SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

SARS-CoV-2 VariantOmicron

General details
WHO Designation| Omicron
Lineage| B.1.1.529
First detected| South Africa
Date reported| 24 November 2021; 2 years ago (2021-11-24)
Status| Variant of concern
Symptoms
Asymptomatic infection,[1] body ache,[1] cough,[1] fainting,[2] fatigue,[3] fever, headache,[4] loss of smell or taste,[5][6] — less common nasal congestion or running nose[4] night sweats,[7] — unique Omicron symptom, upper respiratory tract infection[8] skin rash,[9] sneezing,[4] sore throat[2]
Major variants

* Alpha (B.1.1.7)
* Beta (B.1.351)
* Gamma (P.1)
* Delta (B.1.617.2)

Omicron (B.1.1.529)

* BA.1 (B.1.1.529.1)
* BA.2 (B.1.1.529.2)
* BA.3 (B.1.1.529.3)
* BA.4 (B.1.1.529.4)
* BA.5 (B.1.1.529.5)

* v
* t
* e

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Omicron (B.1.1.529) is a variant of SARS-CoV-2 first reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) by the Network for Genomics Surveillance in South Africa on 24 November 2021.[10][11] It was first detected in Botswana and has spread to become the predominant variant in circulation around the world.[12] Following the original B.1.1.529 variant, several subvariants of Omicron have emerged including: BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5.[13] Since October 2022, two subvariants of BA.5 called BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 have emerged.

Three doses of a COVID-19 vaccine provide protection against severe disease and hospitalisation caused by Omicron and its subvariants.[14][15][16][17] For three-dose vaccinated individuals, the BA.4 and BA.5 variants are more infectious than previous subvariants but there is no evidence of greater sickness or severity.[13][18][19]

## Contents

* 1 Classification
* 2 History
* 2.1 Origin hypotheses
* 2.2 Spread
* 3 Reactions
* 3.1 Vaccine producers
* 3.2 World Health Organization
* 3.3 International response
* 3.4 Market reactions
* 4 Biology
* 4.1 Mutations
* 5 Subvariants
* 5.1 BA.2
* 5.1.1 Spread
* 5.1.2 XE
* 5.1.3 BA.2.12
* 5.1.4 BA.2.75 and BA.2.75.2
* 5.1.4.1 XBB and XBB.1
* 5.1.4.2 EG.5 and EG.5.1
* 5.1.5 HV.1
* 5.1.6 BA.2.86
* 5.2 BA.3
* 5.3 BA.4 and BA.5
* 5.3.1 BQ.1 and BQ.1.1
* 6 Transmission
* 6.1 In humans
* 6.2 In non-human animals
* 6.3 Surfaces
* 7 Vaccine effectiveness
* 7.1 BA.1 and BA.2
* 7.2 BA.4 and BA.5
* 7.2.1 BQ.1 and BQ.1.1
* 8 Vaccine adjustments
* 9 Signs and symptoms
* 10 Virulence
* 11 Diagnosis
* 11.1 PCR testing
* 11.1.1 BA.1 and BA.2 differences
* 12 Treatment
* 13 Epidemiology
* 13.1 Reported cases
* 14 See also
* 15 Notes
* 16 References
* 17 External links

## Classification[edit | edit source]

On 26 November 2021, the WHO's Technical Advisory Group on SARS-CoV-2 Virus Evolution declared PANGO lineage B.1.1.529 a variant of concern and designated it with the Greek letter omicron.[10] The WHO skipped the preceding letters nu and xi in the Greek alphabet to avoid confusion with the similarities of the English word "new" and the Chinese surname Xi.[20]

The name of the variant has occasionally been mistaken as "Omnicron" among some English speakers, due to a lack of familiarity with the Greek alphabet, and the relative frequency of the Latin prefix "omni" in other common speech.[21][22]

The GISAID project has assigned it the clade identifier GR/484A,[23] and the Nextstrain project has assigned it the clade identifiers 21K and 21L, both belonging to a larger Omicron group 21M.[24]

* Transmission electron micrograph of SARS-CoV-2 virus particles (omicron)colorized green

* Omicron variant and other major or previous variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2 depicted in a tree scaled radially by genetic distance, derived from Nextstrain on 1 December 2021

## History[edit | edit source]

Omicron was first detected on 22 November 2021 in laboratories in Botswana and South Africa based on samples collected on 11–16 November,[25] with the first known samples collected in Johannesburg, South Africa on 8 November 2021.[26] The first known cases outside of South Africa were two people who travelled on 11 November: one who flew from South Africa to Hong Kong via Qatar, and another who travelled from Egypt to Belgium via Turkey.[27][28] On 26 November 2021, WHO designated B.1.1.529 as a variant of concern and named it "Omicron", after the fifteenth letter in the Greek alphabet.[10] As of 6 January 2022, the variant had been confirmed in 149 countries.[29]

### Origin hypotheses[edit | edit source]

Omicron did not evolve from any other variant, but instead diverged on a distinct track, perhaps in mid-2020.[29][30] Competing hypotheses are being examined.

One origin hypothesis is that various mutations in the Omicron variant, comprising a 9-nucleotide sequence, may have been acquired from another coronavirus (known as HCoV-229E), responsible for the common cold.[31] This is not entirely unexpected — at times, viruses within the body acquire and swap segments of genetic material from each other, and this is one common means of mutation.[31]

A link with HIV infection may explain a large number of mutations in the sequence of the Omicron variant.[32] Indeed, in order to be affected by such a high number of mutations, the virus must have been able to evolve a long time without killing its host, which can occur in people with a weakened immune system who receive enough medical care to survive.[32][33] This is the case in HIV patients in South Africa, who represent about 14% of the population (as of 2017).[34] HIV prevention could be key to reducing the risk of uncontrolled HIV driving the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants.[32]

One hypothesis to explain the novel mutations is that SARS-CoV-2 was transmitted from humans to mice and mutated in a population of mice sometime between mid-2020 and late 2021 before reinfecting humans.[30]

On 1 December 2022, a team of researchers from the Charité (Berlin) published a now-retracted study in Science (journal) that claimed that "data revealed genetically diverse Omicron ancestors already existed across Africa by August 2021".[35] After a re-analysis because of doubts,[36] the team retracted the article on 20 December 2022 due to contamination of the samples.[37][38]

### Spread[edit | edit source]

On 24 November 2021, the variant was first reported to the WHO from South Africa based on samples that had been collected from 14 to 16 November.[25] South African scientists were first alerted by samples from the very beginning of November where the PCR tests had S gene target failure (occurs in a few variants, but not in Delta which dominated in the country in October) and by a sudden increase of COVID-19 cases in Gauteng; sequencing revealed that more than 70 percent of samples collected in the province between 14 and 23 November were a new variant.[39]

The first confirmed specimens of Omicron were collected on 8 November 2021 in South Africa and on 9 November in Botswana.[40] Likely Omicron (SGTF) samples had occurred on 4 November 2021 in Pretoria, South Africa.[citation needed]

When WHO was alerted on 24 November, Hong Kong was the only place outside Africa that had confirmed a case of Omicron; one person who traveled from South Africa on 11 November, and another traveler who was cross-infected by this case while staying in the same quarantine hotel.[27]

On 25 November, one confirmed case was identified in Israel from a traveler returning from Malawi,[41] along with two who returned from South Africa and one from Madagascar.[42] All four initial cases reported from Botswana occurred among fully vaccinated individuals.[43]

On 26 November, Belgium confirmed its first case; an unvaccinated person who had travelled from Egypt via Turkey on 11 November.[28] All three initial confirmed and suspected cases reported from Israel occurred among fully vaccinated individuals,[41] as did a single suspected case in Germany.[44]

On 27 November, two cases were detected in the United Kingdom, another two in Munich, Germany and one in Milan, Italy.[45]

On 28 November, 13 cases were confirmed in the Netherlands among the 624 airline passengers who arrived from South Africa on 26 November.[46] Confirmation of a further 5 cases among these passengers followed later.[47] Entry into the Netherlands generally required having been vaccinated or PCR-tested, or having recovered. The passengers of these two flights had been tested upon arrival because of the newly imposed restrictions (which were set in place during their flight), after which 61 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2.[48] A further two cases were detected in Australia. Both people landed in Sydney the previous day, and travelled from southern Africa to Sydney Airport via Doha Airport. The two people, who were fully vaccinated, entered isolation; 12 other travellers from southern Africa also entered quarantine for fourteen days, while about 260 other passengers and crew on the flight were directed to isolate.[49] Two travellers from South Africa who landed in Denmark tested positive for COVID-19; it was confirmed on 28 November that both carried the Omicron variant.[50][51] On the same day, Austria also confirmed its first Omicron case.[52] A detected Omicron case was reported in the Czech Republic, from a traveler who spent time in Namibia.[53] Canada also reported its first Omicron cases, with two from travelers from Nigeria, therefore becoming the first North American country to report an Omicron case.[54]

On 29 November, a positive case was recorded in Darwin, Australia. The person arrived in Darwin on a repatriation flight from Johannesburg, South Africa on 25 November, and was taken to a quarantine facility, where the positive test was recorded.[55] Two more people who travelled to Sydney from southern Africa via Singapore tested positive.[56] Portugal reported 13 Omicron cases, all of them members of a soccer club.[57] Sweden also confirmed their first case on 29 November,[58] as did Spain, when a traveler came from South Africa.[59]

On 30 November, the Netherlands reported that Omicron cases had been detected in two samples dating back as early as 19 November.[60] A positive case was recorded in Sydney from a traveller who had visited southern Africa before travel restrictions were imposed, and was subsequently active in the community.[61] Japan also confirmed its first case.[62] Two Israeli doctors tested positive and entered isolation. Both of them had received three shots of the Pfizer vaccine prior to testing positive.[63] In Brazil, three cases of the Omicron variant were confirmed in São Paulo.[64] Another five are under suspicion.[65][66] A person in Leipzig, Germany with no travel history nor contact with travellers tested positive for Omicron.[67]

On 1 December, the Omicron variant was detected in three samples in Nigeria that had been collected from travelers from South Africa within the last week.[68][69] On the same day, public health authorities in the United States announced the country's first confirmed Omicron case. A resident of San Francisco who had been vaccinated returned from South Africa on 22 November, began showing mild symptoms on 25 November[70] and was confirmed to have a mild case of COVID-19 on 29 November.[71] Ireland and South Korea also reported their first cases.[72] South Korea reported its cases from five travelers arriving in South Korea from Nigeria.[73]

On 2 December, Dutch health authorities confirmed that all 14 passengers with confirmed Omicron infection on 26 November had been previously vaccinated.[74] The same day, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health confirmed that 50 attendees of a company Christmas party held at a restaurant in Norway's capital, Oslo, were infected with the Omicron variant.[75] France has confirmed only 25 cases of the new Omicron variant but officials say the number could jump significantly in the coming weeks.[76]

By 6 December, Malaysia confirmed its first case of the variant. The case was a South African student entering to study at a private university.[77] In Namibia, 18 cases out of 19 positive COVID-19 samples that had been collected between 11 and 26 November were found to be Omicron, indicating a high level of prevalence in the country.[78] Fiji also confirmed two positive cases of the variant. They travelled from Nigeria arriving in Fiji on November 25.[79]

On 9 December, Richard Mihigo, coordinator of the World Health Organisation's Immunisation and Vaccine Development Programme for Africa, announced that Africa accounted for 46% of reported cases of the Omicron variant globally.[80]

On 13 December, the first death of a person with Omicron was reported in the UK.[81]

On 16 December, New Zealand confirmed its first case of the Omicron variant, an individual who had traveled from Germany via Dubai.[82]

The first death of a person with Omicron was reported in Germany on 23 December[83] and in Australia on 27 December.[84]

By Christmas 2021, the Omicron Strain became dominant in the US.[85]

On 3 January 2022, South Korea reported the first two deaths of people who tested positive post mortem for Omicron.[86]

In February 2022, Omicron accounted for 98% of publicly available genetic sequences worldwide.[87]

On 29 March 2022, Omicron subvariant BA.2 overtook BA.1 and became the dominant strain in the U.S.[88][89][90]

As of May 2022, BA.2.12.1 was spreading in the US and two new subvariants of Omicron named BA.4 and BA.5, first detected in January 2022, spread in South Africa. All 3 subvariants have spike protein mutations of L452 and elude immunity from prior BA1 infection.[91]

On 16 March 2023, without seeing a reduction in the threat to public health, the WHO stopped classifying Omicron as a variant of concern in order to maintain this classification only for new threats. Instead, the WHO classified its subvariants as variants of interest and under monitoring.[87]

## Reactions[edit | edit source]

### Vaccine producers[edit | edit source]

On 26 November 2021, BioNTech said it would know in two weeks whether the current vaccine is effective against the variant and that an updated vaccine could be shipped in 100 days if necessary. AstraZeneca, Moderna and Johnson & Johnson were also studying the variant's impact on the effectiveness of their vaccines.[92] On the same day, Novavax stated that it was developing an updated vaccine requiring two doses for the Omicron variant, which the company expected to be ready for testing and manufacturing within a few weeks.[93][94] On 29 November 2021, The Gamaleya Institute said that Sputnik Light should be effective against the variant, that it would begin adapting Sputnik V, and that a modified version could be ready for mass production in 45 days.[95] Sinovac said it could quickly mass-produce an inactivated vaccine against the variant and that it was monitoring studies and collecting samples of the variant to determine if a new vaccine is needed.[96]

On 7 December 2021, at a symposium in Brazil with its partner Instituto Butantan, Sinovac said it would update its vaccine to the new variant and make it available in three months.[97] On 2 December, the Finlay Institute was already developing a version of Soberana Plus against the variant.[98] Pfizer hoped to have a vaccine targeted to immunize against Omicron ready by March 2022.[99]

