Orion (spacecraft)

Short description: American–European spacecraft class for the Artemis program

Orion

Photo of Orion taken during the flight of Artemis 1

Manufacturer|

* CM: Lockheed Martin
* ESM: Airbus Defence and Space

Operator| NASA[1]
Applications| Crewed exploration beyond LEO[2]
Specifications
Spacecraft type| Crewed
Design life| 21.1 days[3]
Launch mass|

* CM: 22,900 lb (10,400 kg)
* ESM: 34,085 lb (15,461 kg)
* Combined mass: 58,467 lb (26,520 kg)
* Total with LAS: 73,735 lb (33,446 kg)

Dry mass|

* CM: 20,500 lb (9,300 kg) landing weight
* ESM: 13,635 lb (6,185 kg)

Payload capacity| 220 lb (100 kg) return payload
Crew capacity| 4[1]
Volume|

* Pressurized: 690.6 cu ft (20 m3)[4]
* Habitable: 316 cu ft (9 m3)

Power| Solar
Regime| Lunar Transfer Orbit, lunar orbit
Dimensions
Length| 10 feet 10 inches (3.30 m)
Diameter| 16 feet 6 inches (5.03 m)
Production
Status| In service
Built| 4
On order| 6–12 (+3 ordered before 2019) [5]
Launched| 2
Maiden launch| December 5, 2014
Related spacecraft
Derived from|

* Crew Exploration Vehicle
* ATV

Orion (Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle or Orion MPCV) is a partially reusable crewed spacecraft used in NASA's Artemis program. The spacecraft consists of a Crew Module (CM) space capsule designed by Lockheed Martin and the European Service Module (ESM) manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space. Capable of supporting a crew of four beyond low Earth orbit, Orion can last up to 21 days undocked and up to six months docked. It is equipped with solar panels, an automated docking system, and glass cockpit interfaces modeled after those used in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. A single AJ10 engine provides the spacecraft's primary propulsion, while eight R-4D-11 engines, and six pods of custom reaction control system engines developed by Airbus, provide the spacecraft's secondary propulsion. Orion is intended to launch atop a Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, with a tower Launch escape system.

Orion was conceived in the early 2000s by Lockheed Martin as a proposal for the Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) to be used in NASA's Constellation program and was selected by NASA in 2006. Following the cancellation of the Constellation program in 2010, Orion was heavily redesigned for use in NASA's Journey to Mars initiative; later named Moon to Mars. The SLS became Orion's primary launch vehicle, and the service module was replaced with a design based on the European Space Agency's Automated Transfer Vehicle. A development version of Orion's CM was launched in 2014 during Exploration Flight Test-1, while at least four test articles were produced. Orion was primarily designed by Lockheed Martin Space Systems in Littleton, Colorado, with former Space Shuttle engineer Julie Kramer White at NASA as Orion's chief engineer.[6]

As of 2022[update], three flight-worthy Orion spacecraft are under construction, with one completed and an additional one ordered,[lower-alpha 1] for use in NASA's Artemis program.

The first completed unit, CM-002, was launched on November 16, 2022 on Artemis 1.[9][10][11]

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 1.1 Crew module (CM)
* 1.2 European Service Module (ESM)
* 1.3 Launch Abort System (LAS)
* 1.4 Spacecraft properties and performance
* 2 History
* 2.1 Funding history and planning
* 2.2 Ground test articles, mockups, and boilerplates
* 3 Variants
* 3.1 Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV)
* 3.1.1 Environmental testing
* 3.1.2 Launch Abort System (LAS) testing
* 3.1.3 Splashdown recovery testing
* 3.1.4 Cancellation of Constellation program
* 3.2 Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV)
* 3.2.1 Orion splashdown recovery testing
* 3.3 Orion Lite
* 3.3.1 History
* 3.3.2 Design
* 3.3.3 Recovery
* 4 Flights
* 4.1 List of flights
* 4.2 Upcoming missions
* 4.3 Proposed
* 4.3.1 Potential Mars missions
* 4.4 Canceled
* 4.4.1 Asteroid Redirect Mission
* 5 List of vehicles
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Description

Configuration of the Orion spacecraft. The capsule shown in the photo is an early design version of Orion. Crew module

File:Orion Spacecraft.stl Orion uses the same basic configuration as the Apollo command and service module (CSM) that first took astronauts to the Moon, but with an increased diameter, updated thermal protection system, and other more modern technologies. It will be capable of supporting long-duration deep space missions with up to 21 days of active crew time plus 6 months' quiescent spacecraft life.[12] During the quiescent period crew life support would be provided by another module, such as the proposed Lunar Gateway. The spacecraft's life support, propulsion, thermal protection, and avionics systems can be upgraded as new technologies become available.[13]

The Orion spacecraft includes both crew and service modules, a spacecraft adapter and an emergency launch abort system. The Orion's crew module is larger than Apollo's and can support more crew members for short or long-duration missions. The European service module propels and powers the spacecraft as well as storing oxygen and water for astronauts, Orion relies on solar energy rather than fuel cells, which allows for longer missions.

### Crew module (CM)

Interior of the Orion mock-up in October 2014 Error creating thumbnail: Unable to save thumbnail to destinationInterior of a mockup of the Orion crew module outfitted in the On-Orbit configuration that will be used in crewed missions Testing of Orion's parachute system Orion Crew Module Model (Neil A. Armstrong Flight Research Center)

The Orion crew module (CM) is a reusable transportation capsule that provides a habitat for the crew, provides storage for consumables and research instruments, and contains the docking port for crew transfers.[13][14][15] The crew module is the only part of the spacecraft that returns to Earth after each mission and is a 57.5° frustum shape with a blunt spherical aft end, 5.02 meters (16 ft 6 in) in diameter and 3.3 meters (10 ft 10 in) in length,[16] with a mass of about 8.5 metric tons (19,000 lb). It was manufactured by the Lockheed Martin Corporation at Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans.[17][18][19][20] It has 50% more volume than the Apollo capsule and will carry four astronauts.[1] After extensive study, NASA selected the Avcoat ablator system to provide heat protection encountered during reentry for the Orion crew module. Avcoat, which is composed of silica fibers with a resin in a honeycomb made of fiberglass and phenolic resin, was formerly used on the Apollo missions and on the Space Shuttle orbiter for early flights.[21]

Orion's CM uses advanced technologies, including:

* Glass cockpit digital control systems derived from those of the Boeing 787.[22]
* An "autodock" feature, like those of Progress, the Automated Transfer Vehicle, and Dragon 2, with provision for the flight crew to take over in an emergency. Prior US spacecraft have all been docked by the crew, with the exception of Dragon 2.
* Improved waste-management facilities, with a miniature camping-style toilet and the unisex "relief tube" used on the Space Shuttle.
* A nitrogen/oxygen (N2/O2) mixed atmosphere at either sea level (101.3 kPa or 14.69 psi) or reduced (55.2 to 70.3 kPa or 8.01 to 10.20 psi) pressure.

The CM is built of aluminium-lithium alloy. The reusable recovery parachutes are based on the parachutes used on both the Apollo spacecraft and the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters, and constructed of Nomex cloth. Water landing is the exclusive means of recovery for the Orion CM.[23][24]

To allow Orion to mate with other vehicles, it will be equipped with the NASA Docking System. The spacecraft employs a Launch Abort System (LAS) along with a "Boost Protective Cover" (made of fiberglass), to protect the Orion CM from aerodynamic and impact stresses during the first ​2 1⁄2 minutes of ascent. Orion is designed to be 10 times safer during ascent and reentry than the Space Shuttle.[25] The CM is designed to be refurbished and reused. In addition, all of Orion's component parts have been designed to be as modular as possible, so that between the craft's first test flight in 2014 and its projected Mars voyage in the 2030s, the spacecraft can be upgraded as new technologies become available.[13]

As of 2019, the Spacecraft Atmospheric Monitor is planned to be used in the Orion CM.[26]

### European Service Module (ESM)

Main article: Astronomy:European Service Module

Artist's concept of an Orion spacecraft including the European Service Module with Interim Cryogenic Upper Stage attached at the back

In May 2011 the ESA director general announced a possible collaboration with NASA to work on a successor to the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV).[27] On June 21, 2012, Airbus Defence and Space announced that they had been awarded two separate studies, each worth €6.5 million, to evaluate the possibilities of using technology and experience gained from ATV and Columbus related work for future missions. The first looked into the possible construction of a service module which would be used in tandem with the Orion CM.[28] The second examined the possible production of a versatile multi purpose orbital vehicle.[29]

On November 21, 2012, the ESA decided to develop an ATV-derived service module for Orion.[30] The service module is being manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space in Bremen, Germany.[31] NASA announced on January 16, 2013, that the ESA service module will first fly on Artemis 1, the debut launch of the Space Launch System.[32]

Testing of the European service module began in February 2016, at the Space Power Facility.[33]

