Christmas Island shrew

Short description: Species of mammal

Christmas Island shrew

Conservation status

Extinct (1985) (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Chordata
Class:  | Mammalia
Order:  | Eulipotyphla
Family:  | Soricidae
Genus:  | Crocidura
Species:  |

†C. trichura

Binomial name
†Crocidura trichura

Dobson, 1889

Christmas Island shrew range
Synonyms

Crocidura fuliginosa trichura
Crocidura attenuata trichura

The Christmas Island shrew (Crocidura trichura), also known as the Christmas Island musk-shrew, is an extinct species of shrew from Christmas Island. It was variously placed as subspecies of the Asian gray shrew (Crocidura attenuata) or the Southeast Asian shrew (Crocidura fuliginosa),[2] but morphological differences and the large distance between the species indicate that Christmas Island shrew is an entirely distinct species.[3]

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 1.1 Habitat
* 1.2 Status
* 2 Extinction
* 2.1 Trypanosoma disease
* 2.2 Gecarcoidea natalis
* 3 References
* 4 External links

## Description

The Christmas Island shrew, like other members of the genus Crocidura, is a small short-legged mammal with a distinct pointed muzzle. It has a dark grey to reddish brown colouring. Like all other shrews, the Christmas Island shrew resembles a mouse, and weighs between 4.5–6 g (0.16–0.21 oz).[4] The Christmas Island shrew varies from other forms of the species in that it is beset with long fine hairs, and its tail is much greater in length.[5] The typical lifespan for its genus is approximately one year, but Crocidurine shrews have been reported to live for up to two years in the wild.[6]

### Habitat

The Christmas Island shrew was a terrestrial animal that occupied tall plateau rainforests with deep soil, as well as the shallow soil of terrace rainforests. It remains unknown if the species could live in secondary growth. This shrew fed primarily on small beetles and used holes in rocks and tree roots for shelter.[1]

### Status

The Australian Government adopted a recovery plan for the Christmas Island shrew consisting of two stages of objectives.[4][7][8]

The most recent specimens of C. trichura were found in 1985, and a survey conducted fifteen years later failed to find any individuals. Its status was classified as extinct by the IUCN in 2025.[1]

## Extinction

There is conclusive evidence that Crocidura trichura populations declined dramatically since 1900, yet the reason is unproven. After an unconfirmed sighting in 1958, it was rediscovered in 1985 when two specimens were caught. The two individuals later died. Several unconfirmed reports occurred between 1996 and 1998 but a survey undertaken in 2000 failed to find any individuals.[7] The reasons for the population's reduction are unknown but potential threats included disease, habitat loss, habitat alteration due to invasive weeds, predation from species such as cats and black rats, small population size, and mortality from road traffic.[1] Its disappearance in recent times might be caused by the accidentally introduced yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes), which is a dangerous threat for many terrestrial animals on Christmas Island.[7] Crocidura trichura was declared extinct by the IUCN in 2025.[1][9]

### Trypanosoma disease

The theory of Durham (1908) and Pickering and Norris (1996) report that the decline of two endemic rats may be attributed to the infection of the Christmas Island shrew, according to local researchers. This forest dwelling mammal was at first thought to have vanished by 1908, probably due to a trypanosoma disease carried by introduced black rats, which is also considered a likely cause of the extinctions of Maclear's rat and the bulldog rat.[7] The initial drop in C. trichura's population size occurred around the same time as the introduction of the Rattus rattus (the black rat), which carried a murid trypanosome. Evidence of the black rat and/or the parasite causing the Christmas Island shrew's population decline is not solid.[10]

### Gecarcoidea natalis

Another theory on the decline of Crocidura trichura is linked to the demise of the two endemic rats, and the competition left amongst the Christmas Island shrew and the Christmas Island red crab (Gecarcoidea natalis) for leaf litter resources. The decline of predator rat species allowed for the quickened rise of G. natalis, a usual prey of the rats.[11] This could have forced C. trichura into new habitats such as tree canopies, or sites with low crab abundances. The population of C. trichura may have been pressured by their vulnerability during weaning.[12]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Woinarski, J.C.Z.; Burbidge, A.A. (2025). "Crocidura trichura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2025. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2025-2.RLTS.T136379A254622730.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/136379/254622730.
2. ↑ Francis Harper (1945). Extinct and Vanishing Mammals of the Old World. New York, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection. https://archive.org/details/extinctvanishing00harprich.
3. ↑ Rainer Hutterer (2005). "Crocidura trichura". in D. E. Wilson. Mammal Species of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Crocidura trichura — Christmas Island Shrew". Commonwealth of Australia: Department of the Environment. http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=86568.
5. ↑ Andrews, C. W. 1900. A Monograph of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). British Museum of Natural History, London, UK.
6. ↑ Meek, Paul (2000). "The Decline and Current Status of the Christmas Island Shrew". Australian Mammalogy 22 (1): 43-49. doi:10.1071/AM00043.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Michael Schulz (2004) (PDF). National Recovery Plan for the Christmas Island Shrew Crocidura attenuata trichura. Canberra: Department of the Environment and Heritage. p. 23. http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/recovery/c-attenuata-trichura/index.html.
8. ↑ "Invasion of the yellow crazy ant – key threatening process listing | NSW Environment & Heritage". http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/determinations/YellowCrazyAntKtp.htm.
9. ↑ Dasgupta, Shreya (2025-10-23). "Christmas Island shrew officially declared extinct: IUCN". https://news.mongabay.com/short-article/2025/10/christmas-island-shrew-officially-declared-extinct-iucn/.
10. ↑ Eldridge, Mark D. B.; Meek, Paul D.; Johnson, Rebecca N. (2014). "Taxonomic Uncertainty and the Loss of Biodiversity on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean". Conservation Biology 28 (2): 572–579. doi:10.1111/cobi.12177. PMID 24283832. Bibcode: 2014ConBi..28..572E.
11. ↑ Meek, Paul (2000). "The Decline and Current Status of the Christmas Island Shrew". Australian Mammalogy. doi:10.1071/AM00043. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=AM00043.pdf.
12. ↑ "Full text of "The mammals of China and Mongolia"". https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofchinamo01alle/mammalsofchinamo01alle_djvu.txt.

## External links

* Data related to Christmas Island shrew at Wikispecies

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