### World Health Organization[edit | edit source]

On 26 November 2021, the WHO asked nations to enhance surveillance and sequencing efforts, submit complete genome sequences and associated metadata to a publicly available database, such as GISAID, report initial cases/clusters associated with virus-of-concern infection to WHO through the IHR mechanism, where capacity exists and in coordination with the international community, perform field investigations and laboratory assessments to improve understanding of the potential impacts of the virus of concern on COVID-19 epidemiology, severity, and the effectiveness of public health and social measures, diagnostic methods, immune responses, antibody neutralization, or other relevant characteristics.[100] On 26 November 2021, WHO advised countries not to impose new restrictions on travel, instead recommending a "risk-based and scientific" approach to travel measures.[101] On the same day, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reported modeling indicating that strict travel restrictions would delay the variant's impact on European countries by two weeks, possibly allowing countries to prepare for it.[102] As with other variants, the WHO recommended that people continue to keep enclosed spaces well ventilated, avoid crowding and close contact, wear well-fitting masks, clean hands frequently, and get vaccinated.[103][104] On 29 November 2021, the WHO said cases and infections were expected among those vaccinated, albeit in a small and predictable proportion.[105]

### International response[edit | edit source]

After the WHO announcement, on the same day, several countries announced travel bans from southern Africa in response to the identification of the variant, including the United States, which banned travel from eight African countries,[106] although as of 30 November 2021 it notably did not ban travel from any European countries, Israel, Canada, or Australia where cases were also detected at the time the bans were announced. Other countries that also implemented travel bans include Japan, Canada, the European Union, Israel, Australia, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Morocco, and New Zealand.[107][108]

On 26 November 2021 the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency recommended flight restrictions regarding the new variant.[109] The state of New York declared a state of emergency ahead of a potential Omicron spike, although no cases had yet been detected in the state or the rest of the United States.[110] On 27 November 2021, Switzerland introduced obligatory tests and quarantine for all visitors arriving from countries where the variant was detected, which originally included Belgium and Israel.[111]

On 26 November 2021 South African Minister of Health Joe Phaahla defended his country's handling of the pandemic and said that travel bans went against the "norms and standards" of the World Health Organization.[112]

Some speculated that travel bans could have a significant impact on South Africa's economy by limiting tourism and could lead to other countries with economies that are reliant on tourism to hide the discovery of new variants of concern. Low vaccine coverage in less-developed nations could create opportunities for the emergence of new variants, and these nations also were struggling to gain intellectual property to develop and produce vaccines locally.[113] At the same time, inoculation had slowed in South Africa due to vaccine hesitancy and apathy, with a nationwide vaccination rate of only 35% as of November 24, 2021.[114]

On 29 November 2021, the WHO warned countries that the variant poses a very high global risk with severe consequences and that they should prepare by accelerating vaccination of high-priority groups and strengthening health systems. WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom described the global situation as dangerous and precarious and called for a new agreement on the handling of pandemics, as the "current system disincentivizes countries from alerting others to threats that will inevitably land on their shores." CEPI CEO Richard Hatchett said that the variant fulfilled predictions that transmission of the virus in low-vaccination areas would accelerate its evolution.[105]

In preparation for the Omicron variant arriving in the United States, President Joe Biden stated that the variant is "cause for concern, not panic", reiterated that the government was prepared for the variant and would have it under control and that large-scale lockdowns, similar to the ones in 2020 near the beginning of the pandemic, were "off the table for now."[115]

In mid-December 2021, multiple Canadian provinces reinstated restrictions on gatherings and events such as sports tournaments, and tightened enforcement of proof of vaccination orders. British Columbia expressly prohibited any non-seated "organized New Year's Eve event",[116][117][118] while Quebec announced a partial lockdown on 20 December 2021, ordering the closure of all bars, casinos, gyms, schools, and theatres, as well as imposing restrictions on the capacity and operating hours of restaurants, and the prohibition of spectators at professional sporting events.[119]

On 18 December 2021, the Netherlands government announced a lockdown intended to prevent spread of the variant during the holiday period.[120]

In late December 2021, some countries shortened the typical six-month interval for a booster dose of the vaccine to prepare for a wave of Omicron, as two doses are not enough to stop the infection. UK, South Korea and Thailand reduced to three months; Belgium, four months; France, Singapore, Taiwan, Italy and Australia, five months. Finland reduced it to three months for risk groups. Other countries continued with a six-month booster schedule. While antibody levels begin to drop at four months, a longer interval usually allows time for the immune system's response to mature.[121]

### Market reactions[edit | edit source]

Main article: Financial market impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

On 26 November 2021, worry about the potential economic impact of the Omicron variant led to a drop in global markets, including the worst drop of the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 2021, led by travel-related stocks. The price of Brent Crude and West Texas Intermediate oil fell 10% and 11.7%, respectively[122] Cryptocurrency markets were also routed.[123][124] and the South African rand also hit an all-time low for 2021, trading at over 16 rand to the dollar, losing 6% of its value in November.[125][126][127]

In early December 2021, Jerome Powell, the chairman of the Federal Reserve, testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking that "The recent rise in COVID-19 cases and the emergence of the Omicron variant pose downside risks to employment and economic activity and increased uncertainty for inflation."[128]

## Biology[edit | edit source]

The genomic sequence of the Omicron variant is pictured above

### Mutations[edit | edit source]

As of June 2022, Omicron had about 50 mutations relative to the Wuhan-Hu-1 or B variant,[129][130] which is more than any previous SARS-CoV-2 variant. Thirty-two of these pertained to the spike protein, which most vaccines target to neutralise the virus.[131] As of December 2021, many mutations were novel and not found in previous variants.[40] As of April 2022 the variant was characterised by 30 amino acid changes, three small deletions, and one small insertion in the spike protein compared with the original virus, of which 15 are located in the receptor-binding domain (residues 319–541).[132] As of December 2022 the virus carried a number of changes and deletions in other genomic regions. For example, three mutations at the furin cleavage site, which facilitates its transmission.[133][134]

Illustration of the locations of the Omicron mutations in the spike protein, top view (left) and side view (right), showing amino acid substitutions (yellow), deletions (red), and insertions (green). In this trimeric structure, two monomers (gray and light blue) have their receptor-binding domains in the "down" conformation while one (dark blue) is in the "up" or "open" conformation. Mutation data from WHO,[103] structure from PDB: 6VYB​.[135]

Comparison of mutation prevalence for ORF1a, ORF1b, and S genes of Omicron lineages that are designated Variants of Concern. Characteristic mutations for a lineage are defined as nonsynonymous substitutions or deletions that occur in > 75% of sequences within that lineage.[136]

## Subvariants[edit | edit source]

Several subvariants of Omicron have been discovered and new ones continue to emerge.[12] There are 310 Pango lineages[clarification needed] currently associated with the Omicron variant.[137] The 'standard' sublineage is now referred to as BA.1 (or B.1.1.529.1), and the two other sublineages are known as BA.2 (or B.1.1.529.2) and BA.3 (or B.1.1.529.3).[138] In mid-2022, BA.4 (or B.1.1.529.4) and BA.5 (or B.1.1.529.5) were detected in several countries.[139] They share many mutations, but also significantly differ. In general, BA.1 and BA.2 share 32 mutations, but differ by 28.[140] BA.1 has itself been divided in two, the original BA.1 and BA.1.1 (or B.1.1.529.1.1) where the main difference is that the latter has a R346K mutation.[141]

Standard PCR and rapid tests continue to detect all Omicron subvariants as COVID-19, but further tests are necessary to distinguish the subvariants from each other and from other COVID-19 variants.[142]

Defining mutations in the
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
Gene | Amino acid

|

ORF1ab | nsp3: K38R
nsp3: V1069I
nsp3: Δ1265
nsp3: L1266I
nsp3: A1892T
nsp4: T492I
nsp5: P132H
nsp6: Δ105-107
nsp6: A189V
nsp12: P323L
nsp14: I42V
Spike | A67V
Δ69-70
T95I
G142D,
Δ143-145
Δ211
L212I
ins214EPE
G339D
S371L
S373P
S375F
K417N
N440K
G446S
S477N
T478K
E484A
Q493R
G496S
Q498R
N501Y
Y505H
T547K
D614G
H655Y
N679K
P681H
N764K
D796Y
N856K
Q954H
N969K
L981F
E | T9I
M | D3G
Q19E
A63T
N | P13L
Δ31-33
R203K
G204R
Sources: UK Health Security Agency[143] CoVariants[24]

### BA.2[edit | edit source]

BA.2 was first detected in a sample from 15 November 2021.[144] A preprint released in February 2022 (published in May) suggested that BA.2 was more transmissible than BA.1 and may cause more severe disease.[145] This was later disproven by a study in late-October 2022, that found BA.2 actually caused less severe disease relative to BA.1 (which in turn, caused less severe disease compared to the delta variant).[146] Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies used to treat people infected with COVID-19 did not have much effect on BA.2, which was "almost completely resistant" to casirivimab and imdevimab, and 35 times more resistant to sotrovimab than the BA.1 subvariant.[citation needed]

#### Spread[edit | edit source]

As of 17 January 2022, BA.2 had been detected in at least 40 countries and in all continents except Antarctica.[147] By 31 January, it had been detected in at least 57 countries.[148] In global samples collected from 4 February to 5 March and uploaded to GISAID, BA.2 accounted for c. 34%, compared to 41% for BA.1.1, 25% for BA.1 and less than 1% for BA.3.[149] In a review two weeks later, covering 16 February to 17 March, BA.2 had become the most frequent.[150][151] Based on GISAID uploads, BA.1 peaked in early January 2022, after which it was overtaken by both BA.1.1 and BA.2.[152] In North America, parts of Europe and parts of Asia, BA.1 was first outcompeted by BA.1.1. For example, in the United States, France and Japan, BA.1.1 became the dominant subvariant in January 2022.[153][154][155]

By late December 2021/early January 2022, BA.2 had become dominant in parts of India (already making up almost 80 percent in Kolkata in late December 2021[156]) and the Philippines, had become frequent in Scandinavia, South Africa and Singapore, and was showing signs of growth in Germany and the United Kingdom.[157][158][159][160] In Japan, which has quarantine and detailed screening of all international travellers, as of 24 January, the vast majority of BA.2 had been detected in people that had arrived from India or the Philippines with cases going back at least to 1 December 2021 (far fewer BA.1 or other variants were detected among arrivals from the two countries in that period), but small numbers had also been detected in people arriving from other countries.[161][162][163]

In Denmark, the first BA.2 was in a sample collected on 5 December 2021.[164] By week fifty (13–19 December) it had started to increase, with BA.2 being at around 2 percent of sequenced cases compared to 46 percent BA.1 (remaining Delta). The frequency of both Omicron subvariants continued to increase throughout the last half of December; and by the end of the year BA.2 had reached 20 percent and BA.1 peaked at 72 percent. In January 2022, BA.1 began decreasing, whereas BA.2 continued its increase. By the second week of 2022, the frequency of the two was almost equal, both being near 50 percent.[164] In the following week, BA.2 became clearly dominant in Denmark with 65 percent of new cases.[165] Trends from the other Scandinavian countries, India, South Africa and the United Kingdom also showed that BA.2 was increasing in proportion to BA.1.[166][167] In early February 2022, it had become the dominant subvariant in South Africa, in late February it had become dominant in Germany and in early March it had become dominant in the United Kingdom.[168][169][170] In early March, BA.1.1 was still heavily dominant in the United States (having overtaken BA.1 in January), but BA.2 was increasing in frequency, later becoming dominant in the US by 29 March.[153][171]

#### XE[edit | edit source]

A new BA.1–BA.2 recombinant was isolated in the UK in January 2022, dubbed the "XE" recombinant. It was found by the WHO to be potentially 10% more transmissible than BA.2, making it about 43% to 76% to more transmissible than BA.1, and making the XE recombinant the most contagious variant identified at the time.[172]

#### BA.2.12[edit | edit source]

There were two new BA.2 subvariants detected in the US state of New York, which are BA.2.12 (or B.1.1.529.2.12) and BA.2.12.1 (or B.1.1.529.2.12.1), both of which have a significant growth advantage of 23–27% over BA.2 and contributing to a rise in infections in central New York, centred on Syracuse and Lake Ontario, which later became dominant by May 24, 2022, in the US.[173]

#### BA.2.75 and BA.2.75.2[edit | edit source]

The subvariant BA.2.75 (or B.1.1.529.2.75, nicknamed Centaurus by the media[174]), first detected in India in May 2022, was classified as variant under monitoring by the WHO.[175] Additional newer mutations in this line (like BA.2.75.2 aka B.1.1.529.2.75.2 or Chiron) may be capable of escaping neutralizing antibodies.[176]

##### XBB and XBB.1[edit | edit source]

XBB, a recombinant of the BA.2.10.1 and BA.2.75 sublineages,[177] is an Omicron subvariant first detected in August 2022.[178]

On 20 October 2022, the chief scientist of the World Health Organization (WHO), Soumya Swaminathan, warned that the XBB subvariant of Omicron may cause infections in some countries while the severity of the new variants is not yet known.[179]

On 9 January 2023 the European CDC said there was suggestive evidence the XBB.1.5 variant had a growth advantage; after becoming dominant in the US, it might become dominant in Europe in the following months.[180] From preliminary evidence, they had assessed the XBB variants had no effect on disease severity and transmissibility.[181]

In early March 2023, XBB.1.16 first appeared in India and caused a surge of hospitalizations.[182] It was nicknamed Arcturus by T. Ryan Gregory.[182][183][184]

#####  EG.5 and EG.5.1[edit | edit source]

EG.5, nicknamed by some media "Eris",[185] is a descendant of XBB.1.9.2. The lineage was detected as early as February 2023.[186] On 6 August, the UK Health Security Agency reported the EG.5 strain was responsible for one in seven new cases in the UK during the third week of July.[187] It was identified as a "variant of interest" by the WHO on 9 August 2023. Its key difference from other strains is a "F456L amino acid mutation".[188]

#### HV.1[edit | edit source]

HV.1 is a sublineage of XBB.1.9.2, of the Omicron family first detected in July 2023.

HV.1 overtook EG.5 as the dominant subvariant in the U.S. in October 2023.[189] In October experts stated that there was no evidence that HV.1 was more severe or transmissible than other Omicron subvariants.[190]

#### BA.2.86[edit | edit source]

Main article: BA.2.86

In mid-August 2023, the CDC and WHO announced they were monitoring another subvariant of Omicron, BA.2.86, a descendant of the BA.2 subvariant. The WHO has placed BA.2.86 as a VUM (variant under monitoring) as it is reported to have more than 30 mutations.[191] As of 18 August, cases had been reported from four countries: three in Denmark and a single each in Israel, the UK and the US. On the same date, UK healthcare authorities noted that its almost simultaneous appearance in several countries still operating detailed genomic surveillance indicated that it likely already was spreading more widely internationally.[192] The first case of BA.2.86 was collected on 24 July 2023 according to the WHO.

