Indian Human Spaceflight Programme

Short description: Government programme

Indian Human Spaceflight programme

Gaganyaan astronaut insignia

Country| India
Organization| Human Space Flight Centre (ISRO)
Purpose| Human spaceflight
Status| Active
Programme history
Cost| ₹20,193 crore (US$2.8 billion)
Duration| 2006–present[1]
First flight| Gaganyaan-1 (Q1 2026)[2]
First crewed flight| Gaganyaan-4 (NET Q2 2027)[3]
Launch site(s)| Satish Dhawan Space Centre
Vehicle information
Launch vehicle(s)|

* LVM3 (planned)

The Indian Human Spaceflight Programme (or the Gaganyaan programme) is an ongoing project by ISRO to develop the technology needed to launch crewed spacecraft into low Earth orbit.[4]

Before the Gaganyaan programme announcement in August 2018, human spaceflight was not a priority for ISRO, though related technologies have been developed since 2007,[5] and it performed a Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment[6] and a Pad Abort Test for the programme.[7][8] In December 2018, the Indian government approved a further ₹100 billion (US$1.5 billion) for a 7-day crewed flight of 2–3 astronauts.[9][10][11][12] Three uncrewed flights, named Gaganyaan-1, Gaganyaan-2 and Gaganyaan-3 are scheduled to launch in the 2020s, followed by a crewed flight on an HLVM3 rocket.[3][2][13] To date, mission has been postponed several times until all certification requirements are completed.[14][15][16]

If completed successfully, India will become the fourth nation to conduct independent human spaceflight after the Soviet Union (Russia), United States, and China. After conducting the first crewed spaceflights, the agency intends to start a space station programme, crewed lunar landings, and crewed interplanetary missions in the long term.[17][18]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 Soyuz and early achievement
* 1.2 Approval of the programme
* 1.3 Progress in personal affairs
* 2 Spacecraft development
* 3 Infrastructure development
* 3.1 Launch pad
* 3.2 Human-rating of LVM3
* 3.3 Escape system
* 3.4 Certification
* 3.5 Communication
* 4 Astronauts
* 4.1 Astronaut selection and training
* 4.2 Candidate announcement and first crew
* 4.3 Ground uniform
* 4.4 Space suit
* 4.5 Pressure suit
* 4.6 Bio-vest
* 4.7 Space food
* 4.8 Space medicine
* 4.9 Humanoid robots
* 5 Experiments and objectives
* 6 Space station
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## History

Patch of Indian Cosmonaut Mission 1 in 1984

### Soyuz and early achievement

On 3 April 1984, Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian citizen to travel to space on board Soyuz T-11 as part of the Interkosmos programme, visiting Salyut 7.[19] The mission was launched on board a Soviet rocket and was not part of an independent Indian programme, but it became the starting point for India's manned space program.

On 9 August 2007, the then Chairman of the ISRO, G. Madhavan Nair, indicated the agency was "seriously considering" the creation of a human spaceflight programme. He further indicated that within a year, ISRO would report on its development of new space capsule technologies.[20] Development of a fully autonomous orbital vehicle to carry a two-member crew into low Earth orbit (LEO) began a few months after that, when the government allocated ₹95 crore (US$13.3 million) for pre-programme initiatives for 2007 through 2008. A crewed orbital spaceflight would require about ₹12,400 crore (US$1.7 billion) and a period of seven years of development. The Planning Commission estimated that a budget of ₹5,000 crore (US$701.0 million) was required for initial work during 2007–2012 for the crewed spaceflight.[5][21] In February 2009, the Government of India authorised the human space flight programme,[22] but fell short of fully funding or creating it.

The trials for crewed space missions began in 2007 with the 600 kg Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE), launched using the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) rocket, and safely returned to Earth 12 days later. This was followed by the Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment and the Pad Abort Test in 2018. This enabled the ISRO to develop heat-resistant materials, technology, and procedures necessary for human space travel.

As per the memorandum of understanding (MoU), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) will provide support for the programme with critical human-centric systems and technologies like space-grade food, crew healthcare, radiation measurement and protection, parachutes for safe recovery of the crew module, and fire suppression systems.[23] The Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL) has worked on space food for the crew and has conducted trials on a G-suit for astronauts as well.[24][25] A prototype called the Advanced Crew Escape Suit weighing 13 kg and built by Sure Safety (India) Private Limited has been tested and performance verified.[26][27][28][29] While the crew module is designed to carry a total of three passengers, the maiden crewed mission may only have one or two crewmembers on board.[30]

### Approval of the programme

All preliminary tests being successful,[31] the decisive push for the creation of the Human Spaceflight Programme (HSP) took place in 2017,[32] and it was accepted and formally announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 15 August 2018.[33] The funding is approximately Rs 10,000 crore. The testing phase was expected to begin in December 2020, and the first crewed mission was to be undertaken in December 2021.[34] However, on 11 June 2020, it was announced that the overall schedule for the Gaganyaan launches had been postponed due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India, in turn revising the timetable for the HSP.[35] As of December 2022, the first uncrewed test flight is scheduled to launch no earlier than mid-2024,[14] with the uncrewed second and crewed third flights to follow afterward.[13]

As per ISRO, the initial review process is complete for food, potable water, emergency first aid kits, and health monitoring systems for the Gaganyaan programme through 16 March 2021.[36] ISRO and the CNES joint working group on the HSP are collaborating on space medicine for the programme.[37] India has also maintained long-standing space relationship with Russia, like examples of international friendship and cooperations with ROSCOSMOS.[38] Four new Indian astronauts for the first human mission trained at Russia's Yuri Gagarin cosmonaut training center, experts were dispatched to the center for an exchange program, and the two countries have an agreement for developing the mission's technology.[39][40]

### Progress in personal affairs

On 4 August 2024, ISRO, NASA and SpaceX announced that an Indian astronaut, Shubhanshu Shukla, would serve as a pilot on board Axiom Mission 4, a private Crew Dragon mission to the International Space Station (ISS). He became the second-ever Indian to travel to space, first Indian space tourist, with the express goal of gaining experience for future ISRO missions.[41] The mission was launched on 25 June 2025.[42] At the 9th meeting of the India-USA Civil Space Joint Working Group, proposal for future Gaganyaan Docking to the International Space Station and joint development of EVA and EMU suits as well as ccollaborations in Space medicine and LEO and lunar mission management control are expected to be discussed.[43]

