National debt of the United States

Under President Obama, the National debt surpassed 106% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Under President Trump, the U.S. Government sent hundreds of billions to private citizens to ensure the economy would not suffer the shutdown costs of losing momentum during the lockdowns prescribed by epidemiologists for the global Wuhan Virus pandemic. By September 2020, the unemployment rate had recovered to no worse than the level during the Obama/Biden Administration in September 2012, and the Congressional Budget Office called the measure successful. The Greek Debt Crisis of 2010 was precipitated when Greek debt reached 115% of GDP, but in the form of non-fiscal-related emergency measures it now takes, today's jump in debt ratio has little effect on U.S. Government creditworthiness.[1]

Federal spending allocation in 2011

Federal spending allocations in 2018

The National Debt is the amount of money the United States Federal government owes various creditors due to deficit spending.

As of December 2021, the National debt of the United States is about $31 trillion in national debt]]. In December of 2021, that was about $96,371 per American.[2]

In addition, American taxpayers have been paying into the USA retirement program Social Security and its medical program for seniors called Medicare for decades. The Social Security and Medicare programs are now unfunded liabilities. If one combines the United States national debt with the unfunded liabilities of Social Security and Medicare, each American owes more than $500,000.[3] Many USA taxpayers will be unable to collect the amount they put in Social Security and Medicare by the time they need it because the programs will be cut back by then. In all likelihood, the Social Security and Medicare programs will become means tested. See: Prof. Antony Davies: 10 Myths About Government Debt

## Contents

* 1 Debt of the US - Analysis of Bush and Obama presidencies
* 1.1 Assignment of responsibility
* 2 Debt per capita
* 3 Debt to GDP ratio
* 4 Debt ceiling
* 5 United States bond rating
* 6 Notes
* 6.1 Debt and political officeholders
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Debt of the US - Analysis of Bush and Obama presidencies[edit]

On January 20, 2001, the day of George W. Bush's inauguration into office, the national debt of the United States was 5.7 trillion dollars, and by the end of his run in office (January 19, 2009) it was at 10.6 trillion dollars.[4] Five years into Barack Obama's term, Obama had already outborrowed Bush's entire debt load during his 8-year term at about $7.0 trillion borrowed vs. $4.9 trillion, but comparing these figures masks an important distinction—slower economic growth.

The production of the U.S. economy is measured by its gross domestic product or GDP, and its increase (and during recessions its decrease) from year to year measures economic growth (or decline) in the form of goods and services produced. GDP figures generally become more accurate over the years as more precise accounting is employed. The latest GDP revisions to measurements for recent years are from 2016.

From April 1, 2001 to March 31, 2009, the economy produced $18.4 trillion over and above March 31, 2001 GDP levels which was its productive growth for that time period. Relative to that amount, the U.S. Government went $4.9 trillion into debt for U.S. Government consumption or redistribution (or rather "pre-distribution" since the money to this day hasn't been collected yet from taxes) or an amount equal to 27% of the entire productive growth of the U.S. for that time period.

From April 1, 2009 to March 31, 2017, the U.S. economy produced $18.5 trillion (actually less than the Bush Administration due to inflation) over and above March 31, 2009 GDP levels which was its productive growth for that time period. Relative to that amount, the U.S. Government went $8.7 trillion into debt for U.S. Government consumption or redistribution (again, "pre-distribution" because to this day not collected from taxes) or an amount equal to 47% of the entire productive growth of the U.S. for that time period. In other words, for the eight years of Obama's administration, every new dollar produced by the U.S. economy above the productive level at the beginning of the Obama administration was matched by forty-seven cents borrowed on behalf of the government (over and above all federal taxes collected during that time) and dedicated to government consumption or redistribution.

Some have made the remark that under high taxation, we are slaves to the government. If slavery is defined as having all the fruits of one's production seized, it is not true that a person is a slave to the government in America, but given these facts, it is hard to deny that under the eight years of the Obama administration our country's productive growth may figuratively nearly hold the status of one, the consequences of whose was to be applied in the future. This is because its federal government spending entailed having 47% of it financed (dedicated to be paid for) by future taxes and other revenue, and whose debt is considered to be especially misapplied unless used largely for the sake of probable future requirements and growth rather than spending in the present day as much money as can be made available.

