Timeline of Solar System exploration

Short description: none

Charted timeline of Solar System exploration through December 2014

This is a timeline of Solar System exploration ordering events in the exploration of the Solar System by date of spacecraft launch. It includes:

* All spacecraft that have left Earth orbit for the purposes of Solar System exploration (or were launched with that intention but failed), including lunar probes.
* A small number of pioneering or notable Earth-orbiting spacecraft.

It does not include:

* Centuries of terrestrial telescopic observation.
* The great majority of Earth-orbiting satellites.
* Space probes leaving Earth orbit that are not concerned with Solar System exploration (such as space telescopes targeted at distant galaxies, cosmic background radiation observatories, and so on).
* Probes that failed at launch.

The dates listed are launch dates, but the achievements noted may have occurred some time later—in some cases, a considerable time later (for example, Voyager 2, launched 20 August 1977, did not reach Neptune until 1989).

## Contents

* 1 1950s
* 2 1960s
* 3 1970s
* 4 1980s
* 5 1990s
* 6 2000s
* 7 2010s
* 8 2020s
* 9 Planned or scheduled
* 10 See also
* 11 References
* 12 External links

## 1950s

Sputnik 1 – First Earth orbiter Mission name  | Launch date  | Description  | Ref(s)

|
|
|

Sputnik 1 | 4 October 1957  | First Earth orbiter | [1][2]
Sputnik 2 | 3 November 1957  | Earth orbiter, first animal in orbit, a dog named Laika | [2][3][4]
Explorer 1 | 1 February 1958  | Earth orbiter; discovered Van Allen radiation belts  | [5]
Vanguard 1 | 17 March 1958  | Earth orbiter; oldest spacecraft still in Earth orbit  | [6]
Luna 1 | 2 January 1959  | First lunar flyby (attempted lunar impact?); first artificial satellite in heliocentric orbit.  | [7][8][9][10]
Pioneer 4 | 3 March 1959  | Lunar flyby  | [11][12]
Luna 2 | 12 September 1959  | First extraterrestrial impact and lunar impact, First artificial object on Moon | [10][13]
Luna 3 | 4 October 1959  | Lunar flyby; First images of another celestial body taken from space, most notably, the far side of Moon | [10][14]

## 1960s

Vostok 1 – First crewed Earth orbiter Mariner 2 – First successful Venus flyby Mariner 4 – First successful Mars flyby Luna 9 – First successful lunar lander Zond 5 – First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first terrestrials to circle the Moon Apollo 8 – First crewed lunar orbiter Apollo 11 – First crewed lunar landing Mission name  | Launch date  | Description  | Ref(s)

|
|
|

Pioneer 5 | 11 March 1960  | Interplanetary space investigations  | [15][16]
Venera 1 | 12 February 1961  | First probe to another planet; Venus flyby (contact lost before flyby)  | [17][18][19]
Vostok 1 | 12 April 1961  | First crewed Earth orbiter (Yuri Gagarin)  | [20][21]
Ranger 1 | 23 August 1961  | Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit)  | [22][23][24]
Ranger 2 | 18 November 1961  | Attempted lunar test flight (failed to leave Earth orbit)  | [24][25][26]
Ranger 3 | 26 January 1962  | Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon)  | [24][27][28]
Ranger 4 | 23 April 1962  | Lunar impact (but unintentionally became the first spacecraft to hit the lunar farside and returned no data)  | [24][29][30][31]
Mariner 2 | 27 August 1962  | First successful planetary encounter, First successful Venus flyby | [32][33][34]
Ranger 5 | 18 October 1962  | Attempted lunar impact (missed Moon)  | [24][35][36]
Mars 1 | 1 November 1962  | First probe to Mars: flyby (contact lost)  | [37][38]
Luna 4 | 2 April 1963  | Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon)  | [39][40]
Cosmos 21  | 11 November 1963  | Attempted Venera test flight?  | [41]
Ranger 6 | 30 January 1964  | Lunar impact (cameras failed)  | [42][43]
Zond 1 | 2 April 1964  | Venus flyby (contact lost)  | [44][45][46]
Ranger 7 | 28 July 1964  | Lunar impact (success)  | [47][48][49]
Voskhod 1 | 12 October 1964  | First orbiter with multimember crew | [50][51]
Mariner 3 | 5 November 1964  | Attempted Mars flyby (failed to attain correct trajectory)  | [52][53]
Mariner 4 | 28 November 1964  | First successful Mars flyby (taking the first close-up image of another planet)[54] | [55][56]
Zond 2 | 30 November 1964  | Mars flyby (contact lost)  | [46][57][58]
Ranger 8 | 17 February 1965  | Lunar impact  | [59][60]
Voskhod 2 | 18 March 1965  | First space walk, by Alexei Leonov | [51][61]
Ranger 9 | 21 March 1965  | Lunar impact  | [62][63]
Lincoln Calibration Sphere 1 | 6 May 1965  | [64]
Luna 5 | 9 May 1965  | Lunar impact (attempted soft landing)  | [65]
Luna 6 | 8 June 1965  | Attempted lunar lander (missed Moon)  | [66]
Zond 3 | 18 July 1965  | Lunar flyby  | [46][67][68]
Luna 7 | 4 October 1965  | Lunar impact (attempted soft landing)  | [69]
Venera 2 | 12 November 1965  | Venus flyby (contact lost)  | [70][18]
Venera 3 | 16 November 1965  | Venus lander (contact lost) – First spacecraft to reach another planet's atmosphere and surface, First Venus impact | [71][18]
Luna 8 | 3 December 1965  | Lunar impact (attempted soft landing?)  | [72]
Pioneer 6 | 16 December 1965  | "Space weather" observations  | [73][74][75][76]
Luna 9 | 31 January 1966  | First extraterrestrial lander and lunar lander | [10][77]
Luna 10 | 31 March 1966  | First extraterrestrial orbiter (except heliocentric) and first lunar orbiter | [78]
Surveyor 1 | 30 May 1966  | Lunar lander  | [79][80][81]
Explorer 33 | 1 July 1966  | Attempted lunar orbiter (failed to attain lunar orbit)  | [82][83]
Lunar Orbiter 1 | 10 August 1966  | Lunar orbiter  | [84][85][86]
Pioneer 7 | 17 August 1966  | "Space weather" observations  | [76][87][88]
Luna 11 | 24 August 1966  | Lunar orbiter  | [89]
Surveyor 2 | 20 September 1966  | Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon)  | [90][91]
Luna 12 | 22 October 1966  | Lunar orbiter  | [92]
Lunar Orbiter 2 | 6 November 1966  | Lunar orbiter  | [93][94]
Luna 13 | 21 December 1966  | Lunar lander  | [95]
Lunar Orbiter 3 | 5 February 1967  | Lunar orbiter  | [96][97]
Surveyor 3 | 17 April 1967  | Lunar lander  | [98][99]
Lunar Orbiter 4 | 4 May 1967  | Lunar orbiter  | [100][101]
Venera 4 | 12 June 1967  | First functioning extraterrestrial atmospheric probe (Venus) | [18][102]
Mariner 5 | 14 June 1967  | Venus flyby  | [103][104]
Surveyor 4 | 14 July 1967  | Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon)  | [105][106]
Explorer 35 (IMP-E) | 19 July 1967  | Lunar orbiter  | [107]
Lunar Orbiter 5 | 1 August 1967  | Lunar orbiter  | [86][108][109]
Surveyor 5 | 8 September 1967  | Lunar lander  | [110][111]
Surveyor 6 | 7 November 1967  | Lunar lander, first lift-off from an extraterrestrial body | [80][112][113]
Apollo 4 | 9 November 1967  | Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed)  | [114]
Pioneer 8 | 13 December 1967  | "Space weather" observations  | [76][115][116]
Surveyor 7 | 7 January 1968  | Lunar lander  | [117][118]
Apollo 5 | 22 January 1968  | Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (uncrewed)  | [119][120]
Zond 4 | 2 March 1968  | Lunar programme test flight out of Earth orbit (uncrewed)  | [46][121][122][123]
Luna 14 | 7 April 1968  | Lunar orbiter  | [124]
Zond 5 | 14 September 1968  | First lunar flyby and return to Earth, first life forms to circle the Moon | [46][125][126][127][128]
Apollo 7 | 11 October 1968  | Lunar programme test flight in Earth orbit (crewed)  | [129][130]
Pioneer 9 | 8 November 1968  | "Space weather" observations  | [76][131][132]
Zond 6 | 10 November 1968  | Lunar flyby and return to Earth  | [46][133][134]
Apollo 8 | 21 December 1968  | First crewed spacecraft to leave Earth orbit, first crewed lunar orbiter | [130][135][136]
Venera 5 | 5 January 1969  | Venus atmospheric probe  | [18][137]
Venera 6 | 10 January 1969  | Venus atmospheric probe  | [18][138]
Mariner 6 | 25 February 1969  | Mars flyby  | [139][140]
Apollo 9 | 3 March 1969  | Crewed lunar lander (LEM) flight test in Earth orbit  | [130][141]
Mariner 7 | 27 March 1969  | Mars flyby  | [142][143]
Apollo 10 | 18 May 1969  | Crewed lunar orbiter  | [130][144][145]
Luna 15 | 13 July 1969  | Second attempted lunar sample return  | [146][147]
Apollo 11 | 16 July 1969  | First crewed lunar landing and first successful sample return mission | [148][149][150][151][152]
Zond 7 | 7 August 1969  | Lunar flyby and return to Earth  | [46][153][154]
Apollo 12 | 14 November 1969  | Crewed lunar landing  | [155][156][157]