On February 16, 2017, a €200m contract was signed between Airbus and the European Space Agency for the production of a second European service module for use on the first crewed Orion flight, Artemis 2.[34]

On October 26, 2018 the first unit for Artemis 1 was assembled in full at Airbus Defence and Space's factory in Bremen, Germany.[35]

### Launch Abort System (LAS)

In the event of an emergency on the launch pad or during ascent, the Launch Abort System (LAS) will separate the crew module from the launch vehicle using three solid rocket motors: an abort motor (AM),[36] an attitude control motor (ACM), and a jettison motor (JM). The AM provides the thrust needed to accelerate the capsule, while the ACM is used to point the AM[37] and the jettison motor separates the LAS from the crew capsule.[38] On July 10, 2007, Orbital Sciences, the prime contractor for the LAS, awarded Alliant Techsystems (ATK) a $62.5 million sub-contract to "design, develop, produce, test and deliver the launch abort motor," which uses a "reverse flow" design.[39] On July 9, 2008, NASA announced that ATK had completed construction of a vertical test stand at a facility in Promontory, Utah to test launch abort motors for the Orion spacecraft.[40] Another long-time space motor contractor, Aerojet, was awarded the jettison motor design and development contract for the LAS. As of September 2008, Aerojet has, along with team members Orbital Sciences, Lockheed Martin and NASA, successfully demonstrated two full-scale test firings of the jettison motor. This motor is used on every flight, as it separates the LAS from the vehicle after both a successful launch and a launch abort.[41]

### Spacecraft properties and performance

With the announcement in 2019 of the intent to procure a Human Landing System for Artemis missions, NASA provided Orion mass and propulsion capability values. After separation from the SLS upper stage the Orion is expected to have a mass of 26,375 kg (58,147 lb) and be capable of performing maneuvers requiring up to 1,050 m/s (3,445 ft/s) of delta-v.[42]

## History

Transport of the Orion capsule before the first test (2013)

The Orion MPCV was announced by NASA on May 24, 2011.[43] Its design is based on the Crew Exploration Vehicle from the canceled Constellation program,[44] which had been a 2006 NASA contract award to Lockheed Martin.[45] The command module is being built by Lockheed Martin at the Michoud Assembly Facility,[18][19] while the Orion service module is being built by Airbus Defence and Space in Bremen with funding from the European Space Agency.[32][46][31][35] The CM's first uncrewed test flight (EFT-1) was launched without the EUS atop a Delta IV Heavy rocket on December 5, 2014, and lasted 4 hours and 24 minutes before landing at its target in the Pacific Ocean.[47][48][49][50]

On November 30, 2020, it was reported that NASA and Lockheed Martin had found a failure with a component in one of the Orion spacecraft's power data units but NASA later clarified that it does not expect the issue to affect the Artemis 1 launch date.[51][52]

### Funding history and planning

For fiscal years 2006 through 2022, the Orion program had expended funding totaling $21.5 billion in nominal dollars. This is equivalent to $26.3 billion in 2022 dollars using the NASA New Start Inflation Indices.[53]

The administration's proposed fiscal year 2023 budget included $1,339 million for the Orion program.[54]

Fiscal year | Funding  | Source

|
|

Nominal (millions)  | In 2022[53] (millions)
2006  | $839.2  | $1,224.7  | CEV[55]
2007  | $714.5  | $1,004.0  | CEV[56]
2008  | $1,174.1  | $1,593.1  | CEV[57]
2009  | $1,747.9  | $2,327.4  | CEV[57]
2010  | $1,640  | $2,154.2  | CEV[57]
2011  | $1,196.0  | $1,546.0  | MPCV[58]
2012  | $1,200  | $1,534.9  | Orion MPCV[59]
2013  | $1,138  | $1,403.5  | Orion MPCV[60]
2014  | $1,197  | $1,479.3  | Orion Program[61]
2015  | $1,190.2  | $1,441.9  | Orion Program[62]
2016  | $1,270  | $1,520.2  | Orion Program[63]
2017  | $1,350.0  | $1,582.3  | Orion[64]
2018  | $1,350.0  | $1,543.1  | Orion[65]
2019  | $1,350.0  | $1,513.9  | Orion[66]
2020  | $1,406.7  | $1,543.3  | Orion[67]
2021  | $1,403.7  | $1,483.9  | Orion[68]
2022  | $1,401.7  | $1,401.7  | Orion[69]
Total 2006–2022  | $21,545  | $26,298  |

Excluded from the prior Orion costs are:

1. Most costs "for production, operations, or sustainment of additional crew capsules, despite plans to use and possibly enhance this capsule after 2021";[70] production and operations contracts were awarded going into fiscal year 2020[71]
2. Costs of the first service module and spare parts, which are provided by ESA[72] for the test flight of Orion (about US$1 billion)[73]
3. Costs to assemble, integrate, prepare and launch the Orion and its launcher, funded separately in the NASA Ground Operations Project,[74] currently about $600M[75] per year
4. Costs of the launcher, the SLS, for the Orion spacecraft

For 2021 to 2025, NASA estimates[76] yearly budgets for Orion from $1.4 to $1.1 billion. In late 2015, the Orion program was assessed at a 70% confidence level for its first crewed flight by 2023.[77][78][79]

There are no NASA estimates for the Orion program recurring yearly costs once operational, for a certain flight rate per year, or for the resulting average costs per flight. However, a production and operations contract[80] awarded to Lockheed Martin in 2019 indicated NASA will pay the prime contractor $900M for the first three Orion capsules and $633M for the following three.[81] In 2016, the NASA manager of exploration systems development said that Orion, SLS, and supporting ground systems should cost "US$2 billion or less" annually.[82] NASA will not provide the cost per flight of Orion and SLS, with associate administrator William H. Gerstenmaier stating "costs must be derived from the data and are not directly available. This was done by design to lower NASA's expenditures" in 2017.[83]

### Ground test articles, mockups, and boilerplates

NASA and DoD personnel familiarize themselves with a Navy-built, 18,000-pound (8,200 kg) Orion mock-up in a test pool at the Naval Surface Warfare Center's Carderock Division in Potomac, Md. The Orion Drop Test Article during a test on February 29, 2012 Test article being airlifted to the Pad Abort-1 flight test

* Space Vehicle Mockup Facility (SVMF) in Johnson Space Center, includes a full-scale Orion capsule mock-up for astronaut training.[84]
* MLAS An Orion boilerplate was used in the MLAS test launch.
* Ares-I-X The Orion Mass Simulator was used on the Ares I-X flight test.
* Pad Abort 1 An Orion boilerplate was used for the Pad Abort 1 flight test, the LAS was fully functional, the boilerplate was recovered
* Ascent Abort-2 An Orion boilerplate was used for the Ascent Abort 2 flight test, the LAS was fully functional, the boilerplate was discarded
* The Boilerplate Test Article (BTA) underwent splashdown testing at the Langley Research Center. This same test article has been modified to support Orion Recovery Testing in stationary and underway recovery tests.[85] The BTA contains over 150 sensors to gather data on its test drops.[86] Testing of the 18,000-pound (8,200 kg) mockup ran from July 2011 to January 6, 2012.[87]
* The Ground Test Article (GTA) stack, located at Lockheed Martin in Denver, is undergoing vibration testing.[88] It is made up by the Orion Ground Test Vehicle (GTV) combined with its Launch Abort System (LAS). Further testing will see the addition of service module simulator panels and Thermal Protection System (TPS) to the GTA stack.[89]
* The Drop Test Article (DTA), also known as the Drop Test Vehicle (DTV) underwent test drops at the US Army's Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona from an altitude of 25,000 feet (7,600 m).[89] Testing began in 2007. Drogue chutes deploy around 20,000 and 15,000 feet (6,100 and 4,600 m). Testing of the staged parachutes includes the partial opening and complete failure of one of the three main parachutes. With only two chutes deployed the DTA lands at 33 feet per second (10 m/s), the maximum touchdown speed for Orion's design.[90] The drop test program has had several failures in 2007, 2008, and 2010,[91] resulting in new DTV being constructed. The landing parachute set is known as the Capsule Parachute Assembly System (CPAS).[92] With all parachutes functional, a landing speed of 17 mph (27 km/h) was achieved.[93] A third test vehicle, the PCDTV3, was successfully tested in a drop on April 17, 2012.[94]

## Variants

### Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV)

Main article: Astronomy:Crew Exploration Vehicle

Orion CEV design as of 2009

The idea for a Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) was announced on January 14, 2004, as part of the Vision for Space Exploration after the Space Shuttle Columbia accident.[95] The CEV effectively replaced the conceptual Orbital Space Plane (OSP), a proposed replacement for the Space Shuttle. A design competition was held, and the winner was the proposal from a consortium led by Lockheed Martin. It was later named "Orion" after the stellar constellation and mythical hunter of the same name,[96] and became part of the Constellation program under NASA administrator Sean O'Keefe.

