Sahl ibn Bishr

Sahl ibn Bishr al-Israili (c. 786–c. 845), also known as Rabban al-Tabari and Haya al-Yahudi ("the Jew"), was a Syriac Christian[1][2] astrologer,[3] astronomer and mathematician from Tabaristan. He was the father of Ali ibn Sahl the famous scientist and physician, who became a convert to Islam.[4] He served as astrologer to the governor of Khuristan and then to the vizier of Baghdad. He wrote books on astronomy, astrology, and arithmetic, all in Arabic.[5]

## His works

Sahl is believed to be the first who translated the Almagest of Ptolemy into Arabic.

Sahl ibn Bishr wrote in the Greek astrological tradition. Sahl's first five books were preserved in the translation of John of Seville (Johannes Hispanus) (c. 1090 – c. 1150). See the English translation by Holden. The sixth book deals with three thematic topics regarding the influences on the world and its inhabitants was translated by Herman of Carinthia. The work contains divinations based on the movements of the planets and comets.

* The Introduction to the Science of the Judgments of the Stars. Translated by James Herschel Holden (Tempe, Az.: A.F.A., Inc., 2008)ix, 213 pp.

There are some books by Sahl ibn Bishr in Arabic such as:

* Ahkam fi al-Nujum ("Laws of the Astrology")
* Kitab al-ikhtiyarat 'ala al-buyut al-ithnai 'ashar ("Book of elections according to the twelve houses").
* al-Masa'il al-Nujumiyah ("The astrological problems")

## Notes

1. ↑ Prioreschi, Plinio (2001-01-01). A History of Medicine: Byzantine and Islamic medicine. Horatius Press. p. 223. ISBN 9781888456042. https://books.google.com/books?id=q0IIpnov0BsC&pg=PA223. Retrieved 29 December 2014. "Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, the son of a Syriac Christian scholar living in Persia on the Caspian Sea..."
2. ↑ Meyerhof, Max (July 1931). "Alî at-Tabarî's "Paradise of Wisdom", one of the oldest Arabic Compendiums of Medicine". Isis 16 (1): 7–8. doi:10.1086/346582. "Ibn al-Qiftî (4) renders the title Rabban correctly but with a false explanation, taking it for the Jewish title of Rabbi. So 'Alî b. Rabban passed into all historical works, until quite recently, as a Muslim of Jewish origin, although 'Alî himself, in the preface to his work, explains this title Rabban as being the Syriac word for «our Master» or «our Teacher». The late Professor Horovitz told me and wrote to me several years ago, that this was a Christian title; A. Mingana gave the proof of this in print for the first time in I922. 'Alî says in his apologetic tract «The Book of Religion and Empire» which he wrote about 855 A.D. that he himself was a Christian before he was converted to Islam, and that his uncle Zakkâr was a prominent Christian scholar.".
3. ↑ "Astrology in Medieval Judaism - My Jewish Learning". http://www.myjewishlearning.com/beliefs/Issues/Magic_and_the_Supernatural/Practices_and_Beliefs/Astrology/Medieval.shtml?p=1.
4. ↑ Meyerhof (1931), p. 7.
5. ↑ Roth, Norman, ed (2003). "Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia". Medieval Jewish Civilization: An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-415-93712-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=eUp9OcCi-1EC.

* v
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Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world

Astronomers

* by century (CE
* AD)

8th|

* Ahmad Nahavandi
* Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht
* Muḥammad ibn
* Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī
* Mashallah ibn Athari
* Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq

9th|

* Abu Maʿshar
* Abu Said Gorgani
* Al-Farghānī
* Al-Kindi
* Al-Mahani
* Abu Hanifa Dinawari
* Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
* Al-Marwazi
* Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi
* Banu Musa
* Iranshahri
* Khālid ibn ʿAbd al‐Malik
* Al-Khwārizmī
* Sahl ibn Bishr
* Thābit ibn Qurra
* Yahya ibn Abi Mansur