## 1970s

Mars 3 – First Mars lander Pioneer 10 – First Jupiter flyby Mariner 10 – First Mercury flyby Voyager 2 – First Uranus/first Neptune flyby Mission name  | Launch date  | Description  | Ref(s)

|
|
|

Apollo 13 | 11 April 1970  | Crewed lunar flyby and return to Earth (crewed lunar landing aborted). Farthest from Earth a human traveled until Artemis II in 2026 (400,171 km).  | [158][159][160][161]
Venera 7 | 17 August 1970  | First Venus lander and the first spacecraft to "soft" land on another planet (with some data returned from the surface)  | [18][162][163]
Luna 16 | 12 September 1970  | First robotic lunar sample return | [10][164]
Zond 8 | 20 October 1970  | Lunar flyby and return to Earth  | [46][165][166]
Luna 17/Lunokhod 1 | 10 November 1970  | First remote controlled rover | [10][167]
Apollo 14 | 31 January 1971  | Crewed lunar landing  | [168][169][170]
Salyut 1 | 19 April 1971  | First space station | [171][172]
Mars 2 | 19 May 1971  | First Mars impact, Mars orbiter and attempted lander; First rover (Prop-M) sent to another planet (Mars)  | [173][174][175][176][177]
Mars 3 | 28 May 1971  | Mars orbiter (arrived after Mariner 9); First Mars lander (first image taken from the surface of another planet, though the received image did not show anything); First rover (Prop-M) to be landed but not deployed on another planet (Mars)  | [178][179][180][181][182]
Mariner 9 | 30 May 1971  | First to orbit another planet (Mars) | [183][184]
Apollo 15 | 26 July 1971  | Crewed lunar landing; First crewed lunar rover | [130][185][186][187]
Luna 18 | 2 September 1971  | Attempted lunar sample return (crashed into Moon)  | [188][189]
Luna 19 | 28 September 1971  | Lunar orbiter  | [190]
Luna 20 | 14 February 1972  | Lunar robotic sample return  | [191]
Pioneer 10 | 3 March 1972  | First Jupiter flyby | [192][193][75]
Venera 8 | 27 March 1972  | Venus lander  | [18][194][195]
Apollo 16 | 16 April 1972  | Crewed lunar landing  | [196][197][198]
Apollo 17 | 7 December 1972  | Last crewed lunar landing  | [199][200][201][202]
Luna 21/Lunokhod 2 | 8 January 1973  | Lunar rover  | [203]
Pioneer 11 | 5 April 1973  | Jupiter flyby and First Saturn flyby | [75][204][205]
Explorer 49 (RAE-B) | 10 June 1973  | Lunar orbiter/radio astronomy | [206][207]
Mars 4 | 21 July 1973  | Mars flyby (attempted Mars orbiter)  | [208][209]
Mars 5 | 25 July 1973  | Mars orbiter  | [210][211]
Mars 6 | 5 August 1973  | Mars flyby and attempted lander (failed due to damage on Mars landing)  | [212][213]
Mars 7 | 9 August 1973  | Mars flyby and attempted lander (missed Mars)  | [214][215]
Mariner 10 | 3 November 1973  | Lunar and Venus flybys in addition to the First Mercury flyby | [216][217][218][219]
Luna 22 | 29 May 1974  | Lunar orbiter  | [10][220]
Luna 23 | 28 October 1974  | Attempted lunar sample return (failed due to damage on lunar landing)  | [221]
Helios-A  | 10 December 1974  | Solar observations  | [222][223]
Venera 9 | 8 June 1975  | First Venus orbiter and lander; First successful images from the surface of another planet (Venus) | [18][224][225][226]
Venera 10 | 14 June 1975  | Venus orbiter and lander  | [18][227][228][229]
Viking 1 | 20 August 1975  | Mars orbiter and lander; First clear pictures from Martian surface | [230][231][232][233]
Viking 2 | 9 September 1975  | Mars orbiter and lander  | [233][234][235][236]
Helios-B  | 15 January 1976  | Solar observations  | [237][238]
Luna 24 | 9 August 1976  | Lunar robotic sample return  | [10][239]
Voyager 2 | 20 August 1977  | Jupiter/Saturn/first Uranus/first Neptune flyby | [240][241][242]
Voyager 1 | 5 September 1977  | Jupiter/Saturn flyby, first to exit the heliosphere | [242][243][244]
Pioneer Venus 1  | 20 May 1978  | Venus orbiter  | [245][246]
Pioneer Venus 2  | 8 August 1978  | Venus atmospheric probes  | [247][248]
23px ISEE-3  | 12 August 1978  | Solar wind investigations; later redesignated International Cometary Explorer and performed Comet Giacobini-Zinner and Comet Halley flybys – First comet flyby | [249][250][251]
Venera 11 | 9 September 1978  | Venus flyby and lander  | [18][252][253][254]
Venera 12 | 14 September 1978  | Venus flyby and lander  | [18][255][256][257]

## 1980s

Galileo – Mission to Jupiter Mission name  | Launch date  | Description  | Ref(s)

|
|
|

Venera 13 | 30 October 1981  | Venus flyby and lander. First recording of sound on another planet. | [18][258][259][260]
Venera 14 | 4 November 1981  | Venus flyby and lander  | [18][261][262][263]
Venera 15 | 2 June 1983  | Venus orbiter  | [18][264][265]
Venera 16 | 7 June 1983  | Venus orbiter  | [18][266][267]
Vega 1 | 15 December 1984  | Venus flyby, lander and first extraterrestrial aircraft (aerostat balloon); continued on to Comet Halley flyby  | [268][269][270][271][272]
Vega 2 | 21 December 1984  | Venus flyby, lander and balloon; continued on to Comet Halley flyby  | [272][273][274][275][276]
Sakigake | 8 January 1985  | Comet Halley flyby  | [277][278]
23px Giotto | 2 July 1985  | First close observation of comet (distance 596 kilometers), Comet Halley flyby  | [279][280][281]
Suisei (Planet-A)  | 18 August 1985  | Comet Halley flyby  | [282][283]
Mir | 19 February 1986  | First modular space station (operational 1986–2000; final module added 1996)  | [284][285][286]
Phobos 1 | 7 July 1988  | Attempted Mars orbiter/Phobos landers (contact lost)  | [287][288]
Phobos 2 | 12 July 1988  | Mars orbiter/attempted Phobos landers (contact lost)  | [289][290]
Magellan | 4 May 1989  | Venus orbiter  | [291][292]
Galileo | 18 October 1989  | Venus flyby, first Asteroid flyby (Gaspra), first Asteroid moon discovery (Dactyl), first Jupiter orbiter, first Jupiter atmospheric probe | [293][294][295][296]

## 1990s

Mars Pathfinder – Mars lander and the first successful Mars rover, Sojourner Cassini–Huygens – First Saturn orbiter and first Titan lander Mission name  | Launch date  | Description  | Ref(s)

|
|
|

Hiten (MUSES-A)  | 24 January 1990  | Lunar flyby and orbiter  | [297][298]
23px Hubble Space Telescope | 24 April 1990  | Orbital space telescope (operational since 1990[needs update])  | [299][300][301]
23px Ulysses | 6 October 1990  | Solar polar orbiter  | [302][303][304]
Yohkoh (Solar-A)  | 30 August 1991  | Solar observations (1991–2001)  | [305][306]
Mars Observer | 25 September 1992  | Attempted Mars orbiter (contact lost)  | [307][308]
Clementine | 25 January 1994  | Lunar orbiter/attempted asteroid flyby (contact lost)  | [309][310][311]
WIND | 1 November 1994  | Solar wind observations  | [312][313]
23px  SOHO | 2 December 1995  | Solar observatory (operational since 1996[needs update])  | [314][315][316]
NEAR Shoemaker | 17 February 1996  | Eros orbiter, first near-Earth asteroid flyby, first asteroid orbit and first asteroid landing | [317][318][319]
Mars Global Surveyor | 7 November 1996  | Mars orbiter  | [320][321]
Mars 96 | 16 November 1996  | Attempted Mars orbiter/landers (failed to escape Earth orbit)  | [322][323]
Mars Pathfinder | 4 December 1996  | Mars lander and first successful planetary rover | [324][325][326]
ACE | 25 August 1997  | Solar wind and "space weather" observations (operational since 1998[needs update])  | [327][328]
23px  Cassini–Huygens | 15 October 1997  | First Saturn orbiter and first outer planet moon lander (on Titan)  | [329][330][331][332][333]
Lunar Prospector | 7 January 1998  | Lunar orbiter  | [334][335]
Nozomi (Planet-B)  | 3 July 1998  | Attempted Mars orbiter (failed to enter Mars orbit)  | [336][337]
Deep Space 1 (DS1)  | 24 October 1998  | Asteroid and comet flyby  | [338][339]
23px  ISS  | 20 November 1998  | International space station  | [340][341]
Mars Climate Orbiter | 11 December 1998  | Attempted Mars orbiter (orbit insertion failed; entered atmosphere and was destroyed)  | [342][343]
Mars Polar Lander/Deep Space 2 (DS2)  | 3 January 1999  | Attempted Mars lander/penetrators (contact lost)  | [344][345][346]
Stardust | 7 February 1999  | First comet coma sample return (returned 15 January 2006)  | [347][348][349]