Constellation proposed using the Orion CEV in both crew and cargo variants to support the International Space Station and as a crew vehicle for a return to the Moon. The crew/command module was originally intended to land on solid ground on the US west coast using airbags but later changed to ocean splashdown, while a service module was included for life support and propulsion.[23] With a diameter of 5 meters (16 ft 5 in) as opposed to 3.9 meters (12 ft 10 in), the Orion CEV would have provided 2.5 times greater volume than the Apollo CM.[97] The service module was originally planned to use liquid methane (LCH4) as its fuel, but switched to hypergolic propellants due to the infancy of oxygen/methane-powered rocket technologies and the goal of launching the Orion CEV by 2012.[98][99][100]

The Orion CEV was to be launched on the Ares I rocket to low Earth orbit, where it would rendezvous with the Altair lunar lander launched on a heavy-lift Ares V launch vehicle for lunar missions.

#### Environmental testing

NASA performed environmental testing of Orion from 2007 to 2011 at the Glenn Research Center Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio. The Center's Space Power Facility is the world's largest thermal vacuum chamber.[101]

#### Launch Abort System (LAS) testing

Orion LAS test assembled at the NASA Research Center

ATK Aerospace successfully completed the first Orion Launch Abort System (LAS) test on November 20, 2008. The LAS motor could provide 500,000 lbf (2,200 kN) of thrust in case an emergency situation should arise on the launch pad or during the first 300,000 feet (91 km) of the rocket's climb to orbit.[102]

On March 2, 2009, a full size, full weight command module mockup (pathfinder) began its journey from the Langley Research Center to White Sands Missile Range in southern New Mexico for at-gantry launch vehicle assembly training and for LES testing.[103] On May 10, 2010, NASA successfully executed the LES PAD-Abort-1 test at White Sands, launching a boilerplate (mock-up) Orion capsule to an altitude of approximately 6,000 feet (1,800 m). The test used three solid-fuel rocket motors - the main thrust motor, an attitude control motor and the jettison motor.[104]

#### Splashdown recovery testing

In 2009, during the Constellation phase of the program, the Post-landing Orion Recovery Test (PORT) was designed to determine and evaluate methods of crew rescue and what kind of motions the astronaut crew could expect after landing, including conditions outside the capsule for the recovery team. The evaluation process supported NASA's design of landing recovery operations including equipment, ship and crew needs.

The PORT Test used a full-scale boilerplate (mock-up) of NASA's Orion crew module and was tested in water under simulated and real weather conditions. Tests began March 23, 2009, with a Navy-built, 18,000-pound (8,200 kg) boilerplate in a test pool. Full sea testing ran April 6–30, 2009, at various locations off the coast of NASA's Kennedy Space Center with media coverage.[105]

#### Cancellation of Constellation program

Artist's conception of Orion (as then-designed) in lunar orbit

On May 7, 2009, the Obama administration enlisted the Augustine Commission to perform a full independent review of the ongoing NASA space exploration program. The commission found the then-current Constellation Program to be woefully under-budgeted with significant cost overruns, behind schedule by four years or more in several essential components, and unlikely to be capable of meeting any of its scheduled goals.[106][107] As a consequence, the commission recommended a significant re-allocation of goals and resources. As one of the many outcomes based on these recommendations, on October 11, 2010, the Constellation program was canceled, ending development of the Altair, Ares I, and Ares V. The Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle survived the cancellation and was transferred to be launched on the Space Launch System.[108]

### Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV)

The Orion development program was restructured from three different versions of the Orion capsule, each for a different task,[109] to the development of the MPCV as a single version capable of performing multiple tasks.[4] On December 5, 2014, a developmental Orion spacecraft was successfully launched into space and retrieved at sea after splashdown on the Exploration Flight Test-1 (EFT-1).[110][111]

#### Orion splashdown recovery testing

Before EFT-1 in December 2014, several preparatory vehicle recovery tests were performed, which continued the "crawl, walk, run" approach established by PORT. The "crawl" phase was performed August 12–16, 2013, with the Stationary Recovery Test (SRT).[citation needed] The Stationary Recovery Test demonstrated the recovery hardware and techniques that were to be employed for the recovery of the Orion crew module in the protected waters of Naval Station Norfolk utilizing the LPD-17 type USS Arlington as the recovery ship.[112]

The "walk" and "run" phases were performed with the Underway Recovery Test (URT). Also utilizing an LPD 17 class ship, the URT was performed in more realistic sea conditions off the coast of California in early 2014 to prepare the US Navy / NASA team for recovering the Exploration Flight Test-1 (EFT-1) Orion crew module. The URT tests completed the pre-launch test phase of the Orion recovery system.[citation needed]

EFT-1

### Orion Lite

#### History

Orion Lite is an unofficial name used in the media for a lightweight crew capsule proposed by Bigelow Aerospace in collaboration with Lockheed Martin. It was to be based on the Orion spacecraft that Lockheed Martin was developing for NASA. It was never developed. It was to be a lighter, less capable and cheaper version of the full Orion.[113]

Orion Lite was intended to provide a stripped-down version of the Orion that would be available for missions to the International Space Station earlier than the more capable Orion, which is designed for longer duration missions to the Moon and Mars.[114]

Bigelow had begun working with Lockheed Martin in 2004. A few years later Bigelow signed a million-dollar contract to develop "an Orion mockup, an Orion Lite",[115] in 2009.[113]

The proposed collaboration between Bigelow and Lockheed Martin on the Orion Lite spacecraft has ended.[when?] Bigelow began work with Boeing on a similar capsule, the CST-100, which has no Orion heritage, and was one of the two systems selected under NASA's Commercial Crew Development (CCDev) program to transport crew to the ISS.[citation needed]

#### Design

Orion Lite's primary mission would be to transport crew to the International Space Station, or to private space stations such as the planned B330 from Bigelow Aerospace. While Orion Lite would have the same exterior dimensions as the Orion, there would be no need for the deep space infrastructure present in the Orion configuration. As such, the Orion Lite would be able to support larger crews of around 7 people as the result of greater habitable interior volume and the reduced weight of equipment needed to support an exclusively low-Earth-orbit configuration.[116]

#### Recovery

In order to reduce the weight of Orion Lite, the more durable heat shield of the Orion would be replaced with a lighter weight heat shield designed to support the lower temperatures of Earth atmospheric re-entry from low Earth orbit. Additionally, the current proposal calls for a mid-air retrieval, wherein another aircraft captures the descending Orion Lite module.[citation needed] To date, such a retrieval method has not been employed for crewed spacecraft, although it has been used with satellites.[117]

## Flights

### List of flights

File:Liftoff of Orion.webm

Orion development test flights  Mission  | Patch  | Launch  | Launch vehicle  | Outcome  | Duration  | Summary

|
|
|
|
|
|

MLAS |  |

* July 8, 2009, 10:26 UTC
* Wallops Flight Facility

| MLAS | Success  | 57 seconds  | Test flight of the Max Launch Abort System (MLAS)
Ares I-X  |  |

* October 28, 2009, 15:30 UTC
* Kennedy LC-39B

| Ares I-X  | Success  | ~6 minutes  | Test flight of the Ares rocket
Pad Abort-1  | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orion_Pad_Abort_1.png |

* May 6, 2010
* White Sands LC-32E

| Orion Launch Abort System (LAS)  | Success  | 95 seconds  | Flight test of the Orion Launch Abort System (LAS)
Exploration Flight Test-1 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Exploration_Flight_Test-1_insignia.png |

* December 5, 2014, 12:05 UTC
* Cape Canaveral SLC-37

* Delta IV Heavy
* (Delta 369)

| Success  | 4 hours 24 minutes  | Orbital flight test of Orion's heat shield, parachutes, jettisoning components, and on-board computers.[118] Orion was recovered by  missing name and brought to San Diego, California, for its return to Kennedy Space Center in Florida.[119]
Ascent Abort-2 | https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ascent_Abort-2.png |

* July 2, 2019, 11:00 UTC
* Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-46

| Orion Abort Test Booster | Success  | 3 minutes 13 seconds  | Test of the Launch Abort System (LAS) of NASA's Orion spacecraft
Artemis 1 |  |

* November 16, 2022, 06:47:44 UTC[120][11]
* Kennedy LC-39B

| SLS Block 1 | Success  | 25 days 10 hours 55 minutes 50 seconds  | Uncrewed lunar orbit and return
Artist's concept of an astronaut on an EVA taking samples from a captured asteroid, with Orion in the background

### Upcoming missions

Main article: Astronomy:Artemis program

The first crewed flight, Artemis 2, will be a lunar flyby.[121] Flights are expected to achieve a yearly cadence from Artemis 4 onward in 2028.[122]

