Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition

Short description: Collection of research libraries promoting open access

Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition

Abbreviation| SPARC
Formation| 1998; 28 years ago (1998)
Focus| Open access publishing
Headquarters| Washington, D.C., United States

Official language

| English
Leader| Heather Joseph
Subsidiaries| Alliance for Taxpayer Access
Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions
Affiliations| SPARC Europe
SPARC Japan
SPARC Africa
Website| sparcopen.org
sparceurope.org

The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC) is an international alliance of academic and research libraries developed by the Association of Research Libraries in 1998 which promotes open access to scholarship.[1] The coalition currently includes some 800 institutions[1] in North America, Europe, Japan , China and Australia .

Richard Johnson served as director 1998-2005.[2] Heather Joseph became executive director in 2005.[3][4]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 SPARC Author Addendum
* 3 Endorsements
* 4 See also
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading
* 7 External links

## History

File:Access 2 research video by SPARC.ogv The idea of SPARC was presented at the 1997 annual meeting of the Association of Research Libraries.[5][6] Kenneth Frazier,[7] librarian at the University of Wisconsin, proposed that attendees at the meeting develop a fund to create a new publication model for academic journals wherein many libraries contributed to that fund, and from that fund, the contributors would create new publications on some model which lowered the costs of all journals.[5] As founding director, Rick Johnson led the establishment of SPARC in 2002 as a result of so many librarians expressing the desire for reform.[5]

Logo of SPARC Europe

SPARC Europe was established with LIBER in 2001.[8] David Prosser became director in 2002.[9]

Starting in 2006 the SPARC Innovators Award has been given semi-annually to recognize an individual, institution, or group exemplifying SPARC principles.[10]

SPARC has established itself as an international alliance of academic and research libraries working "to correct imbalances in the scholarly publishing system". Its focus is to stimulate the emergence of new scholarly communication models that expand the dissemination of scholarly research and reduce financial pressures on libraries. Action by SPARC in collaboration with stakeholders – including authors, publishers, and libraries – builds on the opportunities created by the networked digital environment to advance the conduct of scholarship. Leading academic organizations have endorsed SPARC. SPARC Europe Seal for Open Access Journals offers certification for journals choosing the CC-BY license (Creative Commons) and provide the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) with metadata on article level.[11]

## SPARC Author Addendum

SPARC publishes an addendum which authors may use to negotiate with academic publishers.[12] The form provides a templated request by authors to add to the copyright transfer agreement which the publisher sends to the author upon acceptance of their work for publication. Authors which use the form typically retain the rights to use their own work without restriction, receive attribution, and to self-archive. The form gives the publisher the right to obtain a non-exclusive right to distribute a work for profit and to receive attribution as the journal of first publication.[13][14]

## Endorsements

Founding organizations:

* Association of American Universities (AAU)
* Association of University Presses (AUP)
* Big 12 Universities Chief Academic Officers

Later endorsements:

* Association of College & Research Libraries
* Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada
* Australian Vice-Chancellors' Committee
* Canadian Association of Research Libraries
* Jisc
* National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges
* Standing Conference of National and University Libraries

## See also

* Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association, of which SPARC Europe is a founding member
* Open Access
* Open educational resources policy
* Library publishing
* Open Access Movement in India