#### Assignment of responsibility[edit]

This comparative analysis, made to fit the time periods of the figures of the first paragraph of this section, is not without its rough edges. The percent of growth spent under Obama may be higher when it is factored in that much of Bush's spending in his last year in office ($0.6 trillion) took the form of a series of loans to mostly private companies, not new consumption or redistribution, that, taken together, was completely paid back to the government during Obama's administration.[5]

A second factor is that it was Obama who signed legislation for much of budgeted Fiscal Year 2009 (which begins October 1, 2008), when under normal circumstances it would have been all signed into law by Bush.

## Debt per capita[edit]

The national debt per capita, which means what an individual's debt burden would be if each member of the U.S. population were assigned an equal share of the U.S. federal debt, as of March 31, 2017, was $61,000 (or $244,000 per family of four) assuming a U.S. population of about 325,000,000.[6] These values jumped by $2,000 and $8,000, respectively, in the single month of November 2015. The new debt accrued in the single fiscal year 2014 was $3,400 per single member of the U.S. population or $13,500 per family of four, and the new debt accrued from April 1, 2009 to March 31, 2016 was $25,200 per each member of the U.S. population or $101,000 per family of four. See table below.

## Debt to GDP ratio[edit]

Instead of measuring an absolute number, the debt to GDP ratio is the measurement of the national debt as a percentage of the gross domestic product. It is a measure of the debt in relation to the economy and of our capacity to carry and repay debt.[7] The US Debt to GDP ratio was getting larger (during Fiscal Year 2015, it shrank slightly due to irregularities in debt issuance, but quickly regained its upward trend), as the US economy's debt was growing faster than the GDP. The debt-level has recently stabilized, and the debt to GDP ratio has accordingly begun to drop slowly in a growing GDP economy.[8] This has not always been the case: During the last 8 presidential administrations (pre-Obama), the US Debt to GDP ratio was reduced under Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, and Bill Clinton; but increased under Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush.

## Debt ceiling[edit]

For a more detailed treatment, see Debt Ceiling.

The debt ceiling is a limit imposed on the Treasury by Congress. The Treasury may not issue debt in excess of this amount to fund government operations. In February 2014, the debt ceiling was suspended altogether until March 2015, and was last raised on February 7, 2014 to $17.212 trillion, a nearly 5 trillion dollar increase in less than four and a half years in spite of attempts by conservative Congressmen to reduce spending.[9]

Raising the debt ceiling is not the same thing as going further into debt to spend more money, since spending is dictated by the Federal Budget or continuing resolutions, but it does allow the Federal Government to meet any new financial obligations up to the ceiling, if and when new spending arises, through accepting money from new debt-holders. It is not certain what would happen if the national debt reaches the debt ceiling without action by Congress. Liberal politicians and pundits, including Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner, claim that government would default on its obligations, causing global financial markets to collapse. Many financial market experts and conservatives, especially TEA Partiers opposed to raising the debt ceiling, see no evidence that a default would occur in such a situation.[10] However, in 1983, when Congress was debating whether to raise the debt ceiling, Ronald Reagan said:

> “The full consequences of a default — or even the serious prospect of default — by the United States are impossible to predict and awesome to contemplate. Denigration of the full faith and credit of the United States would have substantial effects on the domestic financial markets and the value of the dollar in foreign exchange markets. The Nation can ill afford to allow such a result. The risks, the costs, the disruptions, and the incalculable damage lead me to but one conclusion: the Senate must pass this legislation before the Congress adjourns.”[11]

The national balance sheet not only reflect borrowing by the Treasury to reflect fiscal policy, it can also be affected by the Federal Reserve system to reflect monetary policy. The overall impact of national debt on the national standard of living can be moderated by interest rates and tax policy. This is because the federal government must pay the interest on the debt and then collect it from taxpayers to varying degrees.

## United States bond rating[edit]

On August 5, 2011, the bond rating service Standard and Poor's, a company which rates the ability of institutions to repay their debt, lowered the United States federal government's long-term debt rating from AAA to AA+ for the first time since their ratings began in the early 1940s (a decrease never occurred even during World War II) and gave the government's credit a negative outlook, warning that unless the rate of new government spending were reduced, there would be grounds for lowering the rating again.[12]

## Notes[edit]

Recent additions to U.S. federal debt[13] Fiscal year (begins
Oct. 1 of year
prior to stated year)  | GDP
$Billions
[14] | New debt
for
fiscal year
$Billions  | New debt

% of GDP  | Total debt
at end
of FY
$Billions
[15] | Total debt
as % of GDP
at end of FY
(Debt to GDP
ratio)  | U.S.
Popu-
lation
mil-lions
[6] | New debt (over
and above all
federal taxes
paid during
fiscal year) per
family of four
$dollars  | % of
total
debt
for-
eign-
owned
[16] | Fed.
Reve-
nue,
$bill-
ions  | Fed.
Reve-
nue

