1IB20100317.
93. ↑ Ian King (March 16, 2010). "Merrill trader banned by FSA for mismarking". The Times. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/merrill-trader-banned-by-fsa-for-mismarking-8bl2cpqw0bh.
94. ↑ Alexis Stenfors (2017). Barometer of Fear: An Insiders Account of Rogue Trading and the Greatest Banking Scandal in History. Zed Books. https://www.scribd.com/book/346744345/Barometer-of-Fear-An-Insiders-Account-of-Rogue-Trading-and-the-Greatest-Banking-Scandal-in-History.
95. ↑ Enrich, David (April 29, 2016). "A Disgraced Trader's Struggle for Redemption". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-disgraced-traders-struggle-for-redemption-1461949767.
96. ↑ "Merrill Lynch Admits to Misleading Customers about Trading Venues". www.sec.gov. https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2018-108.
97. ↑ "Merrill Fined $42 Million for Hiding Where It Sent Client Orders". Bloomberg News. June 19, 2018. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-19/merrill-to-pay-42-million-fine-for-misleading-brokerage-clients.
98. ↑ "Merrill Lynch to Pay Over $8 Million for Improper Handling of ADRs" (Press release). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. March 22, 2019.
99. ↑ "U.S. SEC says Bank of America Merrill Lynch to pay $8 million ADR lapses". Reuters. March 22, 2019. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-sec-bofaml-idUSKCN1R323J.

## Further reading

* Farrell, Greg (2010). Crash of the Titans: Greed, Hubris, the Fall of Merrill Lynch, and the Near-Collapse of Bank of America. New York: Crown Business. ISBN 978-0-307-71786-3. https://archive.org/details/crashoftitansgre0000farr.
* McLean, Bethany; Nocera, Joe (2011). All the Devils Are Here All the Devils Are Here (Version_2 ed.). New York: Portfolio/Penguin. ISBN 978-1591843634. OCLC 711801567. https://archive.org/details/alldevilsarehere00mcle.
* Merrill Lynch (March 3, 2008). "Merrill Lynch Names Thomas J. Sanzone as Chief Administrative Officer" (Press release). Business Wire. `{{cite press release}}`: External link in ``|publisher=`` (help)
* Perkins, Edwin (1999). Wall Street to Main Street: Charles Merrill and Middle-Class Investors. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-63029-0.
* Stiles, Paul (1998). Riding the Bull: My Year in the Madness at Merrill Lynch. New York: Times Business. ISBN 978-0-8129-2789-4. https://archive.org/details/ridingbullmyyear00stil.

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