## Spacecraft development

Main article: Engineering:Gaganyaan

Gaganyaan launch schedule[14][44][45] Mission  | Launch date  | Crew  | Launch vehicle  | Duration  | Goal  | Status

|
|
|
|
|
|

Gaganyaan-1 | Q4 2025[2][46] | N/A  | LVM3 | 2 days  | Technology demonstration | Under integration and testing
Gaganyaan-2 | NET 2026[13][46] | Technology demonstration mission carrying Vyommitra, the humanoid robot  | Planned
Gaganyaan-3 | NET 2026 [13][46][3] | Technology demonstration with Vyommitra  | Planned
Gaganyaan-4 | NET 2027 [47] |  Shubhanshu Shukla[48]
TBD[49] | TBD  | First crewed flight  | Planned
Gaganyaan development timeline

The first phase of the programme is to develop and fly the 3.7 t (8,200 lb) Gaganyaan spacecraft with the capacity to carry a three-member crew to LEO and safely return to Earth, after a mission duration of a few orbits to two days.[45] The extendable version of the spacecraft will allow flights up to seven days, and have rendezvous and docking capability. Before the flight of the Gaganyaan module, Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla flew on the Axiom-4 mission to the ISS.[50][51]

In the next phase, the development of a small habitat is planned, allowing spaceflight durations of 30–40 days. Further advances based on experience have the goal of developing a space station.[52]

On 7 October 2016, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre Director K. Sivan stated that ISRO was gearing up to conduct a critical crew bailout test called the Pad Abort Test to see how fast and effectively the crew module could be released safely in the event of an emergency. The tests were conducted successfully on 5 July 2018, at Satish Dhawan Space Centre on Sriharikota. This was the first of a series of tests to qualify the launch escape system.[53][54] Parachute tests were scheduled before the end of 2019, and multiple in-flight abort tests were planned starting mid-2020.[55][needs update]

India will not use any animals for life support system testing, but robots resembling humans instead.[56][57] ISRO is targeting more than 99.8% reliability for its launch escape system.[58]

ISRO plans to launch its crewed orbiter Gaganyaan atop a Launch Vehicle Mark 3 (LVM3).[15] About 16 minutes after lift-off, the rocket will inject the orbital vehicle into an orbit 300 to 400 km above Earth. The capsule will return for a splashdown in the Arabian Sea near the Gujarat coastline.[59] As of May 2019, the design of the crew module was complete.[60] The spacecraft will be flown twice uncrewed for validation before conducting a crewed spaceflight.[61][62][63] As of January 2020, the crew module was due to undergo testing in the wind tunnel facility of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) at the National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL).[64] The spacecraft will carry one crewmember in its maiden crewed mission to an orbit of 400 km (250 mi).[30]

The first uncrewed flight will involve the launch of a 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) module which, after orbiting will re-enter the atmosphere and decelerate at an altitude of 7 km (4.3 mi) before splashing down.[65]

## Infrastructure development

### Launch pad

Second Launch Pad of the Satish Dhawan Space Centre

India's maiden crewed mission is expected to take off from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre's Second Launch Pad. In November 2019, ISRO sought out contractors for augmenting the pad.[66][67][68][69][70] A third launch pad in Sriharikota has been proposed for India's future launch vehicles and crewed missions.[71] Systems for crew ingress and egress, an access platform, recovery setup for emergencies during the flight's ascent phase, and a module preparation facility for assembly and testing will be built. All the facilities will be connected to an upcoming Gaganyaan control facility which will be built nearby to facilitate communication and monitor the crew capsule during flight.[72]

### Human-rating of LVM3

2D representation of ISRO's human-rated LVM3 (HLVM3)

Human-rating certifies that a system is capable of safely transporting humans. ISRO will launch three missions to validate the human rating of the LVM3.[3][73] Existing launch facilities will be upgraded to carry out launches under the HSP campaign.[74][75]

ISRO has been modifying propulsion modules of various stages of the rocket for human rating. Theoretical parameters for human rating were expected to be achieved by August or September 2020 to be followed by simulations and three test launches.[76][needs update]

### Escape system

Launch escape system

ISRO successfully conducted a pad abort test to validate its launch escape system for fast and effective crew extraction in emergencies. The tests were conducted on 5 July 2018, at Satish Dhawan Space Centre. This was the first of a series of tests to qualify the launch escape system technology.[53][54] Work on parachute enlargement is also ongoing as of 2019[update].[73][77] Parachute tests are scheduled before the end of 2019, and multiple in-flight abort tests are planned starting mid-2020, using a liquid-fueled test vehicle.[55][78][needs update]

A new test vehicle was designed in early 2020 for the validation of the launch escape system. The vehicle was built for in-flight crew escape of crew and possesses propulsion on top of the module to pull the module away to a safe distance.[76]

### Certification

ISRO is developing its own criteria to certify its spacecraft that will take humans to space.[79]

### Communication

The spacecraft is expected to communicate with ISTRAC and other partner antennae. For the initial test flights, terminal ships will be placed in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans to communicate with the spacecraft.[80][81] A joint facility, managed by the Australian Space Agency and ISRO has been set up at the Cocos Islands to track the spacecraft during the Orbital Insertion phase.[82][83] Future flights are expected to also be SATCOM capable, talking to Indian geostationary communication satellites, as well as the planned IDRSS constellation.

## Astronauts

See also: Astronomy:List of Indian astronauts

### Astronaut selection and training

In the spring of 2009, a full-scale mock-up of the crew capsule was built and delivered to Satish Dhawan Space Centre for astronaut training. 200 Indian Air Force (IAF) pilots were shortlisted for training. The selection process would begin with the candidates completing an ISRO questionnaire, after which they would be subjected to physical and psychological analyses. Only 4 of the 200 applicants were to be selected for the first space mission training, two flying and two reservists.[84][85]

ISRO signed a memorandum of understanding in 2009 with the IAF's Institute of Aerospace Medicine to conduct preliminary research on the psychological and physiological needs of the crew and the development of training facilities.[86][87] The institute played a key role in determining astronaut training, the design of the crew capsule as per the anthropometric dimensions of the Indian population and a number of control and environmental systems as per psychological and physiological needs.[88]

The announcement of Gaganyaan by Prime Minister Modi immediately attracted an enthusiastic reaction from the Indian diaspora, and ISRO received millions of letters and emails from Indian residents as well as expats willing to volunteer as astronauts for the project.[89]