% of GDP

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1977  | $2,050  | $63–64 | 3.1–3.2%  | ~$703 | 34.4–34.8%  | 221  | ~$1,150  | 14.0%  | $356  | 17.4%
1978  | 2,300  | 70–73 | 3.1–3.2%  | ~774 | 33.8–34.0%  | 223  | ~1,280  | 16.5%  | 400  | 17.4%
1979  | 2,550  | 53–55 | 2.1%  | ~828 | 32.2%  | 226  | ~960  | 14.0%  | 463  | 18.2%
1980  | 2,800  | 80–81 | 2.9%  | ~908 | 32.5%  | 228  | ~1,410  | 13.5%  | 517  | 18.4%
1981  | $3,150  | $ 86–90 | 2.8%  | ~$ 996 | 31.7%  | 231  | ~$1,550  | 13.5%  | $599  | 19.0%
1982  | 3,300  | 142–144 | 4.3–4.4%  | ~1,140 | 34.4%  | 233  | ~2,450  | 12.5%  | 618  | 18.8%
1983  | 3,550  | 234–235 | 6.6%  | ~1,370 | 38.8%  | 235  | 4,000  | 11.5%  | 601  | 17.0%
1984  | 3,950  | 193–195 | 4.9%  | ~1,570 | 39.6–39.8%  | 237  | ~3,250  | 11.0%  | 666  | 16.8%
1985  | 4,250  | 251–253  | 5.9% | ~1,820 | 42.6% | 239 | ~4,200 | 12.0%  | 734  | 17.2%
1986  |  4,550  | 302–303  | 6.7% | ~2,100 | 46.8% | 241 | ~5,000 | 12.5%  | 769  | 17.0%
1987  |  4,800  | 225  | 4.7% | ~2,350 | 49.1% | 243 | 3,700 | 12.0%  | 854  | 17.8%
1988  |  5,150  | 252–255 | 4.9% | ~2,600 | 50.5% | 246 | ~4,150 | 13.5%  | 909  | 17.6%
1989  | $5,550  | $255–267  | 4.6–4.8% | ~$2,850 | 51.4% | 248 | ~$4,200 | 13.5%  | $991  | 17.8%
1990  | 5,900  | 338–376  | 5.7–6.4% | ~3,200 | 54.2–54.6% | 251 | ~5,700 | 14.5%  | 1,032  | 17.4%
1991  | 6,100  | 392–432  | 6.4–7.1% | ~3,650 | 58.8–60.0% | 254 | ~6,500 | 14.0%  | 1,055  | 17.2%
1992  | 6,450  | 399–404  | 6.2–6.3% | ~4,050 | 62.2–63.2% | 258 | ~6,250 | 14.0%  | 1,091  | 17.0%
Fiscal year (begins
Oct. 1 of year
prior to stated
year)  | GDP
$Billions
[14] | New debt
for
fiscal year
$Billions  | New debt

% of GDP  | Total debt
at end
of FY
$Billions
[15] | Total debt
as % of GDP
at end of FY
(Debt to GDP
ratio)  | U.S.
Popu-
lation
mil-lions
[6] | New debt (over
and above all
federal taxes
paid during
fiscal year) per
family of four
$dollars  | % of
total
debt
for-
eign-
owned
[17] | Fed.
Reve-
nue,
$bill-
ions  | Fed.
Reve-
nue