10th|

* al-Sufi
* Ibn
* Al-Adami
* al-Khojandi
* al-Khāzin
* al-Qūhī
* Abu al-Wafa
* Ahmad ibn Yusuf
* al-Battani
* Al-Qabisi
* Ibn al-A'lam
* Al-Nayrizi
* Al-Saghani
* Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
* Ibn Yunus
* Ibrahim ibn Sinan
* Ma Yize
* al-Sijzi
* Mariam al-Asturlabi
* Nastulus
* Abolfadl Harawi
* Haseb-i Tabari
* al-Majriti

11th|

* Abu Nasr Mansur
* al-Biruni
* Ali ibn Ridwan
* Al-Zarqālī
* Ibn al-Samh
* Al-Muradi
* Alhazen
* Avicenna
* Ibn al-Saffar
* Kushyar Gilani
* Said al-Andalusi
* Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli
* Ibn Muʿādh al-Jayyānī
* Al-Isfizari

12th|

* Al-Bitruji
* Avempace
* Ibn Tufail
* Al-Kharaqī
* Al-Khazini
* Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
* Abu al-Salt
* Averroes
* Ibn al-Kammad
* Jabir ibn Aflah
* Omar Khayyam
* Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī

13th|

* Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi
* Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
* Jamal ad-Din
* Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
* Najm al‐Din al‐Misri
* Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
* Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
* Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
* Zakariya al-Qazwini
* al-Urdi
* al-Abhari
* Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi
* Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
* Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi
* Ibn al‐Raqqam
* Al-Ashraf Umar II

14th|

* Ibn al-Shatir
* al-Khalīlī
* Ibn Shuayb
* al-Battiwi
* Abū al‐ʿUqūl
* Al-Wabkanawi
* Nizam al-Din Nishapuri
* al-Jadiri

15th|

* Ali Kuşçu
* ʿAbd al‐Wājid
* Jamshīd al-Kāshī
* Kadızade Rumi
* Ulugh Beg
* Sibt al-Maridini
* Ibn al-Majdi
* al-Wafa'i
* al-Kubunani

16th|

* Al-Birjandi
* al-Khafri
* Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī
* Piri Reis
* Takiyüddin

17th|

* Yang Guangxian
* Ahmad Khani
* Al Achsasi al Mouakket
* Mohammed al-Rudani

Topics

| Works|

* Arabic star names
* Islamic calendar
* ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt
* Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
* Tabula Rogeriana
* The Book of Healing

Zij|

* Alfonsine tables
* Huihui Lifa
* Book of Fixed Stars
* Toledan Tables
* Zij-i Ilkhani
* Zij-i Sultani
* Sullam al-sama'

Instruments|

* Alidade
* Analog computer
* Aperture
* Armillary sphere
* Astrolabe
* Astronomical clock
* Celestial globe
* Compass
* Compass rose
* Dioptra
* Equatorial ring
* Equatorium
* Globe
* Graph paper
* Magnifying glass
* Mural instrument
* Navigational astrolabe
* Nebula
* Octant
* Planisphere
* Quadrant
* Sextant
* Shadow square
* Sundial
* Schema for horizontal sundials
* Triquetrum

Concepts|

* Almucantar
* Apogee
* Astrology in medieval Islam
* Astrophysics
* Axial tilt
* Azimuth
* Celestial mechanics
* Celestial spheres
* Circular orbit
* Deferent and epicycle
* Earth's rotation
* Eccentricity
* Ecliptic
* Elliptic orbit
* Equant
* Galaxy
* Geocentrism
* Gravitational potential energy
* Gravity
* Heliocentrism
* Inertia
* Islamic cosmology
* Moonlight
* Multiverse
* Obliquity
* Parallax
* Precession
* Qibla
* Salah times
* Specific gravity
* Spherical Earth
* Sublunary sphere
* Sunlight
* Supernova
* Temporal finitism
* Trepidation
* Triangulation
* Tusi couple
* Universe