In January 2019, ISRO Chairman K. Sivan announced the creation of India's Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) in Bengaluru for training astronauts.[90] The ₹1,000 crore (US$140.2 million) centre will train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations, operations in a zero-gravity environment, and monitoring of the radiation environment. While the HSFC will initially operate out of ISRO headquarters, a dedicated campus is planned to be built near Bengaluru. The facility will include offices, housing, testing and integration facilities and will also employ a workforce of 1,000 people in the long term.[91]

An astronaut training facility will be established on a proposed 140-acre (0.57 km2) site near Kempegowda International Airport in Devanahalli, Karnataka.[92]

The HSFC and Glavkosmos, a subsidiary of Russian state corporation Roscosmos, signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for cooperation in selection, support, medical examination, and space training of four Indian astronauts.[93][94] An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) was approved to be set up in Moscow for coordinating activities.[95] As of September 2019, level 1 of the astronaut selection process was completed in Bengaluru. The selected test pilots underwent physical exercise tests, lab investigations, radiological tests, clinical tests, and evaluations on various facets of their psychology.[96][97] By November 2019 the Indian Air Force had selected 12 potential astronauts who would then go to Russia for further training in two batches.[98]

As selection criteria require test pilot experience, any females will not be part of the first Indian crewed spaceflight. The first crewed flight will consist of a crew of three with one backup and this team of four went to Russia for astronaut training.[55]

File:Crafting India's Space future at the Gaganyaan Astronaut Training Facility.webm

In December 2019, the selection process came to a close,[99][100] and four candidates began their 12-month training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center on 10 February 2020.[101] The astronauts were trained for abnormal landings in various terrains, including forests, rivers, and sea.[76]

In February 2020, Indian astronaut candidates completed their winter survival training.[102][103][104]

ISRO has also proposed a ₹2,700 crore (US$380 million) plan to establish an astronaut training centre at Challakere in Chitradurga district. The facility would take at least 2–3 years to be established after the government's approval.[105] Following their training in Russia for unexpected and extreme situations, Indian astronauts were to return to India in March 2021 for the rest of their training in an Indian module.[18] However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, training was put on hold from 28 March, restarting on 12 May 2020.[44] CNES is supplying the flight system and training flight physicians and technical teams for the Indian Human Spaceflight Program. It is also collaborating and sharing its expertise in the domains of space medicine, astronaut health monitoring and life support.[106]

On the 91st Indian Air Force Day in 2023, the IAF released a video on Twitter, sharing a glimpse of the astronauts (without revealing their faces) training for the Gaganyaan mission.[107] While two or three out of the four astronauts will be selected to fly on the first crewed flight, one of the astronauts on the mission previously flew on a mission to the ISS aboard Axiom-4 on 25 June 2025, as the second Indian astronaut in space after Rakesh Sharma. The four have been conducting mission-specific training in India since returning from Russia.[108][109][110]

### Candidate announcement and first crew

On 27 February 2024, at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Prime Minister Modi announced the names of the four designated astronauts who will be eligible for future flights as part of the Gaganyaan program, as well as the Indo-US joint mission (Axiom-4) to the ISS. Kerala Governor, Arif Mohammad Khan, Chief Minister, Pinarayi Vijayan, Minister of State for External Affairs V. Muraleedharan, ISRO chairman S. Somanath and other high-ranking ISRO officials were present at the reveal.[111][112][113][114] The selected astronauts are Group Captain Prasanth Nair, Group Captain Ajit Krishnan, Group Captain Angad Pratap, and Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla. They were given Indian astronaut wings and the Gaganyaan mission logo and motto.[115][116] The Indo-US joint mission astronaut is Shubhanshu Shukla, while Nair was selected as his backup. Both were thus selected to train at NASA facilities.[117]

The ISRO has acknowledged the need for additional astronauts on future space missions. A broader pool of potential astronauts will be created in collaboration with the IAF's Institute of Aerospace Medicine. Candidates from experimental domains and aeronautical research are of particular interest to ISRO. Angad Pratap, the Gaganyaan group captain, has stated that priority will be given to research work addressing difficulties ISRO faces in technical endeavours. Even if researchers and military aviators comprise the majority of initial crews, subsequent choices will probably be more diverse. The astronauts must become experts in space theory, take part in simulator training, and interact with scientists. Essential training at the Astronaut Training School (ATS) includes aero-medical training and survival training in a variety of settings, including sea, desert, and snow.[118]

The crew training was briefly halted in 2025 due to academic obligations, Axiom Mission 4, and Operation Sindoor. From 2026, twelve months prior to launch, the astronauts will resume their mission-specific training, which will concentrate on advanced simulations, operational preparedness, and survival skills at Astronaut Training Facility in Bengaluru.[119][120]

Through Axiom Mission 4, Shubhanshu Shukla and Prasanth Nair obtained practical experience in microgravity adaptation, spaceflight operations, launch protocols, and emergency reaction training. Crucial operational experience was gained during the mission, including ingress and egress procedures, international coordination, medical diagnostics, pre-launch quarantine, and health preparation standards. This will assist ISRO in preparing ground crews and astronauts for the challenges of human spaceflight.[121][122] As of October 2025, about 90% of the Gaganyaan's development work has been finished. A human-rated launch vehicle, life support systems, crew safety technologies, and human-centric equipment are among the important technological components that are close to completion.[123]

### Ground uniform

The ground uniforms were developed by staff and students of the National Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT), Bengaluru. Under direction of the former NIFT director Susan Thomas, the team—students Lamia Anees, Samarpan Pradhan, and Tuliya D—and professors, Jonalee Bajpai and Mohan Kumar V—designed the ground uniform for the Gaganyaan mission. The team highlighted the importance that the astronaut-designates' pockets fit perfectly and the uniform support their motions. Seventy variants were considered before the final design was chosen. The NIFT team examined various space agency uniforms, such as those from SpaceX and NASA. The NIFT team explored asymmetry as a theme, developing a two-coloured, asymmetrical style line. The design was commissioned in 2021 by the NIFT team, and in 2022, they handed the design to ISRO.[124][125]

### Space suit

According to G. Madhavan Nair, space suit development has already begun in a low-key manner prior to the official Cabinet approval of ₹9,023 crore Gaganyaan project on 28 December 2018.[126] During the Bengaluru Space Expo 2018, ISRO unveiled the prototype space suit for the Gaganyaan mission. The orange colour prototype space suit was created at Thiruvananthapuram's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre.[127] The lab began working on the prototype development from 2016. The prototype space suit weighs less than five kilograms and is constructed of four layers.[128] One oxygen cylinder, sufficient for the astronaut to breathe for sixty minutes, can be accommodated in the suit. For the mission, ISRO has already created two suits and is currently working on the third one.[129]