List of crewed Artemis program missions  Mission  | Patch  | Launch date  | Crew  | Launch vehicle  | Duration

|
|
|
|
|

Artemis 2 |  | September 2025[123] |

* Reid Wiseman, NASA
* Victor Glover, NASA
* Christina Koch, NASA
* Jeremy Hansen, CSA/ASC

| SLS Block 1 Crew  | ~10 days
Artemis 3 |  | September 2026[123] | TBA  | SLS Block 1 Crew  | ~30 days
Artemis 4 |  | September 2028[122] | TBA  | SLS Block 1B Crew  | ~30 days
Artemis 5 |  | September 2029[122] | TBA  | SLS Block 1B Crew  | ~30 days

### Proposed

A proposal curated by William H. Gerstenmaier before his 10 July 2019 reassignment[124] suggests four launches of the crewed Orion spacecraft and logistical modules aboard the SLS Block 1B to the Gateway between 2024 and 2028.[125][126] The crewed Artemis 4 through 7 would launch yearly between 2025 and 2028,[127] testing in situ resource utilization and nuclear power on the lunar surface with a partially reusable lander. Artemis 7 would deliver in 2028 a crew of four astronauts to a surface lunar outpost known as the Lunar Surface Asset.[127] The Lunar Surface Asset would be launched by an undetermined launcher[127] and would be used for extended crewed lunar surface missions.[127][128][129][130] Another repair mission to the Hubble Space Telescope is also possible.[131]

Proposed missions  Mission  | Launch date  | Crew  | Launch vehicle  | Duration

|
|
|
|

Artemis 6  | September 2030[122][132] | TBA  | SLS Block 1B Crew  | ~30d
Artemis 7  | September 2031[122][132] | TBA  | SLS Block 1B Crew  | ~30d
Artemis 8  | 2032[133] | TBA  | SLS Block 1B Crew  | ~60d
Artemis 9  | 2033  | TBA  | SLS Block 2 Crew  | ~60d
Artemis 10  | 2034  | TBA  | SLS Block 2 Crew  | ~60d
Artemis 11  | 2035  | TBA  | SLS Block 2 Crew  | ~60d
Artist rendering of the Orion CEV docked to a proposed Mars Transfer Vehicle

#### Potential Mars missions

Further information: Astronomy:Human mission to Mars

The Orion capsule is designed to support future missions to send astronauts to Mars, probably to take place in the 2030s. Since the Orion capsule provides only about 2.25 m3 (79 cu ft) of living space per crew member,[134] the use of an additional Deep Space Habitat module featuring propulsion will be needed for long-duration missions. The complete spacecraft stack is known as the Deep Space Transport.[135] The habitat module will provide additional space and supplies, as well as facilitate spacecraft maintenance, mission communications, exercise, training, and personal recreation.[136] Some concepts for DSH modules would provide approximately 70.0 m3 (2,472 cu ft) of living space per crew member,[136] though the DSH module is in its early conceptual stage. DSH sizes and configurations may vary slightly, depending on crew and mission needs.[137] The mission may launch in the mid-2030s or late-2030s.[130]

### Canceled

#### Asteroid Redirect Mission

Main article: Astronomy:Asteroid Redirect Mission

The Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM), also known as the Asteroid Retrieval and Utilization (ARU) mission and the Asteroid Initiative, was a space mission proposed by NASA in 2013. The Asteroid Retrieval Robotic Mission (ARRM) spacecraft would rendezvous with a large near-Earth asteroid and use robotic arms with anchoring grippers to retrieve a 4-meter boulder from the asteroid. A secondary objective was to develop the required technology to bring a small near-Earth asteroid into lunar orbit – "the asteroid was a bonus." There, it could be analyzed by the crew of the Orion EM-5 or EM-6 ARCM mission in 2026.[138]

Orion approaching the Gateway during Artemis 3

Earth and Moon
(Orion; 28 November 2022)

## List of vehicles

Image  | Serial  | Status  | Flights  | Time in flight  | Notes  | Cat.

|
|
|
|
|
|

Retired
|  | Unknown | Retired  | 1  | 57s  | Boilerplate used in the July 2009 test launch of the Max Launch Abort System; did not have a service module.  |
|  | Unknown | Retired  | 1  | 2m, 15s
|  | 001  | Retired  | 1  | 4h, 24m, 46s  | Vehicle used in Exploration Flight Test-1. First Orion to fly in space; did not have a service module. Orion 001 is currently on display at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex.[139][140][141]
Expended
|  | CM/LAS  | Expended  | 1  | ~6m  | Boilerplate used in Ares I-X launch; did not have a service module.  |
|  | Unknown | Expended  | 1  | 3m, 13s  | Boilerplate used in Ascent Abort-2; did not have a service module. Intentionally destroyed during the flight.[142][143]
Active
|  | GTA  | Active  | 0  | None | Ground Test Article, used in ground tests of the Orion crew module design with mock service modules.[144][145]
|  | STA  | Active  | 0  | None | Structural Test Article, used in structural testing of the complete Orion spacecraft design.[146]
|  | 002  | Active  | 1  | 25 days, 10 hours and 52 minutes  | Vehicle used in Artemis 1.[140][147]First to be fully completed (EFT-1 Orion did not have SM, see above), and go to the Moon. Is now used for ground testing for future Artemis missions.[148]
Under construction
|  | 003  | Under construction  | 0  | None | Vehicle to be used in Artemis 2. First Orion planned to carry crew.[147]
|  | 004  | Under construction  | 0  | None | Vehicle to be used in Artemis 3, first human landing mission on the Moon since 1972.[147] Pressure vessel completed at Michoud in August 2021.[149]
|  | 005  | Under construction  | 0  | None | Vehicle to be used in Artemis 4.[147] Pressure vessel shipped to Kennedy Space Center on March 2023.[149]
|  | 006  | Under construction  | 0  | None | Vehicle to be used in Artemis 5.[147] Ordered under the Orion Production and Operations Contract.[149]
Test vehicle  Spaceflight vehicle

## See also

* Engineering:List of crewed spacecraft - None
* Astronomy:NASA Authorization Act of 2010 - U.S. law