## 2000s

Mars Express/Beagle 2 – First planetary mission by the ESA MESSENGER – First Mercury orbiter Chandrayaan-1 – Water Around Fresh Moon Crater Mission name  | Launch date  | Description  | Ref(s)

|
|
|

2001 Mars Odyssey | 7 April 2001  | Mars orbiter  | [350][351]
Genesis | 8 August 2001  | First solar wind sample return | [352][353][354][355]
CONTOUR | 3 July 2002  | Attempted flyby of comet nuclei (Encke, Schwassmann-Wachmann-3, and optionally a third one; lost in space)  | [356][357]
Hayabusa (MUSES-C)  | 9 May 2003  | Asteroid lander and first sample return from asteroid | [358][359][360]
23px  Mars Express/Beagle 2 | 2 June 2003  | Mars orbiter/attempted lander (lander failure)  | [361][362][363][364]
Mars Exploration Rover Spirit | 10 June 2003  | Mars rover | [365][366]
Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity | 8 July 2003  | Mars rover  | [367][368]
23px SMART-1 | 27 September 2003  | Lunar orbiter  | [369][370]
23px Rosetta/Philae | 2 March 2004  | Asteroid Šteins and Lutetia flybys; first comet orbiter and lander (Landed in November 2014)  | [371][372][373][374]
MESSENGER | 3 August 2004  | First Mercury orbiter (Achieved orbit 18 March 2011)  | [375][376][377]
Deep Impact | 12 January 2005  | Comet flyby and impact  | [378][379][380][381]
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter | 12 August 2005  | Mars orbiter  | [382][383]
23px Venus Express | 9 November 2005  | Venus polar orbiter  | [384][385]
New Horizons | 19 January 2006  | First Pluto/Charon flyby (on 14 July 2015); continued on to 486958 Arrokoth flyby (on 1 January 2019)  | [386][387][388][389]
Hinode (Solar-B)  | 22 September 2006  | Solar orbiter  | [390][391]
STEREO | 26 October 2006  | Two spacecraft, solar orbiters  | [392][393][394]
Phoenix | 4 August 2007  | Mars polar lander (Mars landing on 25 May 2008)  | [395][396]
SELENE (Kaguya)  | 14 September 2007  | Lunar orbiters  | [397][398][399][400]
Dawn | 27 September 2007  | Asteroid Ceres and Vesta orbiter (Entered orbit around Vesta on 16 July 2011 and around Ceres on 6 March 2015)  | [401][402][403]
Chang'e 1 | 24 October 2007  | Lunar orbiter  | [404][405][406]
Chandrayaan-1 | 22 October 2008  | Lunar orbiter and impactor; discovered water on the Moon  | [407][408][409]
23px Herschel Space Observatory | 14 May 2009  | Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2 Lagrange point | [410][411]
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/LCROSS | 18 June 2009  | Lunar polar orbiter and lunar impactor  | [412][413][414][415]
WISE (NEOWISE)  | 14 December 2009  | Infrared survey of celestial sky (WISE mission); later Near-Earth object survey (NEOWISE mission)  | [416][417][418]

## 2010s

Mars Science Laboratory – Mars lander and large rover Mangalyaan – First Indian Mars orbiter Trace Gas Orbiter – ESA/Roscosmos Mars orbiter Mission name  | Launch date  | Description  | Ref(s)

|
|
|

Solar Dynamics Observatory | 11 February 2010  | Continuous solar monitoring  | [419][420]
Akatsuki (Planet-C)  | 20 May 2010  | Venus orbiter (orbit insertion failed in 2010 / successful orbit insertion on 7 December 2015)  | [421][422][423]
PICARD | 15 June 2010  | Solar monitoring  | [424][425]
Chang'e 2 | 1 October 2010  | Lunar orbiter, asteroid 4179 Toutatis flyby  | [406][426][427]
Juno | 5 August 2011  | Jupiter orbiter  | [428][429]
GRAIL  | 10 September 2011  | Two spacecraft, Lunar orbiters  | [430][431][432]
Fobos-Grunt and Yinghuo-1 | 8 November 2011  | Attempted Phobos sample return and Mars orbiter, respectively; both failed to escape Earth orbit  | [433][434]
Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover)  | 26 November 2011  | Mars rover (landed 6 August 2012)  | [435][436]
Van Allen Probes (RBSP)  | 30 August 2012  | Earth Van Allen radiation belts study  | [437][438][439]
IRIS | 28 June 2013  | Solar observations  | [440]
LADEE  | 7 September 2013  | Lunar orbiter  | [441][442]
Hisaki | 14 September 2013  | Planetary atmosphere observatory  | [443]
Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan)  | 5 November 2013  | Mars orbiter  | [444][445][446]
MAVEN | 18 November 2013  | Mars orbiter  | [447][448]
Chang'e 3 | 1 December 2013  | Lunar lander and rover (first lander since Soviet Luna 24 in 1976)  | [406][449][450][451]
Chang'e 5-T1 | 23 October 2014  | Circumlunar mission and Earth reentry; technology demonstration to prepare for Chang'e 5 mission  | [452]
Hayabusa2 / MASCOT | 3 December 2014  | Asteroid lander and sample return (sample returned 5 December 2020), first asteroid rover | [360][453][454]
PROCYON | 3 December 2014  | Comet observer and attempted asteroid flyby (engine failure)  | [455]
DSCOVR | 11 February 2015  | Solar observation  | [456][457]
23px  ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and EDM lander | 14 March 2016  | Mars orbiter and attempted lander (lander failure)  | [458][459]
OSIRIS-REx | 8 September 2016  | Asteroid sample return mission (sample returned 24 September 2023)  | [460][461]
InSight | 5 May 2018  | Mars lander  | [462][463]
Queqiao  | 20 May 2018  | Relay satellite for Chang'e 4 in Halo orbit around Earth–Moon L2 Lagrange point | [464]
Parker Solar Probe | 12 August 2018  | Solar corona probe, closest solar approach (0.04 AU)  | [465][466]
23px  BepiColombo | 19 October 2018  | Two Mercury orbiters (orbit insertion planned in November 2026)  | [467][468]
Chang'e 4 | 7 December 2018  | Lunar lander and rover, first landing on the lunar far side | [406][469][470]
Beresheet | 22 February 2019  | Attempted lunar lander (crashed into Moon)  | [471][472]
Chandrayaan-2 | 22 July 2019  | Lunar orbiter; attempted lander and rover (contact lost during final stage of descent)  | [473][474]

## 2020s

NASA's Perseverance rover  Mission name  | Launch date  | Description  | Ref(s)

|
|
|

23px Solar Orbiter | 10 February 2020  | Sun-observing satellite  | [475][476][477]
Mars Hope  | 19 July 2020  | Mars orbiter  | [478]
Tianwen-1 (Zhurong rover)  | 23 July 2020  | Mars orbiter, lander, and rover  | [479]
Mars 2020 (Perseverance rover and Ingenuity helicopter)  | 30 July 2020  | Mars rover and helicopter drone; first powered flight on another planet | [480][481][482]
Chang'e 5 | 23 November 2020  | Lunar sample return  | [406][483]
Lucy | 16 October 2021  | Flyby of six Jupiter trojans and two main belt asteroids  | [484][485]
DART / LICIACube | 24 November 2021  | Asteroid 65803 Didymos flyby, asteroid moon Dimorphos impactor  | [486][487]
23px  James Webb Space Telescope | 25 December 2021  | Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2 | [488][489]
CAPSTONE | 28 June 2022  | Lunar orbiter  | [490]
Danuri (KPLO)  | 5 August 2022  | Lunar orbiter  | [491]
Artemis 1 and 10 cubesats  | 16 November 2022  | Uncrewed lunar orbital test of Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System. The cubesats are launched as rideshares and will execute their own missions.  | [492]
Hakuto-R Mission 1 (Rashid rover) and Lunar Flashlight | 11 December 2022  | Lunar lander technology demonstration, lunar rover, and lunar orbiter launched together (crashed into Moon)  | [493][494][495]
23px JUICE | 14 April 2023  | Jupiter/Ganymede orbiter  | [496]
23px Euclid  | 1 July 2023  | Infrared space telescope at Sun–Earth L2 | [497]
Chandrayaan-3 | 14 July 2023  | Lunar orbiter, lander and rover; first soft landing near the lunar South Pole | [498][499]
Luna 25 | 10 August 2023  | Attempted lunar south pole lander (crashed into Moon)  | [500][501]
Aditya-L1 | 2 September 2023  | Sun-observing spacecraft at Sun–Earth L1 | [502]
SLIM (LEV-1, LEV-2)  | 6 September 2023  | Lunar flyby, lander and rovers  | [503][504]
Psyche | 13 October 2023  | Asteroid 16 Psyche orbiter  | [505]
Peregrine Mission One (including Iris and Colmena rovers)  | 8 January 2024  | Lunar lander and rovers (landing precluded)  | [506]
IM-1 Nova-C Odysseus (including EagleCam deployable camera)  | 15 February 2024  | Lunar landers  | [507]
DRO A/B  | 13 March 2024  | Lunar orbiters  | [508]
Queqiao-2 (including Tiandu-1 and 2)  | 20 March 2024  | Lunar orbiters  | [509]
Chang'e 6 (including Pakistan's ICUBE-Q cubesat)  | 3 May 2024  | Lunar sample return, rover and orbiters; first sample return from the lunar far side | [510][511]
23px Hera (3 orbiters)  | 7 October 2024  | Asteroid 65803 Didymos rendezvous  | [512]
Europa Clipper | 14 October 2024  | Jupiter orbiter, Currently in transit.  | [513][514][515]
Blue Ghost M1  | 15 January 2025  | Lunar lander, first private company to soft land on the Moon | [516]
Hakuto-R Mission 2 (including Tenacious rover)  | 15 January 2025  | Lunar lander and rover  | [516]
Intuitive Machines Nova-C IM-2

