Kiel

Kiel (/kiːl/ KEEL; de) is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein. With a population of around 250,000, it is Germany's largest city on the Baltic Sea. It is located on the Kieler Förde inlet of the Bay of Kiel and lies in the southeast of the Jutland Peninsula, on the mouth of the Schwentine River, approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) northeast of Hamburg. The world's busiest artificial waterway, the Kiel Canal, has a terminus in Kiel's Holtenau district.[1] This canal connects the Baltic to the North Sea, with its other end in Brunsbüttel. Most of Kiel is part of Holstein. The boroughs north of the Schwentine also belong to Wagria, while those north of the Kiel Canal are historically part of Southern Schleswig.

Originally a small settlement, Kiel was granted city rights in 1242. Over the centuries, it developed as an important port and trading hub, particularly due to its strategic location on the Kieler Förde inlet. Kiel became part of the Duchy of Holstein, the northernmost state of the Holy Roman Empire. From 1773 to 1864, it was ruled in personal union by the king of Denmark. In 1864, after the Second Schleswig War, the city was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia. During the 20th century, Kiel played a significant role in both World War I and World War II, with its naval significance and shipbuilding industry. Following World War II, it became part of West Germany and later the unified Germany.

Kiel is one of Germany's major maritime centres, known for a variety of international sailing events, including the annual Kiel Week, which is the biggest sailing event in the world. Kiel is also known for the Kiel Mutiny, when sailors refused orders to prepare to engage the British Navy in the last weeks of World War I, sparking the German Revolution, which led to the abdication of the Kaiser and the formation of the Weimar Republic. The Olympic sailing competitions of the 1936 and the 1972 Summer Olympics were held in the Bay of Kiel.[2]

Kiel has also been one of the traditional homes of the German Navy's Baltic fleet, and continues to be a major high-tech shipbuilding centre. The University of Kiel, founded in 1665, is home to the GEOMAR – Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. Kiel is an important sea transport hub, with passenger ferries to Sweden, Norway, Lithuania and other countries. Moreover, today the Port of Kiel is a popular destination for cruise ships touring the Baltic Sea.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Middle Ages
* 1.2 Modern times
* 2 Geography
* 2.1 Climate
* 2.2 Note
* 2.3 Districts
* 2.4 Main sights
* 3 Population
* 4 Politics
* 4.1 City Council
* 4.2 Mayor
* 4.3 2018 City Council election
* 5 Culture
* 5.1 Sports
* 6 Education and scientific research
* 7 Economy and infrastructure
* 7.1 Statistics
* 7.2 Notable companies
* 7.3 Transport
* 8 Notable people
* 9 Twin towns – sister cities
* 10 See also
* 11 References
* 12 External links

## History

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### Middle Ages

The city of Kiel was founded in 1233 as Holstenstadt tom Kyle by Count Adolf IV of Holstein, and granted Lübeck city rights in 1242 by Adolf's eldest son, John I of Schauenburg. As a part of Holstein, Kiel belonged to the Holy Roman Empire and was situated only a few kilometres south of the Danish border.[3]

Kiel in the 16th century

The capital of the county (later duchy) of Holstein, Kiel was a member of the Hanseatic League from 1284 until it was expelled in 1518 for harbouring pirates. The Kieler Umschlag (trade fair), first held in 1431, became the central market for goods and money in the Duchy of Holstein. It began to decline c. 1850 and ceased in 1900.

### Modern times

The University of Kiel was founded on 29 September 1665 by Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. A number of important scholars, including Theodor Mommsen, Felix Jacoby, Hans Geiger and Max Planck, studied or taught there.

Schleswig-Holstein with Kiel Fjord at the Baltic Coast

From 1773 to 1864, the town belonged to the king of Denmark. However, because the king ruled Holstein as a fief of the Holy Roman Empire only through a personal union, the town was not incorporated as part of Denmark proper. Even though the empire was abolished in 1806, the Danish king continued to rule Kiel only through his position as Duke of Holstein, which became a member of the German Confederation in 1815. When Schleswig and Holstein rebelled against Denmark in 1848 (the First Schleswig War), Kiel became the capital of Schleswig-Holstein until the Danish victory in 1850.[4]

During the Second Schleswig War in 1864, Kiel and the rest of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein were conquered by a German Confederation alliance of the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. After the war, Kiel was briefly administered by both the Austrians and the Prussians, but the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 led to the formation of the Province of Schleswig-Holstein and the annexation of Kiel by Prussia in 1867. On 24 March 1865, King William I based Prussia's Baltic Sea fleet in Kiel instead of Danzig (Gdańsk). The Imperial shipyard Kiel was established in 1867 in the town.[citation needed]

When William I of Prussia became Emperor William I of the German Empire in 1871, he designated Kiel and Wilhelmshaven as Reichskriegshäfen ("Imperial War Harbours"). The Kiel Yacht Club was established in 1887 with Prince Henry of Prussia as its patron. Emperor Wilhelm II became its commodore in 1891.[citation needed]

