Macro-Gunwinyguan languages

Short description: Australian Aboriginal languages

Not to be confused with Arnhem Land languages.

"Marran languages" redirects here. For Maran languages of the Pama–Nyungan family, see Maric languages.

Macro-Gunwinyguan

Arnhem
Geographic
distribution| northern Australia
Linguistic classification| Macro-Pama–Nyungan?

* Macro-Gunwinyguan

Subdivisions|

* Maningrida
* Gunwinyguan
* East Arnhem
* Marran
* Alawa
* Mangarrayi
* Kungarakany (†)
* Gagudju †
* ?Tiwi[1]

Glottolog| gunw1250 (Gunwinyguan)[2]
mani1293 (Maningrida)[3]
mang1423 (Mangarrayi-Maran)[4]
kung1259 (Kungarakany)[5]
gaga1251 (Gaagudju)[6]

The Arnhem languages (purple), and other non-Pama–Nyungan languages (grey). Below (closeup): the individual families.

Kungarakany

Gaagudju

Maningrida

Gunwinyguan

East Arnhem

Marran

|

The Macro-Gunwinyguan languages, also called Arnhem or Gunwinyguan, are a family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken across eastern Arnhem Land in northern Australia. Their relationship has been demonstrated through shared morphology in their verbal inflections.

## Contents

* 1 Languages
* 2 External classification
* 3 Vocabulary
* 4 Proto-language
* 5 References

## Languages

Rebecca Green (2004) reconstructed the paradigms of 28 Proto-Arnhem verbs.[7] The languages included by Green are as follows, though Green only accepts Maningrida as a demonstrated branch:[8]

* Macro-Gunwinyguan
* Maningrida
* Burarra
* Guragone
* Djeebbana
* Nakkara
* ? East Arnhem:
* Nunggubuyu
* Ngandi †
* Anindilyakwa (Enindhilyagwa)*
* ? Marran:
* Marra
* Warndarang †
* ?Yugul †
* ?Alawa*
* ?Mangarayi †
* Kungarakany †
* Gaagudju †
* ? Gunwinyguan (Gunwinyguan proper)
* Gunwinggic:
* Kunwinjku (Gunwinggu, Bininj Kunwok)
* Gunbarlang †
* Jawoyn (Djauan)
* Dalabon (Ngalkbun) †
* Jala (Rembarngic):
* Rembarunga
* Ngalakgan †
* Warrayic: †
* Waray †
* Uwinymil †

*Green does not address Anindilyakwa, Alawa, or Yugul. Yugul is too poorly attested for comparison based on her methods; the other two await validation.

This is close to what Evans (1997) proposed under the name Gunwinyguan (cf. his very different proposal of Arnhem Land languages).

Marra, Warndarrang, Alawa, and Mangarrayi have been argued to constitute a Marran family of considerable time depth (Sharpe 2008).[9][10]

Heath (1990)[11] demonstrated an East Arnhem family of Ngandi + Nunggubuyu, to which Enindhilyagwa was added (as a closer relative to Nunggubuyu) by Van Egmond (2012).[12][13]

However, Green (2003) argues that only Maningrida has been established as a valid subgroup, and that the interrelationships of the other languages are as yet unclear. The evidence for Gunwinyguan and perhaps other nodes listed above may simply be reflections of a relationship of all Arnhem languages when only a subset of them was investigated. That is, these groups may be based on shared retentions of Proto-Arnhem rather than distinct historical developments. (However, in reviewing Green, Evans pointed out that much of the Maningrida morphology was also shared by Mangarrayi.[8]) An agnostic view of the family would list each language separately, except for the established Maningrida branch:

Kungarakany, Mangarrayi, Marra, Maningrida, Ngalakgan, Bininj Kunwok (Gunwinggu), Warndarrang, Uwinymil, Gaagudju, Dalabon, Kunbarlang, Rembarrnga, Nunggubuyu, Jawoyn, Warray, Ngandi

Yangmanic, including Wardaman, had once been included in Gunwinyguan, but has been removed from recent classifications.