### BA.3[edit | edit source]

The third Omicron sublineage, BA.3, is very rare. It has the same S-gene target failure (SGTF) deletion (Δ69-70) as BA.1.[citation needed]

###  BA.4 and BA.5[edit | edit source]

In April 2022, the WHO announced it was tracking the BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants with BA.4 having been detected in South Africa, Botswana, Denmark, Scotland and England.[193] Early indications from data collected in South Africa suggested BA.4 and BA.5 have a significant growth advantage over BA.2, which by 12 May earned the status Variant of Concern by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, and, by 20 May, by the UK Health Security Agency.[194][195][196] BA.5 was dominant in Portugal by 25 May, accounting for two-thirds of all new cases there.[197] By 24 June, BA.4 and BA.5 together had become dominant variants in the UK and Germany.[198][199][200][201] These two subvariants became dominant in the United States by 28 June.[202][203] By late June, BA.5 became the dominant subvariant in France, with 59% of new cases linked to it.[204][205]

On 10 May 2022, a case of a new subvariant BA.5.2.1 was reported in California.[206] On 10 July, the city of Shanghai reported its first case of BA.5.2.1, in a man who had flown in from Uganda, sparking a new wave of testing.[207] On 22 July, the province of Ontario, Canada announced that subvariant BA.5.2.1 overtook BA.2.12.1 as the main variant in circulation in Ontario around 2 July.[208] Regeneron is reporting that BA.5.2.1 is the main variant in Australia, Belgium, Brunei, Greece and Iceland.[209] The government of Canada also reported in late June and July, of the travelers arriving by air who test positive for COVID-19, a substantial proportion were BA.5.2.1.[210] BF.7 is a shortened version of the sub-variants full name, which is BA.5.2.1.7. This sub-variant is part of Omicron's BA.5 variant, which had the highest number of reported cases globally, accounting for 76.2% of all cases.[211]

#### BQ.1 and BQ.1.1[edit | edit source]

In October 2022, two BA.5 subvariants were found: BQ.1 (or B.1.1.529.5.3.1.1.1.1.1) and BQ.1.1 (or B.1.1.529.5.3.1.1.1.1.1.1).[212][213][214] The variants were originally most prevalent in France.[215] As of 17 November, 93% of sequences in France were Omicron sub-lineage BA.5 and among the BA.5 sub-lineages, BQ.1.1 continued to rise (32% vs 25% in the prior week).[216] In November 2022 in the US it was reported the variants were accounting for 44% of new infections. Early laboratory tests found that these subvariants were better at escaping first and booster vaccines than previous variants.[217]

## Transmission[edit | edit source]

False-color transmission electron micrograph of an Omicron variant coronavirus, shown in pink, replicating within the cytoplasm of an infected Vero cell

### In humans[edit | edit source]

In January 2022, William Schaffner, professor of infectious diseases at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, compared the contagiousness of the Omicron variant to that of the measles.[218]

On 15 December 2021, Jenny Harries, head of the UK Health Security Agency, told a parliamentary committee that the doubling time of COVID-19 in most regions of the UK was now less than two days despite the country's high vaccination rate. She said that the Omicron variant of COVID-19 is "probably the most significant threat since the start of the pandemic", and that the number of cases in the next few days would be "quite staggering compared to the rate of growth that we've seen in cases for previous variants".[219]

A 2021 study suggested that mutations that promote breakthrough infections or antibody-resistance "like those in Omicron" could be a new mechanism for viral evolution success of SARS-CoV-2 and that such may become a dominating mechanism of its evolution.[220] A preprint supports such an explanation of Omicron's spread, suggesting that it "primarily can be ascribed to the immune evasiveness rather than an inherent increase in the basic transmissibility".[221][222] Studies showed the variant to escape the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, including those in sera from vaccinated and convalescent individuals.[223][224][225][226] Nevertheless, existing vaccines were expected to protect against severe illness, hospitalizations, and deaths due to Omicron[227] and, on an individual level, the Omicron variant is milder than earlier variants that evolved when the antibody/vaccination share was lower than it was when Omicron emerged.[228]

In contrast to other investigated variants, Omicron showed substantial, population-level, evasion of immunity from prior infection as well as a higher ability to evade immunity induced by vaccines.[229]

Later research found that the spread of Omicron likely contributed to significant natural immunity to reinfection.[230]

### In non-human animals[edit | edit source]

In February 2022, the first confirmed case infecting a wild animal was confirmed by researchers at Pennsylvania State University in white-tailed deer in Staten Island, N.Y.[231]

### Surfaces[edit | edit source]

Although transmission via fomites is rare, preliminary data indicate that the variant lasts for 194 hours on plastic surfaces and 21 hours on skin, compared with just 56 and 7 hours, respectively, for the original strain.[232][233]

## Vaccine effectiveness[edit | edit source]

Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA-1273) mRNA vaccines provide reduced protection against asymptomatic disease but do reduce the risk of serious illness.[234][235][236] On 22 December 2021, the Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team reported an about 41% (95% CI, 37–45%) lower risk of a hospitalization requiring a stay of at least 1 night compared to the Delta variant, and that the data suggested that recipients of 2 doses of the Pfizer–BioNTech, the Moderna or the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine were substantially protected from hospitalization.[237] In January 2022, results from Israel suggested that a fourth dose is only partially effective against Omicron. Many cases of infection broke through, albeit "a bit less than in the control group", even though trial participants had higher antibody levels after the fourth dose.[238] On 23 December 2021, Nature indicates that, though Omicron likely weakens vaccine protection, reasonable effectiveness against Omicron may be maintained with currently available vaccination and boosting approaches.[239][240]

In December, studies, some of which using large nationwide datasets from either Israel and Denmark, found that vaccine effectiveness of multiple common two-dosed COVID-19 vaccines is substantially lower against the Omicron variant than for other common variants including the Delta variant, and that a new (often a third) dose – a booster dose – is needed and effective, as it substantially reduces deaths from the disease compared to cohorts who received no booster but two doses.[241][242][243][244][245][246]

Vaccines continue to be recommended for Omicron and its subvariants. Professor Paul Morgan, immunologist at Cardiff University said, "I think a blunting rather than a complete loss [of immunity] is the most likely outcome. The virus can't possibly lose every single epitope on its surface, because if it did that spike protein couldn't work any more. So, while some of the antibodies and T cell clones made against earlier versions of the virus, or against the vaccines may not be effective, there will be others, which will remain effective. (...) If half, or two-thirds, or whatever it is, of the immune response is not going to be effective, and you're left with the residual half, then the more boosted that is the better."[247] Professor Francois Balloux of the Genetics Institute at University College London said, "From what we have learned so far, we can be fairly confident that – compared with other variants – Omicron tends to be better able to reinfect people who have been previously infected and received some protection against COVID-19. That is pretty clear and was anticipated from the mutational changes we have pinpointed in its protein structure. These make it more difficult for antibodies to neutralise the virus."[248]

### BA.1 and BA.2[edit | edit source]

A January 2022 study by the UK Health Security Agency found that vaccines afforded similar levels of protection against symptomatic disease by BA.1 and BA.2, and in both it was considerably higher after two doses and a booster than two doses without booster,[249][250] though because of the gradually waning effect of vaccines, further booster vaccination may later be necessary.[170]

### BA.4 and BA.5[edit | edit source]

In May 2022, a preprint indicated Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5 could cause a large share of COVID-19 reinfections, beyond the increase of reinfections caused by the Omicron lineage, even for people who were infected by Omicron BA.1 due to increases in immune evasion, especially for the unvaccinated. However, the observed escape of BA.4 and BA.5 from immunity by a BA.1 infection is more moderate than of BA.1 against studied prior cases of immunity (such as immunity from specific vaccines).[251][252]

Immunity from an Omicron infection for unvaccinated and previously uninfected was found to be weak "against non-Omicron variants",[253] albeit at the time Omicron is, by a large margin, the dominant variant in sequenced human cases.[254]

#### BQ.1 and BQ.1.1[edit | edit source]

Subvariants BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 were found in late 2022 to be better at escaping first and booster vaccines than previous variants, and to have further reduced the effectiveness of monoclonal antibody treatments.[255]

## Vaccine adjustments[edit | edit source]

See also: Universal coronavirus vaccine

In June 2022, Pfizer and Moderna developed bivalent vaccines to protect against the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and the Omicron variant. The bivalent vaccines are well-tolerated and offer immunity to Omicron superior to previous mRNA vaccines.[256] In September 2022, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) authorized the bivalent vaccines for use in the US.[257][258][259]

In June 2023, the FDA advised manufacturers that the 2023–2024 formulation of the COVID-19 vaccines for use in the US be updated to be a monovalent COVID-19 vaccine using the XBB.1.5 lineage of the Omicron variant.[260][261]

## Signs and symptoms[edit | edit source]

Main article: Symptoms of COVID-19

Loss of taste and smell seem to be uncommon compared to other strains.[5][6] A unique reported symptom of the Omicron variant is night sweats,[7][262] particularly with the BA.5 subvariant.[263][264] A study performed between 1 and 7 December 2021 by the Center for Disease Control found that: "The most commonly reported symptoms [were] cough, fatigue, and congestion or runny nose" making it difficult to distinguish from a less damaging variant or another virus.[265] Research published in London on 25 December 2021 suggested the most frequent symptoms stated by users of the Zoe Covid app were "a runny nose, headaches, fatigue, sneezing and sore throats."[4]

A British Omicron case-control observational study until March 2022 showed a reduction in odds of long COVID with the Omicron variant versus the Delta variant of 0·24–0·5 depending on age and time since vaccination.[266]

## Virulence[edit | edit source]

As of 6 January 2022, Omicron multiplied around 70 times faster than the Delta variant in the bronchi (lung airways) but evidence suggested it is less severe than previous variants, especially compared to Delta,[267][228] since it might be less able to penetrate deep lung tissue.[268] As of January 2022, in southern California infections were 91 percent less fatal than the delta variant, with 51 percent less risk of hospitalization.[269] However, the estimated difference in the intrinsic risk of hospitalization in England largely decreased to 0–30 percent, when reinfections were excluded.[270]

As of 21 January 2022 the risk of hospitalization was the same in BA.1 and BA.2 based on reviews from Denmark, India, South Africa and the United Kingdom.[271][149][165][272] Norwegian studies showed that the amount of virus in the upper airways was similar in those infected with BA.1 and BA.2.[167]

## Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

See also: COVID-19 testing

As of November 2021, the chance of detecting an Omicron case particularly depended on a country's sequencing rate, with South Africa sequencing far more samples than any other country in Africa, but at a considerably lower rate than most Western nations.[273][274] Sequencing the virus from a sample can take weeks limiting the early availability of data.[275]

In January 2022 the medicine and therapeutic regulatory agency Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of the Australian Government had only tested one of their 23 approved COVID-19 rapid antigen tests (RAT) to verify it detected Omicron.[276] The TGA later updated their approved list to show that all RATs which detected other variants could detect Omicron infections.[277] In June 2022, the German federal Paul-Ehrlich-Institute published their findings, that most RATs detected the Omicron Variant.[278]

### PCR testing[edit | edit source]

In December 2021, the US FDA published guidelines on how PCR tests would be affected by Omicron.[279] Tests that detect multiple gene targets were to continue to identify the testee as positive for COVID-19. S-gene dropout or target failure was proposed as a shorthand way of differentiating Omicron from Delta. besides sequencing and genotyping.[280]

As of December 2021, Denmark and Norway have regarded cases found by their variant qPCR test, which is relatively fast and checks several genes,[281] as sufficient for counting it as Omicron, before full sequencing.[282][283]

#### BA.1 and BA.2 differences[edit | edit source]

As of 7 December 2021 it was known that BA.2, unlike BA.1, lacks the characteristic S-gene target failure (SGTF) causing deletion (Δ69-70), by which many qPCR tests have been able to rapidly detect a case as an Omicron (or Alpha) variant, from the previously dominant Delta variant.[284][285] Thus, countries which primarily rely on SGTF for detection may overlook BA.2,[284] and British authorities consider SGTF alone as insufficient for monitoring the spread of Omicron.[271] This has resulted in it having been nicknamed 'Stealth Omicron',[271] but because BA.2 still can be separated from other variants through normal full sequencing, or checks of certain other mutations, the nickname is not quite accurate.[140][286] As of January 2022, some countries, such as Denmark and Japan, have been using a variant qPCR which tests for several mutations, including L452R.[281][161] It can also distinguish Delta, which has L452R,[287] and all Omicron subvariants, which do not have L452R.[288][147] As Omicron became dominant and the Delta variant became rare in early 2022, the SGTF mutation that had made Delta and BA.2 similar in qPCR tests was found to be useful for separating BA.1 and BA.2 from each other.[289]

## Treatment[edit | edit source]

See also: Treatment and management of COVID-19

As of 28 November 2021, Corticosteroids such as dexamethasone and IL6 receptor blockers such as tocilizumab (Actemra) were known to be effective for managing patients with the earlier strains of severe COVID-19 but the impact on the effectiveness of other treatments was being assessed.[290][291]

Relating to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) treatments, similar testing and research is ongoing. Preclinical data on in vitro pseudotyped virus data demonstrate that some mAbs designed to use highly conserved epitopes retain neutralizing activity against key mutations of Omicron substitutions.[292] Similar results are confirmed by cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray data, also providing the structural approach and molecular basis for the evasion of humoral immunity exhibited by Omicron antigenic shift as well as the importance of targeting conserved epitopes for vaccine and therapeutics design. While 7 clinical mAbs or mAb cocktails experienced loss of neutralizing activity of 1-2 orders of magnitude or greater relative to the prototypic virus, the S309 mAb, the parent mAb of sotrovimab, neutralized Omicron with only 2-3-fold reduced potency.[293]

As of December 2021, most monoclonal antibodies had lost in vitro neutralizing activity against Omicron, with only 3 out of 29 mAbs examined in another study retaining unaltered potency. Furthermore, a fraction of broadly neutralizing sarbecovirus mAbs neutralized Omicron through recognition of antigenic sites outside the RBM, including sotrovimab (VIR-7831), S2X259 and S2H97.[294] However, sotrovimab was not fully active against the BA.2 Omicron sublineage, and in March2022 the office of the U.S. ASPR stopped distributing the antibody treatment to states where BA.2 was dominant.[295] February 2022 data suggested Omicron caused significant humoral immune evasion, while neutralizing antibodies targeting the sarbecovirus conserved region remained most effective.[296]

## Epidemiology[edit | edit source]

On 26 November 2021, the South African National Institute for Communicable Diseases announced that 30,904 COVID-19-tests (in one day) detected 2,828 new COVID-19 infections (a 9.2% positivity rate).[297] One week later, on 3 December 2021, the NICD announced that 65,990 COVID-19 tests had found 16,055 new infections (5.7 times as many as seven days before; positive rate 24.3%) and that 72 percent of them were found in Gauteng.[298][299] This province of South Africa is densely populated at about 850 inhabitants per km2. Gauteng's capital Johannesburg is a megacity (about 5.5 million inhabitants in the city itself plus 9.5 million in the urban region).[citation needed]

In November 2021, the transmissibility of the Omicron variant, as compared to the Delta variant or other variants of the COVID-19 virus, was still uncertain.[290] Omicron is frequently able to infect previously COVID-19-positive people.[300][301]

It has been estimated the Omicron variant diverged in late September or early October 2021, based on Omicron genome comparisons.[302] Sequencing data suggests that Omicron had become the dominant variant in South Africa by November 2021, the same month where it had been first identified in the country.[303][304]

Phylogeny suggests a recent emergence. Data from South Africa suggests that Omicron has a pronounced growth advantage there. However, this may be due to transmissibility or immune escape related, or both."[305] Also the serial interval plays a role in the growth.