% of GDP

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1993  | $6,800  | $347–349  | 5.1% | ~$4,400 | 64.0–65.0% | 261 | ~$5,350 | 14.0% | $1,154 | 17.0%
1994  |  7,200  | 281–292  | 3.9–4.1% | ~4,650 | 64.6–65.2% | 264 | ~4,300 | 14.5% | 1,259 | 17.4%
1995  | 7,600  | 277–281  | 3.7% | ~4,950 | 64.8–65.6% | 267 | ~4,150 | 16.5% | 1,352 | 17.8%
1996  | 8,000  | 251–261  | 3.1–3.3% | ~5,200 | 65.0–65.4% | 271 | ~ 3,800 | 19.0% | 1,453 | 18.2%
1997  | 8,500  | 188  | 2.2% | ~5,400 | 63.2–63.8% | 274 | 2,750 | 23.0% | 1,579 | 18.6%
1998  | 8,950  | 109–113  | 1.2–1.3% | ~5,500 | 61.2–61.8% | 277 | ~ 1,600 | 22.0% | 1,722 | 19.2%
1999  | 9,500  | 127–130  | 1.3–1.4% | 5,641 | 59.3% | 280 | ~ 1,850 | 23.0% | 1,827 | 19.2%
2000  | 10,100  | 18  | 0.2% | 5,674 | 56.1% | 283 | 253 | 18.5% | 2,025 | 20.0%
2001  | $10,550  | $  133  | 1.3% | $ 5,807 | 55.2% | 286 | $ 1,860 | 17.0% | $1,991 | 18.8%
2002  | 10,850  | 421  | 3.9% | 6,228 | 57.5% | 289 | 5,830 | 19.0% | 1,853 | 17.0%
2003  | 11,300  | 555  | 4.9% | 6,783 | 60.1% | 292 | 7,610 | 21.5% | 1,782 | 15.8%
2004  | 12,050  | 596  | 5.0% | 7,379 | 61.4% |  294 | 8,100 | 24.5% | 1,880 | 15.6%
2005  | 12,850  | 554  | 4.3% | 7,933 | 61.8% | 297 | 7,460 | 24.5% | 2,154 | 16.8%
2006  | 13,650  | 574  | 4.2% | 8,507 | 62.4% | 300 | 7,660 | 24.0% | 2,407 | 17.6%
2007  | 14,300  | 501  | 3.5% | 9,008 | 63.0% | 303 | 6,610 | 25.0% | 2,568 | 18.0%
2008  | 14,750  | 1,017 | 6.9% | 10,025 | 68.0% | 306 | 13,300 | 28.0% | 2,524 | 17.2%
2009  | $14,450  | $1,885  | 13.1% | $11,910 | 82.5% | 308 | $24,500 | 30.0% | 2,105 | 14.6%
2010  | 14,850  | 1,652  | 11.1% | 13,562 | 91.4% | 310 | 21,300 | 32.0% | 2,163 | 14.6%
2011  | 15,400  | 1,229  | 8.0%  | 14,800 | 96.0% | 313 | 15,700 | 33.0% | 2,303 | 15.0%
2012  | 16,050  | 1,276  | 7.9%  | 16,066 | 100.1% | 315 | 16,200 | 34.0% | 2,450 | 15.2%
2013  | 16,600  | 672  | 4.0%  | 16,738 | 100.8% | 317 | 8,480 | 34.0% | 2,775 | 16.8%
2014  | 17,350  | 1,086  | 6.3%  | 17,824 | 102.8% | 319 | 13,600 | 34.0% | 3,021 | 17.4%
2015  | 18,100  | 327 | 1.8% | 18,151 | 100.3% | 322 | 4,060 | 33.5% | 3,250 | 18.0%
2016  | 18,550  | 1,423 | 7.7% | 19,573 | 105.5% | 324 | 17,600 | 31.5% | 3,268 | 17.6%
2017  | $19,300  | $ 671 | 3.5% | $20,245 | 105.0% | 326 | $ 8,240 | 31.0% | 3,316 | 17.2%
2018  | 20,350  | 1,261 | 6.2% | 21,506 | 105.8% | 328 | 15,400 | 29.0% | 3,330 | 16.4%
2019  | 21,200  | ~1,205 | 5.7% | ~22,711 | 107.2% | 330 | 14,600 | 30.0% | 3,462 | 16.4%
2020 (Oct. '19-Jun. '20 only)  |  | ~3,758 | ~17.8%  | ~26,477  | ~125.6%  | ~330  | ~45,500  | ~27.0%  |  |

See graph caption at top of page for information on current debt to GDP ratio.

The symbol "~" means "about" or "approximately".

In May 2019, FY 2018 debt figures and dependent statistics were revised in this table to reflect updated information from the Treasury Department.

GAO audit report of total debt for FY 2016, completed in November 2016, added to the end of FY 2016 figures as a correction.

In July 2016, the BEA released a revision to 2013-2016 GDP figures. The figures in this table were corrected in February 2017 for the years in that range of figures (at the same time the July 2016 monthly preliminary figures for FY 2016 were added).

On July 30, 2015 the BEA released a revision to 2012-2015 GDP figures. The figures for this table were corrected [1]
on that day with changes to FY 2013 and 2014, but not 2015 as FY 2015 is updated within a week with the
release of debt totals for July 31, 2015.

In December 2014, the source for the U.S. population was changed to include armed forces living abroad, and the
two last columns of the table were revised slightly [2] (and a minor transposition error in FY 1998 and 1999
corrected in addition) to reflect the change.

