Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America

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Part of a series on

Liberalism

History

* Age of Enlightenment
* List of liberal theorists (contributions to liberal theory)

Ideas

* Civil and political rights
* Cultural liberalism
* Democracy
* Democratic capitalism
* Economic freedom
* Economic liberalism
* Egalitarianism
* Free market
* Free trade
* Freedom of the press
* Freedom of religion
* Freedom of speech
* Gender equality
* Harm principle
* Internationalism
* Laissez-faire
* Liberty
* Market economy
* Natural and legal rights
* Negative/positive liberty
* Non-aggression Principle
* Open society
* Permissive society
* Private property
* Rule of law
* Secularism
* Separation of church and state
* Social contract
* Welfare state

Schools of thought

* Anarcho-capitalism
* Classical liberalism
* Radical liberalism
* Left-libertarianism
* Geolibertarianism
* Right-libertarianism
* Conservative liberalism
* Democratic liberalism
* Green liberalism
* Liberal autocracy
* Liberal Catholicism
* Liberal conservatism
* Liberal feminism
* Equity feminism
* Liberal internationalism
* Liberal nationalism
* Liberal socialism
* Social democracy
* Muscular liberalism
* Neoliberalism
* National liberalism
* Ordoliberalism
* Radical centrism
* Religious liberalism
* Christian
* Islamic
* Jewish
* Secular liberalism
* Social liberalism
* Technoliberalism
* Third Way
* Whiggism

People

* Acton
* Alain
* Alberdi
* Alembert
* Arnold
* Aron
* Barante
* Bastiat
* Bentham
* Berlin
* Beveridge
* Bobbio
* Brentano
* Bright
* Broglie
* Burke
* Čapek
* Cassirer
* Chicherin
* Chu
* Chydenius
* Cobden
* Collingdood
* Condorcet
* Constant
* Croce
* Cuoco
* Dahrendorf
* Decy
* Dewey
* Dickens
* Diderot
* Dongsun
* Dunoyer
* Dworkin
* Emerson
* Eötvös
* Flach
* Friedman
* Galbraith
* Garrison
* George
* Gladstone
* Gobetti
* Gomes
* Gray
* Green
* Gu
* Guizot
* Hayek
* Herbert
* Hobbes
* Hobhouse
* Hobson
* Holbach
* Hu
* Humboldt
* Jefferson
* Jubani
* Kant
* Kelsen
* Kemal
* Keynes
* Korais
* Korwin-Mikke
* Kymplcka
* Lamartine
* Larra
* Lecky
* Li
* Locke
* Lufti
* Macaulay
* Madariaga
* Madison
* Martineau
* Masani
* Michelet
* Mill (father)
* Mill (son)
* Milton
* Mises
* Molteno
* Mommsen
* Money
* Montalembert
* Montesquieu
* Mora
* Mouffe
* Naoroji
* Naumann
* Nozick
* Nussbaum
* Ohlin
* Ortega
* Paine
* Paton
* Popper
* Price
* Priestley
* Prieto
* Quesnay
* Qin
* Ramírez
* Rathenau
* Rawls
* Raz
* Renan
* Renouvier
* Ricardo
* Röpke
* Rorthy
* Rosmini
* Rosselli
* Rousseau
* Ruggiero
* Sarmiento
* Say
* Sen
* Earl of Shaftesbury
* Shklar
* Sidney
* Sieyès
* Şinasi
* Sismondi
* Smith
* Soto Polar
* Spencer
* Spinoza
* Staël
* Sumner
* Tahtawi
* Tao
* Thierry
* Thorbecke
* Thoreau
* Tocqueville
* Tracy
* Troeltsch
* Turgot
* Villemain
* Voltaire
* Ward
* Weber
* Wollstonecraft
* Zambrano

Organizations

* Africa Liberal Network
* Alliance of Liberals
and Democrats for Europe
* Alliance of Liberals
and Democrats for Europe Party
* Arab Liberal Federation
* Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
* European Democratic Party
* European Liberal Youth
* European Party for Individual Liberty
* International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
* International Federation of Liberal Youth
* Liberal International
* Liberal Network for Latin America
* Liberal parties
* Liberal South East European Network

Regional variants

* Europe
* Latin America
* Albania
* Armenia
* Australia
* Austria
* Belgium
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* China
* Chile
* Colombia
* Croatia
* Cuba
* Cyprus
* Czech lands
* Denmark
* Ecuador
* Egypt
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Honduras
* Hong Kong
* Hungary
* Iceland
* India
* Iran
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Macedonia
* Mexico
* Moldova
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Nicaragua
* Nigeria
* Norway
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Senegal
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* South Africa
* South Korea
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Tunisia
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Classical
* Modern
* Uruguay
* Venezuela
* Zimbabwe

Related topics

* Bias in academia
* Bias in the media

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Part of a series on

Conservatism

Variants

* Cultural
* Fiscal
* Green
* Liberal
* Libertarian
* National
* Neo
* New Right
* One-nation
* Paleo
* Reactionary
* Social
* Traditionalist

Concepts

* Familism
* Family values
* Private property
* Rule of law
* Communitarianism
* Civil Society
* Solidarity

People

* Burke
* De Maistre
* De Chateaubriand
* Von Metternich

Organizations

* Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists
in Europe
* European People's Party
* International Democrat Union

Religious conservatism

* Christian Democracy (in Europe)
* Christian right
* Christian fundamentalism
* Jewish right
* Islamic fundamentalism
* Traditionalist Catholic