Because of its new role as Germany's main naval base, Kiel very quickly increased in size in the following years, from 18,770 in 1864 to about 200,000 in 1910. Much of the old town centre and other surroundings were levelled and redeveloped to provide for the growing city. The Kiel tramway network, opened in 1881, had been enlarged to 10 lines, with a total route length of 40 km (25 mi), before the end of the First World War.[citation needed]

Kiel was the site of the sailors' mutiny which led to the German Revolution in late 1918. Just before the end of the First World War, the German fleet stationed at Kiel was ordered to sail out for a last great battle with the Royal Navy. The sailors, who thought of it as a suicide mission which would have no effect on the outcome of the war, decided they had nothing to lose and refused to obey orders. They took over Kiel and then spread out to other north German ports, sparking the revolution which led to the abolition of the monarchy and the creation of the Weimar Republic.[5]

Double-postcard panorama of Kiel from across the Kiel Fjord, 1902

The German cruiser Admiral Scheer capsized in the docks at Kiel after being hit in an RAF raid on the night of 9/10 April 1945. Kiel Harbour, an Admiralty chart of 1971

During the Second World War, Kiel remained one of the major naval bases and shipbuilding centres of the German Reich. There was also a slave labour camp for the local industry.[6] Owing to its status as a naval port and production site for submarines, Kiel was heavily bombed by the Allies during this period. The bombing destroyed more than 80% of the remaining old town, 72% of the central residential areas, and 83% of the industrial areas.[7] During the RAF bombing of 23/24 July 1944, Luftwaffe fighters tried to intercept the spoof (i.e. decoy) force instead of the main force attacking Kiel,[8] and there was no water for three days; trains and buses did not run for eight days and there was no gas available for cooking for three weeks.[9]

There were several bombing raids of the port area during the period 20 February – 20 April 1945 which successfully eliminated many U-boats, and the few large warships (cruisers Hipper, Scheer, and Köln) still afloat at that time. It and its port, and the canal were seized by a British T-Force led by Major Tony Hibbert on 5 May 1945.[10][11][12]

Like other heavily bombed German cities, the city was rebuilt after the war. In 1946, Kiel was named the seat of government for Schleswig-Holstein, and it officially became the state's capital in 1952.[citation needed]

Today, Kiel is once again an important maritime centre of Germany, with high-tech shipbuilding, submarine construction and one of the world's largest ocean research centers, the GEOMAR. In 2006, Kiel was one of the founding cities of the original European Green Capital Award.[13]

## Geography

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### Climate

Kiel has an oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb; Trewartha: Dolk). Located on the Baltic Sea coast, the temperature fluctuates less than inland, with warm winters and cool summers throughout the year. The average temperature ranges from 2 °C (36 °F) in winter to 17 °C (63 °F) in summer. Days with a temperature above 30 °C (86 °F) are rare, with an average of only 2.8 days per year.[14]

The Kiel weather station has recorded the following extreme values:[15]

* Highest Temperature 36.5 °C (97.7 °F) on 20 July 2022.
* Warmest Minimum 22.1 °C (71.8 °F) on 1 August 1994.
* Coldest Maximum −15.4 °C (4.3 °F) on 12 February 1940.
* Lowest Temperature −24.8 °C (−12.6 °F) on 13 February 1940.[16]
* Highest Daily Precipitation 104.2 mm (4.10 in) on 27 August 1989.
* Wettest Month 252.0 mm (9.92 in) in August 2011.
* Wettest Year 964.4 mm (37.97 in) in 2002.
* Driest Year 454.4 mm (17.89 in) in 1959.
* Longest annual sunshine: 2,115.3 hours in 1959.
* Shortest annual sunshine: 1,299.4 hours in 1987.

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### Note

1. ↑ Temperature data for Kiel have been recorded since 1940. The weather station data used from 1 January 1940 to 15 October 1988 came from Kiel-Kronshagen, and temperature data from 1 January 1974 to the present are from Kiel-Holtenau.

### Districts

Image showing the population density of Kiel by district. Data from 2010.

Kiel has about 40 districts, but there is no standard division. The districts are traditionally grouped into 30 boroughs (Stadtteile).[18] Another, more recent structure summarizes the districts in 18 political districts (Ortsteile).[19] The city has 25 electoral districts.

The biggest districts, by population, are Wik (20,100), Gaarden-Ost (19,200) and Mettenhof (19,900).[20] Gaarden, located at the southern end of the fjord, is a traditional working-class district that used to be home to mainly shipyard workers. Mettenhof is a large housing estate (satellite town) that was built in the 1960s and 1970s on the western outskirts of the city. The city districts of Düsternbrook, Schreventeich, Ravensberg and Blücherplatz, north of the city centre, are popular places to live with many 19th century buildings, villas and tree-lined streets. The government offices, ministries and parliament of the state of Schleswig-Holstein are also mainly based in these neighbourhoods, particularly Düsternbrook.