Chairman K. Sivan during an interview with India Today on 9 November 2018 stated that ISRO is continuing the research on spacesuits in order to enhance them.[130] Glavkosmos has also contracted NPP Zvezda for manufacturing customized IVA flight-suits for Indian astronauts.[131][132][133] Indian astronauts visited Zvezda on 3 September 2020, to have their anthropometric measurements taken in preparation for the creation of spacesuits later on. On 7 September 2020, Zvezda authorities announced that the organization had started manufacturing space suits for the Gaganyaan mission.[134]

Hindustan Times reported on 12 January 2024, that in order to double-check crew safety for the first mission, Indian astronauts are expected to don Russian-made spacesuits rather than the domestically manufactured Intra Vehicular Activity (IVA) suits created by Vikram Sarabhai Space Center.[135]

### Pressure suit

In collaboration with Space Applications Centre, Sure Safety, an industrial safety equipment firm based in Vadodara, finished developing pressure suit for Gaganyaan mission called Astronaut Crew Escape Suit (ACES). The experiments conducted in vacuum chambers to test the material under laboratory settings are almost finished as of 18 January 2019, according to Nishith Dand, managing director of Sure Safety. The indigenously developed suit weighs 20% less while maintaining high standards of safety against fire, water, pressure changes and one hundredth of the cost of its foreign counterpart. In terms of life support, oxygen/air management, and CBRN resistance, the ACES will combine the finest features of the Russian Sokol and the American Advanced Crew Escape Suit. The ACES's communications, pressure management, oxygen and carbon monoxide sensors, and biosensors for sensing body temperatures have all been developed successfully. The suit features air diverters, utility pockets, touch screen-sensitive gloves, a flexible hood zipper, and lightweight shoes. The temperature range in which ACES can function is −40°C to +80°C. ACES development project helped Sure Safety became one of the few companies globally with the expertise to create and build these types of suits.[136]

In the event of an environmental emergency within the space capsule, ACES will protect the crew. Its goal is to preserve the wearer's life in the event that the spacecraft unintentionally loses pressurization.[137]

### Bio-vest

For the Gaganyaan programme, DRDO has created a wearable health monitoring system that includes subsystems such as an avionics interface unit, electronics, and a wearable textile belt. Two sets of electrocardiogram electrode leads, temperature sensors, and photoplethysmogram sensors are housed in a wearable textile belt. Four Bio-vests for crew training were delivered to ISRO in 2023.[138]

### Space food

| This astronomy needs to be updated. Please update this astronomy to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2024)

|

The Mysore-based Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL), a unit of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), developed dried and packaged food for astronauts. The 70 varieties of dehydrated and processed food items underwent strict procedures to eliminate microbacterial and macrobacterial nutrients. Special care has to be taken in the packaging, and the food items should be of limited weight and high nutritional quality.[139] Waste disposal systems for leftover food, liquid dispensing systems, food rehydrating systems and heaters adaptable to outer space conditions are in development, although the list of food products planned to fly aboard Gaganyaan is yet to be publicised as of August 2020. DFRL is expected to launch its Ready-to-Eat (RTE) space food by March 2021. The initial batch for the crewed spaceflight Gaganyaan-H1 will carry foodstuffs sufficient for 7 days.[140]

### Space medicine

In May 2019, the Indian Air Force and ISRO signed an MoU that designated Institute of Aerospace Medicine as the primary organization responsible for providing medical support to the Gaganyaan programme.[141] ISRO's Human Space Flight Centre and Glavcosmos, which is a subsidiary of the Russian state corporation Roscosmos, signed an agreement on 1 July 2019, for cooperation in the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts.[142] An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) has been approved to be set up in Moscow for coordination.[143][144]

Later in January 2021, India sent two flight surgeons to Russia and France for hands-on experience in space medicine. The flights surgeons are doctors from the Indian Air Force, specializing in aerospace medicine.[145] In preparation for the human spaceflight programme, ISRO Chairman S. Somanath encouraged the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) to come up with solutions for the astronauts' psychological health.[146]

ISRO and CNES announced on April 15, 2021, a space agreement for cooperation in space equipment, consumables, and space medicine. The CNES team at the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne and the Centre for the Development of Microgravity Applications and Space Operations, or CADMOS, at the Toulouse Space Centre will provide training to flight physicians and Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) mission control teams for Gaganyaan. Additionally, CNES will operate as a point of contact between ISRO and European Space Agency (ESA). CNES will assist in the execution of a scientific experiment plan for validation missions, knowledge sharing regarding food packaging and nutrition programs, and the use of French medical tools, equipment, and consumables by Indian astronauts. The Indian space crew will thus have access to French technology created by CNES that has been tested and is now in use aboard the International Space Station. CNES will also provide radiation- and shock-resistant carry bags to India to protect equipment. The future cooperation include parabolic flights conducted by Novespace for instrument testing and astronaut training, as well as technical assistance for the building of an astronaut training facility in Bangaluru.[147]

An MoU has also been signed with All India Institute of Medical Sciences on 10th March 2026 for cooperation and joint research in Space Medicine and Research, particularly for long-duration missions to the BAS and potential crewed missions to the moon.[148]

### Humanoid robots

Main article: Engineering:Vyommitra

Vyommitra

Unlike other nations that have carried out human spaceflight, India will not fly animals into space. Instead, it will fly humanoid robots for a better understanding of what weightlessness and radiation do to the human body during a long duration in space.[149][30] A legless humanoid named Vyommitra was displayed in January 2020 and is expected to fly on board uncrewed experimental flights as well as assist astronauts on crewed missions.[150]

On 22 January 2020, ISRO announced Vyommitra to accompany the other astronauts in the mission. ISRO aims not to fly animals onboard experimental missions unlike other nations that have carried out human space flight. Instead, it will fly humanoid robots for a better understanding of what weightlessness and radiation do to the human body during long durations in space.[151]

Vyommitra is expected to be onboard uncrewed Gaganyaan missions to perform microgravity experiments, monitor module parameters, and support astronauts in crewed missions by simulating functions like a human from the waist up. It does not have legs.[152] It is programmed to speak Hindi and English and perform multiple tasks.[153][154][155][156]

It can detect and give out warnings if environmental changes within the cabin get uncomfortable to astronauts and change the air condition. It can autonomously complete tasks and follow new commands.[157]