## References

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

1. ↑ NASA has ordered two additional CMs from Lockheed Martin,[7] though as of the 2019 ESA Ministerial Council, only one additional ESM has been ordered by ESA from Airbus Defence and Space.[8]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Orion Reference Guide". NASA Johnson Space Center. https://www.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/orion-reference-guide-111022.pdf.
2. ↑ "NASA Authorization Act of 2010". Thomas.loc.gov. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d111:S3729:.
3. ↑ Bergin, Chris (July 10, 2012). "NASA ESD set key Orion requirement based on Lunar missions". NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/07/nasa-esd-key-orion-requirement-lunar-missions/.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Orion Quick facts". NASA. August 4, 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/fs-2014-08-004-jsc-orion_quickfacts-web.pdf.
5. ↑ "NASA Commits to Long-term Artemis Missions with Orion Production Contract". September 23, 2019. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-commits-to-long-term-artemis-missions-with-orion-production-contract.
6. ↑ Cesar, Alan (15 Dec 2023). "An Aerospace Titan Rooted in the Midwest". Aerogram. https://engineering.purdue.edu/AAE/Aerogram/2023-2024/articles/09-artemis-package. Retrieved 2024-01-09.
7. ↑ Foust, Jeff (24 September 2019). "NASA awards long-term Orion production contract to Lockheed Martin". https://spacenews.com/nasa-awards-long-term-orion-production-contract-to-lockheed-martin/. "The Orion Production and Operations Contract includes an initial order of three Orion spacecraft, for missions Artemis 3, 4 and 5, for $2.7 billion."
8. ↑ Clark, Stephen (29 November 2019). "Earth observation, deep space exploration big winners in new ESA budget". https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/11/29/earth-observation-deep-space-exploration-big-winners-in-new-esa-budget/. "ESA member states put up money for two Orion service modules at this week's summit in Seville. The power and propulsion modules will fly with NASA's Orion spacecraft carrying astronauts to the moon on the Artemis 3 and Artemis 4 missions..."
9. ↑ Kraft, Rachel (2022-05-16). "Artemis I Mission Availability". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/artemis-i-mission-availability.
10. ↑ Wattles, Jackie (November 8, 2022). "NASA's Artemis I mission delayed again as storm barrels toward launch site". Warner Bros Discovery. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/08/world/nasa-artemis-i-sls-hurricane-tropical-storm-nicole-scn/index.html.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "NASA Prepares Rocket, Spacecraft Ahead of Tropical Storm Nicole, Re-targets Launch". NASA. 8 November 2022. https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/11/08/nasa-prepares-rocket-spacecraft-ahead-of-tropical-storm-nicole-re-targets-launch/.
12. ↑ Peterson, L. (2009). "Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS)". NTRS.nasa.gov (Ames Research Center: NASA). https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090029327.pdf. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "NASA Goes 'Green': Next Spacecraft to be Reusable – Orion Capsule". Space.com. June 13, 2013. http://www.space.com/21541-nasa-orion-spacecraft-reusable.html.
14. ↑ "NASA – A 21st Century-Style Return to the Moon". https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/orion/21st_century_style_return_to_the_moon.html.
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17. ↑ "Lockheed to build Nasa 'Moonship'". BBC News. August 31, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5304086.stm.
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19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cristina, Victoria (April 26, 2021). "Behind the scenes at NASA Michoud: Assembly of the Orion Crew Modules". Nexstar Media Group. https://wgno.com/news/louisiana/behind-the-scenes-at-nasa-michoud-assembly-of-the-orion-crew-modules/.
20. ↑ NASA Orion public relations [@NASA_Orion] (September 10, 2021). "Technicians at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility completed the welding on Orion's pressure vessel which will carry @NASA_Astronauts to the Moon on #Artemis III.". https://twitter.com/NASA_Orion/status/1436382093404221453.
21. ↑ "NASA Selects Material for Orion Spacecraft Heat Shield" (Press release). NASA Ames Research Center. April 7, 2009. Archived from the original on March 17, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2009.
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23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Orion landings to be splashdowns – KSC buildings to be demolished". NASA SpaceFlight.com. August 5, 2007. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2007/08/orion-landings-to-be-splashdowns-ksc-buildings-to-be-demolished/.
24. ↑ "NASA Denies Making Orion Water Landing Decision – and Deleting Touchdowns on Land". NASA Watch. August 6, 2007. http://nasawatch.com/archives/2007/08/nasa-denies-making-orion-water-landing-decision
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25. ↑ "NASA Announces Key Decision For Next Deep Space Transportation System". NASA. May 24, 2011. http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/may/HQ_11-164_MPCV_Decision.html.
26. ↑ Hill, Denise (2019-07-23). "S.A.M. Goes to Work Aboard ISS". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasas-spacecraft-atmosphere-monitor-goes-to-work-aboard-the-international-space-station.
27. ↑ "US and Europe plan new spaceship". BBC News. May 5, 2011. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13286238.
28. ↑ "ATV evolution studies look at exploration, debris removal". Spaceflight Now. June 21, 2012. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1206/21atvfuture/.
29. ↑ "Airbus Defence and Space awarded two ATV evolution studies from ESA". Astrium. June 21, 2012. http://www.astrium.eads.net/en/press_centre/astrium-awarded-two-atv-evolution-studies-from-esa.html.
30. ↑ Bergin, Chris (November 21, 2012). "UK steps up, as ESA commit to ATV Service Module on NASA's Orion". NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/11/uk-steps-up-esa-commit-atv-service-module-orion/.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Multi Purpose Crew Vehicle – European Service Module for NASA's Orion programme". Airbus Defence and Space. http://www.space-airbusds.com/en/programmes/mpcv-esm-v15.html.
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "NASA Signs Agreement for a European-Provided Orion Service Module". nasa.gov. January 16, 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/mpcv/orion_feature_011613.html.
33. ↑ Cody Zoller (December 1, 2015). "NASA to begin testing Orion's European Service Module". NASA SpaceFlight. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/12/nasa-testing-orions-european-service-module/.
34. ↑ Airbus Defence and Space wins 200 million euros ESA contract for second service module for NASA's Orion crewed space capsule . Airbus Defense and Space press release. February 16, 2017.
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Call for media: The European Service module meets Orion". 26 October 2018. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Orion/Call_for_media_The_European_Service_Module_meets_Orion.
36. ↑ "Mission to the Moon: How We'll Go Back – and Stay This Time". popularmechanics.com. http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/air_space/4212906.html?page=2.
37. ↑ Mika McKinnon (2014-12-04). "Meet Orion, NASA's New Deep Space Explorer". Space.io9.com. http://space.io9.com/meet-orion-nasas-new-deep-space-explorer-1663858997.
38. ↑ "Launch Abort System Jettison Motor | Aerojet Rocketdyne". Rocket.com. http://www.rocket.com/launch-abort-system-jettison-motor.
39. ↑ "ATK Awarded Contract for Orion Launch Abort Motors". PRNewswire. http://www2.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/07-10-2007/0004622662.
40. ↑ "Orion's New Launch Abort Motor Test Stand Ready for Action". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/orion/H-08-137.html.
41. ↑ Rhian, Jason (July 17, 2018). "Jettison Motor Readied For Integration Into Orion's LAS" (in en). Spaceflight Insider. https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/human-spaceflight/jettison-motor-readied-for-integration-into-orions-las/. "The jettison motor separates the LAS from the Orion capsule on its way to orbit."
42. ↑ "NextSTEP-2 Appendix H, Attachment F: Human Landing System to Orion Interface Requirements Document (HLS-IRD-005)". NASA. 30 Sep 2019. https://sam.gov/opp/d5460a204ab23cc0035c088dcc580d17/view.
43. ↑ Wall, Mike (May 24, 2011). "NASA Unveils New Spaceship for Deep Space Exploration". Space.com. http://www.space.com/11765-nasa-deep-space-exploration-vehicle-announcement.html.
44. ↑ Moen, Marina M. (August 8, 2011). "Feasibility of Orion Crew Module Entry on Half of Available Propellant Due to Tank Isolation Fault". AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
45. ↑ "NASA Selects Lockheed Martin To Be Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle Prime Contractor" (Press release). NASA. 2006-08-31. Retrieved 2006-08-31.
46. ↑ "ESA workhorse to power NASA's Orion spacecraft / Research / Human Spaceflight / Our Activities / ESA". Esa.int. 2013-01-16. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Research/ESA_workhorse_to_power_NASA_s_Orion_spacecraft.
47. ↑ Bergin, Chris (March 15, 2014). "EFT-1 Orion slips to December – Allows military satellite to launch first". nasaspaceflight.com. NASAspaceflight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/03/eft-1-slips-december-satellite-launch-first/.
48. ↑ Clark, Stephen (March 15, 2014). "Launch schedule shakeup delays Orion to December". spaceflightnow.com. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/orion/eft1/140315delay/.
49. ↑ "Orion Exploration Flight Test-1". aerospaceguide.net. January 11, 2014. http://www.aerospaceguide.net/spacecraft/eft-1.html.
50. ↑ Fountain, Henry (December 5, 2014). "NASA's Orion Spacecraft Splashes Down in Pacific After Test Flight". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/06/science/nasa-orion-spacecraft-lifts-off-into-orbit.html.
51. ↑ Grush, Loren (30 November 2020). "Component failure in NASA's deep-space crew capsule could take months to fix". https://www.theverge.com/2020/11/30/21726753/nasa-orion-crew-capsule-power-unit-failure-artemis-i.
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98. ↑ Handlin, Daniel; Bergin, Chris (October 11, 2006). "NASA sets Orion 13 for Moon Return". NASAspaceflight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/10/nasa-sets-orion-13-for-moon-return/.
99. ↑ Handlin, Daniel; Bergin, Chris (July 22, 2006). "NASA makes major design changes to CEV". NASAspaceflight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2006/07/nasa-makes-major-design-changes-to-cev/.
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101. ↑ "NASA Glenn To Test Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle". SpaceDaily. http://www.space-travel.com/reports/NASA_Glenn_To_Test_Orion_Crew_Exploration_Vehicle_999.html.
102. ↑ "NASA: Constellation Abort Test November 2008". Nasa.gov. December 11, 2008. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/orion/las_nov08.html.
103. ↑ "NASA Orion LAS Pathfinder". Nasa.gov. http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1296.html.