In contrast to the heavy bomb damage inflicted on the central parts of the city during the Second World War, most of the residential areas were not severely damaged. Hence, Kiel's more modern-style inner city and Kiel's more historic/elaborate residential areas stand in architectural contrast to one another. There are plans for large-scale improvement and building efforts for the inner city, providing better pavements, better access to and view of the waterfront, and a generally more attractive feel to the place. These plans, most notably the "Kleiner Kiel Kanal", a restoration of a historic canal that was filled in to make place for road infrastructure, are to be implemented in the next few years.[21][needs update]

### Main sights

Geistkämpfer in front of the Nikolaikirche, by Ernst Barlach

The oldest building in the city is the 13th century Church of St. Nicholas, which has a sculpture by Ernst Barlach in front of it called Geistkämpfer.

Kiel is Schleswig-Holstein's largest city, and therefore Kiel's shopping district is a major attraction, and will see further improvement and renovation efforts in the upcoming years. Kiel's Holstenstraße (Holsten Street) is one of the longest shopping streets in Germany. The Rathaus (Town Hall), which was built in 1911, has an operating paternoster lift and the design of its tower was based on one in Venice. The square in front of it is bordered by a lake and the Opernhaus Kiel (Kiel Opera House). There are also a number of lakes and parks in the city centre, such as Schrevenpark. There are two botanical gardens, the Old Botanical Garden and the Botanischer Garten der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (or New Botanical Garden).

As Kiel is situated near the sea, the beaches to the north of Kiel, such as Strande, Kiel-Schilksee, Möltenort and Laboe, are also popular places to visit in spring and summer.

Kiel Week, also known in English as the Kiel Regatta, is the largest sailing event in the world and takes place every year in the last full week in June. Many thousands of boats and ships of all kinds and eras take part in the parade. Kiel Week is also a festival, Volksfest and fair as well as a maritime event. There are a number of yachting and sailing clubs in picturesque settings.

Kiel also features a number of museums, including zoological, geological, historical, fine art, industrial and military museums. Notable is the Stadt- und Schifffahrtsmuseum Warleberger Hof (City and Maritime Museum), which belongs to the association Museen am Meer. In addition to preserving architecture from the 16th century and historic rooms with painted stucco ceilings, it displays urban and cultural exhibits of the 19th and 20th centuries.[22] Particularly intriguing is the history of the carnival in Kiel.[22]

The Schifffahrtsmuseum is in the former fish market building in the harbour.[23]

Laboe is home to the Laboe Naval Memorial and the Second World War submarine U-995, which are both popular tourist sites.[citation needed]

* Holstenstraße Kiel 1917, by Willy Lucas

* Historic ships at Kiel Week

* Old Botanical Garden, Kiel

* U995 Laboe

* Warleberger Hof

* Lighthouse in Kiel-Holtenau

* Opera House

* Water tower in Kiel-Ravensberg

## Population

Historical population

Year| Pop.| ±%
1300| 1,000| —
1450| 2,000| +100.0%
1682| 3,310| +65.5%
1750| 4,500| +36.0%
1871| 31,764| +605.9%
1900| 107,977| +239.9%
1919| 205,330| +90.2%
1925| 213,587| +4.0%
1933| 218,335| +2.2%
1939| 273,735| +25.4%
1951| 259,629| −5.2%
1956| 256,727| −1.1%
1961| 273,284| +6.4%
1966| 270,309| −1.1%
1971| 269,437| −0.3%
1976| 259,403| −3.7%
1981| 249,786| −3.7%
1986| 243,626| −2.5%
1990| 245,567| +0.8%
2001| 232,242| −5.4%
2011| 235,782| +1.5%
2022| 249,132| +5.7%
2023| 250,412| +0.5%

Kiel has a population of 250,412.[26] In 1946, when Kiel became the capital of Schleswig-Holstein, its population was about 214,000. Kiel is Germany's largest coastal city and its only state capital located on the sea. In the 1950s Kiel, with its marine port, attracted members of the navy. Kiel had its highest peak of population in 1973 at 273,000. The population declined since then. Many people moved away from this city and Kiel became very poor and had a big problems with unemployed people at that time. Kiel is now a city with universities and active marine stations which attracts many young students and marines to Kiel.

Rank  | Nationality  | Population (31 Dec. 2022)

|
|

1 |  Syria | 4,810
2 |  Turkey | 4,430
3 |  Ukraine | 3,558
4 |  Iraq | 2,240
5 |  Poland | 2,095
6 |  Bulgaria | 1,355
7 |  Thailand | 1,287
8 |  Croatia | 1,015
9 |  Russia | 835
10 |  Iran | 693

## Politics

### City Council

File:Ayuntamiento, Kiel, Alemania, 2019-09-10, DD 51-53 HDR.jpgKiel Town Hall

The City Council is the municipal representative body of Kiel. Its composition is determined by citizens in elections held every five years.