(including MAPP LV1, Micro-Nova, AstroAnt and Yaoki rover)

| 27 February 2025  | Lunar lander and rovers  |
Lunar Trailblazer | 27 February 2025  | Lunar orbiter  |
Brokkr-2  | 27 February 2025  | Asteroid flyby  |
Chimera GEO-1  | 27 February 2025  | Lunar flyby  |
Tianwen-2 (orbiters and landers)  | 29 May 2025  | Asteroid study and sample return  |
Carruthers Geocorona Observatory | 24 September 2025  | heliophysics mission  | [517]
Space Weather Follow On-Lagrange 1 | 24 September 2025  | heliophysics mission  | [517]
Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe | 24 September 2025  | heliophysics mission  | [517]
EscaPADE | 13 November 2025  | Two orbiters to Mars  | [518]
Artemis II | 1 April 2026  | Crewed lunar flyby; Farthest from Earth a human has gone (406,771 km) | [519]
23px  SMILE | 19 May 2026  | Solar storm research  | [520]

## Planned or scheduled

Main article: Astronomy:List of proposed Solar System spacecraft

## See also

* Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
* Human presence in space
* List of missions to the Moon
* List of missions to Venus
* List of missions to Mars
* List of Solar System probes
* List of interplanetary voyages
* List of space telescopes
* New Frontiers program
* Out of the Cradle – 1984 book about scientific speculation on future missions.
* Space Race
* Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
* Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons
* Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* Timeline of space exploration
* Timeline of space travel by nationality
* Timeline of spaceflight