On June 25, 2014 the BEA announced a 15-year revision of GDP figures would take place on July 31, 2014.
The figures for this table were corrected [3] on that day with changes to FY 2000, 2003, 2008, 2012, 2013 and 2014.

The more precise FY 1999–2017 debt figures are derived from Treasury audit results.[18]

The variations in the 1990s and FY 2015 GDP figures are due to double-sourced or
relatively preliminary GDP figures, respectively.

The U. S. Bureau of Economic Analysis performed a revision of GDP figures in 2013.

### Debt and political officeholders[edit]

Share of current U.S. federal debt by presidency,  November 30, 2015  Presidency  | Share of
total debt
accrued in
2015 dollars[15][19]

|

Barack Obama  | 47.0%
George W. Bush  | 23.0%
Bill Clinton  | 8.5%
George Bush  | 7.5%
Ronald Reagan  | 9.0%
Jimmy Carter  | 1.5%
All other Presidents  | 3.5%

Share of current U.S. federal debt by Speaker of the House,  June 30, 2020  Speakership  | Share of
total debt
accrued in
2020 dollars[15]

|

Nancy Pelosi (second term), D (2019-2020)  | 17.0%
Paul Ryan, R (2015-2018)  | 14.5%
John Boehner, R (2011-2015)  | 15.5%
Nancy Pelosi, D (2007-2010)  | 20.0%
Dennis Hastert, R (1999-2006)  | 11.5%
Newt Gingrich, R (1995-1998)  | 3.0%
Thomas Foley, D (1989-1994)  | 7.5%
Jim Wright, D (1987-1989)  | 2.0%
Thomas P. O'Neill, D (1977-1986)  | 6.0%
Carl Albert, D (1971-1976)  | 1.0%
John W. McCormack, D (1962-1970)  | 0.5%
All other Speakers  | 1.0%
Rounding error (added to make shares total to 100%)  | 0.5%

## See also[edit]

* Obamunism:
* Income redistribution of Obamanomics
* Economic planning of the Obama administration fiscal policy, Obama administration monetary policy, Obamacare, Federal funding via Crony capitalism (Obama donor list, Bailout, Obama administration corporate bailouts, Obamageddon), Deficit spending and the National debt
* John Maynard Keynes
* Liberal Keynesian economics and Fabian Socialist influence on Barack Obama
* Big government liberal Welfare state leads to
* Socialist Nanny state, leads to communist Police state: Globalist-Statist-United Nations
* Big Debt Nazism and socialism: National Socialism \- the Nazis were elitist Police state liberals not conservatives
* Liberal totalitarianism

contrast with:

* Ludwig von Mises' conservative libertarian Austrian economics and Fiscal conservatism \- Capitalist Conservative economic policies of Ron Paul
* Gold standard and precious metals