## External classification

Evans (1997) proposes that these languages are related to Pama–Nyungan in a family he calls Macro-Pama–Nyungan, but this has not yet been demonstrated.[14]

In 2003, he proposed that they are also related to the Eastern Daly languages.[15]

## Vocabulary

Capell (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Gunwinyguan languages:[16]

gloss  | Gunwinggu | Gunbarlang | Ngaɖi

|
|
|

man  | biniṉ | giɖimarg | ŋarga
woman  | muli‘muliŋ | baramimbaṉ | gandar
head  | gungɔidj | gɔidjgɔidj | waːlu
eye  | gunmin | wumu | milba
nose  | gungɛb | wumɛːli | mulju
mouth  | gundaŋ | djaːɖɛɽ | lira
tongue  | gundjɛn | ŋaːg | djälaṉ
stomach  | gunjan | mugmaɳɖi | djaːla
bone  | gunmuruŋ | gɛːgɛg | gidji
blood  | gungulba | moɭobin | djugän
kangaroo  | gɔɳɔbɔlɔ | goːin | djädji
opossum  | djɛːbui | gundärbu | djaŋana
emu  | gurugaiju | maɳɖɛb |
crow  | waːg | djidaːwun | djäŋilga
fly  | bɔːd | mog | ŋurin
sun  | gunduŋ | gaːnag | bɽaŋu
moon  | diːd | wurana | jagan
fire  | gunɽag | wiɖidj | waɭu
smoke  | gundɔlŋ | wungawu | gundjuru
water  | gunɽɔin | njunjug | ŋaba

Capell (1942) lists the following additional basic vocabulary items for the Gunwinyguan languages:[17]

gloss | Southern Gunwinggu | Muralidban | Andiljaugwa | Nunggubuyu | Wandarang | Ngandi | Rainbarngo | Buan | Gundangbon

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

man  | binin | binin | nanamamalja | nawarinjuŋ | nawaɽiji | nijul | biː | jawurin | biji
woman  | dalug | ŋalwareːrulg | wudáriŋga | ŋaramaninjuŋ | ŋiwoibi | namanaŋ | diŋ‘ | giɖigiɖ | girigidj
head  | gungoidj | gungoidan | ariŋga | jinag | wugululu | gulaŋ | djara | gɔidj | gɔidj
eye  | gunmiːm | gunmiːm | meːnba | bagaɭa | mamaguɽ | maŋandjula | gaindjulja | mïmï | mumu
nose  | gungəb | gungəb | aminda | jɔmɔːr | wundjíriba | gwijiban | giːja | djɛː | djɛː
mouth  | gundaŋ | gundaŋ | adira | ɽamadan | wuŋaːndal | gudagula | diːjälŋ | daːləː | dalugaɽa‘
tongue  | gundjen | gundjen | aljäljigba | laːn | wudjijil | gudälŋ | diːjälŋ | dɛl | djɛn
stomach  | gunjam | gunmelem | mulgwa | ŋuɖan | wuŋandja | mowara | giːna | guː | ŋu‘
bone  | gunmuruŋ | gunmuruŋ | adidira | ŋagaɽa | wuŋaɽaga | guŋaɽaga | balmana | mɔː | mɔː
blood  | gungulba | gungulba | meːra | wulaŋ | maŋulidji | mabaɳgo | gulbana | guraidj | gulba
kangaroo  | goɳobolo | gundagi | juburáda | ŋargọ | mulbia | mulbia | bulaidj-bulaidj | guiṉ | guiṉ
opossum  | djɛːbui | duri | juguŋba | jirgi | ajirgin | aɖawa | marŋo | dugula | dugula
emu  | gurugaiju |  |  | wajin | ŋiwurugan | awurban |  | ŋuroɖo | ŋuroɖo
crow  | waːg | waːg | jiŋwa | wɔːwag | waɽgwaɽg | awa‘wa | wa‘wa‘ | wa‘wa‘ | wa‘wa‘
fly  | bɔːd | bɔːd | juwama | amun | awamun | abɔd | buad | mɔɽ | bɔːd
sun  | gunduŋ | ŋalbɛnbe | mamaːwura | aɭir | ŋinguŋaru | mawaɭir | muda | walir | bɛbagar
moon  | diːɖ | diːɖ | jimaːwura | labama | nadaŋadaŋa | nigurŋa | gurŋa | diɖ | gurŋa
fire  | gunag | gunag | aŋuɽa | ŋuɽa | wuŋambur | gudaŋi | ŋuɽa | mimäl | mimäl
smoke  | gundɔlŋ | gundɔlŋ | aŋwara | wuŋuban | wundular | gubán | dɔːɭŋ | dɔlgnɔ | djunör
water  | gogo | gunɽɔːṉ | aguŋwa | agogo | wuŋaladja | gujärg | djula | waː | waː