Since the last election on May 14, 2023, in which Alliance 90/The Greens became the strongest party in Kiel for the first time, the city has been governed by a green-red coalition. This coalition, formed by the Greens and the SPD, holds 25 of the 49 seats in the Kiel City Council and operates under a cooperation agreement from 2023 to 2028.[27]

Seats in City Council after 2023 Vote[28] Party | Seats

|

| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) | 14
| Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | 11
| Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 11
| South Schleswig Voters' Association (SSW) | 4
| Alternative for Germany (AfD) | 3
| Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 2
| The Left (Die Linke) | 2
| Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany (Die Basis) | 1
| Die Partei | 1
Total | 49

### Mayor

The current mayor of Kiel is Ulf Kämpfer of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Kämpfer has stated that he will not run for a third five year term.[29] His current term ends in 2026. The results of the 29 October 2019 election were as follows:

Template:Election table ! colspan=2| Candidate ! Party ! Votes ! % |- | bgcolor=#E3000F| | align=left| Ulf Kämpfer | align=left| Social Democratic Party | 48,033 | 65.8 |- | bgcolor=#151518| | align=left| Andreas Ellendt | align=left| Christian Democratic Union | 14,776 | 20.3 |- | bgcolor=#BE3075| | align=left| Björn Thoroe | align=left| The Left | 6,643 | 9.1 |- | bgcolor=#B5152B| | align=left| Florian Wrobel | align=left| Die PARTEI | 3,513 | 4.8 |- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 72,965 ! 99.3 |- ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 500 ! 0.7 |- ! colspan=3| Total ! 73,465 ! 100.0 |- ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 193,653 ! 37.9 |- | colspan=7| Source: City of Kiel |}

### 2018 City Council election

Results of the 2018 city council election

The Kiel city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The results of the city council election on 6 May 2018 were as follows:

Template:Election table ! colspan=2| Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- |- | bgcolor=#E3000F| | align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD) | 26,617 | 29.9 |  5.8 | 18 |  1 |- | bgcolor=#151518| | align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU) | 20,987 | 23.5 |  6.2 | 14 |  1 |- | bgcolor=#409A3C| | align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne) | 18,215 | 20.4 |  2.8 | 12 |  3 |- | bgcolor=#BE3075| | align=left| The Left (Die Linke) | 6,437 | 7.2 |  3.8 | 4 |  2 |- | bgcolor=#FFED00| | align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP) | 5,764 | 6.5 |  2.6 | 4 |  2 |- | bgcolor=#00A2DE| | align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD) | 5,293 | 5.9 | New | 3 | New |- | bgcolor=#003C8F| | align=left| South Schleswig Voters' Association (SSW) | 2,521 | 2.8 |  0.6 | 2 | ±0 |- | bgcolor=#B5152B| | align=left| Die PARTEI | 2,278 | 2.6 | New | 2 | New |- | bgcolor=#FF820A| | align=left| Pirate Party Germany (Piraten) | 1,011 | 1.1 |  1.9 | 1 |  1 |- | colspan=7 bgcolor=lightgrey| |- | | align=left| Independent | 36 | 0.0 | New | 0 | New |- ! colspan=2| Valid votes ! 89,159 ! 99.1 ! ! ! |- ! colspan=2| Invalid votes ! 766 ! 0.9 ! ! ! |- ! colspan=2| Total ! 89,925 ! 100.0 ! ! 59 !  6 |- ! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout ! 196,334 ! 45.8 !  8.7 ! ! |- | colspan=7| Source: City of Kiel |}

## Culture

The Holstein Stadium is the home ground of KSV Holstein.

### Sports

There are a number of sports venues in Kiel, most notably the Wunderino Arena (formerly known as Baltic Sea Hall or Ostseehalle), which is the home ground of one of the most successful team handball clubs in the world and multiple German champion, THW Kiel. Holstein Kiel, an association football club, which plays at Holstein-Stadion, played in the Bundesliga in the 2024–2025 season for the first time in the club's history.

## Education and scientific research

The University of Kiel (Christian-Albrechts-Universität) was founded by Duke Christian Albrecht in 1665. It is the only full university of Schleswig-Holstein, with about 27,000 students. Partly linked to the University Kiel are other independent research facilities such as the German National Library of Economics – Leibniz Informationcenter for Economy, the Kiel Institute for the World Economy, the GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel and the research institute of the Bundeswehr for water sound and geophysics. Besides these, there are other educational institutions such as the Fachhochschule Kiel (founded in 1969) and the Muthesius School of Arts (founded in 1907). The projects Murmann School of Global Management and Economics and Multimedia Campus Kiel were ultimately unsuccessful.[clarification needed] The Wirtschaftsakademie Schleswig-Holstein offers, besides advanced training at the Berufsakademie, dual study courses for economists, business information specialists, and industrial engineers.

Noteworthy as a departmental research institute is the federal institute for dairy research, which was merged into the Max-Rubner-Institut together with other institutions in 2004. The state capital Kiel is a corporative sponsoring member of the Max Planck Society.[30]

The ARGE-SH, the oldest research institution of the republic of Germany, has its headquarters in Kiel.