## Experiments and objectives

On November 7, 2018, ISRO released an Announcement of Opportunity seeking proposals from the Indian science community for microgravity experiments that could be carried out during the first two uncrewed Gaganyaan flights.[158][159] The scope of the experiments is not restricted, and other relevant ideas will be entertained. The proposed orbit for microgravity platform is expected to be in LEO at approximately 400 km altitude. All the proposed internal and external experimental payloads will undergo thermal, vacuum and radiation tests under the required temperature and pressure conditions. To carry out long-duration microgravity experiments, a satellite may be placed in orbit. Astronauts will perform four biological and two physical science experiments related to microgravity during the mission.[160]

As of October 2021, ISRO selected five science experiments that will be conducted on Gaganyaan. The payloads will be developed by the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (UASD), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), IIT Patna, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT) and the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR). Out of the five, two are biological experiments that will be conducted by IIST, UASD and TIFR and will include kidney stone formation and Sirtuin 1 gene marker effects in Drosophila melanogaster. IIT Patna will run experiments on a heat sink that can handle very high heat flux, IICT will study crystallization phenomena, and JNCASR will examine fluid mixing characteristics.[161]

With an emphasis on microgravity research, space biomanufacturing, bioastronautics, and astrobiology, the Department of Biotechnology and the ISRO have signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on 25 October 2024 to collaborate on space biotechnology research. The application will be in ISRO's human space flight project, Gaganyaan. The MoU will address problems like food storage, radiation, microgravity, and constant nutrient supply, as well as health risks like cancer, cataracts, and loss of bone and muscle.[162]

## Space station

India plans to deploy Bharatiya Antariksha Station, a 52-tonne space station,[3] as a follow-up programme to the Gaganyaan missions. On June 13, 2019, ISRO Chief K. Sivan announced that India's space station will be deployed 5–7 years after the completion of the Gaganyaan programme, and that India will not join the International Space Station program. It is expected to be placed in an LEO of 400 km altitude, hosting a crew of three for 15–20 days. Final approval is expected to be given to the programme by the Indian government only after the completion of the Gaganyaan missions.[163][164][165][166]

ISRO is working to develop spacecraft docking and berthing technology, with an initial funding of ₹10 crore cleared in 2017.[167] A Space Docking Experiment, or SpaDeX, is under development, featuring signal analysis equipment, a high-precision videometer for navigation, docking system electronics and real-time decision making for landing systems. As part of the experiment, ISRO launched two small satellites for testing. This technology is crucial for a space station as it will enable the docking of spacecraft.[168]