National variants

* Australia
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* Germany
* Hong Kong
* India
* New Zealand
* Pakistan
* Serbia
* South Korea
* Taiwan
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States

Related topics

* Aristocracy
* Capitalism
* Centre-right politics
* Corporatism
* Counter-revolutionary
* Fascism
* Liberalism
* Monarchism
* Neoliberalism
* Old Right (United States)
* Radical centrism
* Radical right
* Europe
* United States
* Reactionary
* Right-wing politics
* Toryism

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Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America have unique historical roots as Latin American independence began to occur in 1808 after the French Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic Wars that eventually engulfed all of Europe. French revolutionaries in the 1790s began an intellectual awakening called the Enlightenment, which opened the door for ideas of positivism in Latin American society and people in Latin America turned to liberal ideologies as liberalism means the idea of liberty, equality and popular sovereignty.[1]

During the early 19th century in Latin America, liberalism clashed with conservative views as liberals wanted to end the dominance of the Catholic Church, class stratification and slavery.[1] These issues for many years strongly affected the way that Latin American society was organized. The majority of liberals believed in a democratic system of government, but this system would create many changes and much confusion in Latin American communities in the early 19th century. On the other hand, conservatism favored existing systems and hierarchies. Conservatives believed chaos and social disorder would break out if the political system were liberalized. Latin American conservatives generally believed in class stratification and opposed radical change in government in Latin America.

Simón Bolívar, a key leader in the early independence movements in the 19th century, pushed for a centralized government that spanned the entire Northern Andes and a united Latin America. Military and political leaders opposed him strongly, and accused him of seeking dictatorship. This fear of central power came from the regional divisions in Latin American politics.The contest between liberals and conservatives in Latin America, while sweeping in effect, was largely fought between members of the landed, white or creole elite. Creoles were the children of immigrated European families.[2] Systems in place from the colonial period—such as slavery, patronage by the elite and debt peonage—meant that the great mass of Indians, Africans and people of mixed race had little, if any power compared to the very small creole ruling class. Although Indians, Africans, and people of mixed race had little power compared to that of the Creoles and white elites, they were still victims of conflict and violence caused by the conflicting ideologies of liberalism and conservativism. These individuals would often find themselves more vulnerable to labor extractions, liberal reformism, and mercantile violence than creole elites.[3] Thus the concern that liberalization would lead to "disorder" that the conservatives spoke about is considered by some historians as a veiled or transparent fear of race war.

Caudillos soon came to power in some Latin American societies, such as Mexico. Caudillos were people of either progressive or conservative thought, who promised protection and restoration of traditional ways to the people. They were generally pragmatic, believing in a ruling system of what works best. Caudillos used military force to hold society together.One of the most prominent figures was General Antonio López de Santa Anna, a conservative caudillo in Mexico who represented the unstable politics of early post-independence in Latin America. Santa Anna went back and forth between holding power and being exiled, serving as president of Mexico eleven times and playing key roles in both military successes, such as defeating a French invasion in 1838, and losses, including the loss of Texas in 1836. In contrast, figures like the Argentine liberal Domingo Faustino Sarmiento strongly criticized the caudillo system, arguing that the dominance of military leaders in Argentina created a threat to democracy. Since the 1980s, there have been several neo-liberal economic reforms across Latin America, in order to support expansive industrialization. [4]

In most countries the old parties had been replaced by populist or leftist parties.[5] Only in Colombia (Liberal Party and Conservative Party), Honduras (Liberal Party and conservative National Party), Paraguay (liberal PLRA and conservative Colorado Party), and Uruguay (liberal Colorado Party and the conservative National Party), the two historical parties remain influential.[6] Argentina still has the liberal Radical Civic Union, Nicaragua has three liberal parties: the PLC, the ALN and the PLI which trace back to the old Democratic Party and in the Dominican Republic, the conservative Social Christian Reformist Party claims to be the successor of the historic Red Party.

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rivera, Faviola (February 1, 2016). "Liberalism in Latin America". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberalism-latin-america/. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
2. ↑ "Creole | people | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/Creole.
3. ↑ Larson, Brooke (2004). Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810-1910. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 249. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511616396. ISBN 9780521567305. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/trials-of-nation-making/AA16CF82E50249AC007FC0ACB4B796BB. Retrieved 2025-02-07.
4. ↑ Biglaiser, Glen; DeRouen, Karl (2004). "The Expansion of Neoliberal Economic Reforms in Latin America". International Studies Quarterly 48 (3): 561–578. doi:10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00315.x. ISSN 0020-8833.
5. ↑ Roberts 2014, p. 70.
6. ↑ Roberts 2014, p. 73f.

* 5\. Garrard, Virginia, et al. Latin America in the Modern World. Second, Oxford UP, USA. Chapters 2 and 3
* Roberts, Kenneth M. (2014). Changing Course in Latin America. pp. 65–88. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511842856.006. ISBN 9780511842856.

## Further reading

* Miguel Jorrin and John Martz. Latin American Political Thought and Ideology. University of North Carolina Press, 1970.

Template:Latin America topic Template:Latin America topic Template:Latin America topics

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Liberalism and conservatism in the Americas

* North America
* Central America
* Northern America
* West Indies
* South America

Sovereign states|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Argentina
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* Chile
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* Cuba
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Grenada
* Guatemala
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Suriname
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Dependencies and
other territories

* Anguilla
* Aruba
* Bermuda
* Bonaire
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Curaçao
* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* Greenland
* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Montserrat
* Puerto Rico
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius
* Sint Maarten
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* US Virgin Islands

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