104. ↑ "NASA Completes Test of Orion Crew Capsule". foxnews.com. May 6, 2010. http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/05/06/nasa-tests-orion-crew-capsule/.
105. ↑ "NASA Orion PORT Test". Nasa.gov. March 25, 2009. http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2009/mar/HQ_09-068_Orion_PORT_Test.html.
106. ↑ Augustine Commission Final Report Published 22 Oct. 2009. Retrieved 14 Dec. 2014
107. ↑ NASA in Obama's Hands Information Addict Website, by Nathaniel Downes. Published 18 June 2012. Retrieved 14 Dec 2014
108. ↑ "Today – President Signs NASA 2010 Authorization Act". Universetoday.com. http://www.universetoday.com/75522/president-signs-nasa-2010-authorization-act/Universe.
109. ↑ What is NASA's Constellation Program? archived from the original the original Sciences 360 Website, By Tenebris. Discussion of multiple version development of Orion capsule. Published Nov. 17, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2014
110. ↑ "Orion Spacecraft Complete". NASA. October 30, 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-s-orion-spacecraft-complete-media-invited-to-learn-more-about-its-first/index.html#.VFLPS74_ypd.
111. ↑ Fountain, Henry (December 5, 2014). "NASA's Orion Spacecraft Splashes Down in Pacific After Test Flight". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/06/science/nasa-orion-spacecraft-lifts-off-into-orbit.html?_r=0.
112. ↑ "NASA & US Navy Test Demonstrates Water Recovery of Orion Crew Capsule". Universetoday.com. August 16, 2013. http://www.universetoday.com/104065/nasa-us-navy-test-demonstrates-water-recovery-of-orion-crew-capsule/.
113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Klamper, Amy (August 14, 2009). "Nevada Company Pitches 'Lite' Concept for NASA's New Spaceship". space.com. https://www.space.com/7137-nevada-company-pitches-lite-concept-nasa-spaceship.html.
114. ↑ Klamper, Amy (14 August 2009). "Company pitches 'lite' spaceship to NASA". NBC News. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/32418057.
115. ↑ Bigelow still thinks big , The Space Review, 2010-11-01, accessed 2010-11-02. "[In October 2010] Bigelow revealed that he had been working with Lockheed Martin on a capsule concept in the 2004–2005 period. 'We engaged in a million-dollar contract a couple years after that with Lockheed, and they created for us an Orion mockup, an Orion Lite.'
116. ↑ Space Hotel Visionary Proposes Modified "Orion Lite" Spaceship for NASA: Bigelow Airspace's concept is for low Earth-orbit missions only , Popular Science, Jeremy Hsu, 14 August 2009
117. ↑ "Discoverer 14 – NSSDC ID: 1960-010A". NASA. https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1960-010A.
118. ↑ "NASA's New Orion Spacecraft Completes First Spaceflight Test". http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/december/nasa-s-new-orion-spacecraft-completes-first-spaceflight-test/#.VIdZ9IvF_zE.
119. ↑ "Orion Off-loaded for Trip Back to Florida". https://blogs.nasa.gov/orion/2014/12/09/orion-off-loaded-for-trip-back-to-florida/.
120. ↑ (in en) Artemis I Launch to the Moon (Official NASA Broadcast) - Nov. 16, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CMLD0Lp0JBg, retrieved 2022-11-16
121. ↑ Clark, Stephen (26 April 2022). "NASA's moon rocket rolls back to Vehicle Assembly Building for repairs". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/04/26/nasas-moon-rocket-rolls-back-to-vehicle-assembly-building-for-repairs/.
122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 122.2 122.3 122.4 Foust, Jeff (13 March 2023). "NASA planning to spend up to $1 billion on space station deorbit module". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-planning-to-spend-up-to-1-billion-on-space-station-deorbit-module/.
123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 Tingley, Brett (9 January 2024). "Astronauts won't walk on the moon until 2026 after NASA delays next 2 Artemis missions". https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-2-moon-mission-delay-september-2025.
124. ↑ Davenport, Christion (10 July 2019). "Shakeup at NASA as space agency scrambles to meet Trump moon mandate". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/07/11/shakeup-nasa-space-agency-scrambles-meet-trump-moon-mandate/?noredirect=on.
125. ↑ Berger 2019, "Developed by the agency's senior human spaceflight manager, Bill Gerstenmaier, this plan is everything Pence asked for—an urgent human return, a Moon base, a mix of existing and new contractors."
126. ↑ Foust 2019, "After Artemis 3, NASA would launch four additional crewed missions to the lunar surface between 2025 and 2028. Meanwhile, the agency would work to expand the Gateway by launching additional components and crew vehicles and laying the foundation for an eventual moon base."
127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 127.2 127.3 "America to the Moon 2024". https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/america_to_the_moon_2024_09-16-2019.pdf.
128. ↑ Berger 2019, "This decade-long plan, which entails 37 launches of private and NASA rockets, as well as a mix of robotic and human landers, culminates with a "Lunar Surface Asset Deployment" in 2028, likely the beginning of a surface outpost for long-duration crew stays."
129. ↑ Berger 2019, [Illustration] "NASA's "notional" plan for a human return to the Moon by 2024, and an outpost by 2028."
130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 Foust, Jeff (April 18, 2021). "Independent report concludes 2033 human Mars mission is not feasible". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/independent-report-concludes-2033-human-mars-mission-is-not-feasible/.
131. ↑ Foust, Jeff (2020-06-15). "Hugging Hubble longer". https://www.thespacereview.com/article/3965/1.
132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 "NASA Exploration Production and Operations Long-Term Sustainability Request for Information (RFI)". GovTribe. October 25, 2021. p. 5. https://govtribe.com/file/government-file/2021-10-25-epoc-rfi-final-dot-pdf.
133. ↑ Foust, Jeff [@jeff_foust] (31 October 2022). "The current Artemis planning manifest, now updated to include a lunar landing on Artemis 4.". https://twitter.com/jeff_foust/status/1587075677756526598.
134. ↑ "Preliminary Report Regarding NASA's Space Launch System and Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle". NASA. January 2011. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/510449main_SLS_MPCV_90-day_Report.pdf.
135. ↑ NASA Unveils the Keys to Getting Astronauts to Mars and Beyond . Neel V. Patel, The Inverse. April 4, 2017.
136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 Habitat for Long Duration Deep Space Missions Preliminary design proposal for DSH by Rucker & Thompson. Published 5 May 2012, retrieved 8 Dec. 2014
137. ↑ 2012 X-Hab Academic Innovation Challenge Progress Update Nasa DSH design news update. Published June 21, 2012, retrieved 8 Dec. 2014
138. ↑ Jeff Foust (June 14, 2017). "NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission". Space News. http://spacenews.com/nasa-closing-out-asteroid-redirect-mission/.
139. ↑ Dunn, Marcia (December 6, 2014). "NASA launches new Orion spacecraft and new era (w/ video)". https://www.tampabay.com/news/science/space/nasa-launches-new-orion-spacecraft-and-new-era-w-video/2209092/. "Friday's Orion — serial number 001 — lacked seats, cockpit displays and life-support equipment, but brought along bundles of toys and memorabilia..."
140. ↑ 140.0 140.1 Davis, Jason (December 5, 2014). "Orion Returns to Earth after Successful Test Flight". https://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/2014/20141205-orion-launches-on-test-flight.html. ""As impressive as this flight was, this was just serial number 001 of Orion," he said. "Serial number 002—that one is going to be on the Space Launch System.""
141. ↑ "Orion EFT-1 flown spacecraft joins display in 'NASA Now' exhibit | collectSPACE". http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-041317a-orion-eft1-kennedy-display.html.
142. ↑ Clark, Stephen (July 1, 2019). "Critical abort test of NASA's Orion crew capsule set for Tuesday". https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/07/01/critical-abort-test-of-nasas-orion-crew-capsule-set-for-tuesday/. ""So 20 seconds after the LAS (launch abort system) jettisons from the crew module, we start ejecting, so the first pair comes out 20 seconds after the LAS is jettisoned, and then every 10 seconds until all 12 are ejected." The capsule is expected to tumble after the abort system jettisons, and it will impact the sea at 300 mph (480 kilometers per hour) around 7 miles (11 kilometers) offshore, and is designed to sink to the ocean floor, according to Reed."
143. ↑ Sloss, Philip (October 25, 2019). "NASA conducting data deep dive following July's Orion ascent abort test". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/10/nasa-date-julys-orion-ascent-abort-test/. "The Ascent Abort-2 test used a ballistic missile to accelerate a production-design LAS with a Crew Module shaped, highly-instrumented test lab to carefully picked flight condition where a full LAS abort sequence was executed. [...] impact with the water destroyed the test article."
144. ↑ Kremer, Ken (March 30, 2010). "3 Welds to Go for 1st Orion Pathfinder Vehicle". https://www.universetoday.com/61315/3-welds-to-go-for-1st-orion-pathfinder-vehicle/. "...the very first pathfinder Orion manned capsule – the Crew Module – known as the Ground Test Article (GTA) [...] The GTA is the first full-sized, flight-like test article for Orion."
145. ↑ Bergin, Chris (November 14, 2011). "EFT-1 Orion receives hatch door – Denver Orion ready for Modal Testing". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2011/11/eft-1-orion-hatch-door-orion-modal-testing/. "As much as the Service Module (SM) design is still undergoing evaluation – which includes discussions about utilizing hardware from the European Space Agency's ATV (Automated Transfer Vehicle) – the test vehicle includes an Orion Ground Test Article (GTA), in a Launch Abort Vehicle (LAV) configuration, with installed ogives and a mock SM."
146. ↑ Crane, Aimee (2020-06-25). "Orion's 'Twin' Completes Structural Testing for Artemis I Mission". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/orion-s-twin-completes-structural-testing-for-artemis-i-mission.
147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 147.2 147.3 147.4 Vuong, Zen (December 3, 2014). "JPL joins NASA's first agency-wide social media event to highlight Thursday's Orion flight test". https://www.pasadenastarnews.com/2014/12/03/jpl-joins-nasas-first-agency-wide-social-media-event-to-highlight-thursdays-orion-flight-test/. "Orion 002, 003 and 004 will become lessons that will further humanity in its quest to inhabit Mars and become Earth-independent. [...] "Orion tail number 003 has a special place in my heart," he said. "Four of my astronauts are going to climb into it and have an adventure of a lifetime..."
148. ↑ @NASAGroundSys (April 25, 2023). "De-servicing of Artemis I Crew Module complete! Teams in the Multi-Payload Processing Facility completed cleaning cycles & removal of avionics to be reused on @NASA_Orion for Artemis II. The capsule will be used as an environmental test article on future Artemis missions.". https://twitter.com/NASAGroundSys/status/1650887624393998337.
149. ↑ 149.0 149.1 149.2 Damadeo, Kristyn (September 9, 2021). "Next Generation of Orion Spacecraft in Production". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/next-generation-of-orion-spacecraft-in-production-for-future-artemis-missions.