## References

1. ↑ "Sputnik 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1957-001B.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Sputnik | satellites" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Sputnik.
3. ↑ "Sputnik 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1957-002A.
4. ↑ Garcia, Mark (2017-11-06). "60 years ago: The First Animal in Orbit". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/60-years-ago-the-first-animal-in-orbit.
5. ↑ "Explorer 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1958-001A.
6. ↑ "Vanguard 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1958-002B.
7. ↑ "Luna 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-012A.
8. ↑ Cavallaro, Umberto (2018-10-05) (in en). The Race to the Moon Chronicled in Stamps, Postcards, and Postmarks: A Story of Puffery vs. the Pragmatic. Springer. pp. 46. ISBN 9783319921532. https://books.google.com/books?id=A3xxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46.
9. ↑ JR, Wesley T. Huntress; Marov, Mikhail Ya (2011-06-28) (in en). Soviet Robots in the Solar System: Mission Technologies and Discoveries. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 77. ISBN 9781441978981. https://books.google.com/books?id=rgl_C0XrKTUC&pg=PA77. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 "Luna | space probe" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Luna-space-probe.
11. ↑ "Pioneer 4". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-013A.
12. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer 4". 14 November 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-4/in-depth.
13. ↑ "Luna 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-014A.
14. ↑ "Luna 3". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1959-008A.
15. ↑ "Pioneer 5". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1960-001A.
16. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer 5". 14 November 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-5/in-depth.
17. ↑ "Venera 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1961-003A.
18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 "Venera | Soviet space probes" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Venera.
19. ↑ Wright, John (2006-05-23) (in en). The New York Times Almanac 2002. Routledge. pp. 1649. ISBN 9781135455866. https://books.google.com/books?id=SHKPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1649. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
20. ↑ "Vostok 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1961-012A.
21. ↑ "Vostok | Soviet spacecraft" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Vostok-Soviet-spacecraft.
22. ↑ "Ranger 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1961-021A.
23. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 1". 15 November 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ranger-1/in-depth.
24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 "Ranger | space probe" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Ranger-space-probe.
25. ↑ "Ranger 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1961-032A.
26. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 2". 15 November 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ranger-2/in-depth.
27. ↑ "Ranger 3". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-001A.
28. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 3". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ranger-3/in-depth.
29. ↑ Williamson, Mark (1998). "Protecting the space environment: Are we doing enough?". Space Policy 14 (1): 5–8. doi:10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6.
30. ↑ "Ranger 4". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-012A.
31. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 4". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ranger-4/in-depth.
32. ↑ "Mariner 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-041A.
33. ↑ "In Depth | Mariner 02". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mariner-02/in-depth.
34. ↑ "Missions to Venus and Mercury" (in en). http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/space-missions/missions-to-venus-mercury.html.
35. ↑ "Ranger 5". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-055A.
36. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 5". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ranger-5/in-depth.
37. ↑ "Mars 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1962-061A.
38. ↑ "In Depth | Mars 01". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-01/in-depth.
39. ↑ "Luna 4". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-008B.
40. ↑ "In Depth | Luna 04". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/luna-04/in-depth.
41. ↑ "Cosmos 21". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-044A.
42. ↑ "Ranger 6". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-007A.
43. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 6". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ranger-6/in-depth.
44. ↑ "Zond 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-016D.
45. ↑ "In Depth | Zond 1". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/zond-1/in-depth.
46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 46.4 46.5 46.6 46.7 "Zond | space probe" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Zond.
47. ↑ "Ranger 7". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-041A.
48. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 7". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ranger-7/in-depth.
49. ↑ "Image of the Moon taken by a Ranger 7". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/ra7_b001.html.
50. ↑ "Voskhod 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-065A.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Voskhod | spacecraft" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Voskhod-spacecraft.
52. ↑ "Mariner 3". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-073A.
53. ↑ "In Depth | Mariner 03". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mariner-03/in-depth.
54. ↑ "Attempt to Take Pictures of Black Space Scrubbed". August 21, 1965. https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/attempt-to-take-pictures-of-black-space-scrubbed/.
55. ↑ "Mariner 4". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-077A.
56. ↑ "In Depth | Mariner 04". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mariner-04/in-depth.
57. ↑ "Zond 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1964-078C.
58. ↑ "In Depth | Zond 2". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/zond-2/in-depth.
59. ↑ "Ranger 8". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-010A.
60. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 8". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ranger-8/in-depth.
61. ↑ "Voskhod 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-022A.
62. ↑ "Ranger 9". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-023A.
63. ↑ "In Depth | Ranger 9". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ranger-9/in-depth.
64. ↑ "LCS 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-034C.
65. ↑ "Luna 5". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-036A.
66. ↑ "Luna 6". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-044A.
67. ↑ "Zond 3". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-056A.
68. ↑ "In Depth | Zond 3". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/zond-3/in-depth.
69. ↑ "Luna 7". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-077A.
70. ↑ "Venera 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-091A.
71. ↑ "Venera 3". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-092A.
72. ↑ "Luna 8". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-099A.
73. ↑ "Pioneer 6". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1965-105A.
74. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer 06". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-06/in-depth.
75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 "Pioneer | space probes" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Pioneer-space-probes.
76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 American Astronautical Society (2010-08-23) (in en). Space Exploration and Humanity: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes: A Historical Encyclopedia]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 244. ISBN 9781851095193. https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZNxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
77. ↑ "Luna 9". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-006A.
78. ↑ "Luna 10". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-027A.
79. ↑ "Surveyor 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-045A.
80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 "Surveyor | space probe" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Surveyor-space-probe.
81. ↑ "In Depth | Surveyor 1". 27 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/surveyor-1/in-depth.
82. ↑ "Explorer 33". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-058A.
83. ↑ "In Depth | Explorer 33". December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/explorer-33/in-depth.
84. ↑ "Lunar Orbiter 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-073A.
85. ↑ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 1". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunar-orbiter-1/in-depth.
86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 "Lunar Orbiter | spacecraft" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Lunar-Orbiter.
87. ↑ "Pioneer 7". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-075A.
88. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer 07". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-07/in-depth.
89. ↑ "Luna 11". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-078A.
90. ↑ "Surveyor 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-084A.
91. ↑ "In Depth | Surveyor 2". 27 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/surveyor-2/in-depth.
92. ↑ "Luna 12". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-094A.
93. ↑ "Lunar Orbiter 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-100A.
94. ↑ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 2". 8 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunar-orbiter-2/in-depth.
95. ↑ "Luna 13". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-116A.
96. ↑ "Lunar Orbiter 3". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-008A.
97. ↑ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 3". 8 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunar-orbiter-3/in-depth.
98. ↑ "Surveyor 3". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-035A.
99. ↑ "In Depth | Surveyor 3". 27 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/surveyor-3/in-depth.
100. ↑ "Lunar Orbiter 4". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-041A.
101. ↑ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 4". 8 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunar-orbiter-4/in-depth.
102. ↑ "Venera 4". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-058A.
103. ↑ "Mariner 5". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-060A.
104. ↑ "In Depth | Mariner 05". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mariner-05/in-depth.
105. ↑ "Surveyor 4". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-068A.
106. ↑ "In Depth | Surveyor 4". 27 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/surveyor-4/in-depth.
107. ↑ "Explorer 35". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-070A.
108. ↑ "Lunar Orbiter 5". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-075A.
109. ↑ "In Depth | Lunar Orbiter 5". 8 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunar-orbiter-5/in-depth.
110. ↑ "Surveyor 5". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-084A.
111. ↑ "In Depth | Surveyor 5". 27 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/surveyor-5/in-depth.
112. ↑ "Surveyor 6". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-112A.
113. ↑ "In Depth | Surveyor 6". 27 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/surveyor-6/in-depth.
114. ↑ "Apollo 4". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-113A.
115. ↑ "Pioneer 8". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-123A.
116. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer 08". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-08/in-depth.
117. ↑ "Surveyor 7". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-001A.
118. ↑ "In Depth | Surveyor 7". 27 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/surveyor-7/in-depth.
119. ↑ "Apollo 5". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-007A.
120. ↑ "Apollo 5 LM-1/Descent". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-007B.
121. ↑ "Zond 4". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-013A.
122. ↑ "In Depth | Zond 4". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/zond-4/in-depth.
123. ↑ Wong, Michael (2018-03-06). "50 Years Ago: Zond 4 launched successfully.". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-zond-4-launched-successfully.
124. ↑ "Luna 14". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-027A.
125. ↑ "Zond 5". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-076A.
126. ↑ "In Depth | Zond 5". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/zond-5/in-depth.
127. ↑ Mars, Kelli (2018-09-18). "50 Years Ago: On the Way to the Moon". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-on-the-way-to-the-moon-0. "the first living organisms to have made a circumlunar flight"
128. ↑ Greeley, R. (2013-04-17) (in en). Planetary Landscapes. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 20. ISBN 9781475722932. https://books.google.com/books?id=LgfkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
129. ↑ "Apollo 7". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-089A.
130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 130.2 130.3 130.4 "Apollo | History, Missions, & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/science/Apollo-space-program.
131. ↑ "Pioneer 9". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-100A.
132. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer 09". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-09/in-depth.
133. ↑ "Zond 6". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-101A.
134. ↑ "In Depth | Zond 6". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/zond-6/in-depth.
135. ↑ "Apollo 8". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1968-118A.
136. ↑ "In Depth | Apollo 8". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/apollo-8/in-depth.
137. ↑ "Venera 5". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-001A.
138. ↑ "Venera 6". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-002A.
139. ↑ "Mariner 6". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-014A.
140. ↑ "In Depth | Mariner 06". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mariner-06/in-depth.
141. ↑ "Apollo 9". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-018A.
142. ↑ "Mariner 7". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-030A.
143. ↑ "In Depth | Mariner 07". 25 January 2018. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mariner-07/in-depth.
144. ↑ "Apollo 10". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-043A.
145. ↑ "In Depth | Apollo 10". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/apollo-10/in-depth.
146. ↑ "Luna 15". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-058A.
147. ↑ "In Depth | Luna 15". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/luna-15/in-depth.
148. ↑ "Apollo 11 | Facts & Pictures" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apollo-11.
149. ↑ "In Depth | Apollo 11". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/apollo-11/in-depth.
150. ↑ "Apollo 11 Command and Service Module (CSM)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059A.
151. ↑ "Apollo 11 Lunar Module / EASEP". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-059C.
152. ↑ "Apollo 11 Lunar Sample Overview". https://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_11/samples/.
153. ↑ "Zond 7". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-067A.
154. ↑ "In Depth | Zond 7". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/zond-7/in-depth.
155. ↑ "Apollo 12 Command and Service Module (CSM)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-099A.
156. ↑ "Apollo 12 Lunar Module / ALSEP". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1969-099C.
157. ↑ "In Depth | Apollo 12". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/apollo-12/in-depth.
158. ↑ "Apollo 13 | United States spaceflight" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apollo-13-mission.
159. ↑ "Apollo 13 Command and Service Module (CSM)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-029A.
160. ↑ "Apollo 13 Lunar Module/ALSEP". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-029C.
161. ↑ "In Depth | Apollo 13". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/apollo-13/in-depth.
162. ↑ "Venera 7". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-060A.
163. ↑ "In Depth | Venera 7". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/venera-7/in-depth.
164. ↑ "Luna 16". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-072A.
165. ↑ "Zond 8". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1970-088A.
166. ↑ "In Depth | Zond 8". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/zond-8/in-depth.
167. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (2016-12-20). "Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover" (in en). https://www.space.com/35090-lunokhod-1.html.
168. ↑ "Apollo 14 Command and Service Module (CSM)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-008A.
169. ↑ "Apollo 14 Lunar Module /ALSEP". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-008C.
170. ↑ "In Depth | Apollo 14". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/apollo-14/in-depth.
171. ↑ "Salyut 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-032A.
172. ↑ "Salyut | History & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Salyut.
173. ↑ "Mars 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-045A.
174. ↑ "Mars 2 Lander". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-045D.
