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List of countries by exchange rate regime

Topic: Finance

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Foreign exchange
Exchange rates
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See also

This is a list of countries by their exchange rate regime.[1]

De facto exchange-rate arrangements in 2022 as classified by the International Monetary Fund.
  Floating (floating and free floating)
  Soft pegs (conventional peg, stabilized arrangement, crawling peg, crawl-like arrangement, pegged exchange rate within horizontal bands)
  Hard pegs (no separate legal tender, currency board)
  Residual (other managed arrangement)

Table of Monetary Policy framework

De Facto Classification of Exchange Rate Arrangements, as of April 30, 2021, and Monetary Policy Frameworks[2]
Exchange rate arrangement (Number of countries) Exchange rate anchor Monetary aggregate target (25) Inflation Targeting framework (45) Others (43)
United States dollar (37) Euro (26) Composite (8) Other (9)
No separate legal tender (14)
  •  Ecuador
  •  El Salvador
  •  Marshall Islands
  •  Micronesia
  •  Palau
  •  Panama (PAB)
  •  Timor-Leste
  •  Andorra
  •  Kosovo
  •  Montenegro
  •  San Marino
  •  Kiribati
  •  Nauru
  •  Tuvalu
Currency board (11)
  •  Djibouti (DJF)
  •  Hong Kong (HKD)

ECCU

  •  Antigua and Barbuda (XCD)
  •  Dominica (XCD)
  •  Grenada (XCD)
  •  Saint Kitts and Nevis (XCD)
  •  Saint Lucia (XCD)
  •  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (XCD)
  •  Bosnia and Herzegovina (BAM)
  •  Bulgaria (BGN)
Conventional peg (40)
  •  Aruba (AWG)
  •  The Bahamas (BSD)
  •  Bahrain (BHD)
  •  Barbados (BBD)
  •  Belize (BZD)
  •  Curaçao (ANG)
  •  Eritrea (ERN)
  •  Jordan (JOD)
  •  Oman (OMR)
  •  Qatar (QAR)
  •  Saudi Arabia (SAR)
  •  Turkmenistan (TMT)
  •  United Arab Emirates (AED)
  •  Cabo Verde (CVE)
  •  Comoros (KMF)
  •  Denmark (DKK)
  •  São Tomé and Príncipe (STD)

WAEMU

  •  Benin (XOF)
  •  Burkina Faso (XOF)
  •  Côte d'Ivoire (XOF)
  •  Guinea-Bissau (XOF)
  •  Mali (XOF)
  •  Niger (XOF)
  •  Senegal (XOF)
  •  Togo (XOF)