## See also

* Chandrayaan programme
* Indian Mars exploration missions

## References

1. ↑ "Scientists Discuss Indian Manned Space Mission". https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-nov-2006/scientists-discuss-indian-manned-space-mission.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Gaganyaan launch delayed: Manned mission now in 'fourth quarter of 2024'". Times of India. 21 December 2022. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-launch-delayed-manned-mission-now-in-fourth-quarter-of-2024/articleshow/96406198.cms.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Prime Minister reviews readiness of Gaganyaan Mission". https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1968368.
4. ↑ "Gaganyan: How to send an Indian into space". 16 August 2018. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-how-to-send-an-indian-into-space-isro-maned-mission-5308964/.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Eleventh Five year Plan (2007–12) proposals for Indian space programme". http://planningcommission.nic.in:80/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_subspace.pdf.
6. ↑ "Crew module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE) - ISRO". https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/crew-module-atmospheric-re-entry-experiment-care.
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8. ↑ "ISRO's first 'pad abort' test, critical for future human space mission, successful". The Hindu. 5 July 2018. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/isros-first-pad-abort-test-successful/article24336860.ece.
9. ↑ "Indian Astronaut Will Be In Space For 7 Days, Confirms ISRO Chairman" (in en). NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-plans-to-put-man-in-space-for-7-days-says-indian-space-research-organisation-chairman-k-sivan-1900888.
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11. ↑ Indians To Spend 7 Days In Space In Rs. 10,000 Crore Gaganyaan Plan: 10 Points, NDTV, 28 December 2018.
12. ↑ Suresh, Haripriya (15 August 2018). "JFK in 1961, Modi in 2018: PM announces 'Indian in space by 2022,' but is ISRO ready?". https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jfk-1961-modi-2018-pm-announces-indian-space-2022-isro-ready-86635.
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17. ↑ "India eying an indigenous station in space". The Hindu Business Line. 13 June 2019. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/india-planning-to-have-own-space-station-isro-chief/article27897953.ece.
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29. ↑ "Government of India, Department of Space, Unstarred Question number 213 Lok Sabha". 16 November 2016. http://164.100.47.190/loksabhaquestions/annex/10/AU213.pdf.
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31. ↑ "ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, Government of India. Department of Space. 28 August 2018.
32. ↑ Rao, Mukund Kadursrinivas; Murthi, Sridhara K. R.; S., Prasad M. Y. (5-29 September 2017). "The Decision for Indian Human Spaceflight Programme - Political Perspectives, National Relevance and Technological Challenges". International Astronautical Federation. http://eprints.nias.res.in/1359/1/2017-MK-Rao-IAC-17-B3-1-9-IndianHumanSpaceFlightFullPaper.pdf.
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42. ↑ "Live coverage: SpaceX to launch fourth commercial Axiom mission to the space station". June 25, 2025. https://spaceflightnow.com/2025/06/09/live-coverage-spacex-to-launch-fourth-commercial-axiom-mission-to-the-space-station/.
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49. ↑ "ISRO yet to take call on number of astronauts" (in en). https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/isro-yet-to-take-call-on-number-of-astronauts-595220/.
50. ↑ The Hindu Bureau (2024-08-02). "India selects two astronaut-designates for upcoming Axiom-4 mission to International Space Station" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-selects-two-astronaut-designates-for-upcoming-axiom-4-mission-to-international-space-station/article68477978.ece.
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106. ↑ "ISRO to launch its Venus mission in 2025, France to take part". PTI. Livemint. 30 September 2020. https://www.livemint.com/science/news/isro-to-launch-its-venus-mission-in-2025-france-to-take-part-11601476329074.html.
107. ↑ "Watch: Indian Air Force shares 'first-look' of India's ISRO Gaganyaan Astronauts" (in en-us). 3 October 2023. https://www.wionews.com/india-news/watch-indian-air-force-shares-first-look-of-indias-isro-gaganyaan-astronauts-642235.
108. ↑ "IAF video gives glimpses of Gaganyaan astronauts". The Times of India. 2023-10-04. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-video-gives-glimpses-of-gaganyaan-astronauts/articleshow/104137769.cms.
109. ↑ "India, US to work together to protect space assets, cooperate for sending astronauts to ISS in 2024: Joint statement". The Times of India. 2023-09-09. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-us-to-work-together-to-protect-space-assets-cooperate-for-sending-astronauts-to-iss-in-2024-joint-statement/articleshow/103521854.cms.
110. ↑ "India, US plan to send Indian astronaut to International Space Station in 2024" (in en). 2023-06-23. https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/india-us-plan-to-send-indian-astronaut-to-international-space-station-in-2024-386788-2023-06-23.
111. ↑ "Gaganyaan mission: Names of four astronauts revealed by Modi" (in en). 2024-02-27. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-kerala-pm-modi-likely-announce-names-of-these-pilots-for-gaganyaan-mission-report-101709000231718.html.
112. ↑ "ISRO flying high! PM Modi announces Gaganyaan astronauts, inaugurates 3 new launch pads and interacts with Vyommitra" (in en). 2024-02-27. https://www.businesstoday.in/visualstories/news/isro-flying-high-pm-modi-announces-gaganyaan-astronauts-inaugurates-3-new-launch-pads-and-interacts-with-vyommitra-108497-27-02-2024.
113. ↑ Livemint (2024-02-27). "PM Modi announces names of four astronauts for Gaganyaan mission at ISRO | Watch" (in en). https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-in-kerala-pm-modi-four-pilots-astronauts-name-gaganyaan-mission-launch-date-isro-angad-pratap-space-mission-11709017709709.html.
114. ↑ "India's Fantastic 4: Meet The Gaganyaan Astronauts Named By PM". https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gaganyaan-mission-astronauts-meet-the-4-astronauts-of-indias-crewed-space-mission-gaganyaan-5135754.
115. ↑ "Group Captain Prashanth Nair among four test pilots for Gaganyaan Mission; PM Modi to announce all 4 names today" (in en). 2024-02-27. https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/group-captain-prashanth-nair-among-four-test-pilots-for-gaganyaan-mission-pm-modi-to-announce-all-4-names-today-419039-2024-02-27.
116. ↑ "Nair, Prathap, Krishnan and Chauhan listed for Gaganyaan mission". The Times of India. 2024-02-27. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nair-prathap-krishnan-and-chauhan-listed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/108022351.cms.
117. ↑ "Who is Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla, the 'prime astronaut' for Indo-US mission to space?" (in en). 2024-08-03. https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/who-is-shubhanshu-shukla-indo-us-space-mission-9492109/.
118. ↑ "Seek science milestones, not personal glory: Gaganyaan astronaut; next batch selection soon: ISRO Chief". The Times of India. 2024-10-04. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/seek-science-milestones-not-personal-glory-gaganyaan-astronaut-next-batch-selection-soon-isro-chief/articleshow/113946017.cms.
119. ↑ Tripathi, Sibu Kumar (2025-05-13). "Gaganyaan Mission training to resume in 2026, a year before launch" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/science/gaganyaan-mission/story/gaganyaan-mission-training-to-resume-in-2026-a-year-before-launch-2724214-2025-05-13.
120. ↑ Tripathi, Sibu Kumar (2025-05-14). "Where are the four Gaganyaan Mission astronauts as Operation Sindoor is paused?" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-mission-training-on-hold-where-are-the-four-astronauts-2724503-2025-05-14.
121. ↑ "Eye on Gaganyaan mission: How Shubhanshu Shukla's experiments on ISS will help Isro's manned mission; explained". The Times of India. 2025-06-25. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/eye-on-gaganyaan-mission-how-shubhanshu-shuklas-experiments-on-iss-will-help-isros-manned-mission-explained/articleshow/122061708.cms.
122. ↑ "Astronaut Shux briefs ISRO from space, offers key inputs for Gaganyaan mission" (in en). 2025-07-08. https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Jul/08/astronaut-shux-briefs-isro-from-space-offers-key-inputs-for-gaganyaan-mission.
123. ↑ "ISRO's Gaganyaan reaches 90% completion ahead of historic human spaceflight, chairman V Narayanan confirms progress". The Times of India. 2025-10-25. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/science/isros-gaganyaan-reaches-90-completion-ahead-of-historic-human-spaceflight-chairman-v-narayanan-confirms-progress/articleshow/124784015.cms.
124. ↑ Monalisa, Monika (2024-03-05). "High flying: Indian Gaganyaan Astronauts sport NIFT-designed space suits; blend of style and function unveiled" (in en). https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Mar/05/high-flying-indian-gaganyaan-astronauts-sport-nift-designed-space-suits-blend-of-style-and-function-unveiled.
125. ↑ Ullas, Sruthy Susan (2024-02-29). "Gaganauts' ground suit designed by NIFT Bengaluru team has asymmetry as theme". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/gaganyaan-astronauts-ground-suit-designed-by-nift-bengaluru-team-with-asymmetry-as-the-theme/articleshow/108089129.cms.
126. ↑ "Gaganyaan a major turning point in India's space programme: Ex-ISRO chairman" (in en). 2019-01-09. https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/gaganyaan-a-major-turning-point-in-indias-space-programme-ex-isro-chairman/.