175. ↑ "In Depth | Mars 02". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-02/in-depth.
176. ↑ Coletta, Damon; Pilch, Frances T. (2009-10-16) (in en). Space and Defense Policy. Routledge. pp. 428. ISBN 9781135969653. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ieiqjz_pxQYC&pg=PT428. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
177. ↑ Genta, Giancarlo (2016-12-30) (in en). Next Stop Mars: The Why, How, and When of Human Missions. Springer. pp. 219. ISBN 9783319443119. https://books.google.com/books?id=HnrQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA219. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
178. ↑ "Mars 3". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-049A.
179. ↑ "Mars 3 Lander". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-049F.
180. ↑ "In Depth | Mars 03". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-03/in-depth.
181. ↑ "Mars - Spacecraft exploration" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/place/Mars-planet.
182. ↑ "NASA Mars Orbiter Images May Show 1971 Soviet Lander" (in en). https://mars.nasa.gov/news/1463/nasa-mars-orbiter-images-may-show-1971-soviet-lander. "Mars 3 became the first successful soft landing on the Red Planet, but stopped transmitting after just 14.5 seconds for unknown reasons."
183. ↑ "Mariner 9". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-051A.
184. ↑ "In Depth | Mariner 09". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mariner-09/in-depth.
185. ↑ "Apollo 15 Command and Service Module (CSM)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-063A.
186. ↑ "Apollo 15 Lunar Module /ALSEP". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-063C.
187. ↑ "In Depth | Apollo 15". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/apollo-15/in-depth.
188. ↑ "Luna 18". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-073A.
189. ↑ "In Depth | Luna 18". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/luna-18/in-depth.
190. ↑ "Luna 19". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1971-082A.
191. ↑ "Luna 20". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-007A.
192. ↑ "Pioneer 10". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-012A.
193. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer 10". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-10/in-depth.
194. ↑ "Venera 8". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-021A.
195. ↑ "In Depth | Venera 8". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/venera-8/in-depth.
196. ↑ "Apollo 16 Command and Service Module (CSM)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-031A.
197. ↑ "Apollo 16 Lunar Module /ALSEP". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-031C.
198. ↑ "In Depth | Apollo 16". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/apollo-16/in-depth.
199. ↑ "Apollo 17 | Overview & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/event/Apollo-17.
200. ↑ "Apollo 17 Command and Service Module (CSM)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-096A.
201. ↑ "Apollo 17 Lunar Module /ALSEP". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-096C.
202. ↑ "In Depth | Apollo 17". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/apollo-17/in-depth.
203. ↑ "Luna 21/Lunokhod 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-001A.
204. ↑ "Pioneer 11". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-019A.
205. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer 11". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-11/in-depth.
206. ↑ "RAE-B". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-039A.
207. ↑ "In Depth | Explorer 49". December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/explorer-49/in-depth.
208. ↑ "Mars 4". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-047A.
209. ↑ "In Depth | Mars 04". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-04/in-depth.
210. ↑ "Mars 5". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-049A.
211. ↑ "In Depth | Mars 05". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-05/in-depth.
212. ↑ "Mars 6". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-052A.
213. ↑ "In Depth | Mars 06". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-06/in-depth.
214. ↑ "Mars 7". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-053A.
215. ↑ "In Depth | Mars 07". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-07/in-depth.
216. ↑ "Ch5". https://history.nasa.gov/SP-424/ch5.htm.
217. ↑ "Mariner 10". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1973-085A.
218. ↑ "In Depth | Mariner 10". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mariner-10/in-depth.
219. ↑ "Mariner | United States space probes" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Mariner.
220. ↑ "Luna 22". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1974-037A.
221. ↑ "Luna 23". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1974-084A.
222. ↑ "Helios-A". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1974-097A.
223. ↑ "In Depth | Helios 1". 8 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/helios-1/in-depth.
224. ↑ "Venera 9". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-050A.
225. ↑ "Venera 9 Descent Craft". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-050D.
226. ↑ "In Depth | Venera 9". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/venera-9/in-depth.
227. ↑ "Venera 10". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-054A.
228. ↑ "Venera 10 Descent Craft". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-054D.
229. ↑ "In Depth | Venera 10". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/venera-10/in-depth.
230. ↑ "Viking 1 Orbiter". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-075A.
231. ↑ "Viking 1 Lander". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-075C.
232. ↑ "In Depth | Viking 1". 6 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/viking-1/in-depth.
233. ↑ 233.0 233.1 "Viking | spacecraft" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Viking-space-probe.
234. ↑ "Viking 2 Orbiter". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-083A.
235. ↑ "Viking 2 Lander". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-083C.
236. ↑ "In Depth | Viking 2". 6 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/viking-2/in-depth.
237. ↑ "Helios-B". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1976-003A.
238. ↑ "Helios 2". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/177.
239. ↑ "Luna 24". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1976-081A.
240. ↑ "Voyager 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-076A.
241. ↑ "In Depth | Voyager 2". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-2/in-depth.
242. ↑ 242.0 242.1 "Voyager | Definition, Discoveries, & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Voyager-space-probes.
243. ↑ "Voyager 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1977-084A.
244. ↑ "In Depth | Voyager 1". 6 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/in-depth.
245. ↑ "Pioneer Venus Orbiter". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-051A.
246. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer Venus 1". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-venus-1/in-depth.
247. ↑ "Pioneer Venus Probe Bus". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-078A.
248. ↑ "In Depth | Pioneer Venus 2". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/pioneer-venus-2/in-depth.
249. ↑ "ISEE 3". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-079A.
250. ↑ "In Depth | ISEE-3/ICE". 8 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/isee-3-ice/in-depth.
251. ↑ "ISEE-3/ICE". 22 December 2017. https://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/comets/ice.html.
252. ↑ "Venera 11". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-084A.
253. ↑ "Venera 11 Descent Craft". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-084D.
254. ↑ "In Depth | Venera 11". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/venera-11/in-depth.
255. ↑ "Venera 12". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-086A.
256. ↑ "Venera 12 Descent Craft". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1978-086C.
257. ↑ "In Depth | Venera 12". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/venera-12/in-depth.
258. ↑ "Venera 13". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1981-106A.
259. ↑ "Venera 13 Descent Craft". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1981-106D.
260. ↑ "In Depth | Venera 13". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/venera-13/in-depth.
261. ↑ "Venera 14". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1981-110A.
262. ↑ "Venera 14 Descent Craft". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1981-110D.
263. ↑ "In Depth | Venera 14". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/venera-14/in-depth.
264. ↑ "Venera 15". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1983-053A.
265. ↑ "In Depth | Venera 15". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/venera-15/in-depth.
266. ↑ "Venera 16". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1983-054A.
267. ↑ "In Depth | Venera 16". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/venera-16/in-depth.
268. ↑ "Vega 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-125A.
269. ↑ "Vega 1 Descent Craft". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-125E.
270. ↑ "Vega 1 Balloon". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-125F.
271. ↑ "In Depth | Vega 1". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/vega-1/in-depth.
272. ↑ 272.0 272.1 "Vega 1 & 2". https://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/comets/vega.html.
273. ↑ "Vega 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-128A.
274. ↑ "Vega 2 Descent Craft". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-128E.
275. ↑ "Vega 2 Balloon". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1984-128F.
276. ↑ "In Depth | Vega 2". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/vega-2/in-depth.
277. ↑ "Sakigake". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-001A.
278. ↑ "In Depth | Sakigake". 22 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/sakigake/in-depth.
279. ↑ "Giotto". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-056A.
280. ↑ "In Depth | Giotto". December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/giotto/in-depth.
281. ↑ "Giotto". 22 December 2017. https://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/comets/giotto.html.
282. ↑ "Suisei". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1985-073A.
283. ↑ "In Depth | Suisei". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/suisei/in-depth.
284. ↑ "Mir". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1986-017A.
285. ↑ "Mir | Description, Launch, History, & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mir-Soviet-Russian-space-station.
286. ↑ Hamilton, John (2018-12-15) (in en). Space Stations and Beyond. ABDO. pp. 30. ISBN 9781532171598. https://books.google.com/books?id=l5KFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
287. ↑ "Phobos 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1988-058A.
288. ↑ "In Depth | Fobos 1". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/fobos-1/in-depth.
289. ↑ "Phobos 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1988-059A.
290. ↑ "In Depth | Fobos 2". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/fobos-2/in-depth.
291. ↑ "Magellan". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-033B.
292. ↑ "In Depth | Magellan". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/magellan/in-depth.
293. ↑ "Galileo Orbiter". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-084B.
294. ↑ "Galileo Probe". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1989-084E.
295. ↑ "Galileo - In Depth". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo/in-depth.
296. ↑ "In Depth | Galileo Probe". December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/galileo-probe/in-depth.
297. ↑ "Hiten". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-007A.
298. ↑ "In Depth | Hiten / Hagoromo". 8 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/hiten-hagoromo/in-depth.
299. ↑ "In Depth | Hubble Space Telescope". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/hubble-space-telescope/in-depth.
300. ↑ "HST". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-037B.
301. ↑ "Hubble Space Telescope | History, Discoveries, & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hubble-Space-Telescope.
302. ↑ "Ulysses". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-090B.
303. ↑ "In Depth | Ulysses". 27 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ulysses/in-depth.
304. ↑ "Ulysses | European-United States space probe" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ulysses-space-probe.
305. ↑ "Yohkoh". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1991-062A.
306. ↑ "Yohkoh | Japanese satellite" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Yohkoh.
307. ↑ "Mars Observer". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1992-063A.
308. ↑ "In Depth | Mars Observer". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-observer/in-depth.
309. ↑ "Clementine". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1994-004A.
310. ↑ "In Depth | Clementine". 30 November 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/clementine/in-depth.
311. ↑ "Clementine | spacecraft" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Clementine-spacecraft.
312. ↑ "Wind". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1994-071A.
313. ↑ "In Depth | Wind". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/wind/in-depth.
314. ↑ "SOHO". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1995-065A.
315. ↑ "In Depth | SOHO". 22 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/soho/in-depth.
316. ↑ "Solar and Heliospheric Observatory | satellite" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Solar-and-Heliospheric-Observatory.
317. ↑ "NEAR Shoemaker". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-008A.
318. ↑ "In Depth | NEAR Shoemaker". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/near-shoemaker/in-depth.
319. ↑ "Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Shoemaker | spacecraft" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Near-Earth-Asteroid-Rendezvous-Shoemaker.
320. ↑ "Mars Global Surveyor". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-062A.
321. ↑ "In Depth | Mars Global Surveyor". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-global-surveyor/in-depth.
322. ↑ "Mars 96 Orbiter". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-064A.
323. ↑ "In Depth | Mars 08/Mars 96". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-08-mars-96/in-depth.
324. ↑ "Mars Pathfinder". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1996-068A.
325. ↑ "Mars Pathfinder Rover". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=MESURPR.
326. ↑ "In Depth | Mars Pathfinder". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-pathfinder/in-depth.
327. ↑ "ACE". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-045A.
328. ↑ "In Depth | ACE". 30 November 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ace/in-depth.
329. ↑ "Cassini-Huygens | Facts, Dates, & Images" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/event/Cassini-Huygens.
330. ↑ "Cassini". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-061A.
331. ↑ "Huygens". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-061C.
332. ↑ "Overview | Cassini". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/overview.
333. ↑ "In Depth | Huygens". 8 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/huygens/in-depth.
334. ↑ "Lunar Prospector". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-001A.
335. ↑ "In Depth | Lunar Prospector". 8 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunar-prospector/in-depth.
336. ↑ "Nozomi". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-041A.
337. ↑ "In Depth | Nozomi". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/nozomi/in-depth.
338. ↑ "Deep Space 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-061A.
339. ↑ "In Depth | Deep Space 1". 30 November 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/deep-space-1/in-depth.
340. ↑ "International Space Station". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-067A. "As of November, 1998 the global participants, in addition to the United States, included Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, and ESA (Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland)."
341. ↑ "International Space Station | Facts, Missions, & History" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/International-Space-Station. "Aside from the United States and Russia, station construction involved Canada, Japan, Brazil, and 11 ESA members."
342. ↑ "Mars Climate Orbiter". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1998-073A.
343. ↑ "In Depth | Mars Climate Orbiter". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-climate-orbiter/in-depth.
344. ↑ "Mars Polar Lander". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-001A.
345. ↑ "Deep Space 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=DEEPSP2.
346. ↑ "In Depth | Mars Polar Lander / Deep Space 2". 17 January 2019. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-polar-lander-deep-space-2/in-depth.
347. ↑ "Stardust/NExT". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-003A.
348. ↑ "Stardust Sample Return Capsule". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1999-003D.
349. ↑ "In Depth | Stardust". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/stardust/in-depth.
350. ↑ "2001 Mars Odyssey". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-014A.
351. ↑ "In Depth | Mars Odyssey". 4 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-odyssey/in-depth.
352. ↑ "Genesis". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2001-034A.
353. ↑ "In Depth | Genesis". December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/genesis/in-depth.
354. ↑ "Genesis | United States spacecraft" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Genesis-United-States-spacecraft.