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 David J. Brown; Richard Boulderstone (2008). Impact of Electronic Publishing: The Future for Publishers and Librarians. Germany: K.G. Saur. pp. 200–201. ISBN 978-3-598-44013-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=JPyY9RG7J38C.
2. ↑ "Plan for Low-cost Journals Online". Publishers Weekly (US) 244 (29). July 20, 1998. https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/print/19980720/24272-pw-plan-for-low-cost-journals-online.html.
3. ↑ "SPARC at Ten: A Decade Later, Organization Still Aims to Be Part of The Solution", Library Journal, January 18, 2007, https://www.libraryjournal.com/clear/CA6408230.html
4. ↑ "SPARC Staff". SPARC. http://www.sparc.arl.org/about/staff.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Groen, Frances K. (2007). Access to medical knowledge : libraries, digitization, and the public good. Lanham, Mar.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 218–220. ISBN 978-0-8108-5272-3.
6. ↑ "Will journal publishers perish?", The Economist (UK), May 11, 2000, https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2000/05/11/will-journal-publishers-perish
7. ↑ Carol Kaesuk Yoon (December 8, 1998), "Soaring Prices Spur a Revolt in Scientific Publishing", New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/08/health/soaring-prices-spur-a-revolt-in-scientific-publishing.html
8. ↑ "About Us". SPARC. http://www.sparc.arl.org/about.
9. ↑ "SPARC Europe Hires Director". Library Journal. August 30, 2002.
10. ↑ "Former SPARC Innovators". https://sparcopen.org/our-work/innovator/former/.
11. ↑ "Europe and North America - Global Open Access Portal". UNESCO. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/portals-and-platforms/goap/access-by-region/europe-and-north-america/.
12. ↑ "Using the SPARC Author Addendum" (in en-US). https://sparcopen.org/our-work/author-rights/brochure-html/.
13. ↑ "Author rights". SPARC. 2013. https://sparcopen.org/our-work/author-rights.
14. ↑ "Access-Reuse Addendum to Publication Agreement". SPARC. https://sparcopen.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Access-Reuse_Addendum.pdf.

## Further reading

* David D. Kirkpatrick (December 25, 2000), "Librarians Unite Against Cost of Journals", New York Times
* "OpenCon: Students and Early-Career Researchers for Open Access, Open Education, and Open Data", Information Today (US), December 2, 2014, ISSN 8755-6286

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Free-culture and open-source movements

Concepts and
practices|

| Key concepts|

* Commons-based peer production
* Crowdsourcing
* Gratis versus libre
* Open collaboration
* Openness
* Participatory culture
* Sharism

| Social peer-to-peer processes|

* Peer-to-peer banking
* Peer-to-peer carsharing
* Peer-to-peer lending
* Peer-to-peer ridesharing

|

Research and science|

* Citizen science
* Open science
* Access
* Notebook science
* Research
* Science data
* Plan S

Data, information,
and knowledge|

* Free content
* Knowledge commons
* Open communication
* Open knowledge
* Content
* Data

Communication
and learning|

| Media|

* Collaborative writing
* Democratic media
* Open publishing
* Participatory media
* Peer review

|

Education|

* Open education
* Educational resources
* University
* Admissions
* Open-door academic policy

Journalism|

* Citizen media
* Citizen journalism and Wiki journalism
* Open-source journalism

Economy, production,
and development|

| Products|

* Free and open-source software - FOSS
* Free/Libre software
* Open-source software
* Open-design movement
* Robotics
* Open gaming
* Open-source architecture
* Open-source hardware

|

Economic principles|

* Gift economy
* Open innovation
* Open patent
* Open standard
* Sharing economy

Politics and governance|

* Open government
* Open-source governance

Organizations|

* Creative Commons
* Free Software Foundation
* Open Architecture Network
* Openmod initiative
* Open Knowledge International
* Open Rights Group
* Open Source Initiative
* Open Web Foundation
* P2P Foundation
* Pirate Party
* PLOS
* SPARC

Activists|

* Tim Berners-Lee
* Alexandra Elbakyan
* Cody Wilson
* Lawrence Lessig
* Peter Murray-Rust
* Douglas Rushkoff
* Richard Stallman
* Peter Suber
* Peter Sunde
* Aaron Swartz
* Matthew H. Todd
* John Wilbanks

Projects and
movements|

* DIYbio
* Free-culture movement
* Free software movement
* Open science movement
* Open Source Ecology
* Open-source software movement
* OpenCores
* OpenWetWare
* Sci-Hub

| Tools|

* Licenses
* Creative Commons
* GPL
* Definition Docs
* Free Cultural Works
* Free Software
* Open
* Open Source
* Open Data Indices
* Open educational resources
* Open music model
* Open Web movement

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