## Proto-language

Proto-Gunwinyguan

Reconstruction of| Gunwinyguan languages

Below are some reconstructed Proto-Gunwinyguan (i.e., Proto-Gunwinyguan proper) animal and plant names from Harvey (2003):[18]

Proto-Gunwinyguan animal names  no. | gloss | Proto-Gunwinyguan

|
|

8 | gudgeon sp. | *cakorlk
10 | centipede | *calarr
18 | death adder | *campVn/rn
26 | frill-necked lizard | *cangkurr
31 | quoll | *cappo
32 | long-horned grasshopper | *cappurtenyqrteny
35 | crayfish | *carla
38 | jabiru | *carnarran
39 | whimbrel | *carnpalcarnpal
42 | water goanna | *carrkka
44 | female agile wallaby | *carrurtrtu
49 | green tree frog | *catngerecngerec
53 | koel | *cawok
70 | rifle fish | *cetperte
77 | willy wagtail | *cikirricikirric
80 | whistleduck | *cilikuypi
96 | quail | *cirrirnrti(t)
102 | bony bream | *cirrpili
103 | whistleduck | *cirrpiyuk
105 | scorpion | *co(wo)c
107 | hornet | *cokparl
108 | carpet snake | *cokpiny
121 | nail-tailed wallaby | *cotet
127 | water goanna | *cucca
128 | female black wallaby | *cukerre
138 | bowerbird | *curerrk
139 | kingfisher sp. | *curk
142 | black-headed python | *curn
143 | rock wallaby | *curnrtupolq
145 | taipan | *currang
148 | tawny frogmouth, owl sp. | *currul
152 | kangaroo rat | *Cakot
154 | fishtail palm | *Calmarr
173 | tawny frogmouth | *Cawarl
178 | willy wagtail | *Ciningkirric
215 | jabiru | *kanci
230 | bony bream | *karlarlppa
232 | Long Tom fish | *karlerrq
237 | black cockatoo | *karnamarr
238 | black flying fox | *karnampal
239 | emu, large feathers on emu | *karnanganyca
241 | big bandicoot | *karnma
249 | dingo | *karnrteken
253 | black cockatoo | *karrak
255 | spoonbill | *karral/rla
264 | goshawk | *karrkkany
275 | dingo | *kawirVq
276 | nankeen night heron | *kawk
277 | friarbird | *kaworlk
336 | kookaburra | *korrowkkorrow
344 | echidna | *kowarrang
347 | freshwater crocodile | *koyow
353 | emu | *kulppiny
359 | tawny frogmouth | *kuluyqkuluy
364 | blue-tongue lizard | *kungar(l)ak
369 | black-headed python | *kunungu
374 | paperbark sp. | *kurlkurl
378 | ibis sp. | *kurnrtirnrtirn
384 | blue-tongue lizard | *kurri
385 | blue-tongue lizard | *kurrmul/rlu
388 | olive python | *kurrucartu
405 | saltwater crocodile | *kVngV
408 | kookaburra | *kVrVwVk
417 | sugar glider | *Lampalk
433 | spotted bream | *Leppal
442 | black cockatoo | *Lirrapin
448 | butcherbird | *Lopolopo
464 | black-headed python | *maccurn
467 | pelican | *makkakkurr
485 | echidna | *manappurn