355. ↑ "Genesis". https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/genesis/.
356. ↑ "CONTOUR". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2002-034A.
357. ↑ "In Depth | CONTOUR". 30 November 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/contour/in-depth.
358. ↑ "Hayabusa". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-019A.
359. ↑ "In Depth | Hayabusa". 8 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/hayabusa/in-depth.
360. ↑ 360.0 360.1 "Hayabusa | Spacecraft, Missions, & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hayabusa-Japanese-spacecraft.
361. ↑ "Mars Express". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-022A.
362. ↑ "Beagle 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-022C.
363. ↑ "In Depth | Mars Express". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-express/in-depth.
364. ↑ "In Depth | Beagle 2". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/beagle-2/in-depth.
365. ↑ "Spirit". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-027A.
366. ↑ "In Depth | Spirit". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/spirit/in-depth.
367. ↑ "Opportunity". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-032A.
368. ↑ "In Depth | Opportunity". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/opportunity/in-depth.
369. ↑ "SMART 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2003-043C.
370. ↑ "In Depth | SMART-1". 22 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/smart-1/in-depth.
371. ↑ "Rosetta". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-006A.
372. ↑ "Philae". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-006C.
373. ↑ "In Depth | Rosetta & Philae". 21 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/rosetta-philae/in-depth.
374. ↑ "Rosetta | European Space Agency spacecraft" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rosetta-European-Space-Agency-spacecraft.
375. ↑ "MESSENGER". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2004-030A.
376. ↑ "In Depth | MESSENGER". 20 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/messenger/in-depth.
377. ↑ "Messenger | United States spacecraft" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Messenger-United-States-spacecraft.
378. ↑ "Deep Impact/EPOXI". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2005-001A.
379. ↑ "Deep Impact Impactor (DII) Vehicle". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2005-001D.
380. ↑ "In Depth | Deep Impact (EPOXI)". 30 November 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/deep-impact-epoxi/in-depth.
381. ↑ "Deep Impact | space probe" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Deep-Impact-space-probe.
382. ↑ "Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2005-029A.
383. ↑ "In Depth | Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter/in-depth.
384. ↑ "Venus Express". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2005-045A.
385. ↑ "In Depth | Venus Express". 22 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/venus-express/in-depth.
386. ↑ "New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Flyby". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-001A.
387. ↑ "In Depth | New Horizons". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/new-horizons/in-depth.
388. ↑ "New Horizons | Discoveries & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/New-Horizons.
389. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (18 July 2015). "The Long, Strange Trip to Pluto, and How NASA Nearly Missed It". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/19/us/the-long-strange-trip-to-pluto-and-how-nasa-nearly-missed-it.html.
390. ↑ "Hinode". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-041A.
391. ↑ "Hinode | satellite" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hinode.
392. ↑ "STEREO A". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-047A.
393. ↑ "STEREO B". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2006-047B.
394. ↑ "In Depth | STEREO A & B". 19 April 2019. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/stereo/in-depth.
395. ↑ "Phoenix Mars Lander". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-034A.
396. ↑ "In Depth | Phoenix". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/phoenix/in-depth.
397. ↑ "Kaguya". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-039A.
398. ↑ "Okina". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-039B.
399. ↑ "Ouna". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-039C.
400. ↑ "In Depth | Kaguya". 8 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/kaguya/in-depth.
401. ↑ "Dawn". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-043A.
402. ↑ "In Depth | Dawn". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/dawn/in-depth.
403. ↑ "Dawn | United States satellite" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Dawn-United-States-satellite.
404. ↑ "Chang'e 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-051A.
405. ↑ "In Depth | Chang'e 1". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/change-1/in-depth.
406. ↑ 406.0 406.1 406.2 406.3 406.4 "Chang'e | Missions & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/technology/Change-Chinese-lunar-probes.
407. ↑ "Chandrayaan 1 Lunar Orbiter". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2008-052A.
408. ↑ "In Depth | Chandrayaan 1". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/chandrayaan-1/in-depth.
409. ↑ "Chandrayaan-1 | Indian space probe" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chandrayaan-1.
410. ↑ "Herschel Space Observatory". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2009-026A.
411. ↑ "In Depth | Herschel". 13 April 2019. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/herschel/in-depth.
412. ↑ "Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2009-031A.
413. ↑ "Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2009-031B.
414. ↑ "In Depth | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter". 29 November 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lro/in-depth.
415. ↑ "In Depth | LCROSS". 6 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lcross/in-depth.
416. ↑ "WISE". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2009-071A.
417. ↑ "In Depth | WISE/NEOWISE". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/wise-neowise/in-depth.
418. ↑ "Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer | United States satellite" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wide-field-Infrared-Survey-Explorer.
419. ↑ "Solar Dynamics Observatory". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2010-005A.
420. ↑ "Solar Dynamics Observatory | United States satellite" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Solar-Dynamics-Observatory.
421. ↑ "Akatsuki". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2010-020D.
422. ↑ "In Depth | Akatsuki". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/akatsuki/in-depth.
423. ↑ "Akatsuki | Mission & Facts" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Akatsuki.
424. ↑ "Picard". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2010-028A.
425. ↑ "Picard" (in en). 24 April 2015. https://picard.cnes.fr/en/PICARD/index.htm.
426. ↑ "Chang'e 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2010-050A.
427. ↑ "In Depth | Chang'e 2". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/change-2/in-depth.
428. ↑ "Juno". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-040A.
429. ↑ "In Depth | Juno". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/juno/in-depth.
430. ↑ "Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory-A (GRAIL)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-046A.
431. ↑ "Gravity Recovery And Interior Laboratory-B (GRAIL)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-046B.
432. ↑ "In Depth | GRAIL". December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/grail/in-depth.
433. ↑ "Phobos-Grunt". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-065A.
434. ↑ "Yinghuo-1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=YINGHUO-1.
435. ↑ "Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2011-070A.
436. ↑ "In Depth | Curiosity (MSL)". 30 November 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/curiosity-msl/in-depth.
437. ↑ "Van Allen Probe A (RBSP-A)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2012-046A.
438. ↑ "Van Allen Probe B (RBSP-B)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2012-046B.
439. ↑ "Van Allen Probes" (in en). http://vanallenprobes.jhuapl.edu/.
440. ↑ "Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-033A.
441. ↑ "Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-047A.
442. ↑ "In Depth | LADEE". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/ladee/in-depth.
443. ↑ "Hisaki". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-049A.
444. ↑ "Mangalyaan". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-060A.
445. ↑ "In Depth | Mars Orbiter Mission". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-orbiter-mission/in-depth.
446. ↑ "Mars Orbiter Mission | Indian space mission" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mars-Orbiter-Mission.
447. ↑ "Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-063A.
448. ↑ "In Depth | MAVEN". 4 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/maven/in-depth.
449. ↑ "Chang'e 3". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-070A.
450. ↑ "Chang'e 3 Rover". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2013-070C.
451. ↑ "In Depth | Chang'e 3". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/change-3/in-depth.
452. ↑ "Chang'e 5-T1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2014-065A.
453. ↑ "Hayabusa 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2014-076A.
454. ↑ "In Depth | Hayabusa 2". 4 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/hayabusa-2/in-depth.
455. ↑ "PROCYON". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2014-076D.
456. ↑ "DSCOVR". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2015-007A.
457. ↑ "In Depth | DSCOVR". 14 January 2019. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/DSCOVR/in-depth.
458. ↑ "ExoMars 2016". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2016-017A.
459. ↑ "In Depth | ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter". December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/exomars-trace-gas-orbiter-schiaparelli/in-depth.
460. ↑ "OSIRIS-REx". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2016-055A.
461. ↑ "In Depth | OSIRIS-REx". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/osiris-rex/in-depth.
462. ↑ "InSight". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=INSIGHT.
463. ↑ "In Depth | InSight". 4 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/insight/in-depth.
464. ↑ "Queqiao". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=QUEQIAO.
465. ↑ "Parker Solar Probe". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2018-065A.
466. ↑ "In Depth | Parker Solar Probe". March 2019. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/parker-solar-probe/in-depth.
467. ↑ "BepiColombo". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=BEPICLMBO.
468. ↑ "In Depth | BepiColombo". 30 November 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/bepicolombo/in-depth.
469. ↑ "Chang'e 4". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2018-103A.
470. ↑ "In Depth | Chang'e 4". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/change-4/in-depth.
471. ↑ "Beresheet". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2019-009B.
472. ↑ "In Depth | Beresheet". 22 February 2019. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/beresheet/in-depth.
473. ↑ "Chandrayaan 2". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN2.
474. ↑ "In Depth | Chandrayaan 2". 5 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/chandrayaan-2/in-depth.
475. ↑ "Solar Orbiter". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2020-010A.
476. ↑ "ESA Science & Technology - Solar Orbiter". https://sci.esa.int/web/solar-orbiter.
477. ↑ "ESA - Solar Orbiter". http://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter.
478. ↑ "Emirates Mars Mission (Hope)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2020-047A.
479. ↑ "Tianwen 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2020-049A.
480. ↑ "MARS 2020". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2020-052A.
481. ↑ "In Depth | Mars 2020 Rover". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/mars-2020-rover/in-depth.
482. ↑ "Mars 2020 Rover". 5 December 2017. https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/.
483. ↑ "Chang'e 5". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANG-E-5.
484. ↑ "Lucy". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=LUCY.
485. ↑ "In Depth | Lucy". 4 December 2017. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lucy/in-depth.
486. ↑ "Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=DART.
487. ↑ "In Depth | DART". 13 January 2019. https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/dart/in-depth.
488. ↑ "James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=JWST.
489. ↑ "In Depth | James Webb Space Telescope". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/james-webb-space-telescope/in-depth.
490. ↑ "CAPSTONE". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CAPSTONE.
491. ↑ "Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter (KPLO)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=KPLO.
492. ↑ "Artemis 1". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=ARTEMIS-1.
493. ↑ "ispace Begins Final Assembly of Lunar Lander Flight Model Ahead of First Mission". ispace. 14 July 2021. https://ispace-inc.com/news/?p=2012.
494. ↑ Foust, Jeff (28 October 2021). "U.A.E. examining options for future human spaceflight missions". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/u-a-e-examining-options-for-future-human-spaceflight-missions/.
495. ↑ "MBRSC Teams Up with Japan's ispace on Emirates Lunar Mission". ispace. 14 April 2021. https://ispace-inc.com/news/?p=1874.
496. ↑ "JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE)". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=JUICE.
497. ↑ "ESA’s Euclid Mission Launches to Explore ‘Dark Universe’" (in en-US). https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/esas-euclid-mission-launches-to-explore-dark-universe/.
498. ↑ "Chandrayaan 3". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=CHANDRYN3.
499. ↑ "Chandrayaan-3". ISRO. https://www.isro.gov.in/Chandrayaan3_New.html.
500. ↑ "Luna 25". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=LUNA-25.
501. ↑ "Запуск первой в истории современной России миссии на Луну запланировали на 11 августа" (in ru). TASS. 5 June 2023. https://tass.ru/kosmos/17932551.
502. ↑ "Aditya-L1". ISRO. https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html.
503. ↑ "SLIM". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=SLIM.
504. ↑ "SLIM". JAXA. https://global.jaxa.jp/projects/sas/slim/.
505. ↑ "NASA Continues Psyche Asteroid Mission". https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-continues-psyche-asteroid-mission.
506. ↑ McCrea, Aaron (8 January 2024). "Vulcan successfully launches Peregrine lunar lander on inaugural flight". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2024/01/vulcan-launch-peregrine-inaugural-flight/.
507. ↑ "Status of Nova C (IM-1) Launch Time". https://nextspaceflight.com/launches/details/1915.
508. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2024-03-14). "Surprise Chinese lunar mission hit by launch anomaly" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/surprise-chinese-lunar-mission-hit-by-launch-anomaly/.
509. ↑ "China launches Queqiao-2 relay satellite to support moon missions". 20 March 2024. https://spacenews.com/china-launches-queqiao-2-relay-satellite-to-support-moon-missions/.
510. ↑ Jones, Andrew (10 January 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 probe arrives at spaceport for first-ever lunar far side sample mission". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-probe-arrives-at-spaceport-for-first-ever-lunar-far-side-sample-mission/.
511. ↑ Jones, Andrew (6 May 2024). "China's Chang'e-6 is carrying a surprise rover to the moon". https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-6-is-carrying-a-surprise-rover-to-the-moon/.
512. ↑ "Industry starts work on Europe's Hera planetary defence mission". ESA. 15 September 2020. https://www.esa.int/Safety_Security/Hera/Industry_starts_work_on_Europe_s_Hera_planetary_defence_mission.
513. ↑ "Europa Clipper". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=EUROPA-CL.
514. ↑ Foust, Jeff (10 February 2021). "NASA to use commercial launch vehicle for Europa Clipper". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-to-use-commercial-launch-vehicle-for-europa-clipper/.
515. ↑ "Cost growth prompts changes to Europa Clipper instruments" (in en-US). 2020-07-10. https://spacenews.com/cost-growth-prompts-changes-to-europa-clipper-instruments/. "Chodas said that Europa Clipper now has a launch readiness date of 2024, a year later than plans announced last year."
516. ↑ 516.0 516.1 "SpaceX launch of private Blue Ghost moon lander set for Jan. 15" (in en). 2025-01-07. https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/spacex-launch-of-private-blue-ghost-moon-lander-set-for-jan-15.
517. ↑ 517.0 517.1 517.2 Staff, FOX 35 Digital (2025-09-24). "SpaceX launches NASA's IMAP mission from Florida to study solar system's edge" (in en-US). https://www.fox35orlando.com/news/spacex-launch-nasas-imap-mission-study-solar-systems-edge-how-watch.
518. ↑ "Next stop, not Mars: What's ahead for NASA's newly launched ESCAPADE Red Planet probes" (in en). 2025-11-14. https://www.space.com/astronomy/mars/next-stop-not-mars-whats-ahead-for-nasas-newly-launched-escapade-red-planet-probes.
519. ↑ "NASA’s Artemis II Crew Eclipses Record for Farthest Human Spaceflight - NASA" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-artemis-ii-crew-eclipses-record-for-farthest-human-spaceflight/.
520. ↑ "Smile lifts off on quest to reveal Earth’s invisible shield against the solar wind" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Smile/Smile_lifts_off_on_quest_to_reveal_Earth_s_invisible_shield_against_the_solar_wind.

