Cd (command)

Short description: Computer command in various operating systems

cd / chdir

The `cd` command in an rc session running on Plan 9 from Bell Labs

Developer(s)| AT&T Bell Laboratories, MetaComCo, Microsoft, IBM, DR, Novell, HP, JP Software, ReactOS Contributors
Operating system| Unix, Unix-like, V, DOS, MSX-DOS, FlexOS, OS/2, TRIPOS, Windows, MPE/iX, Plan 9, Inferno, ReactOS, KolibriOS, SymbOS
Platform| Cross-platform
Type| Command

The `cd` command, also known as `chdir` (change directory), is a command-line shell command used to change the current working directory in various operating systems. It can be used in shell scripts and batch files.

## Contents

* 1 Implementations
* 2 Usage
* 3 Options
* 3.1 Unix, Unix-like
* 3.2 DOS, OS/2, Windows, ReactOS
* 4 Interpreters other than an operating systems shell
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 Further reading
* 8 External links

## Implementations

The command has been implemented in operating systems such as Unix, DOS, IBM OS/2,[1] MetaComCo TRIPOS,[2] AmigaOS[3] (where if a bare path is given, cd is implied), Microsoft Windows, ReactOS,[4] and Linux. On MS-DOS, it is available in versions 2 and later.[5] DR DOS 6.0 also includes an implementation of the `cd` and `chdir` commands.[6] The command is also available in the open source MS-DOS emulator DOSBox and in the EFI shell.[7] It is named `chdir` in HP MPE/iX.[8] The command is analogous to the Stratus OpenVOS `change_current_dir` command.[9]

`cd` is frequently included built directly into a command-line interpreter. This is the case in most of the Unix shells (Bourne shell, tcsh, bash, etc.), `cmd.exe` on Microsoft Windows NT/2000\+ and Windows PowerShell on Windows 7\+ and `COMMAND.COM` on DOS/ Microsoft Windows 3.x-9x/ME.

The system call that effects the command in most operating systems is `chdir` that is defined by POSIX.

Command line shells on Windows usually use the Windows API to change the current working directory, whereas on Unix systems `cd` calls the `chdir()` POSIX C function. This means that when the command is executed, no new process is created to migrate to the other directory as is the case with other commands such as ls. Instead, the shell itself executes this command. This is because, when a new process is created, child process inherits the directory in which the parent process was created. If the `cd` command inherits the parent process' directory, then the objective of the command cd will never be achieved.

Windows PowerShell, Microsoft's object-oriented command line shell and scripting language, executes the `cd` command (cmdlet) within the shell's process. However, since PowerShell is based on the .NET Framework and has a different architecture than previous shells, all of PowerShell's cmdlets like `ls`, `rm` etc. run in the shell's process. Of course, this is not true for legacy commands which still run in a separate process.

## Usage

A directory is a logical section of a file system used to hold files. Directories may also contain other directories. The `cd` command can be used to change into a subdirectory, move back into the parent directory, move all the way back to the root directory or move to any given directory.

Consider the following subsection of a Unix filesystem, which shows a user's home directory (represented as `~`) with a file, `text.txt`, and three subdirectories.

A user's view of the file system in Unix-like systems begins with the home directory (often abbreviated to `~`). From there, the tree can spread into more subdirectories and/or files.

If the user's current working directory is the home directory (`~`), then entering the command `ls` followed by `cd games` might produce the following transcript:

user@wikipedia:~$ ls
workreports games encyclopedia text.txt
user@wikipedia:~$ cd games
user@wikipedia:~/games$

The user is now in the "games" directory.

A similar session in DOS (though the concept of a "home directory" may not apply, depending on the specific version[vague]) would look like this:

C:\> dir
workreports        <DIR>       Wed Oct 9th   9:01
games              <DIR>       Tue Oct 8th  14:32
encyclopedia       <DIR>       Mon Oct 1st  10:05
text        txt           1903 Thu Oct10th  12:43
C:\> cd games
C:\games>

DOS maintains separate working directories for each lettered drive, and also has the concept of a current working drive. The `cd` command can be used to change the working directory of the working drive or another lettered drive. Typing the drive letter as a command on its own changes the working drive, e.g. `C:`; alternatively, `cd` with the `/d` switch may be used to change the working drive and that drive's working directory in one step. Modern versions of Windows simulate this behaviour for backwards compatibility under CMD.EXE.[10]

Note that executing `cd` from the command line with no arguments has different effects in different operating systems. For example, if `cd` is executed without arguments in DOS, OS/2, or Windows, the current working directory is displayed (equivalent to Unix `pwd`). If `cd` is executed without arguments in Unix, the user is returned to the home directory.