Institutions|

* Al-Azhar University
* House of Knowledge
* House of Wisdom
* University of Al Quaraouiyine
* Observatories
* Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)
* Maragheh
* Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)

Influences|

* Babylonian astronomy
* Egyptian astronomy
* Hellenistic astronomy
* Indian astronomy

Influenced|

* Byzantine science
* Chinese astronomy
* Medieval European science
* Indian astronomy

* v
* t
* e

Mathematics in medieval Islam

Mathematicians|

| 9th century|

* 'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
* Sanad ibn Ali
* al-Jawharī
* Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf
* Al-Kindi
* Qusta ibn Luqa
* Al-Mahani
* al-Dinawari
* Banū Mūsā
* Hunayn ibn Ishaq
* al-Khwārizmī
* Yusuf Al-Khuri
* Ishaq ibn Hunayn
* Na'im ibn Musa
* Thābit ibn Qurra
* Sahl ibn Bishr
* al-Marwazi
* Abu Said Gorgani

|

10th century|

* Abu al-Wafa
* al-Khazin
* Al-Qabisi
* Abū Kāmil
* Ahmad ibn Yusuf
* Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī
* Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ
* al-Khojandi
* Al-Nayrizi
* Al-Saghani
* Brethren of Purity
* Ibn Sahl
* Ibn Yunus
* al-Uqlidisi
* Al-Battani
* Sinan ibn Thabit
* Ibrahim ibn Sinan
* Al-Isfahani
* Nazif ibn Yumn
* al-Qūhī
* Abu al-Jud
* Al-Sijzi
* Al-Karaji
* al-Majriti
* al-Jabali

11th century|

* Abu Nasr Mansur
* Alhazen
* Kushyar Gilani
* Al-Biruni
* Ibn al-Samh
* Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi
* Avicenna
* al-Jayyānī
* al-Nasawī
* al-Zarqālī
* ibn Hud
* Said al-Andalusi
* ibn Fatik
* Al-Muradi
* Al-Isfizari
* Omar Khayyam
* Muhammad al-Baghdadi

12th century|

* Abu al-Salt
* Avempace
* Jabir ibn Aflah
* Al-Kharaqī
* Al-Khazini
* Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
* al-Hassar
* Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī
* Ismail al-Jazari
* Ibn al-Yasamin
* Siraj ud-Din Muhammad ibn Abd ur-Rashid Sajawandi

13th century|

* Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili
* Ahmad al-Buni
* Ibn Munim
* Alam al-Din al-Hanafi
* Ibn 'Adlan
* al-Urdi
* Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
* al-Abhari
* Muhyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
* al-Hasan al-Marrakushi
* Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
* Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
* Ibn al-Banna'
* Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī

14th century|

* Nizam al-Din Nishapuri
* Ibn Shuayb
* Ibn al-Shatir
* Ibn al-Durayhim
* Al-Khalili
* Ahmad al-Qalqashandi
* al-Umawi

15th century|

* Ibn al-Majdi
* al-Rūmī
* al-Kāshī
* Ulugh Beg
* Ali Qushji
* al-Wafa'i
* al-Qalaṣādī
* al-Kubunani
* Sibt al-Maridini
* Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi

16th century|

* Al-Birjandi
* Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
* Taqi ad-Din
* Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi
* Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi

Mathematical works|

* The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
* De Gradibus
* Principles of Hindu Reckoning
* Book of Optics
* The Book of Healing
* Almanac
* Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
* Toledan Tables
* Tabula Rogeriana
* Zij

Concepts|

* Alhazen's problem
* Islamic geometric patterns

Centers|

* Al-Azhar University
* Al-Mustansiriya University
* House of Knowledge
* House of Wisdom
* Constantinople observatory of Taqi al-Din
* Madrasa
* Maktab
* Maragheh observatory
* University of Al Quaraouiyine

Influences|

* Babylonian mathematics
* Greek mathematics
* Indian mathematics

Influenced|

* Byzantine mathematics
* European mathematics
* Indian mathematics

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