Detectable changes in levels of COVID-19 in wastewater samples from South Africa's Gauteng province were seen as early as 17–23 October (week 42).[306] The National Institute for Communicable Diseases reports that children under the age of 2 make up 10% of total hospital admissions in the Omicron point of discovery Tshwane in South Africa.[307] Data on the S gene target failure (SGTF) of sampled cases in South Africa indicates a growth of 21% per day relative to Delta, generating an increased reproduction number by a factor of 2.4.[lower-alpha 1] Omicron became the majority strain in South Africa around 10 November.[308][309] Another analysis showed 32% growth per day in Gauteng, South Africa, having become dominant there around 6 November.[310]

In the UK, the logarithmic growth rate of Omicron-associated S gene target failure (SGTF) cases over S gene target positive (SGTP) cases was estimated at 0.37 per day,[lower-alpha 2] which is exceptionally high.[311] Furthermore, by 14 December it appears to have become the most dominant strain.[lower-alpha 3][312] Without presuming behavior change in response to the variant, a million infections per day by 24 December are projected for a 2.5 days doubling time.[lower-alpha 4][280] In Denmark, the growth rate has been roughly similar with a doubling time of about 2–3 days, it having become the most prevalent strain on 17 December.[313][314][315] Switzerland is not far behind.[316] In Germany Omicron became the most prevalent variant on 1 January.[317] In Scotland, Omicron apparently became the most prevalent variant on 17 December.[318][319] In the Canadian province of Ontario it became the most prevalent strain on 13 December.[320] In the US, the variant appears to have become the most prevalent strain on 18 December, growing at 0.24 per day.[321] In Portugal, Omicron had reached 61.5% of cases on 22 December.[322] In Belgium, the strain has become the most prevalent on 25 December,[323] and in the Netherlands on 28 December.[324] In Italy, it had reached 28% of cases on 20 December and was doubling every two days,[325] while it became the dominant variant in Norway on 25 December.[326] In France, it made up about 15% of COVID-19 cases in mid-December, but around 27 December it had increased to more than 60%.[327][328] Researchers recommend sampling at least 5% of COVID-19 patient samples in order to detect Omicron or other emerging variants.[329]

During January 2022, in Denmark the BA.2 variant grew at ~0.10 per day (+11% per day) as a ratio to BA.1 (the legacy Omicron variant), and became the dominant strain in week 2, 2022.[164] In the United Kingdom, the BA.2 variant was growing at ~0.11 per day (+12% per day) as a ratio to BA.1.[330]

On 13 January 2022, the BBC reported that the hospitalization rate was higher in the US and Canada than in Europe and South Africa. This was attributed to a combination of a greater number of elderly people than in South Africa, greater prevalence of comorbidities such as hypertension and obesity than in Europe, higher indoor transmission due to the winter, lower vaccination rate in the US than in Europe and Canada, and a possible still high prevalence of the Delta variant, which more often leads to hospitalization.[331]

### Reported cases[edit | edit source]

Confirmed and suspected cases by country and territory

Confirmed and suspected cases by country and territory

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| Country/Territory  | Confirmed cases (PANGOLIN)[332]
as of 5 May, 2022  | Confirmed cases (GISAID)[333]
as of July 29, 2022  | Confirmed cases (other sources)
As of 24 June 2022[update] | Suspected cases

|
|
|
|

Template:Flagu/core | 999,565  | 1,431,772  | 62,480[334]As of January 8, 2022[update] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 999,565  | 1,253,700  | 246,780[335] | 600,041[335]
Template:Flagu/core | 207,407  | 365,837  | 268,661[336] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 6,809  | 57,379  | 290,378[337][338] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 196,746  | 264,998  | 66,563[339] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 83,564  | 184,880  | 5,591[340] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 73,584  | 147,223  | 174,248[341] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 67,203  | 153,110  | 12,453[342] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 37,542  | 81 017  | 8,209[343][344] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 33,905  | 80,013  | 11,071[345] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 14,729  | 24,529  | 45,296[282] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 6,778  | 12,811  | 5,397[346] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 9,761  | 12,028  | 3,779[347] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 4,543  | 7,300  | 4,322[348][349][350][351] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 1,982  | 3,778  | 3,857[352][353][354] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 22,164  | 60,435  | 1,741[355][356] | 861[355]
Template:Flagu/core | 9,631  | 16,451  | 1,095[357] | 19,070[358]
Template:Flagu/core | 7,731  | 27,705  | 1,318[359] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 24,607  | 31,992  | 51[336][360] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 26,448  | 30,865  | 121[337][360] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 38,397  | 42,525  | 53.760[361] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 30,034  | 32,635  | 19,269[337][362] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 2,228  | 2,583  | 455[363][364] | 80[365]
Template:Country data Botswana | 931  | 1,594  | 23[366] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 24,381  | 26,601  | 123[367][360] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 24,654  | 29,518  | 29,576[368] | –
Template:Country data Gibraltar | 112  | 122  | 24[369] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 84[370] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 23,707  | 27,292  | 84[371] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 4,097  | 4,572  | 684[372][373][374] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 7,683  | 8,870  | 69[375][360] | 6[376][337]
Template:Flagu/core | 128  | 138  | 76[377] | 246[377]
Template:Country data Zimbabwe | 185  | 219  | 50[378] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 441  | 605  | 33[366] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 27,787  | 32,224  | 203[379] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 4,029  | 5,239  | 523[380][381] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 31[382][383] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 1,653  | 2,329  | 27[384] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 1,273  | 1,738  | 8,239[385] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 44[386] | 59[386]
Template:Flagu/core | 12  | 38  | 25[387][388] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 12,736  | 13,678  | 1[389] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 3,169  | 3,739  | 116[390] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 125  | 213  | 18[391] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 1,432  | 3,526  | 102[392][393] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 14  | 229  | 3[394] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 133  | 176  | 2[395] | 2[334]
Template:Flagu/core | 3,268  | 3,276  | 17[337][396] | –
Template:Country data Bermuda | –  | 24  | 144[397][398] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 407  | 407  | 644[399][360][400] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 4,034  | 4,282  | 25[401][402][403] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 5,330  | 7,353  | 245[404] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 141  | 365  | 11[405] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 827  | 1,638  | 6[406] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 13,264  | 15,147  | 10[337][407][360] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 245  | 262  | 9[408] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 15,684  | 17,106  | 1,418[409][360][410][411] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 85  | 107  | 433[412][413] | 16[412]

1. REDIRECT Template:Country data Réunion

| 2,014  | 2,402  | 2[414] | –
Template:Country data Mauritius | –  | 763  | 7[334] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 31,766  | 33,327  | 1[415] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 70  | 178  | 6[415] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 9,135  | 10,239  | 6[416] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 142  | 211  | 5[417] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 950  | 974  | 31[418] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 5,653  | 5,960  | 10,032[419] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 83  | 83  | 832[420] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 96  | 96  | 4[421][422][423] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 92[424][425][426] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 10,379  | 11,742  | 3[337] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 15  | 40  | 3[415] | –
Template:Country data Malawi | 133  | 166  | 3[427] | –

1. REDIRECT Template:Country data Palestinian National Authority

| 5  | 9  | 126[428][429] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 34  | 34  | 89[430] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 7,063  | 9,136  | 2[431] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 1,629  | 3,816  | 3[432] |
Template:Flagu/core | 13,501  | 15,625  | 3[433] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 291  | 499  | 1[434] | –
Template:Country data Puerto Rico | 3,166  | 3,558  | 1[435] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 2[436] | –
Template:Country data Nepal | 255  | 349  | 2[437] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 25  | 28  | 4[438] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 1,281  | 1,549  | 535[439][440][441][442][443][444] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 9[445] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 690  | 998  | 10[446] | –
Template:Country data Liechtenstein | 246  | 736  | 1[447] | 3[334]
Template:Flagu/core | 28  | 28  | 61[448][360][449] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 71  | 85  | 2[450] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 359  | 463  | 75[451][452] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 626  | 927  | 1[453] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 718  | 822  | 600[454] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 61  | 73  | 1[415] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 1[455] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 1,177  | 1,561  | 1[456] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 54  | 72  | 1[457] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 4,031  | 11,149  | 1[337] | –
Template:Country data Maldives | –  | 281  | 5[458][459] | –
Template:Country data Sierra Leone | –  | 1  | 1[460] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 28  | 30  | 1[461] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 51  | 52  | 1[462] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | 1  | 1[463] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 595  | 682  | 467[464] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 73  | 99  | 1[465] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 821  | 822  | 1[466] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 1,430  | 1,529  | 1[467] | –
Template:Country data Aruba | 61  | 61  | 1[468] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 46  | 47  | 9[469][470] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 1,085  | 1,790  | 108[471] | –
Template:Country data Brunei | 1,163  | 1,253  | 8[472] | –
Template:Country data Malta | 138  | 162  | 2[473] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 60  | 62  | 7[474] | –
Template:Country data French Guiana | –  | 366  | 20[475] | –
Template:Country data Republic of the Congo | 50  | 78  | 1[476] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 267  | 290  | 4[477] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 122  | 139  | 3[478] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | 17  | 2[479] | –

1. REDIRECT Template:Country data Curaçao

| 482  | 487  | 1[480] | –
Template:Country data Saint Kitts and Nevis | –  | 16  | 2[481] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 2[482] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 1  | 1  | 1[483] | –
Template:Country data Barbados | 1  | 7  | 1[484] | –
Template:Country data Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | –  | 62  | 1[485] | –
Template:Country data Dominican Republic | 69  | 73  | 1[486] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 443  | 622  | 1[487] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 81  | 81  | 1[488] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 2  | 3  | 1[489] | –
Template:Country data Togo | –  | –  | 5[490] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | 71  | 4[491] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 118  | 122  | 10[492] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 25  | 37  | 16[493] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 34  | 204  | 1[494] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 2,516  | 2,520  | 12[495] | –
Template:Country data Mayotte | 123  | 130  | 1[496] | –
Template:Country data Martinique | –  | 593  | 1[497] | –
Template:Country data Gambia | 30  | 155  | 26[498] | –
Template:Country data Seychelles | –  | 235  | 464[499] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 224  | 240  | 2[500] | –
Template:Country data Laos | –  | –  | 1[501] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 36  | 103  | 5[502] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 14[503] | –
Template:Country data South Sudan | 28  | 28  | 41[504] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 41  | 60  | 78[505] | –
Template:Country data Cape Verde | –  | 152  | 175[506] | –
Template:Country data Antigua and Barbuda | –  | 36  | 1[507] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 1[508] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 2  | 7  | 1[509] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 287  | 314  | 29[510] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 8  | 8  | 8[511] | –
Template:Country data Guadeloupe | 264  | 300  | 1[512] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 12  | 12  | 12[513] | –
Template:Country data Suriname | 81  | 96  | 146[499] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | 479  | 753[499] | –
Template:Country data British Virgin Islands | 20  | 26  | 39[499] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 1  | 2  | –  | –
Template:Country data Anguilla | 20  | 24  | 30[499] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | 400  | 692[499] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 14[514] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 379  | 565  | 1[515] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 133  | 133  | 12[516] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 24[517] | –
Template:Flagu/core | –  | –  | 1[518] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 1  | 9  | 54[499] | –
Template:Country data Burundi | –  | 1  | 28[499] | –
Template:Country data American Samoa | –  | 35  | 84[499] | –
Template:Flagu/core | 4  | 16  | 17[499] | –
Template:Country data Guinea | 48  | 167  | 159[499] | –
Template:Country data Guam | 168  | 274  | 348[499] | –
Template:Country data Belize | 223  | 240  | 441[499] | –
Template:Country data Eswatini | 124  | 133  | –  | –
Template:Country data Djibouti | 306  | 308  | 337[499] | –
World total (170 countries and territories)  | 2,986,573 | 3,517,102 | 1,168,383 | 620,384

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Timeline of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant
* Variants of SARS-CoV-2
* Other variants of either interest or concern: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Zeta, Eta, Theta, Iota, Kappa, Lambda, Mu
* Sikhulile Moyo, scientist who discovered SARS-CoV-2 Omicron

## Notes[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ With a presumed identical person-to-person serial interval of loge(2.4)/0.21 ~ 4.2 days, or a distribution thereof to the same effect.
2. ↑ Logarithmic growth rate of 0.37/day means that the log odds loge(SGTF/SGTP) is increasing by 0.37 in a day. So SGTF/SGTP was increasing by a multiplicative factor of exp(0.37) ~ 1.45. This is substantially higher than a naive increase to 100%+37%. The difference is mathematically due to compound growth within the day, which does not imply that epidemically people are already infectious within a day. Rather, simplified (non-delay) differential equations are used for convenience for the modeling. This also indicates a doubling time of loge(2)/(0.37/day) ~ 1. days for the Omicron to Delta prevalence ratio.
3. ↑ Referring to ref 12 in the reference, where the x-axis is crossed at 14 December.
4. ↑ A doubling time of 2.5 days corresponds to an exponential growth rate of ln(2)/(2.5 days) ~ 0.28/day. Direct comparison to the logistic growth rate needs to take the growth/decline of Delta into account.