495 | centipede | *marla
511 | water goanna | *marrampal
523 | friarbird | *martawk
528 | barramundi | *martpiny
530 | barramundi | *martukkal
561 | blue-tongue lizard | *milqtarl
570 | barramundi | *mirricci
586 | blue-tongue lizard | *morlel
598 | rainbow serpent | *muc
617 | spoonbill | *muqmu
625 | flying fox | *murru
637 | frogmouth | *Na-cik
639 | barramundi | *Namarnkorl
644 | black flying fox | *Nangamung
645 | saltwater crocodile | *Nangkurru
664 | grey-crowned babbler | *ngakngak
667 | white corella | *ngalelek
684 | white cockatoo | *ngarrac
685 | saratoga | *ngarrayarl
687 | short-necked turtle | *ngart
690 | rifle fish | *ngatpan
702 | white cockatoo | *ngerrk
756 | tree rat; quoll | *pakkaci
801 | spotted nightjar | *parnangka
807 | kookaburra | *parraca
808 | darter (bird sp.) | *parrakparrak
812 | black wallaroo | *parrk
820 | march fly | *partrti
824 | pelican | *paya
827 | file snake | *pekka
831 | gecko spp. | *pelerrk
839 | bustard | *penuk
845 | plover | *perrepperrep
846 | rainbow bee-eater | *perrertperrert
847 | masked plover | *pettelerrelerre
850 | file snake | *piccirri
856 | galah | *pilkpilk
866 | barramundi | *pirlmu
873 | glossy ibis | *pirnrtu
887 | archer fish | *poccalk
904 | water python | *porlokko
906 | brolga | *pornorrong
915 | velvet-tailed gecko | *poywek
923 | pheasant | *pukpuk
932 | ghost bat | *pumapuma
934 | file snake | *punupun
941 | water goanna | *purarr
954 | water python | *purrurtci
963 | red-eyed pigeon | *rakul
976 | Torresian imperial pigeon | *rumuq
981 | sand goanna | *Talak
997 | black cockatoo | *Tarrapiya
1009 | plover | *Tetterran
1012 | dollar bird | *Tewtew
1020 | peewee | *Tirlkrtirlk
1024 | moon; moon snake | *Tirt
1025 | wedge-tailed eagle | *Tiwana
1034 | rock wallaby | *Torriya
1045 | ring-tailed possum | *Tukula
1049 | bony bream | *Tulukkurr
1067 | green tree frog | *thakparrarraq
1093 | Long Tom fish | *thumpi
1097 | bandicoot | *thungkaq
1100 | king brown snake | *T(h)atpe
1115 | crow | *wakwak
1123 | bustard | *walppurrungku
1171 | butcherbird | *warrkcirt
1196 | rainbow fish | *werec
1206 | possum | *wirik
1216 | bird sp.; rainbow bee-eater; kingfisher; whipbirds | *wirritwirrit
1217 | black-faced cuckooshrike | *wirriwirriyak
1231 | cockroach | *wor(o)cwor(o)c
1244 | possum sp. | *wumpu
1274 | yabby | *yarr
1291 | bird sp.; mopoke; kite | *yerr/riny
1303 | water rat | *yirrkkup
1314 | lightning; rain; Leichhardt's grasshopper [seen in wet season] | *yurr

