Pumpokol language

Extinct Yeniseian language

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Pumpokol

Native to| Russia
Extinct| 18th century

Language family

Dené–Yeniseian?

* Yeniseian
* Southern Yeniseian
* Arin–Pumpokol
* Pumpokol

Language codes
ISO 639-3| `xpm`

Linguist List

| `xpm`
Glottolog| `pump1237`

[image reference needed]

Pumpokol is one of the Yeniseian languages. It has been extinct since the 18th century. Along with Arin, it shares many features with the ancient Xiongnu and Jie languages, and according to Alexander Vovin, Edward Vajda, and Étienne de la Vaissière, is closely related to them.[1][2]

Pumpokol is notable among the Yeniseian languages in that the phoneme /s/ is often substituted for /t/. This idiosyncrasy of Pumpokol seems to be shared with Jie, suggesting that Jie is more closely related to Pumpokol than other Yeniseian languages. For example the Jie word kot 'catch' seems to be a cognate with the Ket word 'qos', having the same sound change.[2]

Moreover, this aforementioned characteristic of Pumpokol has been used by Vajda to demonstrate that Yeniseian-derived hydronyms in northern Mongolia (the southernmost known extent of Yeniseian influence) are exclusively Pumpokolic.[2] Since the Jie, as a tribe of the Xiongnu, are likely to have come from the same area, rather than further north, this finding lends credence to the possibility that Jie is a Pumpokolic language.

## Reference list[edit]

1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2000). "Did the Xiong-nu speak a Yeniseian language?". Central Asiatic Journal. 44 (1): 87–104. JSTOR 41928223.
2. ^ a b c Vovin, Alexander; Vajda, Edward; de la Vaissière, Etienne (2016). "Who Were the *Kjet (羯) and What Language Did They Speak?". Journal Asiatique. 304 (1): 125–144. doi:10.2143/JA.304.1.3146838.

## External links[edit]

* Pumpokol basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

* v
* t
* e

Yeniseian languages

Northern|

* Ket
* Yugh

Southern|

| Kott–Assan|

* Kott
* Assan

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Arin–Pumpokol|

* Pumpokol
* Arin
* Jie?

Others|

* Yastin
* Baikot
* Yarin

Para-Yeniseian|

* Xiongnu
* Hunnic

Historical|

* Proto-Yeniseian

* Italics indicate extinct languages.

* v
* t
* e

Paleosiberian languages

Chukotko-Kamchatkan|

| Chukotkan|

* Alyutor
* Chukchi
* Kerek
* Koryak

|

Kamchatkan|

* (Western) Itelmen
* Eastern Kamchadal
* Southern Kamchadal

Yeniseian|

| Northern|

* Ket
* Yugh

|

Southern|

* Arin
* Assan
* Kott
* Pumpokol

Yukaghir|

* Chuvan
* Tundra Yukaghir
* Omok
* Southern Yukaghir

Nivkh|

* Nivkh

Others|

* Ainu
* Hokkaido
* Kuril
* Sakhalin
* Eskimo–Aleut

Italics indicate extinct languages

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