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Yadav PD, Gupta N, Potdar V, Mohandas S, Sahay RR, Sarkale P, et al. (January 2022). An in vitro and in vivo approach for the isolation of Omicron variant from human clinical specimens. pp. 2022–01.02.474750. doi:10.1101/2022.01.02.474750. Archived from the original on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Padin M (17 January 2022). "Feeling light-headed may be an early indication you have Omicron Covid variant". Daily Mirror. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
3. ↑ Poudel S, Ishak A, Perez-Fernandez J, Garcia E, León-Figueroa DA, Romaní L, et al. (December 2021). "Highly mutated SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant sparks significant concern among global experts – What is known so far?". Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 45: 102234. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102234. PMC 8666662. PMID 34896326.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Adams R (24 December 2021). "Omicron's cold-like symptoms mean UK guidance 'needs urgent update'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 December 2021.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Omicron Symptoms: Here's How They Differ From Other Variants". NBC Chicago. 7 January 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Slater, Jack (23 January 2022). "Is a change to your taste or smell a sign of Omicron?". Metro. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Scribner H (2021-12-21). "Doctor reveals new nightly omicron variant symptom". Deseret News. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
8. ↑ "Does Omicron cause less damage to the lungs?". medicalnewstoday.com. 14 January 2022. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
9. ↑ Murrison P (18 January 2022). "Omicron symptoms: Three distinctive rashes to watch for". Express.co.uk. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 30 January 2022.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Quarleri J, Galvan V, Delpino MV (February 2022). "Omicron variant of the SARS-CoV-2: a quest to define the consequences of its high mutational load". GeroScience. 44 (1): 53–56. doi:10.1007/s11357-021-00500-4. PMC 8683309. PMID 34921354.
11. ↑ Gowrisankar A, Priyanka TM, Banerjee S (2022-01-10). "Omicron: a mysterious variant of concern". European Physical Journal Plus. 137 (1): 100. Bibcode:2022EPJP..137..100G. doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-02321-y. PMC 8743750. PMID 35036269.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Vitiello A, Ferrara F, Auti AM, Di Domenico M, Boccellino M (July 2022). "Advances in the Omicron variant development". Journal of Internal Medicine. 292 (1): 81–90. doi:10.1111/joim.13478. PMC 9115048. PMID 35289434.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Yao L, Zhu KL, Jiang XL, Wang XJ, Zhan BD, Gao HX, et al. (June 2022). "Omicron subvariants escape antibodies elicited by vaccination and BA.2.2 infection". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 22 (8): 1116–1117. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00410-8. PMC 9212811. PMID 35738299.
14. ↑ Ahmed SF, Quadeer AA, McKay MR (January 2022). "SARS-CoV-2 T Cell Responses Elicited by COVID-19 Vaccines or Infection Are Expected to Remain Robust against Omicron". Viruses. 14 (1): 79. doi:10.3390/v14010079. PMC 8781795. PMID 35062283.
15. ↑ Al Jurdi A, Gassen RB, Borges TJ, Lape IT, Morena L, Efe O, et al. (June 2022). "Suboptimal antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant after third dose of mRNA vaccine in kidney transplant recipients": 1282–1286. doi:10.1101/2022.01.03.22268649v1. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
16. ↑ Altarawneh HN, Chemaitelly H, Ayoub HH, Tang P, Hasan MR, Yassine HM, et al. (July 2022). "Effects of Previous Infection and Vaccination on Symptomatic Omicron Infections". The New England Journal of Medicine. 387 (1): 21–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2203965. PMC 9258753. PMID 35704396. S2CID 249677809.
17. ↑ Nemet I, Kliker L, Lustig Y, Zuckerman N, Erster O, Cohen C, et al. (February 2022). "Third BNT162b2 Vaccination Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection". The New England Journal of Medicine. 386 (5): 492–494. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2119358. PMC 8823651. PMID 34965337.
18. ↑ Cao Y, Yisimayi A, Jian F, Song W, Xiao T, Wang L, et al. (June 2022). "BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 escape antibodies elicited by Omicron infection". Nature. 608 (7923): 593–602. Bibcode:2022Natur.608..593C. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04980-y. PMC 9385493. PMID 35714668.
19. ↑ Hachmann NP, Miller J, Collier AY, Ventura JD, Yu J, Rowe M, et al. (July 2022). "Neutralization Escape by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants BA.2.12.1, BA.4, and BA.5". The New England Journal of Medicine. 387 (1): 86–88. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2206576. PMC 9258748. PMID 35731894. S2CID 249956777.
20. ↑ Patel V (2021-11-27). "How Omicron, the New Covid-19 Variant, Got Its Name". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
21. ↑ Tcholakian D (2021-12-15). "'Omni is everywhere': why do so many people struggle to say Omicron?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-23.
22. ↑ Zimmer B (2021-12-02). "'Omicron': Greek's 'Little O' Will Loom Larger Now". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2021-12-23. "President Joe Biden stumbled over the pronunciation in a press conference on Monday, calling the variant "omnicron" with an extra "n" sound. It has also been frequently misspelled that way online. The confusion is understandable, since we're more familiar with words that have the Latin prefix "omni-" meaning "all," as in "omnipresent" or "omnivore.""
23. ↑ "In focus". gisaid.org. GISAID. 28 November 2021. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021. "The unique mix of spike amino acid changes in Omicron GR/484A (B.1.1.529) is of interest as it comprises several that were previously known to affect receptor binding and antibody escape."
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Variant: 21K (Omicron)". covariants.org. CoVariants. 28 November 2021. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021. "Variant 21K (Omicron) appears to have arisen in November 2021, possibly in South Africa."
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37. ↑ "Study on the origins of Omicron retracted". www.charite.de. 20 December 2022. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022. "In a subsequent analysis of residual samples, they were found to be contaminated. It is no longer possible to establish the source of the contamination."
38. ↑ "'We made a mistake.' Omicron origin study retracted after widespread criticism". science.org. 20 December 2022. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022. "But Kristian Andersen [...] says the gradual evolution theory was already "off the table" before the paper was published."
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41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 @BNODesk (26 November 2021). "Statement from Israel's health ministry reporting 1 confirmed case of new coronavirus variant B.1.1.529" (Tweet). Retrieved 26 November 2021 - via Twitter.
42. ↑ ינקו, אדיר; שומפלבי, אטילה (26 November 2021). "מחוסנת ב-3 מנות ואישה שנסעה לאילת באוטובוס: המאומתים לזן החדשt". Ynet (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-28. ""4 מאומתים לווריאנט החדש התגלו בארץ, רה"מ יקיים מסיבת עיתונאים ב-14:30" translated: "4 verified for the new variant were discovered in the country, the prime minister will hold a press conference at 14:30"`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
43. ↑ Four cases of the new COVID-19 variant recorded in Botswana Archived 26 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine, 25 November 2021, Mmegi Online, accessed 26 November 2021
44. ↑ Kesselgruber K (27 November 2021). "Flughafen Frankfurt: Person mit Omikron-Verdacht war vollständig geimpft" [Frankfurt airport: Person suspected to be infected with Omicron Variant was fully vaccinated]. Frankfurter Rundschau (in Deutsch). Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
45. ↑ "UK, Germany and Italy detect Omicron coronavirus variant cases". Reuters. 27 November 2021. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
46. ↑ "Coronavirus variant Omicron found in 13 positive tests so far | RIVM". www.rivm.nl. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
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48. ↑ "61 travellers from South Africa in Netherlands positive for COVID-19 – authorities". Reuters. Amsterdam. 27 November 2021. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
49. ↑ "Travellers test positive to Omicron COVID-19 strain after arriving in Sydney from southern Africa, NSW Health says". ABC News. 2021-11-28. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
50. ↑ "To personer er indrejst i Danmark med coronavarianten Omikron" [Two people have entered Denmark with the corona variant Omicron]. www.bt.dk (in dansk). 28 November 2021. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
51. ↑ Ritzau A (28 November 2021). "Nu er det bekræftet: To personer smittet med Omikron rejst ind i Danmark" [Now it has been confirmed: Two people infected with Omicron traveled into Denmark]. ekstrabladet.dk (in dansk). Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
52. ↑ "Austria detects suspect Omicron case as Europe battles virus surge". WION. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 2021-11-28.
53. ↑ "Omicron variant found in UK, Germany, Czech Republic". New York Post. 28 November 2021. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
54. ↑ "Canada, Netherland, Australia latest countries reporting cases of omicron COVID-19 variant". ABC13. 28 November 2021. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2021.
55. ↑ Perera A (29 November 2021). "COVID-positive repatriation flight arrival to the Northern Territory tests positive to Omicron variant". ABC News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
56. ↑ Nguyen K (29 November 2021). "NSW Health confirms two more Omicron COVID-19 cases in travellers from southern Africa". ABC News. Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
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299. ↑ see also GIS dashboard Archived 8 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine (statistical data) www.nicd.ac.za
300. ↑ Pulliam JR, van Schalkwyk C, Govender N, von Gottberg A, Cohen C, Groome MJ, et al. (January 2021). "SARS-CoV-2 reinfection trends in South Africa: analysis of routine surveillance data". doi:10.1101/2021.11.11.21266068. `{{cite journal}}`: Cite journal requires `|journal=` (help)
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313. ↑ Covid-19 Rapport om omikronvarianten [Status of the SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron in Denmark] (PDF) (Report) (in Danish). Statens Serum Institut. 20 December 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.`{{cite report}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
314. ↑ Ekspertrapport den 17. december 2021 – Scenarier for smittetal og nyindlæggelser med omikronvarianten [Expert report 17 December 2021 – Scenarios for infection numbers and new hospitalizations with the Omicron-variant] (PDF) (Report) (in Danish). Statens Serum Institut. 18 December 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.`{{cite report}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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332. ↑ "Cov-Lineages". cov-lineages.org. Retrieved 2022-01-15. Updated frequently.
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336. ↑ 336.0 336.1 "Wochenberichte zu COVID-19" (in German). Robert Koch Institute. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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341. ↑ "Tracking variants of the novel coronavirus in Canada". CTV News. 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
342. ↑ "新型コロナウイルス ゲノム解析による検疫の系統別検出状況（2022年７月27日時点）". www.mhlw.go.jp (in 日本語).
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344. ↑ "Omicron Cases in India | Coronavirus Cases in India". NDTV.com. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 2023-08-22.
345. ↑ "Variants of concern". CDGN. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
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347. ↑ "Indonesia Laporkan 3.779 Kasus Omicron". CNNIndonesia.com (in Bahasa Indonesia). 8 February 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-08.
348. ↑ "Singapore reports 24 confirmed Omicron cases as at Thursday". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 2021-12-18.
349. ↑ Auto, Hermes (2021-12-22). "More Omicron cases picked up in Singapore; community spread a matter of time: MOH | The Straits Times". www.straitstimes.com. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
350. ↑ Acharya, Ashutosh (2021-12-29). "Omicron most transmissible COVID-19 variant but not threatening Singapore: Experts". The Federal. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
351. ↑ "MOH | News Highlights". www.moh.gov.sg. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
352. ↑ "Tänahommikuse seisuga on haiglas 274 koroonaviirusega nakatunud patsienti" [As of this morning, the hospital has 274 patients infected with the coronavirus]. terviseamet.ee (in Estonian). 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. "Eestis on tuvastatud kokku 26 koroonapositiivset, kelle puhul viitab genotüpiseerimine omikron tüvele, nendest kuus on kinnitatud sekveneerimise käigus... A total of 26 corona-positive cases have been identified in Estonia, in which case genotyping indicates an omicron strain, six of which have been confirmed during sequencing..."`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
353. ↑ "Tänahommikuse seisuga on haiglas 220 koroonaviirusega nakatunud patsienti | Terviseamet". www.terviseamet.ee (in eesti). Retrieved 2021-12-22.
354. ↑ "Tänahommikuse seisuga on haiglas 231 koroonaviirusega nakatunud patsienti | Terviseamet". www.terviseamet.ee (in eesti). Retrieved 2021-12-31.
355. ↑ 355.0 355.1 @IsraelMOH. "היום, 25/12/2021 זוהו 591 מאומתים חדשים" [Today, 25/12/2021, 591 new verified people were identified] (Tweet) (in Hebrew) - via Twitter.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) Missing or empty `|date=` (help)
356. ↑ Schneider, Tal. "In Israel's first suspected Omicron death, vaccinated woman succumbs to virus". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
357. ↑ "Lineage B.1.1.529". cov-lineages.org. Cov-Lineages. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
358. ↑ "Omicron variant more resistant to vaccine but causes less severe covid, major South African study concludes". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2021-12-16. "Later information provided by a Discovery Health spokeswoman put the number of total cases at 78,173, of which 19,070 tests were positive during the "omicron period" from Nov. 15 to Dec. 7."
359. ↑ 고병준 (2022-01-03). "(2nd LD) Daily virus cases stay below 4,000 for 2nd straight day amid tighter antivirus curbs". Yonhap News Agency. Retrieved 2022-01-04.
360. ↑ 360.0 360.1 360.2 360.3 360.4 360.5 360.6 360.7 "Epidemiological update: Omicron variant of concern (VOC) – data as of 16 December 2021 (12:00)". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 2021-12-16. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
361. ↑ "Statistik om SARS-CoV-2 virusvarianter av särskild betydelse — Folkhälsomyndigheten". Public Health Agency of Sweden (in svenska). Retrieved 2022-01-05.
362. ↑ "COVID-⁠19 Switzerland | Coronavirus | Dashboard". covid19.admin.ch. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
363. ↑ "Ómicron: the Ministry of Health confirmed the first case in Argentina". MRT. 6 December 2021. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
364. ↑ "Córdoba confirmó 454 casos de la variante Ómicron de coronavirus" [Córdoba confirmed 454 cases of the Omicron variant of coronavirus] (in español). Télam. 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
365. ↑ "Hay más de 80 casos posibles de Ómicron en Argentina" [There are more than 80 possible cases of Ómicron in Argentina] (in español). 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
366. ↑ 366.0 366.1 "Table 1. Confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOC reported by public sources, as of 10 December 2021 (12:00)". ecdc.europa.eu. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). 10 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
367. ↑ "Omikronvariant B.1.1.529". National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
368. ↑ "Summary of COVID-19 virus variants in Ireland – HPSC". HSE Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC). 13 July 2022. p. 7. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
369. ↑ "Travel restrictions tightened as Rock confirms 24 Omicron cases". 17 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
370. ↑ "Kári spáir omíkron-bylgju í janúar". ruv.is (in Icelandic). 18 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
371. ↑ "Covid-19: sulla piattaforma ICoGen 84 sequenze della variante Omicron" [Covid-19: 84 sequences of the Omicron variant on the ICoGen platform] (in italiano). 2021-12-18. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
372. ↑ "ISP confirmó 30 casos de la nueva variante Ómicron a nivel nacional". CNN Chile (in español). 2021-12-16. Archived from the original on 2021-12-16. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
373. ↑ "Autoridad sanitaria informa 73 casos confirmados con variante Ómicron en Chile". La Tercera. 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
374. ↑ Ministerio de Salud [@ministeriosalud] (2022-01-03). "'Tenemos 684 casos #ómicron en todo el país. De ellos, 661 corresponden a viajeros, 14 casos positivos con nexo de viajeros y 9 son los casos comunitarios, estos últimos, todos en la región Metropolitana'" ['We have 684 #omicron cases nationwide. Of these, 661 correspond to travelers, 14 positive cases connected to travelers and 9 are community cases, the latter, all in the Metropolitan region.'] (Tweet) (in español). Retrieved 2022-01-04 - via Twitter.
375. ↑ "Portugal tem 38 casos da variante ómicron. Cuidados intensivos com "tendência fortemente crescente"" [Portugal has 38 cases of the omicron variant. Intensive care shows "strongly increasing trend"]. Público. 2021-12-03. Archived from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-04.
376. ↑ "Monitorização das linhas vermelhas para a COVID-19" [Monitoring of red lines for COVID-19] (PDF). INSA (in Portuguese). National Health Service of Portugal. 3 December 2021. p. 14\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
377. ↑ 377.0 377.1 Badri, Souad. "Omicron: 76 cas enregistrés au Maroc dont une personne admise en réanimation". Le Matin (in français). Retrieved 2021-12-29.
378. ↑ "Zimbabwe says country has identified 50 cases of Omicron". Reuters. Johannesburg. 3 December 2021. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
379. ↑ "Ômicron: incidência já é de 31,7% em oito estados do Brasil, mostra levantamento inédito" (in português do Brasil). Editora Globo S/A. 2021-12-29. Retrieved 2021-12-31.
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381. ↑ "53,600 COVID infections diagnosed in 1 week, 140 deaths in 2 weeks". clickittefaq. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-13. "The total number of cases of the Omicron variant was 523 until Wednesday."
382. ↑ "Cyprus detects first cases of COVID-19 Omicron variant". news.trust.org. Reuters. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
383. ↑ "Coronavirus: 28 more people found positive for Omicron". Cyprus Mail. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
384. ↑ @MOH_Kenya. "Twenty-seven sequences (77%) were confirmed to belong to the newly identified Omicron variant of concern" (Tweet). Retrieved 2021-12-20 - via Twitter. Missing or empty `|date=` (help)
385. ↑ "В России выявили более 250 случаев заболевания подвидом омикрон-штамма ВA.2". TASS. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
386. ↑ 386.0 386.1 "COVID-19 Update - 24 December". gov.ky. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
387. ↑ Ministry of Health - Uganda [@@MinofHealthUG] (18 December 2021). "PRESS RELEASE: Update on Omicron Variant in #Uganda" (Tweet). Uganda. Retrieved 19 December 2021 - via Twitter.
388. ↑ "Omicron confirmed in nine African countries, say officials". ABC News. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
389. ↑ Guillén, Beatriz (3 December 2021). "México confirma el primer caso de ómicron en el país" [Mexico confirms the first omicron case in the country]. El País (in Spanish). Mexico. Retrieved 3 December 2021.`{{cite news}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
390. ↑ "MidCentral hits 90% fully vaccinated milestone; 69 community cases; 62 in hospital; 7 in ICU". Ministry of Health NZ. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
391. ↑ "Namibia detects Omicron coronavirus variant in 18 of 19 samples". Reuters. 6 December 2021. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
392. ↑ "HK reports 7 imported virus cases". Hong Kong's Information Services Department (in 中文（香港）). Retrieved 2021-12-24.
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394. ↑ "Senegal records first Omicron case in tourist who attended demonstration". Reuters. 2021-12-05. Archived from the original on 5 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
395. ↑ "Omicron in southern Africa: Mozambique is worried for its economy, especially tourism". Bahrain News Agency. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