Proto-Gunwinyguan plant names  no. | gloss | Proto-Gunwinyguan

|
|

2 | Grevillea pteridifolia | *caca ~ *yacca
12 | spinifex | *calng
30 | wattle sp. | *capec
36 | king brown snake | *carlung
40 | banyan | *carnqpa
54 | water lily stem | *cawqcaw
60 | Grevillea sp. | *cenkererr
63 | milkwood | *cenycok
67 | pandanus mat | *cerrpe
82 | Capparis umbonata | *ciliwirn
85 | Pandanus aquaticus | *cimcim
93 | mistletoe | *cirnirrin/ny
141 | lancewood | *curluq
223 | ironwood | *kappay
235 | freshwater mangrove | *karlngka/iny
236 | wattle sp., woomera type | *karlppu
244 | Acacia sp. | *karnpirr
258 | spinifex sp. | *karrarnrtalk
278 | tree sp., Gardenia megasperma, Capparis umbonata | *kayapam
321 | plant sp., bush potato | *kongkong
329 | Planchonia careya | *korlq
334 | pandanus husk | *korrmo
341 | paperbark | *kot
345 | paperbark humpy, bark of stringybark | *kowk
377 | black plum | *kurnrtalq
379 | Flacourtia territorialis | *kurnrtun/rn
398 | Terminalia grandiflora | *kutt/rtrtu
402 | Banksia dentata | *kuypuk
431 | Opilia amentacea | *Leklek
461 | wild passionfruit | *ma(rt)rtawk
482 | Canthium lucidum | *mamtak
513 | palm sp., Cycas media | *marrappi
527 | eucalyptus sp. | *martpa
529 | paperbark, deep coolamon | *martu
576 | nut of pandanus | *moc
599 | coolibah | *muccu
602 | paperbark sp. | *mul/rlmu
604 | conkerberry | *mululuk
607 | ironwood | *mulyurruny
627 | black currant | *murrungkurn
677 | eucalyptus sp. | *ngapak
689 | cycad | *ngaththu
704 | black currant | *ngik
708 | pandanus sp. | *ngokngo
711 | river red gum | *ngolongkoq
776 | Ficus opposita | *pampul/rla
802 | Owenia vernicosa | *parnarr
825 | green plum | *pe/irrke/iq
826 | quinine tree | *pecca
843 | eucalyptus sp. | *pernpern
865 | Acacia holosericea | *pirliwirli
880 | tea tree | *pirtippirti
896 | Dalabon | *pon
898 | wattle sp. | *pongka
925 | paperbark sp. | *pul(p)pul
935 | clump of bamboo; Bambusa arnhemica | *-puny
953 | Cassytha filiformis | *purrurnpurrurn
955 | Xanthostemon paradoxus | *purt/lu
958 | tree sp. - Brachychiton diversifolium | *putput
962 | paperbark | *rakkalaq
971 | pandanus | *rok
977 | ridge; blacksoil area; grass used in corroborees | *ruwurr
999 | Phragmites | *Tarrin
1058 | Leichhardt tree | *Tupal
1089 | quinine brush | *thorrowq
1091 | Acacia holosericea | *thukkul
1095 | Canthium attenuatum, Exocarpos latifolius | *thumuk
1096 | bloodwood | *thumurluk
1101 | pandanus | *T(h)ayarr
1154 | vine sp. - Cynanchum pedunculatum | *warnpek
1169 | plant sp.; Exocarpos latifolus; lemon grass | *warrinycalan
1181 | Grevillea pteridifolia | *watpar
1239 | black plum | *wucal
1259 | pandanus | *yakngarra