## External links

* AA-2 Orion Launch video
* ESA Photo Gallery
* Mission concept for combined Orion/Sample return

* v
* t
* e

Orion program

* List of missions
* Exploration Ground Systems

Launch vehicles|

* Ares I
* Ares IV
* Delta IV Heavy
* Orion Abort Test Booster
* Space Launch System

Components|

* Crew module
* European Service Module

Development history|

* Crew Exploration Vehicle
* Orion Lite

Orion flights|

| Abort tests|

* MLAS (Jul 2009)
* Pad Abort-1 (May 2010)
* Ascent Abort-2 (Jul 2019)

|

Uncrewed|

* Ares I-X (Oct 2009)
* Exploration Flight Test-1 (Dec 2014)
* Artemis 1 (Nov 2020)

Crewed|

* Artemis 2 (2022)
* Artemis 3 (2024)
* Artemis 4 (2025)
* Artemis 5 (2026)
* Artemis 6 (2027)
* Artemis 7 (2028)

* Future missions indicated in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Artemis program

* List of missions
* Commercial Lunar Payload Services
* Exploration Ground Systems

Facilities|

* Cape Canaveral
* SLC-37B
* SLC-40
* SLC-41
* SLC-46
* Kennedy Space Center
* LC-39A
* LC-39B
* Mission Control Center
* Vandenberg
* SLC-3E
* SLC-4E
* White Sands

Launch vehicles|

* Atlas V
* Delta IV Heavy
* Falcon 9
* Block 5
* Heavy
* New Glenn
* Space Launch System
* Block 1
* Block 1B

Spacecraft|

* CAPSTONE
* HERACLES
* Human Landing System
* Lunar Gateway
* Nova-C
* Orion
* Peregrine

Planned flights|

| Uncrewed|

* Artemis 1 (2020)
* Peregrine Mission One (June 2021)
* Nova-C (July 2021)
* VIPER (2022)
* Artemis 8 (2028)

|

Crewed|

* Artemis 2 (2022)
* Artemis 3 (2024)
* Artemis 4 (2025)
* Artemis 5 (2026)
* Artemis 6 (2027)
* Artemis 7 (2028)

* Future missions indicated in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Constellation program

* List of missions

Missions|

* Tests
* Ares I-X
* Pad Abort-1

Launch vehicles|

* Ares I
* Ares V
* Shuttle-Derived Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle
* Jupiter (rocket family)

Spacecraft|

* Orion
* Crew Exploration Vehicle
* Altair

Launch sites|

* Kennedy Space Center
* Launch Complex 39

Abort systems|

* Orion abort modes
* Launch Abort System (LAS)
* Max Launch Abort System (MLAS)

Related topics|

* Vision for Space Exploration
* Exploration Systems Architecture Study
* DIRECT
* Constellation Space Suit
* NASA Authorization Act of 2005
* Augustine Commission
* Artemis program

* v
* t
* e

NASA

Policy and history|

| History|

* NACA (1915)
* National Aeronautics and Space Act (1958)
* Space Task Group (1958)
* Paine (1986)
* Rogers (1986)
* Ride (1987)
* Space Exploration Initiative (1989)
* Augustine (1990)
* U.S. National Space Policy (1996)
* CFUSAI (2002)
* CAIB (2003)
* Vision for Space Exploration (2004)
* Aldridge (2004)
* Augustine (2009)

|

General|

* Space Race
* Administrator and Deputy Administrator
* Chief Scientist
* Astronaut Corps
* Ranks and positions
* Chief
* Budget
* Spin-off technologies
* NASA TV
* NASA Social
* Launch Services Program
* Mercury Control Center
* Kennedy Space Center
* Vehicle Assembly Building
* Launch Complex 39
* Launch Control Center
* Operations and Checkout Building
* Johnson Space Center
* Mission Control
* Lunar Sample Laboratory

Robotic programs|

| Past|

* Hitchhiker
* Mariner
* Mariner Mark II
* MESUR
* Mars Surveyor '98
* New Millennium
* Lunar Orbiter
* Pioneer
* Planetary Observer
* Ranger
* Surveyor
* Viking
* Project Prometheus
* Mars Scout
* Mars Exploration Rover

|

Current|

* Living With a Star
* Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
* Earth Observing System
* Great Observatories program
* Explorer
* Small explorer
* Voyager
* Discovery
* New Frontiers
* Solar Terrestrial Probes
* Commercial Lunar Payload Services

Human spaceflight
programs|

| Past|

* X-15 (suborbital)
* Mercury
* Gemini
* Apollo
* Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (with the Soviet space program)
* Skylab
* Space Shuttle
* Shuttle–Mir (with Roscosmos State Corporation)
* Constellation

|

Current|

* International Space Station
* Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
* Commercial Crew Development
* Orion
* Artemis
* Lunar Gateway

Individual featured
missions
(human and robotic)|

| Past|

* COBE
* Mercury 3
* Mercury-Atlas 6
* Magellan
* Pioneer 10
* Pioneer 11
* Galileo
* GALEX
* GRAIL
* WMAP
* Space Shuttle
* Sojourner rover
* Spirit rover
* LADEE
* MESSENGER
* Aquarius
* Cassini
* Dawn
* Kepler space telescope
* Opportunity rover
* RHESSI
* observed

|

Currently
operating|

* Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
* 2001 Mars Odyssey
* New Horizons
* International Space Station
* Hubble Space Telescope
* Spitzer
* Swift
* THEMIS
* Mars Exploration Rover
* Curiosity rover
* timeline
* InSight
* GOES 14
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* GOES 15
* Van Allen Probes
* Solar Dynamics Observatory
* Juno
* Mars Science Laboratory
* timeline
* NuSTAR
* Voyager 1
* Voyager 2
* WISE
* MAVEN
* MMS
* OSIRIS-REx
* Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite

Future|

* Joint Polar Satellite System
* James Webb Space Telescope
* Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope
* Mars 2020
* NISAR
* Europa Clipper

Communications
and navigation|

* Near Earth Network
* Space Network
* Deep Space Network (Goldstone
* Madrid
* Canberra
* Space Flight Operations Facility)
* Deep Space Atomic Clock

NASA lists|

* Astronauts
* by name
* by year
* Gemini astronauts
* Apollo astronauts
* List of NASA aircraft
* List of NASA missions
* uncrewed missions
* List of NASA contractors
* List of United States rockets
* List of NASA cancellations
* List of Space Shuttle missions
* crews
* List of NASA cameras on spacecraft

NASA images
and artwork|

* Earthrise
* The Blue Marble
* Family Portrait
* Pale Blue Dot
* Pillars of Creation
* Mystic Mountain
* Solar System Family Portrait
* The Day the Earth Smiled
* Fallen Astronaut
* Lunar plaques
* Pioneer plaques
* Voyager Golden Record
* Apollo 11 goodwill messages
* NASA insignia
* Gemini and Apollo medallions
* Mission patches

Related|

* Apollo 15 postal covers incident
* Space Mirror Memorial
* The Astronaut Monument
* U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
* Space program on U.S. stamps
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Other primates in space
* NASA spinoff technologies

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to the Moon

Exploration
programs|

* American
* Apollo
* Artemis
* Commercial Lunar Payload Services
* Lunar Orbiter
* Lunar Precursor
* Pioneer
* Ranger
* Surveyor
* Chinese (Chang'e)
* Indian (Chandrayaan)
* Japanese
* Russian
* Luna-Glob
* Soviet
* Crewed
* Luna
* Lunokhod
* Zond

Active
missions|

| Orbiters|

* ARTEMIS
* Chang'e 5-T1 (service module)
* Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
* Queqiao (relay satellite at L2)
* Chandrayaan-2

|

Landers|

* Chang'e 3
* Chang'e 4

Rovers|

* Yutu-2

Past
missions|

| Crewed landings|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* (List of Apollo astronauts)

|

Orbiters|

* Apollo 8
* 10
* Apollo Lunar Module
* Chang'e 1
* 2
* Chandrayaan-1
* Clementine
* Explorer 35
* 49
* GRAIL
* Hiten
* LADEE
* Longjiang-2
* Luna 10
* 11
* 12
* 14
* 19
* 22
* Lunar Orbiter 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* Lunar Prospector
* PFS-1
* PFS-2
* SMART-1
* SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)