396. ↑ Newsroom (16 December 2021). "Όμικρον: 17 κρούσματα στην Ελλάδα | Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ". www.kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
397. ↑ Bell, Jonathan (2021-12-21). "Omicron cases surge from one to more than 100 in two weeks". www.royalgazette.com. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
398. ↑ Bell, Jonathan (2021-12-24). "Two in hospital as Bermuda passes 6,000 Covid-19 cases". www.royalgazette.com. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
399. ↑ "Latvia gets its first two Omicron cases". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. Reuters. 2021-12-06. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
400. ↑ "Pagājušajā nedēļā par trešdaļu pieaudzis Covid-19 inficēto skaits | Slimību profilakses un kontroles centrs". www.spkc.gov.lv (in latviešu). Retrieved 2022-01-04.
401. ↑ "Comunicate de presa" [Press Releases]. ms.ro (in Romanian). Ministerul Sănătăţii (Health Ministry Romania). 12 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021. "So far, 8 cases with the Omicron variant of the SARS-Cov-2 virus have been confirmed in Romania."`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
402. ↑ "MS: Încă două cazuri de infectare cu varianta Omicron au fost confirmate în România" [Ministry of Health: Two more cases of Omicron infection confirmed in Romania]. digi24.ro (in română). 17 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-18. "Până în prezent, în România au fost confirmate 13 cazuri cu varianta OMICRON a virusului SARS-Cov-2." [So far, 13 cases of the OMICRON variant of SARS-Cov-2 have been confirmed in Romania.]
403. ↑ "Au fost descoperite încă 9 cazuri de infectare cu varianta Omicron în România" [9 more cases of Omicron infection discovered in Romania]. digi24.ro (in română). 23 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
404. ↑ "Covid-19: 245 Omicron cases detected so far, 157 among umrah returnees, says Khairy". The Star. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
405. ↑ "Zambia reports more Omicron variant COVID-19 cases". Xinhuanet.com. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
406. ↑ Adetifa, Dr Ifedayo (7 December 2021). "Three Additional Cases of Omicron Variant Confirmed". ncdc.gov.ng. Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC). Retrieved 11 December 2021. "In addition to the three cases announced earlier on 1st December 2021, this brings the total number of confirmed cases of the Omicron variant detected in Nigeria to six (6)."
407. ↑ "Koronavirus ONLINE: Válek smetl povinné očkování 60+. A 5982 případů za sobotu v ČR". Blesk.cz (in čeština). Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
408. ↑ "Kosovo reports first cases of COVID-19 Omicron". Reuters. Pristina. 26 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021. "Kosovo's health ministry said on Sunday it had registered its first nine cases of the Omicron coronavirus variant in the Balkan country."
409. ↑ "First cases of the omicron variant of coronavirus confirmed in Slovenia". GOV.SI. 14 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
410. ↑ W3bStudio (2021-12-21). "Omicron confirmed in all Slovenian regions but one". Slovenia Times. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
411. ↑ "Omicron estimated to represent 40% of all coronavirus cases in Slovenia". Slovenia Times. 2021-12-30. Retrieved 2022-01-01. "The National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food said today it had confirmed 981 omicron cases with PCR tests..."
412. ↑ 412.0 412.1 "Cases of Omicron variant rise to 8 in Lebanon". news.cn. Retrieved 2021-12-19.
413. ↑ "Lebanon's total Omicron cases rise to 433". ANI News. Xinhua. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
414. ↑ "Covid-19 à La Réunion: identification d'un 2ème cas positif au variant « Omicron »" [Covid-19 in Reunion Island: identification of a 2nd positive case for the "Omicron" variant]. reunion.gouv.fr (in French). Les services de l'État à La Réunion. 3 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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416. ↑ "Six cases of Omicron variant detected in Turkey – minister". Reuters. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
417. ↑ "Laboratorije Odjeljenja za molekularnu dijagnostiku potvrdile 5 slučajeva infekcije Omicron sojem". Institut za javno zdravlje Crne Gore. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
418. ↑ "Cambodia confirms 1st case of Omicron COVID-19 variant". Xinhua News Agency. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
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422. ↑ "Guangzhou reports China's second case of Omicron variant". South China Morning Post. 2021-12-14. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
423. ↑ "湖南长沙从入境人员中检出2例新冠病毒奥密克戎变异株感染者" [2 cases of coronavirus Omicron variant detected from incoming persons in Changsha, Hunan Province]. 2021-12-18.
424. ↑ MINSAP, Redacción (2021-12-15). "Nota informativa del Ministerio de Salud Pública" [Information note from the Ministry of Public Health]. Sitio oficial de gobierno del Ministerio de Salud Pública en Cuba (in español). Retrieved 2021-12-20.
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426. ↑ "Ascienden a 92 los casos de ómicron confirmados en Cuba" [Confirmed omicron cases in Cuba amount to 92]. Cubita Now. 4 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
427. ↑ "Malawi confirms 3 Omicron cases, issues strict traveling restrictions". news.cn. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
428. ↑ "First case of Omicron coronavirus variant detected in Gaza". The Times of Israel. 2021-12-26.
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431. ↑ "Lithuania confirms two Omicron infections". Lithuanian National Radio and Television. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
432. ↑ @MinSaludCol. "¡ATENCIÓN! Se confirma la presencia de la variante Ómicron en Colombia" (Tweet). Retrieved 2021-12-21 - via Twitter. Missing or empty `|date=` (help)
433. ↑ "First Omicron cases confirmed in Slovakia". The Slovak Spectator. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021. "First three Omicron cases have been confirmed in Slovakia."
434. ↑ Lindo, Paula (13 December 2021). "Health Ministry: Trinidad and Tobago's first omicron case breached travel protocols". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Retrieved 16 December 2021. "TT's first recorded case of the omicron variant is an imported one."
435. ↑ "Confirman primer caso positivo de variante ómicron en Puerto Rico". CNN en Español (in Spanish). 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
436. ↑ "Two confirmed cases of Omicron variant in quarantine". Fiji Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
437. ↑ "Nepal detects first two cases of Omicron variant – health ministry". Reuters. 2021-12-06. Retrieved 2021-12-06.
438. ↑ "Myanmar confirms four cases of Omicron variant of COVID-19". ANI News. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
439. ↑ "Philippines detects Omicron variant from 2 international travelers". GMA News. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
440. ↑ Magsambol, Bonz (20 December 2021). "Philippines detects one more case of Omicron, total now at 3". Rappler. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
441. ↑ "PH detects 4th imported Omicron case". CNN Philippines. 27 December 2021.
442. ↑ "Philippines detects 10 new Omicron cases, including 3 local". GMA News. 31 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
443. ↑ "Philippines detects 29 more cases of COVID-19 omicron variant". ABS-CBN News. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
444. ↑ "Philippines detects 492 new Omicron cases, total at 535". GMA News. 19 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
445. ↑ "'Omicron variant' detected in two people in TRNC!". Kıbrıs Postası. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
446. ↑ "Bangladesh reports first Omicron cases". Business Standard. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
447. ↑ "Epidemiological update: Omicron variant of concern (VOC) – data as of 8 December 2021 (12.00)". ecdc.europa.eu. ECDC. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
448. ↑ "Müller Cecília: megjött Magyarországra az omikron variáns" [Cecília Müller: the omicron variant has arrived in Hungary]. Infostart. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
449. ↑ "További 46 omikronos esetet azonosítottak". koronavirus.gov.hu (in magyar). 2021-12-23. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
450. ↑ "Recording the First Cases Of Omicron Variant #OmanVSCovid19". Twitter. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
451. ↑ "Coronavirus: Pakistan reports first case of Omicron variant". geo.tv. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
452. ↑ "Important Public Service Information". Twitter. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
453. ↑ "Sri Lanka reports first case of Omicron variant". The Economic Times. Retrieved 3 December 2021.
454. ↑ "Omicron Cases Rise to 600 in Georgia". bm.ge. 7 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-08.
455. ↑ "The Kingdom of Bahrain detects a case of the Omicron variant in an incoming traveller with no local contact". Bahrain News Agency. 11 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
456. ↑ "Ecuador confirma primer caso de Ómicron". Ministerio de Salud Pública. 14 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
457. ↑ Coronavirus: Kuwait reports first case of Omicron variant 8 December 2021
458. ↑ "First case of Omicron detected in Maldives". ANI News. Retrieved 2021-12-09.
459. ↑ "Maldives reports 4 new Omicron cases". The Times of Addu. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
460. ↑ "Public Health National Emergency Operations Center, Sierra Leone". facebook.com. Retrieved 2021-12-10.
461. ↑ "Saudi Arabia detects first case of COVID-19 Omicron variant in Kingdom". Al Arabiya English. December 2021. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
462. ↑ "Tunisia records first case of omicron variant". Arab News. 2021-12-03. Archived from the original on 8 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
463. ↑ Mukherjee, Promit; Hunnicutt, Trevor (2021-12-01). "Omicron rapidly dominating in South Africa; U.S. reports first case". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-02.
464. ↑ "افزایش مبتلایان به اُمیکرون در کشور به ۴۶۷ مورد". ایسنا (in فارسی). 2022-01-07. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
465. ↑ "В Україні виявили штам "Омікрон"" [Omicron strain found in Ukraine]. Ukrainian Ministry of Health (in українська). 2021-12-18. Archived from the original on 2021-12-20. Retrieved 2021-12-20.
466. ↑ "Panama detects first case of COVID-19 Omicron variant". Reuters. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
467. ↑ "Costa Rica Announces First Case of Omicron Variant". The Tico Times. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
468. ↑ "First Omicron cases in Aruba". The Daily Herald. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
469. ↑ "В Северной Македонии выявили первый случай заражения омикрон-штаммом". ТАСС. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
470. ↑ Макфакс (2022-01-05). "Пораст на бројот на заразени од коронаворус, во Македонија активни 5.667 случаи" [Increase in the number of coronavirus infected, 5,667 active cases in Macedonia]. МАКФАКС (in македонски). Retrieved 2022-01-09. "Во Македонија вчера беа детектирани девет случаи на омикрон, од кои 8 од Скопје и едно лице од Кочани. (Nine cases of Omicron were detected in Macedonia yesterday, of which 8 were from Skopje and one person from Kocani.)"
471. ↑ "Ngày 19/1: Có 15.959 ca COVID-19, Hà Nội vẫn nhiều nhất; Đã ghi nhận 108 ca nhiễm biến chủng Omicron" (in Tiếng Việt). Retrieved 2022-01-19.
472. ↑ "Brunei detects another 7 Omicron cases". The Star (Malaysia). 28 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021. "Another seven new Omicron cases have been detected in the Sultanate following the first case found on Dec 22..."
473. ↑ Farrugia, Claire (3 January 2022). "Authorities keep silent on cases of Omicron". Times of Malta. Retrieved 7 January 2022. "Nothing said after the announcement that the first two cases had been detected."
474. ↑ Sequera, Vivian (2021-12-23). "Venezuela's Maduro says seven Omicron cases detected". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
475. ↑ "Covid-19: la circulation du variant Omicron désormais avérée en Guyane, une vingtaine de cas détectés" [Covid-19: the circulation of the Omicron variant now proven in Guyana, around twenty cases detected]. Guyane la 1ère (in français). 29 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
476. ↑ "(COVID-19) La République du Congo enregistre une flambée des nouvelles contaminations (officiel)_French.news.cn" [(COVID-19) Republic of Congo records outbreak of new contamination (official)]. french.news.cn (in français). 5 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-07. "...confirmant également pour la première fois la circulation du variant Omicron en République du Congo (...also confirming for the first time the circulation of the Omicron variant in the Republic of Congo)."
477. ↑ "MOPH Confirms Detection of Four Cases of Omicron COVID-19 Variant in Qatar". news.qna.org.qa. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
478. ↑ "Se confirman tres casos de Ómicron en viajeros provenientes de Cancún" [Three cases of Omicron confirmed in travellers from Cancun]. mspbs.gov. 27 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
479. ↑ "Burkina Faso com dois casos de variante de covid-19 Omicron" [Burkina Faso with two cases of COVID-19 Omicron variant]. ANGOP. 18 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
480. ↑ "Omikron-variant officieel op Curaçao" [Omicron variant officially in Curacao]. Paradise FM. 24 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
481. ↑ Byron, Anglina (2022-01-01). "Dr Laws confirms two cases of Omicron variant in St Kitts and Nevis". Associates Times a Caribbean News website. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
482. ↑ "Libya reports first Omicron cases". The Libya Observer. 30 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
483. ↑ "First Case of 'Omicron' Variant Confirmed in Albania". Albanian Daily News. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
484. ↑ Rollock, Melissa (2021-12-30). "Chief Medical Officer: Omicron Is Here". GIS. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
485. ↑ "One Imported Omicron Case". gov.vc. 27 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
486. ↑ Sorto, Marlon (25 December 2021). "República Dominicana confirma primer caso de variante ómicron de covid-19" [Dominican Republic confirms first case of Omicron variant of COVID-19]. CNN Espanol. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
487. ↑ "Jamaica On Alert For Omicron Variant – Jamaica Information Service". jis.gov.jm. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
488. ↑ "Omikron soj stigao u Srbiju, potvrdila dr Tanja Jovanović" [Omicron strain has arrived in Serbia, Dr. Tanja Jovanović confirmed.]. Klinka. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
489. ↑ "Tanzanian president confirms spreading of Omicron variant-Xinhua". english.news.cn. 1 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
490. ↑ "Le Togo enregistre ses premiers cas du variant Omicron" [Togo records its first cases of the Omicron variant]. Le Courrier. Retrieved 2 January 2022. "Au moins cinq cas du nouveau variant Omicron ont été identifiés au Togo. (At least five cases of the new Omicron variant have been identified in Togo)."
491. ↑ "В Беларусь пришел новый вариант коронавируса – омикрон" [New variant of coronavirus arrives in Belarus - Omicron]. minzdrav.gov.by (in русский). 29 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-02. "Новый штамм выявлен у четырех минчан. (The new strain was identified in four residents of Minsk.)"
492. ↑ "Omikron stigao i u Bosnu i Hercegovinu, novi soj potvrđen kod 10 osoba" [Omicron has also arrived in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the new strain has been confirmed in 10 people]. klix.ba (in hrvatski). 29 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
493. ↑ "Covid-19: Angola confirms Omicron's circulation". Angola Press News Agency. 24 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
494. ↑ "COVID-19: Dr Muyembe révèle que le variant Omicron représente 29% soit 11% d'écart avec le variant Delta en RDC" [COVID-19: Dr Muyembe reveals that the Omicron variant represents 29% or 11% difference from the Delta variant in the DRC]. Politico.cd (in français). 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2022-01-02.
495. ↑ "Covid-19 in Bulgaria: Omicron variant found in 12 samples sequenced by NCIPD". The Sofia Globe. 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
496. ↑ "Covid-19: Un premier cas de variant Omicron confirmé à Mayotte" [Covid-19: First case of the Omicron variant confirmed in Mayotte]. Mayotte la 1ère (in français). 22 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
497. ↑ "Covid-19: un premier cas de variant Omicron détecté en Martinique" [Covid-19: First case of the Omicron variant detected in Martinique]. Martinique la 1ère (in français). 24 December 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
498. ↑ Ceesay, Landing (2022-01-07). "Covid-19 Update: Gambia Registers 26 Omicron Variant Cases". Gambia.com. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
499. ↑ 499.00 499.01 499.02 499.03 499.04 499.05 499.06 499.07 499.08 499.09 499.10 499.11 499.12 499.13 "outbreak.info". outbreak.info. Retrieved 2022-08-23.
500. ↑ "Covid -19: premiers cas de variant Omicron détectés en Guadeloupe et à Saint-Martin". LEFIGARO (in français). 2021-12-18. Retrieved 2022-01-09. "Un autre cas a été confirmé, à Saint-Martin, sur une personne en provenance du Canada, indique la même source. (Another case has been confirmed in Saint-Martin, on a person from Canada, indicating the same source.)"
501. ↑ "Laos has detected first case of Covid-19 Omicron Variant". Laotiantimes.com. 2022-01-07. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
502. ↑ Rasheed, Ahmed (2022-01-06). "Iraq reports first cases of Omicron variant". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-01-09. "Iraq has identified more than five cases of the Omicron coronavirus variant..."
503. ↑ "AMI - Des membres du gouvernement commentent les résultats du conseil des ministres". fr.ami.mr. 30 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
504. ↑ "South Sudan confirms omicron variant in the country". Juba echo. 2022-01-02. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
505. ↑ "Covid-19 Omicron: Des cas positifs de ce variant "plus transmissible mais moins virulent" enregistres en Côte d'Ivoire". gouv.ci. 4 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022. "...on a eu 78 échantillons positifs pour le variant Omicron."
506. ↑ "Covid 19: INSP confirma que 87% das amostras enviadas ao Instituto Pasteur revelaram presença da ómicron" [Covid 19: INSP confirms that 87% of samples sent to the Pasteur Institute revealed the presence of the omicron]. inforpress.cv. 4 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022. "Há menos de uma semana, foram enviadas para esse laboratório, cerca de trezentas amostras, das quais foram processadas 202 que confirmaram a presença da variante ómicron em 87% das amostras processadas", avançou a mesma fonte."
507. ↑ McLeod, Sheri-Kae (2022-01-07). "Antigua Confirms First Case of Omicron". Caribbean News. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
508. ↑ "Gabon: le variant Omicron représente de 20 à 25% des personnes contrôlées positives au Covid-19". RFI (in français). 2022-01-06. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
509. ↑ "Ministerio de Salud confirma presencia de variante ómicron en Bolivia". La Nación (in español). 7 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-09.
510. ↑ ""Omicron" a pus stăpânire pe Iaşi: 29 la 0! La ATI sunt numai nevaccinati" ["Omicron" took over Iaşi: 29 to 0! In the ICU, there are only the unvaccinated]. ziaruldeiasi.ro. Retrieved 2022-01-10. "29 din 29 confirmaţi..." [29 out of 29 confirmed...]
511. ↑ "First 8 Omicron Cases Detected in Kazakhstan". see.news. 2022-01-06. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
512. ↑ "Variant Omicron: premiers cas détectés en Guadeloupe et à Saint-Martin" [Omicron variant: first cases detected in Guadeloupe and Saint-Martin]. SudOuest (in français). 18 December 2021. ISSN 1760-6454. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
513. ↑ "Azerbaijan detects COVID-19 Omicron variant". AzerNews.az. 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2022-01-10. "Twelve people have tested positive for the COVID-19 Omicron variant in Azerbaijan."
514. ↑ "Bhutan reports first cases of Omicron coronavirus variant". The Economic Times. Reuters. 14 January 2021. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
515. ↑ "Papua New Guinea reports first Omicron cases, amid fears over low vaccination rate". the Guardian. 2022-01-19. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
516. ↑ "12 cases of Omicron variant confirmed in Mongolia". MONTSAME News Agency. 17 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
517. ↑ Página12 (22 January 2022). "Covid-19 en la Antártida: Ómicron se propagó en la Base Esperanza y evacuaron a 9 personas | Se registraron 24 contagios" [Covid-19 in Antarctica: Omicron has spread at the Esperanza Base and 9 people were evacuated]. PAGINA12. Retrieved 2022-01-28. "La variante Ómicron de coronavirus llegó a la Antártida, donde se detectaron 24 casos de covid-19 en la Base Esperanza..."
518. ↑ "Uzbekistan reports first Omicron case, tightens pandemic restrictions-Xinhua". xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 2022-02-10.