## References[edit]

1. ↑ United States Congress, Congressional Budget Office (July 27, 2010). "Federal Debt and the Risk of a Fiscal Crisis". www.cbo.gov
2. ↑ You owe more than $500,000 — and counting, The Hill, 12/14/21
3. ↑ You owe more than $500,000 — and counting, The Hill, 12/14/21
4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `TreasPenny`
5. ↑ Tracy, Ryan et al. (December 19, 2014). "Bank bailouts approach a final reckoning". The Wall Street Journal website. Retrieved on April 11, 2015.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Total population: All ages including Armed Forces overseas" (2014-). Economic Research: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved on December 4, 2014 and later.
7. ↑ The Skeptical Optimist (January 29, 2005). "National debt burden: full history". TSO (The Skeptical Optimist).
8. ↑ Steve McGourty United States National Debt (1938 to Present) May 6, 2007
9. ↑ "H. J. Res. 45 (111th): Increasing the statutory limit on the public debt" (2010). govtrack.us. Became Public Law 111-139: Statutory Pay-as-You-Go Act of 2010.
10. ↑ Hurlbut, Terry A. (May 16, 2011). "Debt ceiling reached, sky does not fall." Conservative News and Views
11. ↑ Thepresidentialcandidates.us (May 17, 2011). "Ronald Reagan on raising the debt ceiling". 2012 The Presidential Candidates
12. ↑ Multiple references:
* "United States of America long-term rating lowered To 'AA+' due to political risks, rising debt burden; outlook negative" (August 5, 2011). Standard and Poor's website. Retrieved on January 3, 2015.
* Paletta, Damian and Philips, Matt (August 6, 2011). "S&P strips U.S. of top credit rating". The Wall Street Journal website. Retrieved on March 15, 2015.
13. ↑ The Executive Office of the President of the United States, Office of Management and Budget (February 14, 2010). "Historical Tables: Table 7-1; 10-1", The White House. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. "National Economic Accounts: Gross Domestic Product: Current-dollar and 'real' GDP". BEA.gov. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Multiple references:
* United States Department of the Treasury, Bureau of the Public Debt. "The debt to the penny and who holds it". TreasuryDirect. Retrieved April 8, 2014.
* United States Department of the Treasury, Bureau of the Public Debt. "Government – Historical Debt Outstanding – Annual". TreasuryDirect. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
16. ↑ Multiple references:
* 1994-1999: U. S. Department of Treasury (March 2005). Treasury Bulletin, p. 51. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.
* 2000-2014: U. S. Department of Treasury (November 2014). "Major foreign holders of treasury securities". Department of Treasury website. Retrieved on December 29, 2014. Update link.
17. ↑ Multiple references:
* 1994-1999: U. S. Department of Treasury (March 2005). Treasury Bulletin, p. 51. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office.
* 2000-2014: U. S. Department of Treasury (November 2014). "Major foreign holders of treasury securities". Department of Treasury website. Retrieved on December 29, 2014.
* 2000-2015: U. S. Department of Treasury (November 2015). "Major foreign holders of treasury securities". Department of Treasury website. Retrieved on December 29, 2014.
18. ↑ Multiple references:
* United States Congress, Government Accountability Office (March 1, 2001). Financial Audit: Bureau of the Public Debt's Fiscal Years 2000 and 1999 Schedules of Federal Debt GAO-01-389 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). Retrieved August 6, 2012.
* United States Congress, Government Accountability Office (November 1, 2002). Financial Audit: Bureau of the Public Debt's Fiscal Years 2002 and 2001 Schedules of Federal Debt GAO-03-199 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). Retrieved February 2, 2011.
* United States Congress, Government Accountability Office (November 5, 2004). Financial Audit: Bureau of the Public Debt's Fiscal Years 2004 and 2003 Schedules of Federal Debt GAO-05-116 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). Retrieved January 16, 2011.
* United States Congress, Government Accountability Office (November 7, 2006). Financial Audit: Bureau of the Public Debt's Fiscal Years 2006 and 2005 Schedules of Federal Debt GAO-07-127 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). Retrieved February 2, 2011.
* United States Congress, Government Accountability Office (November 7, 2008). Financial Audit: Bureau of the Public Debt's Fiscal Years 2008 and 2007 Schedules of Federal Debt GAO-09-44 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). Retrieved January 29, 2011.
* United States Congress, Government Accountability Office (November 8, 2010). Financial Audit: Bureau of the Public Debt's Fiscal Years 2010 and 2009 Schedules of Federal Debt GAO-11-52 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). Retrieved February 2, 2011.
* United States Congress, Government Accountability Office (November 8, 2012). Financial Audit: Bureau of the Public Debt's Fiscal Years 2012 and 2011 Schedules of Federal Debt GAO-13-114 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). Retrieved November 27, 2013.
* United States Congress, Government Accountability Office (November 10, 2014). Financial Audit: Bureau of the Fiscal Service's Fiscal Years 2014 and 2013 Schedules of Federal Debt GAO-15-157 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). Retrieved December 2, 2014.
* United States Congress, Government Accountability Office (November 13, 2015). Financial Audit: Bureau of the Fiscal Service's Fiscal Years 2015 and 2014 Schedules of Federal Debt GAO-16-160 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). Retrieved November 18, 2015.
* United States Congress, Government Accountability Office (November 9, 2017). Financial Audit: Bureau of the Fiscal Service's Fiscal Years 2017 and 2016 Schedules of Federal Debt GAO-18-134 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). Retrieved August 14, 2018.
* United States Congress, Government Accountability Office (November 8, 2019). Financial Audit: Bureau of the Fiscal Service's Fiscal Years 2019 and 2018 Schedules of Federal Debt GAO-20-117 United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). Retrieved August 14, 2018.
19. ↑ United States Department of the Treasury, Bureau of the Public Debt. "Monthly statement of the public debt (MSPD) and downloadable files". TreasuryDirect. Retrieved April 8, 2014.

## External links[edit]

* National Debt Clock and links to current articles
* The Federal Debt: An Analysis of Movements from World War II to the Present, Mindy R. Levit, Congressional Research Service, September 17, 2010.
* U.S. Debt Clock - approximate U.S. debt information