## References

1. ↑ "Tiwi" (in en-US). https://www.sorosoro.org/en/tiwi/.
2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Gunwinyguan". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gunw1250.
3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Maningrida". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mani1293.
4. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Mangarrayi-Maran". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/mang1423.
5. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kungarakany". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kung1259.
6. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Gaagudju". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gaga1251.
7. ↑ Bowern, Claire and Harold Koch, 2004. Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, p 44
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Green, Rebecca (2003). "Proto-Maningrida within Proto-Arnhem: evidence from verbal inflectional suffixes". in Nicholas Evans. The Non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia. Pacific Linguistics 552. Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 369–421. doi:10.15144/PL-552. ISBN 9780858835382.
9. ↑ Sharpe, Margaret C. (2008). "Alawa and its Neighbours: Enigma Variations 1 and 2". in Bowern, Claire; Evans, Bethwyn; Miceli, Luisa. Morphology and Language History: In honour of Harold Koch. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 59–70. ISBN 9789027290960. https://books.google.com/books?id=NaY5AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA59.
10. ↑ N92 Alawa at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
11. ↑ Heath, Jeffrey, 1990, A case of intensive lexical diffusion: Arnhem Land, Australia
12. ↑ Van Egmond, M-E. (2012). "Enindhilyakwa phonology, morphosyntax and genetic position." Doctoral thesis. University of Sydney. pp. 314–70. hdl:2123/8747
13. ↑ Bowern, C. (2017). "Language isolates of Australia." in Campbell, L., ed. Language Isolates. Abingdon: Routledge: 323–43
14. ↑ McConvell, Patrick and Nicholas Evans. (eds.) 1997. Archaeology and Linguistics: Global Perspectives on Ancient Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press
15. ↑ Evans, Nicholas, 2003, The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia
16. ↑ Capell, Arthur. 1940. The Classification of Languages in North and North-West Australia. Oceania 10(3): 241-272, 404-433. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1940.tb00292.x
17. ↑ Capell, Arthur. 1941-1942, 1942-1943. Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia. Oceania 12: 364-392, 13: 24-51.
18. ↑ Harvey, Mark. 2003. An initial reconstruction of Proto Gunwinyguan phonology. In Evans, Nicholas (ed.), The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region, 205-268. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

Template:Pama–Nyungan languages Template:Australian Aboriginal languages

* v
* t
* e

Primary language families

Africa|

* Afroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Khoe–Kwadi
* Kx'a
* Niger–Congo
* Nilo-Saharan?
* Tuu
* Mande?
* Songhay?
* Ijaw?
* Ubangian?
* Kadu?

| Isolates|

* Bangime
* Hadza
* Jalaa
* Sandawe
* Laal?
* Shabo?

|

Europe
and Asia|

* Afroasiatic
* Ainu
* Austroasiatic
* Austronesian
* Chukotko-Kamchatkan
* Dravidian
* Eskimo–Aleut
* Great Andamanese
* Hmong–Mien
* Hurro-Urartian
* Indo-European
* Japonic
* Kartvelian
* Koreanic
* Kra–Dai
* Mongolic
* Nivkh
* Northeast Caucasian
* Northwest Caucasian
* Ongan
* Sino-Tibetan
* Tungusic
* Turkic
* Tyrsenian
* Uralic
* Yeniseian
* Yukaghir
* Digaro?
* Hrusish?
* Kho-Bwa?
* Miju?
* Siangic?

| Isolates|

* Basque
* Burushaski
* Elamite
* Hattic
* Kusunda
* Nihali
* Sumerian

|

New Guinea
and the Pacific|

* Arai–Samaia
* Austronesian
* Binanderean–Goilalan
* Border
* Bulaka River
* Central Solomons
* Chimbu–Wahgi
* Doso–Turumsa
* East Geelvink Bay
* East New Britain
* East Strickland
* Eleman
* Engan
* Fas
* Kaure–Kosare
* Kiwaian
* Kutubuan
* Kwomtari
* Lakes Plain
* Lower Mamberamo
* Lower Sepik
* Madang
* Mairasi
* North Bougainville
* Pauwasi
* Ramu
* Senagi
* Sentani
* Sepik
* Skou
* South Bougainville
* Teberan
* Tor–Kwerba–Nimboran
* Torricelli
* Trans-Fly
* Trans–New Guinea
* Turama–Kikorian
* Upper Yuat
* West Papuan
* Yam
* Yawa
* Yuat
* Northwest Papuan?
* Papuan Gulf?