## External links[edit | edit source]

* Corum J, Zimmer C (9 February 2021). "Coronavirus Variant Tracker". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021. "Constantly Updated"
* Archived video:
* Mohale F, Phaahla J, Oliveira T, Lessels R, Gottberg A, Moore P, Crisp N (25 November 2021). Health Department briefs media about a new so-called super-variant. South Africa: eNCA. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021 - via YouTube.
* Oliveira T, Kamwendo S (26 November 2021). Professor Tulio de Oliviera on the new COVID-19 variant. SABC News. Archived from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2021 - via YouTube. Also archived at Ghostarchive.

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* Martinique
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin

US insular areas|

* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Central America|

* Belize
* Costa Rica
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico
* timeline
* vaccination
* Nicaragua
* Panama

United States|

* Trump administration communication
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* social impact
* economic impact
* 2021 hospital crisis

responses|

* federal government
* state and local governments
* California government response
* New York government response
* Texas government response
* Eastern States Multi-state Council
* Midwest Governors Regional Pact
* Western States Pact

By location|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* American Samoa
* Arizona
* Navajo Nation
* Arkansas
* California
* timeline
* S.F. Bay Area
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* timeline
* Massachusetts
* timeline
* Boston
* timeline
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* timeline
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* New York City
* timeline
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Ohio
* Columbus
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Portland
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* timeline
* Austin
* U.S. Virgin Islands
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* Washington, D.C.
* White House
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Oceania|

* American Samoa
* Cook Islands
* Easter Island
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* New Caledonia
* Niue
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Bougainville
* Pitcairn Islands
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tokelau
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu
* Wallis and Futuna

Australia|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* January–June
* July–December
* 2022
* Australian Capital Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* New South Wales
* Norfolk Island
* Northern Territory
* Queensland
* South Australia
* Tasmania
* Victoria
* Western Australia

New Zealand|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* 2023
* economic impact
* government response
* Alert levels
* Traffic light system
* social impact
* managed isolation

South
America|

* Argentina
* statistics
* human rights
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* São Paulo
* Chile
* statistics
* Easter Island
* Colombia
* timeline
* Ecuador
* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* statistics
* Cusco
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Others|

* Antarctica
* Cruise ships
* Diamond Princess
* Grand Princess
* Naval ships
* Charles de Gaulle
* USS Theodore Roosevelt

Impact

| Culture and
entertainment|

| Arts and
cultural heritage|

* References in popular culture
* Cinema
* films affected
* Corona-chan
* Disney
* Fashion industry
* Music industry
* Performing arts
* Television
* U.S.
* U.S. sports
* programs affected
* Video games

|

Education|

* Female education
* Homeschooling

By country|

* Ghana
* Ireland
* United Kingdom
* exam grading controversy
* United States

Sports|

* Bio-secure bubble

By country|

* Ireland
* Philippines

By sport|

* Association football
* Baseball
* Basketball
* NBA
* Combat sports
* Cricket
* Disc golf
* Gaelic games
* Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)
* Ice hockey
* Motorsport
* Rugby league

Society
and rights|

| Social impact|

* Social media
* Stigma
* COVID-19 parties
* Children
* foster care in the U.S.

|

Labor|

* Healthcare workers
* Indian migrant workers
* Great Resignation
* Strikes

Human rights|

* Argentina
* Hong Kong
* Myanmar
* North Korea
* Turkmenistan

Legal|

* Abortion in the U.S.
* Crime
* Domestic violence
* Prisons
* U.S. immigration detention

Minority|

* Gender
* LGBT community
* African communities
* Disability community
* Native American communities
* Xenophobia and racism

Religion|

* Catholic Church
* Hajj

Economic|

* Charitable activity
* COVID-19 scams
* Travel restrictions

By country|

* Canada
* India
* Ireland
* COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment
* Malaysia
* New Zealand
* Russia
* U.K.
* U.S.