Impactors|

* LCROSS
* Luna 2
* Moon Impact Probe
* Ranger 4
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9

Landers|

* Apollo Lunar Module ×6
* Luna 9
* 13
* 16
* 17
* 20
* 21
* 23
* 24
* Surveyor 1
* 3
* 5
* 6
* 7

Rovers|

* Lunar Roving Vehicle
* Apollo 15
* 16
* 17
* Lunokhod 1
* 2
* Yutu

Sample return|

* Apollo 11
* 12
* 14
* 15
* 16
* 17
* Luna 16
* 20
* 24

Failed landings|

* Surveyor 2
* 4
* Luna 5
* 7
* 8
* 15
* 18
* Beresheet
* Vikram / Pragyan

Flybys|

* 4M
* Apollo 13
* AsiaSat-3 / HGS-1
* Chang'e 5-T1 / Xiaofei
* Geotail
* ICE
* Longjiang-1
* Luna 1
* 3
* 4
* 6
* Mariner 10
* Nozomi
* Pioneer 4
* Ranger 5
* STEREO
* TESS
* WMAP
* WIND
* Zond 3
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* PAS-22

Planned
missions|

| Artemis|

* Artemis 1 (2020)
* ArgoMoon
* BioSentinel
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* CuSP
* EQUULEUS
* LunaH-Map
* Lunar Flashlight
* Lunar IceCube
* NEA Scout
* OMOTENASHI
* SkyFire
* Team Miles
* Artemis 2 (2022)
* Artemis 3 (2024)
* Artemis 4 (2025)
* Artemis 5 (2026)
* Artemis 6 (2027)
* Artemis 7 (2028)
* Artemis 8 (2028)

|

CLPS|

* CAPSTONE (December 2020)
* Nova-C (2021)
* Peregrine M1 (Jul 2021)
* VIPER (2022)

Luna-Glob|

* Luna 25 (2021)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2027)
* Luna 29 (2028)
* Luna 30 (2028)
* Luna 31 (2028)

CLEP|

* Chang'e 5 (mid-2020)
* Chang'e 6 (2023–2024)
* Chang'e 7 (2023)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)

Others|

* Moon Express Lunar Scout (Jul 2020)
* International Lunar Observatory
* MoonLIGHT
* ALINA (2021)
* CubeRover
* Uni
* Hakuto-R M1 (Oct 2021)
* MoonRanger (2022)
* SLIM (Jan 2022)
* KPLO (Jul 2022)
* DESTINY+ (2022)
* Hakuto-R M2 (Mar 2023)
* #dearMoon project (2023)

Proposed
missions|

| Robotic|

* Chandrayaan-3 (November 2020)
* Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (2024)
* Artemis-7
* Blue Moon
* BOLAS
* Garatéa-L
* ISOCHRON
* Lunar Pathfinder
* McCandless
* Moon Diver
* XL-1

|

Crewed|

* DSE-Alpha
* Lunar Gateway (Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander)
* Lunar Orbital Station

Cancelled /
concepts|

* Altair
* Baden-Württemberg 1
* European Lunar Explorer
* International Lunar Network
* LEO
* LK
* Lunar-A
* Lunar Lander
* Lunar Mission One
* Lunar Observer
* Lunokhod 3
* MoonLITE
* MoonRise
* Prospector
* Resource Prospector
* SELENE-2
* Ukrselena

See also|

* Colonization of the Moon
* Google Lunar X Prize
* List of lunar probes
* List of missions to the Moon
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* Lunar resources
* Apollo 17 Moon mice
* Moon landing conspiracy theories
* Apollo 11 anniversaries
* List of crewed lunar lander designs

* Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in italics.

* v
* t
* e

Crewed lunar spacecraft

Orbiters|

* Retired
* Apollo command and service module
* Cancelled
* LK-1 / LK-700 (VA spacecraft

Landers|

* Retired
* Apollo Lunar Module
* Canceled
* Lunniy Korabl
* Altair

Proposed|

* Starship
* Lunar Gateway‎
* Lunar Orbital Station
* Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
* Blue Moon

See also|

* Moon landing
* conspiracy theories
* List of lunar probes
* List of artificial objects on the Moon
* List of missions to the Moon

* v
* t
* e

Crewed spacecraft

Current|

* China
* Shenzhou
* Russia
* Soyuz
* United States
* SpaceShipTwo

In development|

* India
* Gaganyaan
* Russia
* Orel
* United States
* Dragon 2
* New Shepard
* Orion
* Starliner
* Starship

Former|

* Soviet Union
* Vostok
* Voskhod
* United States
* Mercury
* X-15
* Gemini
* Apollo
* CSM
* LM
* Space Shuttle
* SpaceShipOne

* v
* t
* e

Future spaceflights

Crewed|

| 2020|

* Soyuz MS-16 (April)
* Soyuz MS-17 (October)
* Shenzhou 12
* Crew Dragon Demo-2
* Boeing Crewed Flight Test
* USCV-1
* USCV-2
* New Shepard (crewed flight test)
* VSS Unity VF02

|

2021|

* Gaganyaan Crewed Flight 1
* Shenzhou 13
* USCV-3

2022|

* Artemis 2

2023+|

* #dearMoon project (2023)
* Artemis 3 (2024)

Robotic|

| 2020|

* AFSPC-7
* ALOS-3
* ALOS-4
* Artemis 1 (November)
* Orion
* Lunar Flashlight
* NEA Scout
* BioSentinel
* SkyFire
* Lunar IceCube
* CuSP
* LunaH-Map
* EQUULEUS
* OMOTENASHI
* ArgoMoon
* Cislunar Explorers
* CU-E3
* Team Miles
* Chandrayaan-3
* Chang'e 5
* GSAT-20
* Hope Mars Mission (July)
* HX-1 (July–August)
* Ingenio
* Inmarsat-6 F1
* JCSAT-17
* Kounotori 9 (May)
* Mars 2020 (July–August)
* MX-1E (July)
* Nauka / European Robotic Arm (December)
* QZS-1R
* RAPIS-2 / Z-Sat / DRUMS / KOSEN-1
* Rosalind Franklin rover and Kazachok lander (July)
* Solar Orbiter (February)
* Space Complex Alpha
* TARANIS

|

2021|

* Aditya-L1
* Astrobotic M1 (June)
* AEM rovers
* Uni
* EXA/AEC lunar orbiter
* B330
* CAPSTONE (December)
* DART / LICIA (June)
* Dream Chaser (September)
* Hakuto-R M1 (October)
* IXPE (April)
* James Webb Space Telescope (March)
* Landsat 9 (January)
* Lucy (October)
* Luna 25 (July)
* Nova-C (July)
* PROBA-3 (Q2)
* PTScientists
* Tianhe
* SES-17
* Space RIDER
* UN/Dream Chaser
* Wentian
* XPoSat

2022|

* Biomass (October)
* DESTINY+
* EarthCARE (June)
* Euclid (June)
* HTV-X1
* JUICE (June)
* KPLO (July)
* MetOp-SG Series A
* NISAR (September)
* Power and Propulsion Element (December)
* Prichal
* Psyche (August)
* PUNCH / TRACERS
* Soyuz GVK-1
* SpaceX Starship (1st Mars departure)
* TEREX-1
* Weather System Follow-on Microwave
* XRISM / SLIM (January)

2023|

* Chang'e 7
* Hakuto-R M2 (March)
* MetOp-SG Series B
* QZS-5
* QZS-6
* QZS-7
* Shukrayaan-1
* SMILE
* SPHEREx

2024+|

* Chang'e 6 (2023 or 2024)
* FLEX
* GOES-U (2024)
* Hera / APEX / Juventas (October 2024)
* IMAP / SWFO-L1 (October 2024)
* Luna 26 (2024)
* MMX (September 2024)
* MOM 2 (2024)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* ZhengHe (2024)
* Europa Clipper (2025)
* Luna 27 (2025)
* Luna 28 (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* Dragonfly (2026)
* PLATO (2026)
* Venera-D (2026 or 2031)
* Chang'e 8 (2027)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL / Comet Interceptor]] (2028)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

TBA|

* Energia-100
* Europa Lander (2025?)
* KiwiSAT
* Lybid 1
* Nano-JASMINE
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission
* WFIRST (mid-2020s)

Recently
launched|

* Progress MS-13 (6 December)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-02B (7 December)
* HEAD-2A / 2B (7 December)
* GLONASS-M List of GLONASS satellites

* List of proposed missions to the Moon
* List of proposed space observatories

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion (spacecraft). Read more

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