CEMAC

  •  Cameroon (XAF)
  •  Central African Republic (XAF)
  •  Chad (XAF)
  •  Equatorial Guinea (XAF)
  •  Gabon (XAF)
  •  Republic of Congo (XAF)
  •  Fiji (FJD)
  •  Libya (LYD)
  •  Eswatini (SZL)
  •  Lesotho (LSL)
  •  Namibia (NAD)
  •  Bhutan (BTN)
  •    Nepal (NPR)
Stabilized arrangement (24)
  •  Guyana (GYD)
  •  Cambodia (KHR)
  •  Iran (IRR)
  •  Maldives (MVR)
  •  Lebanon (LBP)
  •  Trinidad and Tobago (TTD)
  •  North Macedonia (MKD)
  •  Singapore (SGD)
  •  Bangladesh (BDT)
  •  Algeria (DZD)
  •  Bolivia (BOB)
  •  The Gambia (GMD)
  •  Nigeria (NGN)
  •  Papua New Guinea (PGK)
  •  Suriname (SRD)
  •  Tanzania (TZS)
  •  Tajikistan (TJS)
  •  Guatemala (GTQ)
  •  Serbia (RSD)
  •  Azerbaijan (AZN)
  •  Mongolia (MNT)
  •  Sudan (SDG)
  •  Egypt (EGP)
Crawling peg (3)
  •  Honduras (HNL)
  •  Nicaragua (NIO)
  •  Botswana (BWP)
Crawl-like arrangement (24)
  •  Vietnam (VND)
  •  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (AFN)
  •  Burundi (BIF)
  •  China (CNY)
  •  Democratic Republic of the Congo (CDF)
  •  Ethiopia (ETB)
  •  Rwanda (RWF)
  •  Costa Rica (CRC)
  •  Dominican Republic (DOP)
  •  Ghana (GHS)
  •  Philippines (PHP)
  •  Romania (RON)
  •  Uzbekistan (UZS)
  •  Argentina (ARS)
  •  Laos (LAK)
  •  Mauritania (MRO)
  •  Mozambique (MZN)
  •   Switzerland (CHF)
  •  Solomon Islands (SBD)
  •  South Sudan (SSP)
  •  Tunisia (TND)
  •  Zambia (ZMW)
Pegged exchange rate within horizontal bands (1)
  •  Morocco (MAD)
Other managed arrangement (12)
  •  Kuwait (KWD)
  •  Syria (SYP)
  •  Liberia (LRD)
  •  Myanmar (MMK)
  •  Sierra Leone (SLL)
  •  Zimbabwe (ZWL)
  •  Haiti (HTG)
  •  Kyrgyzstan (KGS)
  •  Tonga (TOP)
  •  Vanuatu (VUV)
  •  Venezuela (VEF)
Floating (32)
  •  Angola (AOA)
  •  Belarus (BYR)
  •  Madagascar (MGA)
  •  Yemen (YER)
  •  Albania (ALL)
  •  Armenia (AMD)
  •  Brazil (BRL)
  •  Colombia (COP)
  •  Georgia (GEL)
  •  Hungary (HUF)
  •  Iceland (ISK)
  •  India (INR)
  •  Indonesia (IDR)
  •  Israel (ILS)
  •  Jamaica (JMD)
  •  Kazakhstan (KZT)
  •  South Korea (KRW)
  •  Moldova (MDL)
  •  New Zealand (NZD)
  •  Paraguay (PYG)
  •  Peru (PEN)
  •  Seychelles (SCR)
  •  Sri Lanka (LKR)
  •  South Africa (ZAR)
  •  Thailand (THB)
  •  Turkey (TRY)
  •  Uganda (UGX)
  •  Ukraine (UAH)
  •  Uruguay (UYU)
  •  Malaysia (MYR)
  •  Mauritius (MUR)
  •  Pakistan (PKR)
Free floating (33)
  •  Australia (AUD)
  •  Canada (CAD)
  •  Chile (CLP)
  •  Czech Republic (CZK)
  •  Japan (JPY)
  •  Mexico (MXN)
  •  Norway (NOK)
  •  Poland (PLN)
  •  Russia (RUB)
  •  Sweden (SEK)
  •  United Kingdom (GBP)
    •  Austria
    •  Belgium
    •  Croatia
    •  Cyprus
    •  Estonia
    •  Finland
    •  France
    •  Germany
    •  Greece
    •  Ireland
    •  Italy
    •  Latvia
    •  Lithuania
    •  Luxembourg
    •  Malta
    •  Netherlands
    •  Portugal
    •  Slovakia
    •  Slovenia
    •  Spain

No legal tender of their own

US dollar as legal tender

  •  British Virgin Islands
  •  Caribbean Netherlands
  •  Ecuador
  •  El Salvador
  •  Marshall Islands
  •  Micronesia
  •  Palau
  •  Timor-Leste
  •  Turks and Caicos Islands

Euro as legal tender

  •  Andorra[3]
  •  Kosovo
  •  Monaco[3]
  •  Montenegro
  •  San Marino
  •   Vatican City[3]

Australian dollar as legal tender

Swiss franc as legal tender

  •  Liechtenstein[5]

Currency board

US dollar as exchange rate anchor

  •  Antigua and Barbuda (XCD)
  •  Djibouti (DJF)
  •  Dominica (XCD)
  •  Grenada (XCD)
  •  Hong Kong (HKD)
  •  Saint Kitts and Nevis (XCD)
  •  Saint Lucia (XCD)
  •  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (XCD)