There are twelve gymnasiums in Kiel, of which the Kieler Gelehrtenschule, founded in 1320 as a humanistic gymnasium, is the oldest. Other secondary schools include the Gymnasium Elmschenhagen and the Max-Planck-Schule with a focus on natural sciences. There are many comprehensive schools – partially with secondary schools – all over the city area, as well as private schools.

BZ am NOK (Berufsbildungszentrum am Nord-Ostsee-Kanal) is a vocational training center offering education and training in over 40 professions. It includes dual training programs, vocational schools, technical colleges, and vocational grammar schools.[31]

## Economy and infrastructure

The Holstenstraße is one of the longest shopping streets in Germany — Kiel is the largest city in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.

Kiel's economy is dominated by the service sector, transport and maritime industries. Kiel is also one of the major ports of the German Navy, and a leading centre of German high-tech military and civil shipbuilding. Kiel is the home of Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, a shipyard founded in 1838 famed for its construction of submarines. HDW built the first German submarine Brandtaucher in 1850, and is today a subsidiary of ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, the leading German group of shipyards.

### Statistics

In 2005, the GDP per person was €35,618, which is well above the national average of Germany and 159% of the European Union average.[32]

2005 EUROSTAT[33] | Nominal GDP per capita

|

20pxKiel  | €35,618
Template:Country data Schleswig-Holstein | €24,250
Germany  | €27,219
EU28  | €22,400

### Notable companies

Some of the most notable companies having branches or their headquarters in Kiel are:

Ferry operators

* DFDS Seaways
* Stena Line
* Color Line

Military contractors

* Raytheon
* Rheinmetall
* ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (through their subsidiary Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft)

Engineering and industrial machinery

* Heidelberger Druckmaschinen
* Voith
* Vossloh
* Caterpillar Inc. (through their subsidiary MaK)

Others

* LaserSoft Imaging
* Schenker AG
* HSH Nordbank

Kiel is also home to several insurances and banks, most notably the HSH Nordbank, Provinzial NordWest, Förde Sparkasse, Kieler Volksbank eG and Evangelischen Bank eG.

There is also an active startup scene in Kiel with startup accelerator StarterKitchen and startups like SciEngines GmbH, Real-Eyes, myBoo, SealMedia, Cliplister, Druckpreis.DE, promotionbasis.de, Yoosello, GetAnEdge, Flowy Apps, fraguru, lokalportal, PianoMotion and ubique art.[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]

Kiel is home to several media companies, including a branch of the Norddeutscher Rundfunk producing one radio channel and several local programmes in Kiel, a station of the British Forces Broadcasting Service, the daily newspaper Kieler Nachrichten and several smaller local radio channels and magazines.

### Transport

Traffic map

Kiel is situated near an important pan-European motorway, the A7, which connects northern Europe with central and southern Europe.

The central railway station, Kiel Hauptbahnhof, has hourly trains to Hamburg, Lübeck, Flensburg, and Husum. The Intercity Express (ICE) connects Kiel with Berlin, Frankfurt, Cologne and Munich. There are 8 regional railway stations within the city proper,[43][44] which are connected with each other, the main railway station Kiel Hbf and other stations by regional trains, which can be used within the boundaries of the city with a normal bus ticket.[45]

The city's bus service is provided by local company KVG. Autokraft and Verkehrsbetriebe Kreis Plön providing regional bus service, and the Schlepp- und Fährgesellschaft Kiel provides public transport on the fjord with ferries.

Port of Kiel

The Port of Kiel is a significant port for passenger and cargo shipping from Germany to Scandinavia, the Baltic States and Russia. Passenger ferries operate to and from Gothenburg in Sweden (Stena Line, 13​1⁄2 hours, daily), Oslo in Norway (Color Line, 19​1⁄2 hours, daily), and Klaipėda in Lithuania (DFDS Lisco, 21 hours, 6 times per week). Cargo ferries operate from and to Saint Petersburg in Russia (DFDS Lisco, twice a week), and Kaliningrad in Russia (NSA, once a week).

The nearest international airport is Hamburg Airport, which is situated approximately 90 kilometres (56 mi) to the south of Kiel. There is a shuttle bus service (KIELIUS) operating between Hamburg Airport and Kiel central railway station. There is also an airport at Lübeck.

## Notable people

## Twin towns – sister cities

Kiel is twinned with:[46]

* Aarhus, Denmark (2019)
* Antakya, Turkey (2012)
* Brest, France (1964)
* Coventry, United Kingdom (1947)
* Gdynia, Poland (1985)
* Kaliningrad, Russia (1992)
* Kherson, Ukraine (2024)
* Template:Country data TZA Moshi Rural District, Tanzania (2009)
* Samsun, Turkey (2010)
* San Francisco, USA (2017)
* Sovetsk, Russia (1992)
* Stralsund, Germany (1987)
* Tallinn, Estonia (1986)
* Vaasa, Finland (1967)