| Isolates|

* Abinomn
* Abun
* Anêm?
* Ata?
* Kol
* Kuot
* Maybrat
* Mpur
* Porome
* Taiap?
* Pawaia
* Porome
* Sulka?
* Tambora
* Wiru

|

Australia|

* Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan?
* Bunuban
* Darwin Region?
* Eastern Daly
* Eastern Tasmanian
* Garawan
* Iwaidjan
* Jarrakan
* Marrku–Wurrugu?
* Mirndi
* Northern Tasmanian
* Northeastern Tasmanian
* Nyulnyulan
* Pama–Nyungan
* Southern Daly?
* Tangkic
* Wagaydyic
* Western Daly
* Western Tasmanian
* Worrorran
* Yangmanic (incl. Wagiman)?

| Isolates|

* Giimbiyu
* Malak-Malak (Northern Daly?)
* Tiwi

|

North
America|

* Algic
* Alsea
* Caddoan
* Chimakuan
* Chinookan
* Chumashan
* Comecrudan
* Coosan
* Eskimo–Aleut
* Iroquoian
* Kalapuyan
* Keresan
* Maiduan
* Muskogean
* Na-Dene
* Palaihnihan
* Plateau Penutian
* Pomoan
* Salishan
* Shastan
* Siouan
* Tanoan
* Tsimshianic
* Utian
* Uto-Aztecan
* Wakashan
* Wintuan
* Yukian
* Yuman–Cochimí

| Isolates|

* Chimariko
* Esselen
* Haida
* Karuk
* Kutenai
* Seri
* Siuslaw
* Takelma
* Timucua
* Waikuri
* Washo
* Yana
* Yokuts
* Yuchi
* Zuni

|

Mesoamerica|

* Chibchan
* Jicaquean
* Lencan
* Mayan
* Misumalpan
* Mixe–Zoque
* Oto-Manguean
* Tequistlatecan
* Totonacan
* Uto-Aztecan
* Xincan

| Isolates|

* Cuitlatec
* Huave
* Tarascan/Purépecha

|

South
America|

* Andoque–Urequena
* Arauan
* Araucanian
* Arawakan
* Arutani–Sape
* Aymaran
* Barbacoan
* Boran
* Cahuapanan
* Cariban
* Catacaoan
* Chapacuran
* Charruan
* Chibchan
* Choco
* Chonan
* Guaicuruan
* Guajiboan
* Harákmbut–Katukinan
* Jirajaran
* Jivaroan
* Katembri–Taruma
* Mascoian
* Matacoan
* Nadahup
* Nambikwaran
* Otomákoan
* Pano-Tacanan
* Peba–Yaguan
* Quechuan
* Piaroa–Saliban
* Ticuna–Yuri
* Timotean
* Tiniguan
* Tucanoan
* Tupian
* Uru–Chipaya
* Witotoan
* Yanomaman
* Zamucoan
* Zaparoan
* Bora–Witoto languages?
* Chimuan?
* Esmeralda–Yaruro?
* Hibito–Cholón?
* Lule–Vilela?
* Macro-Jê?
* Tequiraca–Canichana?

| Isolates
(extant in 2000)|

* Aikanã?
* Alacalufan
* Camsá
* Candoshi
* Chimane
* Chiquitano
* Cofán?
* Fulniô
* Guató
* Hodï/Joti
* Irantxe?
* Itonama
* Kunza
* Leco
* Maku-Auari of Roraima
* Movima
* Mura-Pirahã
* Nukak?
* Puinave
* Huaorani/Waorani
* Trumai
* Urarina
* Warao
* Yamana
* Yuracaré

|

Sign languages|

* Arab
* BANZSL
* Chinese
* Francosign
* Germanosign
* Indo-Pakistani
* Japanese
* Original Thai
* Swedish
* Tanzanian?

| Isolates|

* See list of sign languages

|

See also|

* Language isolates
* Unclassified languages
* Creoles
* Pidgins
* Mixed languages
* Artificial languages

* Families in italics have no living members.
* Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan languages. Read more

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