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* Missions to comets
* Landings on extraterrestrial bodies
* Objects at Lagrangian points

* Space exploration
* outline
* timeline

* v
* t
* e

NASA planetary exploration programs

Active|

* Large Strategic Science Missions
* Mars Exploration
* Mars Next Generation
* Planetary Missions
* Discovery
* New Frontiers
* Solar System Exploration
* Ocean Worlds Exploration
* Voyager

Completed|

* Lunar Orbiter
* Lunar Precursor
* Mariner
* Mars Scout
* Mars Surveyor '98
* MESUR
* New Millennium
* Pioneer
* Planetary Observer
* Ranger
* Surveyor
* Viking

Cancelled|

* Grand Tour
* Mariner Mark II
* Project Prometheus
* Voyager (Mars)

* List of NASA missions

* v
* t
* e

Solar System

* Sun
* Mercury
* Venus
* Earth
* Mars
* Ceres
* Jupiter
* Saturn
* Uranus
* Neptune
* Pluto
* Haumea
* Makemake
* Eris

| Planets|

* Terrestrial planets
* Mercury
* Venus
* Earth
* Mars

* Giant planets
* Jupiter
* Saturn
* Uranus
* Neptune

* Dwarf planets
* Ceres
* Pluto
* Haumea
* Makemake
* Eris

|

Rings|

* Jovian
* Saturnian (Rhean)
* Charikloan
* Chironean
* Uranian
* Neptunian
* Haumean

Moons|

* Terrestrial
* Moon
* other near-Earth objects
* Martian
* Phobos
* Deimos
* Jovian
* Ganymede
* Callisto
* Io
* Europa
* all 79
* Saturnian
* Titan
* Rhea
* Iapetus
* Dione
* Tethys
* Enceladus
* Mimas
* Hyperion
* Phoebe
* all 82
* Uranian
* Titania
* Oberon
* Umbriel
* Ariel
* Miranda
* all 27
* Neptunian
* Triton
* Proteus
* Nereid
* all 14
* Plutonian
* Charon
* Nix
* Hydra
* Kerberos
* Styx
* Eridian
* Dysnomia
* Haumean
* Hiʻiaka
* Namaka
* Makemakean
* S/2015 (136472) 1

Exploration
(outline)|

* Colonization
* Discovery
* astronomy
* historical models
* timeline
* Human spaceflight
* space stations
* list
* Space probes
* timeline
* list

* Mercury
* Venus
* Moon
* mining
* Mars
* Ceres
* Asteroids
* mining
* Comets
* Jupiter
* Saturn
* Uranus
* Neptune
* Pluto
* Deep space

Hypothetical
objects|

* Fifth giant
* Nemesis
* Phaeton
* Planet Nine
* Planet V
* Planet X
* Theia
* Tyche
* Vulcan
* Vulcanoids
* Subsatellites

Lists|

* Comets
* Dwarf planets (possible)
* Gravitationally rounded objects
* Minor planets
* names
* Natural satellites
* Solar System models
* Solar System objects
* by size
* by discovery date

| Small Solar
System bodies|

* Comets
* Damocloids
* Meteoroids
* Minor planets
* moons
* Planetesimal

* Mercury-crossers
* Venus-crossers
* Venus trojans
* Near-Earth objects
* Earth-crossers
* Earth trojans
* Mars-crossers
* Mars trojans

* Asteroid belt
* Asteroids
* Ceres
* Pallas
* Juno
* Vesta
* first 1000
* families
* exceptional
* Kirkwood gap
* Main-belt comets

* Jupiter-crossers
* Jupiter trojans
* Centaurs
* Saturn-crossers
* Uranus-crossers
* Uranus trojans
* Neptune-crossers
* Neptune trojans
* Cis-Neptunian objects
* Trans-Neptunian objects

* Plutoids
* Kuiper belt
* Cubewanos
* Plutinos
* Detached objects
* Hills cloud
* Oort cloud
* Scattered disc
* Sednoids

|

Formation
and evolution|

* Accretion
* Accretion disk
* Asteroid belt
* Circumplanetary disk
* Circumstellar disc
* Circumstellar envelope
* Cosmic dust
* Debris disk
* Detached object
* Disrupted planet
* Excretion disk
* Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
* Exozodiacal dust
* Extraterrestrial materials
* Extraterrestrial sample curation
* Giant-impact hypothesis
* Gravitational collapse
* Hills cloud
* Interplanetary dust cloud
* Interplanetary medium
* Interplanetary space
* Interstellar cloud
* Interstellar dust
* Interstellar medium
* Interstellar space
* Kuiper belt
* List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
* Merging stars
* Molecular cloud
* Nebular hypothesis
* Oort cloud
* Outer space
* Planetary migration
* Planetary system
* Planetesimal
* Planet formation
* Protoplanetary disk
* Ring system
* Rubble pile
* Sample-return mission
* Scattered disc
* Star formation

* Outline of the Solar System
*   *   *

Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe
Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline of Solar System exploration. Read more

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