## See also

* Kiel, Wisconsin
* Steenbek-Projensdorf

## References

1. ↑ Kusch, Regina (21 June 2020). "Eröffnung des Nord-Ostsee-Kanals Die meistbefahrene künstliche Wasserstraße der Welt". https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/eroeffnung-des-nord-ostsee-kanals-die-meistbefahrene.871.de.html?dram:article_id=479034.
2. ↑ "General Information". Kieler Woche. http://www.kieler-woche.de/eng/Media_English/general_inf_dates_and_events.htm.
3. ↑ "A brief history of Kiel". Kiel – a portrait of the city. City of Kiel. http://www.kiel.de/Aemter_01_bis_20/05/City_history/1history.htm.
4. ↑ Hook, Alison. "Kiel, Germany – Coventry's twin towns and cities" (in en). https://www.coventry.gov.uk/directory-record/49243/kiel-germany.
5. ↑ Jones, Mark (19 May 2016). "Kiel Mutiny". in Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver et al.. Freie Universität Berlin. https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/kiel_mutiny.
6. ↑ Victor, Edward. "Alphabetical List of Camps, Subcamps and Other Camps". http://www.edwardvictor.com/Holocaust/List of Camps.htm.
7. ↑ "The Navy changed the face of Kiel". Kiel — a portrait of the city. City of Kiel. 16 February 2004. http://www.kiel.de/Aemter_01_bis_20/05/City_history/2history.htm.
8. ↑ Jones, R. V. (1978). Most Secret War: British Scientific Intelligence 1939–1945. London: Hamish Hamilton. p. 466. ISBN 0-241-89746-7. https://archive.org/details/mostsecretwar0000jone/page/466.
9. ↑ Campaign Diary: July 44 , Royal Air Force Bomber Command 60th Anniversary site . Accessed 4 May 2007
10. ↑ Jones, Gwilym Thomas (2001). Living history chronicles. General Store Publishing House. pp. 102–104. ISBN 1-894263-50-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=w4Yv4RWOXGoC&q="T-Force"+Kiel&pg=PA103. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
11. ↑ A diary of 'T' Force operations in KIEL ARCRE—Archive research & document copying
12. ↑ "Operation Eclipse". History Learning Site. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/operation_eclipse.htm.
13. ↑ "European Green Capitals". European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/about-the-award/index.html.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Kiel-Holtenau_10046.csv.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Monatsauswertung" (in de). SKlima. http://sklima.de/datenbank_auswertung.php?tab=2.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw." (in de). DWD. https://www.wetterzentrale.de/extremes_mon.php?station=2565&maand=1&country=1&order=1&extreem=X_TX.
17. ↑ "Extremwertanalyse der DWD-Stationen, Tagesmaxima, Dekadenrekorde, usw." (in de). DWD. https://www.wetterzentrale.de/extremes_mon.php?station=2564&maand=1&country=1&order=1&extreem=X_TX.
18. ↑ (in de) ﻿Die Kieler Stadtteile 2019: Statistischer Bericht Nr. 269﻿ (Report). Landeshauptstadt Kiel, Bürger- und Ordnungsamt, Abteilung Statistik. June 2020. https://www.kiel.de/de/kiel_zukunft/statistik_kieler_zahlen/_kleinraeumige_berichte/Statistischer_Bericht_Nr._269_-_Kieler_Stadtteile_2019.pdf. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
19. ↑ (in de) ﻿Die Kieler Ortsteile 2019: Statistischer Bericht Nr. 270﻿ (Report). Landeshauptstadt Kiel, Bürger- und Ordnungsamt, Abteilung Statistik. June 2020. https://www.kiel.de/de/kiel_zukunft/statistik_kieler_zahlen/_kleinraeumige_berichte/Statistischer_Bericht_Nr._270_-_Kieler_Ortsteile_2019.pdf. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
20. ↑ (in de) ﻿Die Kieler Stadtteile 2023: Statistischer Bericht Nr. 296﻿ (Report). Stadtamt der Landeshauptstadt Kiel, Statistik und Wahlen. July 2024. https://www.kiel.de/de/kiel_zukunft/statistik_kieler_zahlen/_kleinraeumige_berichte/Statistischer_Bericht_Nr._296_-_Kieler_Stadtteile_2023.pdf. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
21. ↑ "Kleiner Kiel Kanal". http://www.kleiner-kiel-kanal.de/.
22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Kieler Stadtmuseum Warleberger Hof" , City of Kiel webpage, in German
23. ↑ "Kieler Schifffahrtsmuseum Fischhalle" (in de). https://www.kiel.de/de/kultur_freizeit/museum/_schifffahrtsmuseum_fischhalle_geschichte_und_konzept.php.
24. ↑ Link
25. ↑ "Germany: States and Major Cities". https://citypopulation.de/en/germany/cities/.
26. ↑ Stadtamt. "Die Kieler Stadtteile 2023 STATISTISCHER BERICHT Nr. 296". https://www.kiel.de/de/kiel_zukunft/statistik_kieler_zahlen/_kleinraeumige_berichte/Statistischer_Bericht_Nr._296_-_Kieler_Stadtteile_2023.pdf.
27. ↑ "Kieler-Kooperationsvereinbarung-Gruene-und-SPD-2023-2028". https://gruene-kiel.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/69/2023/08/Kieler-Kooperationsvereinbarung-Gruene-und-SPD-2023-2028.pdf.
28. ↑ Stadtamt Kiel. "Gemeindewahl 2023 in Kiel, Amtliches Endergebnis, Statischer Bericht Nr. 287". https://www.kiel.de/de/kiel_zukunft/statistik_kieler_zahlen/_statistische_wahlberichte/Statistischer_Bericht_Nr._287_-_Gemeindewahl_2023_in_Kiel_-_amtliches_Endergebnis.pdf.
29. ↑ Müller, Kay (2024-08-27). "Kieler Oberbürgermeister Ulf Kämpfer tritt nicht für dritte Amtszeit an" (in de). shz.de. https://www.shz.de/lokales/kiel/artikel/ulf-kaempfer-will-nicht-erneut-buergermeister-von-kiel-werden-47651687.
30. ↑ "Liste der korporativ fördernden Mitglieder der MPG, PDF". 2011-01-14. http://www.mpg.de/787880/Korporativ_Foerdernde_Mitglieder_MPG.pdf.
31. ↑ "About us - BBZ am NOK, Europaschule". https://www.bbz-nok.de/en/about-us/.
32. ↑ "GDP per person 2005 in Euro". http://www.insm-staedteranking.de/niv_i_bruttoinlandsprodukt-je-einwohner.html?s_id=1.
33. ↑ "Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU 27". Eurostat. http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008_MONTH_02/1-12022008-EN-AP.PDF.
34. ↑ "Imprint". REALEYES GmbH. http://real-eyes.eu/contact/?lang=en.
35. ↑ "Imprint – my Boo". http://www.my-boo.com/imprint.html.
36. ↑ "EDGE | Edge Impressum". http://light-instruments.de/edge-impressum/.
37. ↑ "Flowy Apps – Imprint". https://flowyapps.com/details#imprint.
38. ↑ "fraguru – the art of questioning our lives". http://fraguru.org/.
39. ↑ "Mein Ort. Meine Nachbarn. Mein Lokalportal.". https://lokalportal.de/impressum.
40. ↑ "Impressum |". https://www.pianomotion.com/wordpress/?page_id=14.
41. ↑ "Home | ubique art – Die Austellung ist überall". http://ubique-art.starterkitchen.de/impressum.html.
42. ↑ "Firmensitze von Deutschen Startups | Gründerszene". http://www.gruenderszene.de/datenbank/orte/andere.
43. ↑ Suchsdorf, Kronshagen, Kiel-Hassee CITTI-Park, Kiel-Russee, Melsdorf, Kiel-Schulen am Langsee, Kiel-Elmschenhagen, Raisdorf
44. ↑ "Liniennetzplan Kiel (Public Transport Plan Kiel)". KVG Kiel. http://www.kvg-kiel.de/pdf/2015-02-01_KVG_Liniennetzplan_Kiel.pdf.
45. ↑ "VRK Tarifzonenplan (Tariff Zone Plan Kiel)". Verkehrsregion Kiel. http://www.kvg-kiel.de/pdf/2015-02-01_VRK_Tarifzonenplan.pdf.
46. ↑ "Kiel international im Überblick" (in de). Kiel. https://www.kiel.de/de/kiel_zukunft/kiel_international/index.php.