Euro as exchange rate anchor

  •  Bosnia and Herzegovina (BAM)
  •  Bulgaria (BGN)
  •  French Polynesia (XPF)

Singapore dollar as exchange rate anchor

Hong Kong dollar as exchange rate anchor

Conventional peg

US dollar as exchange rate anchor

  •  Aruba (AWG)
  •  Azerbaijan (AZN)
  •  The Bahamas (BSD)
  •  Bahrain (BHD)
  •  Barbados (BBD)
  •  Belize (BZD)
  •  Curaçao (ANG)
  •  Eritrea (ERN)
  •  Jordan (JOD)
  •  Oman (OMR)
  •  Panama (PAB)
  •  Qatar (QAR)
  •  Saudi Arabia (SAR)
  •  Sint Maarten (ANG)
  •  South Sudan (SSP)
  •  Turkmenistan (TMT)
  •  United Arab Emirates (AED)

Euro as exchange rate anchor

  •  Benin (XOF)
  •  Burkina Faso (XOF)
  •  Cabo Verde (CVE)
  •  Cameroon (XAF)
  •  Central African Republic (XAF)
  •  Chad (XAF)
  •  Comoros (KMF)
  •  Côte d'Ivoire (XOF)
  •  Denmark (DKK)
  •  Equatorial Guinea (XAF)
  •  Gabon (XAF)
  •  Guinea-Bissau (XOF)
  •  Mali (XOF)
  •  Niger (XOF)
  •  Republic of Congo (XAF)
  •  São Tomé and Príncipe (STD)
  •  Senegal (XOF)
  •  Togo (XOF)

Rand as exchange rate anchor

  •  Eswatini (SZL)
  •  Lesotho (LSL)
  •  Namibia (NAD)

Composite exchange rate anchor

  •  Fiji (FJD)
  •  Kuwait (KWD)
  •  Libya (LYD)
  •  Morocco (MAD)
  •  Samoa (WST)

Indian Rupee as exchange rate anchor

  •  Bhutan (BTN)
  •    Nepal (NPR)

Other

  •  Solomon Islands (SBD)

Stabilized arrangement

US dollar as exchange rate anchor

  •  Guyana (GYD)
  •  Iraq (IQD)
  •  Kazakhstan (KZT)
  •  Lebanon (LBP)
  •  Maldives (MVR)
  •  Suriname (SRD)
  •  Trinidad and Tobago (TTD)

Euro as exchange rate anchor

  •  North Macedonia (MKD)

Composite exchange rate anchor

  •  Singapore (SGD)
  •  Vietnam (VND)

Monetary aggregate target

  •  Bangladesh (BDT)
  •  Burundi (BIF)
  •  Democratic Republic of the Congo (CDF)
  •  Guinea (GNF)
  •  Sri Lanka (LKR)
  •  Tajikistan (TJS)
  •  Yemen (YER)

Other

  •  Angola (AOA)
  •  Azerbaijan (AZN)
  •  Bolivia (BOB)

Crawling peg

US dollar as exchange rate anchor

  •  Nicaragua (NIO)

Composite exchange rate anchor

  •  Botswana (BWP)

Crawl-like arrangement

US dollar as exchange rate anchor

  •  Honduras (HNL)
  •  Jamaica (JMD)
  •  Papua New Guinea (PGK)

Monetary aggregate target

  •  China (CNY)
  •  Ethiopia (ETB)
  •  Uzbekistan (UZS)

Inflation-targeting framework

  •  Armenia (AMD)
  •  Dominican Republic (DOP)
  •  Guatemala (GTQ)

Other

  •  Belarus (BYR)
  •  Haiti (HTG)
  •  Laos (LAK)
  •   Switzerland (CHF)
  •  Tunisia (TND)
  •  Argentina (ARS)

Pegged exchange rate within horizontal bands

Composite exchange rate anchor

Other managed arrangement

US dollar as exchange rate anchor

  •  Cambodia (KHR)
  •  Liberia (LRD)