By industry|

* Aviation
* Airlines
* Cannabis industry
* Food industry
* meat industry in Canada
* meat industry in the U.S.
* restaurant industry in the U.S.
* Hospitals
* ICU capacity
* Long-term care facilities
* Mink farming
* Public transport
* Retail
* Tourism

Supply and trade|

* Shortages
* Chip supply
* Energy
* Global supply chain
* Oil price war
* Food security

Financial markets|

* Global stock market crash
* COVID-19 recession
* Inflation

Information|

* Journalism
* Media coverage
* Wikipedia's response

Misinformation|

* Governments
* China
* United States
* By country
* Canada
* Philippines
* Ivermectin
* Plandemic

Politics|

* National responses
* Legislation
* European Union

Political impact|

* Ireland
* Malaysia
* Russia

Protests|

* Canada
* convoy protest
* China
* Italy
* Germany
* Idar-Oberstein shooting
* the Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Serbia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Open the States

International relations|

* Aid
* Italy
* Moldovan–Romanian collaboration
* Nicaragua–Taiwan relations
* Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan
* Vaccine diplomacy

Language|

* Anthropause
* Doomscrolling
* Flattening the curve
* Green recovery
* Long COVID
* Quarantini
* Social distancing
* Superspreader
* Twindemic
* Zero-COVID
* Zoom
* Zoom towns

Others|

* Animals
* Cluster 5
* Environment
* Military
* Pregnant women
* Science and technology

Health issues

| Medical topics|

* Transmission
* Symptoms
* Cancer
* Endemic COVID-19
* Skin manifestations
* Long COVID
* Mental health
* neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes
* Pregnancy
* Non-COVID-19–related health issues
* Shortages
* Raise the line
* Rehabilitation
* Unproven medical methods

|

Testing and
epidemiology|

* Datasets
* Death rates by country
* Disease testing
* Breathalyzer
* Operation Moonshot
* Test to Release
* UK Rapid Test Consortium
* AbC-19 rapid antibody test
* investigations into the origins
* lab leak theory
* Rapid antigen test
* Software
* Surveillance
* Undercounting COVID-19 deaths

Apps|

* Aarogya Setu
* BlueTrace
* careFIJI
* Coronavirus Australia
* Corona-Warn-App
* COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application
* COVID Alert (Canada)
* COVID AlertSA (South Africa)
* COVIDSafe
* COVID Tracker Ireland
* Covid Watch
* Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
* Exposure Notification
* Health Code
* Healthy Together
* Immuni
* Koronavilkku
* LeaveHomeSafe
* MySejahtera
* NHS COVID-19
* NZ COVID Tracer
* NZ Pass Verifier
* PathCheck
* PeduliLindungi
* SafeEntry
* SafePass
* StaySafe.ph
* SwissCovid
* TCN Protocol
* Test, Trace, Protect
* Thai Chana
* TousAntiCovid
* TraceTogether
* Valtrace
* Zoe Health Study

Prevention|

* Air purifier (Corsi–Rosenthal Box)
* Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
* COVID fatigue
* Evacuations
* Face masks
* Anti-mask sentiment
* United States
* Flattening the curve
* Great Barrington Declaration
* International aid
* Lockdowns
* Public health mitigation
* Safe Hands Challenge
* Social distancing
* Workplace hazard controls
* Zero-COVID

Vaccines|

| Topics|

* Authorizations
* Clinical research
* Deployment
* Development
* EU Certificate
* Misinformation and hesitancy
* Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates
* US
* Operation Warp Speed (U.S.)
* Post-vaccination complications
* Vaccine card
* Vaccine passports

|

Authorized|

| DNA|

* ZyCoV-D

|

Inactivated|

* Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
* CoronaVac
* Covaxin
* COVIran Barekat
* CoviVac (Russia)
* FAKHRAVAC
* Minhai
* QazCovid-in
* Sinopharm BIBP
* Sinopharm WIBP
* Turkovac
* Valneva

mRNA|

* Moderna
* Pfizer–BioNTech

Subunit|

* Abdala
* Corbevax (Bio E COVID-19)
* COVAX-19
* EpiVacCorona
* IndoVac
* MVC
* Noora
* Novavax
* Razi Cov Pars
* Sinopharm CNBG
* Soberana 02
* Soberana Plus
* ZF2001 (Zifivax)

Viral vector|

* Convidecia
* Janssen
* Oxford–AstraZeneca
* Sputnik V
* Sputnik Light

Virus-like particles|

* CoVLP

In trials|

| Attenuated|

* COVI-VAC (United States)

|

DNA|

* AG0302-COVID‑19
* GX-19
* Inovio

Inactivated|

* KD-414
* NDV-HXP-S

RNA|

* ARCT-021
* ARCT-154
* Bangavax
* CureVac (terminated)
* HGC019
* mRNA-1283
* PTX-COVID19-B
* Sanofi–Translate Bio (terminated)
* Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
* Walvax

Subunit|

* 202-CoV
* AKS-452
* EuCorVac-19
* IVX-411
* Nanocovax
* ReCOV
* Sanofi–GSK
* S-268019
* SCB-2019
* SCTV01C
* Skycovione
* UB-612
* V-01
* V451 (terminated)
* Vabiotech
* West China Hospital
* Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech

Viral vector|

* AdCLD-CoV19
* BriLife
* COH04S1
* DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT
* GRAd-COV2
* ImmunityBio
* iNCOVACC
* INNA-051
* NDV-HXP-S
* Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine

Virus-like particles|

* ABNCoV2
* LYB001
* MigVax-101
* VBI-2902

Deployment
by location|

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eswatini
* Ghana
* Morocco
* Nigeria
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Zimbabwe

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Mainland China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Malaysia
* Nepal
* Philippines
* Russia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Vietnam

Europe|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Moldova
* Norway
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

North America|

* Canada
* Ontario
* Quebec
* Cuba
* Haiti
* Mexico
* United States
* mandates

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand

South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Peru

Others|

* Antarctica

Treatment|

* Drug development
* Drug repurposing research
* Baricitinib
* Dexamethasone
* Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
* Open-source ventilator
* PANORAMIC trial (UK)
* RECOVERY Trial (UK)
* Solidarity trial (WHO)

Monoclonal antibodies|

* Bamlanivimab/etesevimab
* Bamlanivimab
* Etesevimab
* Bebtelovimab
* Casirivimab/imdevimab
* Regdanvimab
* Sarilumab
* Sotrovimab
* Tixagevimab/cilgavimab
* Tocilizumab

Small molecule antivirals|

* Broad-spectrum
* Ensitrelvir
* Molnupiravir
* Remdesivir
* Co-packaged
* Nirmatrelvir
* ritonavir

Variants

| Specific|

* Alpha
* Beta
* Gamma
* Delta
* Epsilon
* Zeta
* Eta
* Theta
* Iota
* Kappa
* Lambda
* Mu
* Omicron
* timeline

|

General|

* Cluster 5
* Lineage B.1.617
* Lineage B.1.640.2
* Variant of concern

Institutions

| Hospitals and
medical clinics|

| Mainland China|

* Central Hospital of Wuhan
* Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre
* Fangcang hospitals
* Huoshenshan Hospital
* Leishenshan Hospital
* Xinjia Express Hotel
* Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital

|

Others|

* Hospital ships
* Garran Surge Centre (Australia)
* Hospital El Salvador
* SevenHills Hospital (India)
* Kemayoran Athletes Village (Indonesia)
* Pyongyang General Hospital (North Korea)
* Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (Malaysia)
* Mega Ligtas COVID Centers (Philippines)
* Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre (Sri Lanka)
* Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom
* NHS Nightingale Hospitals (England)
* Birmingham
* London
* North East
* North West
* Yorkshire and the Humber
* NHS Louisa Jordan (Scotland)
* Dragon's Heart Hospital (Wales)

Organizations|

| Global|

|

By location|

* National Cabinet (Australia)
* ScienceUpFirst (Canada)
* Wuhan Institute of Virology (China)
* Independent SAGE (United Kingdom)

Health
institutes|

* Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (African Union)
* Ghana Infectious Disease Centre (Ghana)
* Department of Health (Hong Kong)
* Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (South Korea)
* National Institute for Communicable Diseases (South Africa)
* Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan)

Pandemic
institutes|

* National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board (Australia)
* COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (Canada)
* COVID-19 Supply Council (Canada)
* PREPARE (European Union)
* National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 (India)
* COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force (Indonesia)
* National Public Health Emergency Team (Ireland)
* Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting (Japan)
* Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (Malaysia)
* Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee (Philippines)
* Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Philippines)
* Central Epidemic Command Center (Taiwan)
* Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board (Turkey)
* COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (United Kingdom)
* Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (United Kingdom)
* Joint Biosecurity Centre (United Kingdom)
* Vaccine Taskforce (United Kingdom)
* COVID-19 Advisory Board (United States)
* Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups (United States)
* White House Coronavirus Task Force (United States)
* White House COVID-19 Response Team (United States)
* GACH (Uruguay)

Relief funds|

* PM CARES Fund (India)
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund (India)
* Artist Relief (United States)

People

| Medical
professionals|

* Ai Fen
* Corona Rintawan
* Li Wenliang
* Liu Wen
* Xie Linka
* Zhang Wenhong

|

Researchers|

* Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud
* Roberto Burioni
* Chen Wei
* Kizzmekia Corbett
* Andrea Crisanti
* Peter Daszak
* Christian Drosten
* Neil Ferguson
* Dale Fisher
* George F. Gao
* Azra Ghani
* Sarah Gilbert
* Guan Yi
* Kentaro Iwata
* Katalin Karikó
* Matt Keeling
* Trudie Lang
* Li Lanjuan
* W. Ian Lipkin
* Ma Xiaowei
* Shabir Madhi
* Allison McGeer
* Camilla Rothe
* Shi Zhengli
* Moncef Slaoui
* Mike Tildesley
* John Todd
* Wang Chen
* Wang Guangfa
* Drew Weissman
* Yuen Kwok-yung
* Zeng Guang
* Zhang Jixian
* Zhang Yongzhen
* Zhong Nanshan

Officials|

| WHO|

* Tedros Adhanom
(Director-General of the WHO)
* Bruce Aylward
(Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)
* Maria Van Kerkhove
(Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)
* Michael J. Ryan
(Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)

|

By location|

* Frank Atherton
(Wales)
* Ashley Bloomfield
(New Zealand)
* Catherine Calderwood
(Scotland)
* Chang Shan-chwen
(Taiwan)
* Anutin Charnvirakul
(Thailand)
* Chen Shih-chung
(Taiwan)
* Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching
(Taiwan)
* Victor Costache
(Romania)
* Fabrizio Curcio
(Italy)
* Carmen Deseda
(Puerto Rico)
* Jaap van Dissel
(the Netherlands)
* Christian Drosten
(Germany)
* Francisco Duque III
(Philippines)
* Anthony Fauci
(United States)
* Francesco Paolo Figliuolo
(Italy)
* Graça Freitas
(Portugal)
* Henrique Gouveia e Melo
(Portugal)
* Matt Hancock
(United Kingdom)
* Hamad Hasan
(Lebanon)
* Greg Hunt
(Australia)
* Tony Holohan
(Ireland)
* Jeong Eun-kyeong
(South Korea)
* Fahrettin Koca
(Turkey)
* Li Keqiang
(China)
* Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez
(Mexico)
* Michael McBride
(Northern Ireland)
* Oriol Mitjà
(Andorra)
* Zweli Mkhize
(South Africa)
* Doni Monardo
(Indonesia)
* Alma Möller
(Iceland)
* Saeed Namaki
(Iran)
* Ala Nemerenco
(Moldova)
* Nguyễn Thanh Long
(Vietnam)
* Noor Hisham Abdullah
(Malaysia)
* Ali Pilli
(Northern Cyprus)
* Daniel Salinas
(Uruguay)
* Jérôme Salomon
(France)
* Fernando Simón
(Spain)
* Gregor Smith
(Scotland)
* Su Ih-jen
(Taiwan)
* Łukasz Szumowski
(Poland)
* Theresa Tam
(Canada)
* Anders Tegnell
(Sweden)
* Þórólfur Guðnason
(Iceland)
* Sotiris Tsiodras
(Greece)
* Harsh Vardhan
(India)
* Víðir Reynisson
(Iceland)
* Carla Vizzotti
(Argentina)
* Vlad Voiculescu
(Romania)
* Chris Whitty
(United Kingdom)
* Lawrence Wong
(Singapore)
* Jeff Zients
(United States)

Others|

* Chen Qiushi
* Brett Crozier
* Fang Bin
* Fang Fang
* Joseph Ashitey Hammond
* Li Zehua
* Captain Tom Moore
* Qiu Menghuang
* Ren Zhiqiang

Deaths|

* List

Data (templates)

| Global|

* Cases, deaths, recoveries by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision
* WHO situation reports
* cases
* January 2020
* February 2020
* March 2020
* April 2020
* May 2020
* June 2020
* July 2020
* August 2020
* September 2020
* October 2020
* November 2020
* December 2020
* January 2021
* February 2021
* March 2021
* April 2021
* May 2021
* June 2021
* July 2021
* August 2021
* deaths
* World map by countries: confirmed per capita
* China
* Hospital beds by country
* Lockdowns

|

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Comoros
* Egypt
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* cases chart
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Libya
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara)
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigera
* cases chart
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* cases chart
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe
* cases chart

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* by province
* vaccinations by province
* Chile
* by commune
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* cases chart
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Mexico
* cases chart
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* United States
* by state
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Artsakh
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* by division
* Bhutan
* cases chart
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* cases chart
* summary
* China
* cases chart
* confirmed per capita
* lockdowns
* by province
* Hong Kong
* Macau
* Cyprus
* East Timor
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* cases chart
* Iran
* cases chart
* Iraq
* Israel
* cases chart
* Japan
* cases chart
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* cases chart
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* cases chart
* charts
* Myanmar
* cases chart
* summary
* Nepal
* cases chart
* Oman
* cases chart
* Pakistan
* cases chart
* Philippines
* cases chart
* areas of quarantine
* vaccinations chart
* Qatar
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* North Asia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* cases chart
* vaccinations charts
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* vaccination charts
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* United Arab Emirates
* cases chart
* Uzbekistan
* cases chart
* Vietnam
* statistics charts
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* cases chart
* Belarus
* Belgium
* cases chart
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* cases chart
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* cases chart
* Faroe Islands
* Estonia
* cases chart
* Finland
* France
* cases chart
* Germany
* cases chart
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* cases chart
* Ireland
* cases chart
* Italy
* cases chart
* statistics charts
* vaccinations chart
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* cases chart
* Lithuania
* cases chart
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* cases chart
* Poland
* cases chart
* by voivodeship
* Portugal
* cases chart
* Romania
* cases chart
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* North Asia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* cases chart
* by region
* Slovenia
* cases chart
* Spain
* cases chart
* Sweden
* cases chart
* Switzerland
* cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Scotland
* 2020
* 2021
* Gibraltar
* vaccinations chart
* daily
* by nation
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* by state/territory
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* New Caledonia
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Solomon Islands

Others|

* Cruise ships
* Diamond Princess

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[CI]: confidence interval