## External links

| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kiel.

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* No URL found. Please specify a URL here or add one to Wikidata.
* Official tourism

| Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Kiel.

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* Official website of the association museen am meer

Places adjacent to Kiel

| Eckernförde, Flensburg | Baltic Sea, Århus | Baltic Sea, Schönberg, Laboe, Copenhagen

|
|

Rendsburg |

Kiel

| Fehmarn island, Oldenburg in Holstein
Bordesholm, Itzehoe | Neumünster, Bad Segeberg, Hamburg | Lübeck

Template:Capitals of the states of the Federal Republic of Germany

* v
* t
* e

Capitals of Europe

Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.

Sovereign states|

* Amsterdam, Netherlands1
* Andorra la Vella, Andorra
* Ankara, Turkey2
* Astana, Kazakhstan2
* Athens, Greece
* Baku, Azerbaijan2
* Belgrade, Serbia
* Berlin, Germany
* Bern, Switzerland
* Bratislava, Slovakia
* Brussels, Belgium3
* Bucharest, Romania
* Budapest, Hungary
* Chișinău, Moldova
* Copenhagen, Denmark
* Dublin, Ireland
* Helsinki, Finland
* Kyiv, Ukraine
* Lisbon, Portugal
* Ljubljana, Slovenia
* London, United Kingdom
* Luxembourg, Luxembourg
* Madrid, Spain
* Minsk, Belarus
* Monaco4
* Moscow, Russia
* Nicosia, Cyprus2
* Oslo, Norway
* Paris, France
* Podgorica, Montenegro
* Prague, Czech Republic
* Reykjavík, Iceland
* Riga, Latvia
* Rome, Italy
* San Marino, San Marino
* Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Skopje, North Macedonia
* Sofia, Bulgaria
* Stockholm, Sweden
* Tallinn, Estonia
* Tbilisi, Georgia2
* Tirana, Albania
* Vaduz, Liechtenstein
* Valletta, Malta
* Vatican City4
* Vienna, Austria
* Vilnius, Lithuania
* Warsaw, Poland
* Yerevan, Armenia2
* Zagreb, Croatia