127. ↑ Dogra, Sarthak (2018-09-07). "ISRO Displays Space Suits, Crew Capsule For 2022 Manned Space Mission at Bengaluru Space Expo" (in en). https://www.news18.com/news/tech/isro-displays-space-suits-crew-capsule-for-2022-manned-space-mission-at-bengaluru-space-expo-1870709.html.
128. ↑ "India Unveils Its Own Spacesuit Design for 2022 Astronaut Flights" (in en). 2018-09-12. https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Latest-News/2018-09-12/India-Unveils-Its-Own-Spacesuit-Design-for-2022-Astronaut-Flights/411589.
129. ↑ Dwarakanath, Nagarjun (2018-09-07). "Isro displays space suit, crew model for 2022 mission" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/isro-unveils-space-suit-crew-model-for-2022-mission-1334124-2018-09-07.
130. ↑ Chengappa, Raj (2018-11-09). "It's not just an ISRO project, it's a national one: K Sivan" (in en). https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20181119-it-s-not-just-an-isro-project-it-s-a-national-one-k-sivan-1384890-2018-11-09.
131. ↑ "Russia to make spacesuits for Indian cosmonauts". 7 September 2020. https://www.glavkosmos.com/en/russia-to-make-spacesuits-for-indian-cosmonauts/.
132. ↑ Pramanik, Ayan; Krishnan, Raghu. "After Gaganyaan, ISRO chairman K Sivan to set sights on space station". The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/after-gaganyaan-isro-chairman-k-sivan-to-set-sights-on-space-station/articleshow/73237162.cms.
133. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (28 August 2021). "Indian pilots to return to Russia soon for customised space suits" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/indian-pilots-to-return-to-russia-soon-for-customised-space-suits/article36158300.ece.
134. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (2020-09-07). "Gaganyaan space suits' production begins in Russia". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-space-suits-production-begins-in-russia/articleshow/77981140.cms.
135. ↑ Pillai, Soumya (2024-01-12). "For Gaganyaan astronauts, Isro may opt for Russian-made spacesuits" (in en). https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/for-gaganyaan-astronauts-isro-may-opt-for-russian-made-spacesuits-101705073205022.html.
136. ↑ Shastri, Parth (2019-01-18). "Made in Vadodara space suit to be used in Gaganyaan". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/made-in-vadodara-space-suit-to-be-used-in-gaganyaan/articleshow/67579315.cms.
137. ↑ Ganguly, Shramana (2016-02-11). "Sure Safety to exhibit space suit at Make In India Week". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sure-safety-to-exhibit-space-suit-at-make-in-india-week/articleshow/50934618.cms?from=mdr.
138. ↑ "2023-24 Annual Report". 10 October 2025. https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf.
139. ↑ "DRDO develops space food for astronauts" (in en). 2010-08-29. https://www.dnaindia.com/technology/report-drdo-develops-space-food-for-astronauts-1430510.
140. ↑ Anantha Krishnan M (2020-08-27). "Gaganyaan Unplugged-5: Tasty space food warming up at DFRL Mysuru for India's manned mission". Malayala Manorama. https://www.onmanorama.com/news/nation/2020/08/27/gaganyaan-manned-flight-food-warming-dfrl-mysuru.html.
141. ↑ "2023-24 Annual Report". 10 October 2025. https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf.
142. ↑ "Gaganyaan: India chooses Russia to pick and train astronauts". 1 July 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms.
143. ↑ "Cabinet approves setting up of ISRO's technical liaison unit in Moscow" (in en). 31 July 2019. https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cabinet-approves-setting-up-of-isro-s-technical-liaison-unit-in-moscow-1575834-2019-07-31.
144. ↑ "ISRO Technical Liaison Unit at Moscow". https://www.examrace.com/Current-Affairs/NEWS-ISRO-Technical-Liaison-Unit-at-Moscow.htm.
145. ↑ "Two Indian flight surgeons to visit Russia for space medicine training". Jan 10, 2021. https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/two-indian-flight-surgeons-to-visit-russia-for-space-medicine-training-121011000468_1.html.
146. ↑ "NIMHANS should provide solutions for psychological well-being of astronauts in space: ISRO Chairman" (in en-IN). The Hindu. 2024-10-03. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/nimhans-should-provide-solutions-for-psychological-well-being-of-astronauts-in-space-isro-chairman/article68714424.ece.
147. ↑ Singh, Surendra (2021-04-15). "France inks pact with India, to provide space food, med, equipment for Gaganyaan mission". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/france-inks-pact-with-india-to-provide-space-food-med-equipment-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/82089273.cms.
148. ↑ "Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) New Delhi signs Framework Memorandum of Understanding for Cooperation in Space Medicine and Research". https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_AIIMS_NewDelhi_signs_Framework_Memorandum.html.
149. ↑ "Why is India sending robots into space?" (in en-GB). 2019-07-25. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48918280.
150. ↑ "IAA-ISRO-ASI Symposium on Human Space Flight and Exploration was organised at Bangalore". 2020-01-24. https://www.isro.gov.in/update/24-jan-2020/iaa-isro-asi-symposium-human-space-flight-and-exploration-was-organised-bangalore.
151. ↑ "Why is India sending robots into space?" (in en). 25 July 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48918280.
152. ↑ "ISRO to send humanoid Vyommitra in unmanned Gaganyaan spacecraft ahead of human spaceflight". The Economic Times. 24 January 2020. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-to-send-humanoid-vyommitra-in-unmanned-gaganyaan-spacecraft-ahead-of-human-spaceflight/articleshow/73576959.cms.
153. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (22 January 2020). "Gaganyaan mission: First glimpse of 'Vyommitra', the humanoid for Gaganyaan; it's a 'She'" (in en). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1st-glimpse-of-vyommitra-the-humanoid-for-gaganyaan-its-a-she/articleshow/73513989.cms.
154. ↑ "ISRO's manned mission to Moon will happen, but not right now: K Sivan" (in en-US). 22 January 2020. https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/isro-will-look-at-manned-mission-to-moon-someday-but-not-right-now-k-sivan-6229655/.
155. ↑ "'व्योममित्रा'ची पहिली झलक! भारताकडून 'ती' पहिल्यांदा जाणार अवकाशात" (in mr-IN). 22 January 2020. https://www.loksatta.com/desh-videsh-news/vyommitra-the-humanoid-for-isros-mission-gaganyaan-dmp-82-2066411/.
156. ↑ "ISRO's prototype humanoid for Gaganyaan mission is Vyom Mitra which will go to space before astronauts" (in en). 22 January 2020. https://www.timesnownews.com/technology-science/article/isro-s-prototype-humanoid-for-gaganyaan-mission-is-vyom-mitra-which-will-go-to-space-before-astronauts/543450.
157. ↑ Dwarakanath, Nagarjun (22 January 2020). "Gaganyaan mission: Meet Vyommitra, the talking human robot that Isro will send to space". https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-vyommitra-talking-humanoid-isro-space-1639077-2020-01-22.
158. ↑ "Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Low Earth Orbit based Microgravity Experiments - ISRO". https://www.isro.gov.in/announcement-of-opportunity-ao-low-earth-orbit-based-microgravity-experiments.
159. ↑ "Human Mission: ISRO looking at pool of 10 experiments in space". https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/human-mission-isro-looking-at-pool-of-10-experiments-in-space/articleshow/66582995.cms.
160. ↑ "Lok Sabha, Unstarred Question number 2259". 4 March 2020. http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/173/AU2259.pdf.
161. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (21 October 2021). "Kidney stone formation to gene marking: 5 experiments shortlisted for Isro mission; MoUs in place" (in en). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kidney-stone-formation-to-gene-marking-5-experiments-shortlisted-for-isro-mission-mous-in-place/articleshow/87191859.cms.
162. ↑ "Gaganyaan: ISRO, Dept of Biotechnology sign MoU to boost space biotech research". Hindustan Times. 25 October 2024. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gaganyaan-isro-dept-of-biotechnology-sign-mou-to-boost-space-biotech-research-101729859370387.html.
163. ↑ Singh, Surendra (13 June 2019). "India's own space station to come up in 5–7 years: ISRO chief" (in en). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-have-its-own-space-station-isro/articleshow/69775360.cms.
164. ↑ "India's space station likel to have space for three". The Times of India. 31 October 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-space-station-likely-to-have-space-for-three/articleshow/71828669.cms.
165. ↑ "India's space station likely to have space for three". 31 October 2019. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-space-station-likely-to-have-space-for-three/articleshow/71828669.cms.
166. ↑ Peri, Dinakar (2019-06-13). "India to have its own space station: ISRO" (in en-IN). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-to-have-a-separate-space-station-isro/article27898707.ece. "Giving out broad contours of the planned space station, Dr. Sivan said it has been envisaged to weigh 20 tonnes and will be placed in an orbit of 400 km above earth where astronauts can stay for 15–20 days. The time frame is 5–7 years after Gaganyaan, he stated."
167. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (2 May 2017). "ISRO: ISRO project that can aid refuel, repair of satellites in space gets push" (in en). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-project-that-can-aid-refuel-repair-of-satellites-in-space-gets-push/articleshow/58467493.cms.
168. ↑ Kumar, Chethan (13 June 2019). "ISRO Latest news: India has been quietly working on key technology to enable space station" (in en). https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-has-been-quietly-working-on-key-technology-to-enable-space-station/articleshow/69775029.cms.