Executing the `cd` command within a script or batch file also has different effects in different operating systems. In DOS, the caller's current directory can be directly altered by the batch file's use of this command. In Unix, the caller's current directory is not altered by the script's invocation of the `cd` command. This is because in Unix, the script is usually executed within a subshell.

## Options

### Unix, Unix-like

* `cd` by itself or `cd ~` will always put the user in their home directory.
* `cd .` will leave the user in the same directory they are currently in (i.e. the current directory won't change). This can be useful if the user's shell's internal code can't deal with the directory they are in being recreated; running `cd .` will place their shell in the recreated directory.
* `cd ~username` will put the user in the username's home directory.
* `cd dir` (without a `/`) will put the user in a subdirectory; for example, if they are in `/usr`, typing `cd bin` will put them in `/usr/bin`, while `cd /bin` puts them in `/bin`.
* `cd ..` will move the user up one directory. So, if they are `/usr/bin/tmp`, `cd ..` moves them to `/usr/bin`, while `cd ../..` moves them to `/usr` (i.e. up two levels). The user can use this indirection to access subdirectories too. So, from `/usr/bin/tmp`, they can use `cd ../../local` to go to `/usr/local`
* `cd -` will switch the user to the previous directory. For example, if they are in `/usr/bin/tmp`, and go to `/etc`, they can type `cd -` to go back to `/usr/bin/tmp`. The user can use this to toggle back and forth between two directories without pushd and popd.

### DOS, OS/2, Windows, ReactOS

* no attributes print the full path of the current directory.
* `-p` Print the final directory stack, just like dirs.
* `-n` Entries are wrapped before they reach the edge of the screen.
* `-v` entries are printed one per line, preceded by their stack positions.
* `cd\` (DOS and Windows only) returns to the root dir. Consequently, command `cd\subdir` always takes the user to the named subdirectory on the root directory, regardless of where they are located when the command is issued.

## Interpreters other than an operating systems shell

In the File Transfer Protocol, the respective command is spelled `CWD` in the control stream, but is available as `cd` in most client command-line programs. Some clients also have the `lcd` for changing the working directory locally.

The numerical computing environments MATLAB and GNU Octave include a `cd` function with similar functionality.[11][12] The command also pertains to command-line interpreters of various other application software.

## See also

* Directory structure
* pushd and popd
* chroot
* List of command-line interpreters

## References

1. ↑ "JaTomes Help – OS/2 Commands". http://www.jatomes.com/Help/Os2Cmd.php#CD.
2. ↑ "Introduction to Tripos". https://www.pagetable.com/docs/amigados_tripos/tripos_manuals.pdf.
3. ↑ Rügheimer, Hannes; Spanik, Christian (May 1, 1988). AmigaDOS quick reference. Grand Rapids, Mi : Abacus. ISBN 9781557550491. http://archive.org/details/1988-rugheimer-spanik-amigados-quick-reference.
4. ↑ "Reactos/reactos". 3 January 2022. https://github.com/reactos/reactos/blob/master/base/shell/cmd/internal.c.
5. ↑ Running MS-DOS Version 6.22 (20th Anniversary Edition), 6th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. 2003. ISBN 0-7356-1812-7.
6. ↑ "DR DOS 6.0 User Guide Optimisation and Configuration Tips". https://www.4corn.co.uk/archive/docs/DR DOS 6.0 User Guide-opt.pdf.
7. ↑ "EFI Shells and Scripting". Intel. http://software.intel.com/en-us/articles/efi-shells-and-scripting/.
8. ↑ "MPE/iX Command Reference Manual". http://www.teamnaconsulting.com/compresources/pdfs/c01687363.pdf.
9. ↑ "OpenVOS Commands Reference Manual". http://stratadoc.stratus.com/vos/19.1.0/r098-19/wwhelp/wwhimpl/common/html/r098-19.pdf.
10. ↑ "October 11, 2010". https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/2010/10/11.
11. ↑ "Change current folder – MATLAB cd". https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/cd.html.
12. ↑ "Function Reference: cd". https://octave.sourceforge.io/octave/function/cd.html.

## Further reading

* MS-DOS Commands: Microsoft Quick Reference, 4th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. 1990. ISBN 978-1-55615-289-4.
* John Paul Mueller (2007). Windows Administration at the Command Line for Windows Vista, Windows 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-16579-9.
* Barrett, Daniel J. (2012). Macintosh Terminal Pocket Guide: Take Command of Your Mac. O'Reilly. ISBN 978-1-4493-2898-6.

## External links

* Windows XP > Command-line reference A-Z > Chdir (Cd) from Microsoft TechNet
* `cd`: change the working directory – Commands & Utilities Reference, The Single UNIX Specification, Issue 7 from The Open Group

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