States with
limited recognition|

* North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus2
* Pristina, Kosovo
* Sokhumi, Abkhazia2
* Tiraspol, Transnistria
* Tskhinvali, South Ossetia2

Dependencies|

| United Kingdom|

| Constituent countries|

* London, England
* Edinburgh, Scotland
* Cardiff, Wales
* Belfast, Northern Ireland

|

Crown Dependencies and
Overseas Territories|

* Douglas, Isle of Man
* Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* Gibraltar, Gibraltar
* St Helier, Jersey
* Saint Peter Port, Guernsey

Other|

* Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway)
* Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark)

Federal states|

| Austria|

* Bregenz, Vorarlberg
* Eisenstadt, Burgenland
* Graz, Styria
* Innsbruck, Tyrol
* Klagenfurt, Carinthia
* Linz, Upper Austria
* Salzburg, Salzburg
* Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria
* Vienna, Vienna

|

Belgium|

| Communities|

* Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community
* Eupen, German-speaking Community

|

Regions|

* Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders
* Namur, Wallonia

Bosnia and Herzegovina|

* Banja Luka (de facto), Republika Srpska
* Brčko, Brčko District
* Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Germany|

* Berlin, Berlin
* Bremen, Bremen
* Dresden, Saxony
* Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia
* Erfurt, Thuringia
* Hamburg, Hamburg
* Hanover, Lower Saxony
* Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein
* Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt
* Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate
* Munich, Bavaria
* Potsdam, Brandenburg
* Saarbrücken, Saarland
* Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg
* Wiesbaden, Hesse

Russia|

| Republics|

* Cheboksary, Chuvashia
* Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkessia
* Elista, Kalmykia
* Grozny, Chechnya
* Izhevsk, Udmurtia
* Kazan, Tatarstan
* Magas, Ingushetia
* Makhachkala, Dagestan
* Maykop, Adygea
* Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria
* Petrozavodsk, Karelia
* Saransk, Mordovia
* Simferopol, Crimea (disputed)
* Syktyvkar, Komi
* Ufa, Bashkortostan
* Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania
* Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El

|

Autonomous okrugs|

* Naryan-Mar, Nenets

Krais|

* Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai
* Perm, Perm Krai
* Stavropol, Stavropol Krai

Oblasts|

* Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast
* Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast
* Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast
* Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast
* Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast
* Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast
* Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast
* Kirov, Kirov Oblast
* Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast
* Krasnogorsk and Moscow, Moscow Oblast (de facto)
* Kursk, Kursk Oblast
* Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast
* Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast
* Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
* Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast
* Oryol, Oryol Oblast
* Penza, Penza Oblast
* Pskov, Pskov Oblast
* Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast
* Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast
* Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast
* Samara, Samara Oblast
* Saratov, Saratov Oblast
* Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast
* Tambov, Tambov Oblast
* Tula, Tula Oblast
* Tver, Tver Oblast
* Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast
* Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast
* Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast
* Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast
* Vologda, Vologda Oblast
* Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast
* Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast

Federal cities|

* Moscow
* Saint Petersburg
* Sevastopol (disputed)

Switzerland|

* Aarau, Aargau
* Altdorf, Uri
* Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden
* Basel, Basel-Stadt
* Bellinzona, Ticino
* Chur, Grisons
* Delémont, Jura
* Frauenfeld, Thurgau
* Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg
* Geneva, Canton of Geneva
* Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden
* Lausanne, Vaud
* Liestal, Basel-Landschaft
* Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne
* Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel
* Sarnen, Obwalden
* Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen
* Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz
* Sion, Valais
* Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn
* Stans, Nidwalden
* St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen
* Glarus, Canton of Glarus
* Zug, Canton of Zug
* Zurich, Canton of Zürich

Autonomous
entities|

| Italy|

| Autonomous regions|

* Cagliari, Sardinia
* Palermo, Sicily
* Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
* Aosta, Aosta Valley
* Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia

|

Portugal|

| Autonomous regions|

* Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, & Horta, Azores
* Funchal, Madeira

|

Spain|

* Barcelona, Catalonia
* Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands
* Logroño, La Rioja
* Madrid, Community of Madrid
* Mérida, Extremadura
* Murcia, Region of Murcia
* Oviedo, Asturias
* Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands
* Pamplona, Navarre
* Santander, Cantabria
* Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
* Seville, Andalusia
* Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)
* Valencia, Valencian Community
* Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto)
* Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country (de facto)
* Zaragoza, Aragon

Other|

* Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France)
* Batumi, Adjara (Georgia)
* Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova)
* Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece)
* Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland)
* Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)
* Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia)
* Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine)

* 1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
* 2 Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed
* 3 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union
* 4 A city-state

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