Composite exchange rate anchor

  •  Algeria (DZD)
  •  Iran (IRR)
  •  Syria (SYP)

Monetary aggregate target

  •  The Gambia (GMD)
  •  Myanmar (MMK)
  •  Nigeria (NGN)
  •  Rwanda (RWF)

Inflation-targeting framework

  •  Czech Republic (CZK)

Other

  •  Costa Rica (CRC)
  •  Kyrgyzstan (KGS)
  •  Malaysia (MYR)
  •  Mauritania (MRO)
  •  Pakistan (PKR)
  •  Sudan (SDG)
  •  Vanuatu (VUV)
  •  Venezuela (VED)

Floating

Monetary aggregate target

  •  Afghanistan (AFN)
  •  Kenya (KES)
  •  Madagascar (MGA)
  •  Malawi (MWK)
  •  Mozambique (MZN)
  •  Seychelles (SCR)
  •  Sierra Leone (SLL)
  •  Tanzania (TZS)
  •  Ukraine (UAH)
  •  Uruguay (UYU)

Inflation-targeting framework

  •  Albania (ALL)
  •  Brazil (BRL)
  •  Colombia (COP)
  •  Georgia (GEL)
  •  Ghana (GHS)
  •  Hungary (HUF)
  •  Iceland (ISK)
  •  Indonesia (IDR)
  •  Israel (ILS)
  •  South Korea (KRW)
  •  Moldova (MDL)
  •  New Zealand (NZD)
  •  Paraguay (PYG)
  •  Peru (PEN)
  •  Philippines (PHP)
  •  Romania (RON)
  •  Serbia (RSD)
  •  South Africa (ZAR)
  •  Thailand (THB)
  •  Turkey (TRY)
  •  Uganda (UGX)

Other

  •  Pakistan (PKR)
  •  Mauritius (MUR)
  •  Mongolia (MNT)
  •  Zambia (ZMW)

Free floating

Inflation-targeting framework

  •  Australia (AUD)
  •  Canada (CAD)
  •  Chile (CLP)
  •  Japan (JPY)
  •  Mexico (MXN)
  •  Norway (NOK)
  •  Poland (PLN)
  •  Sweden (SEK)
  •  United Kingdom (GBP)
  •  India (INR)

Other

  •  European Union (EUR)
    •  Austria
    •  Belgium
    •  Croatia
    •  Cyprus
    •  Estonia
    •  Finland
    •  France
    •  Germany
    •  Greece
    •  Ireland
    •  Italy
    •  Latvia
    •  Lithuania[6]
    •  Luxembourg
    •  Malta
    •  Netherlands
    •  Portugal
    •  Slovakia
    •  Slovenia
    •  Spain

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Monetary Policy Framework". Annual report on exchange arrangements and exchange restrictions 2014. International Monetary Fund. October 2014. p. 6. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/nft/2014/areaers/ar2014.pdf. 
  2. ↑ "Annual report on exchange arrangements and exchange restrictions, 2021" (in English) (pdf). Washington DC, USA: International Monetary Fund, 2022. p. 9. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/book/9781513598956/9781513598956.xml. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Euro area" (in en). https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/euro-area_en. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "4. Exchange Rates | The Treasury". http://www.treasury.gov.au/PublicationsAndMedia/Publications/2010/Monetary-and-exchange-rate-policy/working-paper-2010-05/Exchange-rates. 
  5. ↑ "FMA - Finanzmarktaufsicht Liechtenstein: Switzerland". Archived from the original on 2015-07-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20150702184413/http://www.fma-li.li/en/international/bilateral-cooperation/switzerland.html. Retrieved 2015-07-02. 
  6. ↑ "Lithuania joins Baltic neighbours in euro club" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2015-01-01. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30635826. 
  7. ↑ "Russian central bank abandons rouble trading band, floats rouble". Reuters. 10 November 2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-cenbank-rouble/russian-central-bank-abandons-rouble-trading-band-floats-rouble-idUSKCN0IU1CF20141110. Retrieved 30 November 2017. 



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