Chinese Ophthalmology

Chinese ophthalmology (Chinese 中医眼科学, pinyin: zhōngyī yǎnkē xué) is part of the Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Here diseases of the eyes are treated with Chinese herbs, acupuncture/moxibustion, tuina, Chinese dietary therapy as well as qigong and taijiquan. Inscriptions on oracle bones and tortoise shells from the Shang and Yin dynasties (16th century to 1066 BCE) already contain indications of eye diseases and of their treatment in China.[1]

The work Essential Subtleties on the Silver Sea (银海精微, yínhǎi jīngwēi) has had wide influence on the Chinese ophthalmology until today. It was probably written by Sun Simiao and published at the end of the Yuan Dynasty (1271−1368).

A particular feature of Chinese ophthalmology are the "five wheels" (五轮, wǔlún) and "eight boundaries" (八廓, bākuò). They characterise certain anatomical segments of the eyes and correspond to certain zang-fu organs. From changes of the five wheels and eight boundaries diseases and the necessary therapy may be deduced.[2][3]

In modern Chinese ophthalmology in China as well as in Western countries diagnostic methods of Western medicine (such as the slit lamp) are combined with the diagnostic methods of Chinese medicine (such as pulse diagnosis and tongue diagnosis). Then a disease pattern is stated based on the theories of Chinese medicine.

Amongst others, the acupuncture points BL-1 (jingming 睛明, "Bright Eyes") and ST-1 (chengqi 承泣, "Container of Tears") are said to have a special relationship to eye diseases. Chinese herbs such as Chrysanthemi flos (菊花, júhuā) have a special relationship to the eyes.[4]

Throughout history, a number of qigong exercises for the better nourishing of the eyes have developed. They are said to prevent defective vision such as shortsightedness and are recommended in cases of eye fatigue (so-called "eye qigong").[5] These exercises are regularly practised in Chinese schools.

In TCM, eye qigong and tuina are considered to be important additional therapies for consolidation of the therapy results following acupuncture in shortsightedness.[6]

## References

1. ↑ Fatrai/Uhrig (2015), p. 2
2. ↑ Fatrai/Uhrig (2015), p. 31-34
3. ↑ Kovacs/Unschuld (1998), p. 44, 47
4. ↑ Guojia yaodian weiyuanhui 国家药典委员会: Zhonghua renmin gongheguo yaodian 中华人民共和国药典 (Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China) vol. 1, Zhongguo yiyao keji chubanshe 中国医药科技出版社 (Chinese Medicine, Pharmacology, Science and Engineering Press), Beijing 2010, ISBN 978-7-5067-4439-3, S. 292
5. ↑ Fatrai/Uhrig (2015), p. 143 et seqq.
6. ↑ Zhong Kai: The Treatment of Juvenile Myopia by Acupuncture. Chinesische Medizin 1992;3:72-78

## Further reading

* Agnes Fatrai, Stefan Uhrig (eds.): Chinese Ophthalmology – Acupuncture, Herbal Therapy, Dietary Therapy, Tuina and Qigong. Tipani-Verlag, Wiesbaden 2015, ISBN 978-3-9815471-1-5.
* Kovacs J, Unschuld P U: Essential Subtleties on the Silver Sea (The Yin-hai jing-wei). University of California Press, Berkeley 1998, ISBN 978-0520080584.
* Li Zhuanke et al.: New Traditional Chinese Ophthalmology (Xinbian zhongyi yanke xue). People's Military Medical Publishing House, Beijing 1997, ISBN 7-80020-704-8.
* Guan Guohua et al.: Diagnostics and Treatment in Chinese Ophthalmology (Zhongyi yanke zhenliao xue). Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Press, Shanghai 2002, ISBN 7-81010-613-9.
* Xiao Guoshi et al.: Clinical Handbook of Chinese Ophthalmology (Zhongyi yanke linchuang shouce). People's Medical Publishing House, Beijing 1996, ISBN 7-117-02443-7.

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