## External links

* Official website
* President Kalam's vision: India will land on the Moon in August 2025
* Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) hands over the first 'Crew Module Structural Assembly' to ISRO. 13 February 2014.

* v
* t
* e

Indian space program

* Department of Space (DoS)

Organisations|

* Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
* Antrix Corporation
* Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)
* Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)
* Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS)
* National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)
* New Space India Limited
* Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)
* Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)
* Integrated Space Cell
* Defence Space Agency

Programmes|

* Bhaskara
* GAGAN
* GSAT
* INSAT
* IRNSS
* IRS
* Cartosat
* RISAT
* Rohini
* SROSS
* Chandrayaan
* Human Spaceflight Programme

Satellites|

* APPLE
* Aryabhata
* HAMSAT
* IMS-1
* Megha-Tropiques
* NISAR
* SARAL
* South Asia Satellite
* SRE
* SRE II
* Kalpana-1
* CARE

Space observatories|

* Astrosat
* Aditya-L1 (planned)
* AstroSat-2 (planned)

Lunar and
planetary spacecraft|

* Chandrayaan-1
* Chandrayaan-2
* Chandrayaan-3 (planned, 2021)
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (proposed)
* Mars Orbiter Mission
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (proposed)
* Shukrayaan-1 (proposed)

Crewed spacecraft|

* Gaganyaan (Under development)

Rockets|

* Engines
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* ATV
* Concepts
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* Under development
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* SCE-200

Facilities|

* Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN)
* ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC)
* ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC)
* Master Control Facility (MCF)
* Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC)
* Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS)
* ISRO Satellite Integration and Testing Establishment (ISITE)
* Vikram Sarabhai Space Center (VSSC)
* Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC)
* ISRO Propulsion Complex
* Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC)

Related|

* SAGA-220 (supercomputer)
* RESPOND

* List of Indian satellites
* List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
* List of ISRO missions

* v
* t
* e

Indian spacecraft

* List of Indian satellites
* List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches
* List of ISRO missions

Satellites|

| Communication|

* GSAT
* 1
* 2
* 3 (EDUSAT)
* 4
* 5P
* 6
* 6A
* 7
* 7A
* 8
* 9 (South Asia Satellite)
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* 18
* 19
* 29
* 31
* HAMSAT
* INSAT
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 2A
* 2B
* 2C
* 2D
* 2DT
* 2E
* 3A
* 3B
* 3C
* 3D
* 3DR
* 3DS
* 3E
* 4A
* 4B
* 4C
* 4CR
* 4E
* 4F
* 4G
* Planned: GSAT
* 20
* 22
* 23
* 24

|

Earth observation|

* Bhaskara
* I
* II
* Cartosat
* 1
* 2
* 2A
* 2B
* 2C
* 2D
* 2E
* 2F
* 3
* EMISAT
* HySIS
* IMS-1
* IRS
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 1E
* P1
* P2
* P3
* Megha-Tropiques
* Microsat
* Microsat-R
* Oceansat
* 1
* 2
* Resourcesat
* 1
* 2
* RISAT
* 1
* 2
* 2B
* 2BR1
* Rohini
* RS-D1
* RS-D2
* SARAL
* SCATSAT-1
* Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS)
* Planned: NISAR
* GISAT
* Oceansat-3
* Resourcesat-3
* RISAT-1A

Experimental|

* APPLE
* Aryabhata
* Rohini
* RS-1
* Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)

Navigation|

* IRNSS
* 1A
* 1B
* 1C
* 1D
* 1E
* 1F
* 1G
* 1I

Student satellites|

* ANUSAT
* Jugnu
* SRMSAT
* StudSat
* StudSat-2
* YouthSat
* Pratham

Space probes|

| Scientific|

* SROSS
* A
* B
* C
* C2

|

Astronomical|

* Astrosat
* Aditya-L1 (planned)
* XPoSat (planned)
* AstroSat-2 (planned)

Lunar programme|

* Chandrayaan-1
* Moon Impact Probe
* Chandrayaan-2
* Vikram
* Pragyan
* Chandrayaan-3 (planned)

Interplanetary|

* Mars Orbiter Mission
* Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (planned)
* Shukrayaan-1 (planned)

Human spaceflight|

* Indian human spaceflight programme
* SRE-1
* SRE-II
* SRE-III
* Gaganyaan
* CARE

* Future spacecraft in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
* Avoidance
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War Space Race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
* Billionaire space race
* Mars race
* Records
* Space propaganda
* Space competition

Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

First Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* South Korean space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* NSIL
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA
* UNOSAT

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* INCOSPAR
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* MOM
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian Human Spaceflight Programme. Read more

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