Galaxy

The majestic spiral galaxy NGC 4414, imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995.

A galaxy is a massive ensemble of tens of millions to trillions of stars some with associated planets and planetary systems, all interacting through the gravitational force, orbiting around a common center.[1] The observable universe contains hundreds of billions of galaxies. Some scholars theorize that at the center of every galaxy lies a super massive black hole. The Sun, the Earth and our Solar System are in the Milky Way galaxy.

## Age Dispute[edit]

Many scientists assert that materialistic explanations of galaxy formation are unsupportable and counter evidence.[2][3][4][5][6] In 1988, fifty cosmologists attended a conference which focused on galaxy formation. After summarizing the observational data, two of the most respected scientists estimated the probability that any existing theory on galaxy formation is correct was about 1 out of 100.[7] In 1999, J. Bland-Hawthorn wrote in the science journal Nature the following:

"In 1977, Stephen Weinberg observed that "the theory of the formation of galaxies is one of the great outstanding problems of astrophysics, a problem that today seems far from solution". Although the past two decades have seen considerable progress, many questions remain." [8]

In 2001, Cristina Chiappini wrote regarding the Milky Way galaxy the following:

> . . . it is an elegant structure that shows both order and complexity. . . . The end product is especially remarkable in the light of what is believed to be the starting point: nebulous blobs of gas. How the universe made the Milky Way from such simple beginnings is not altogether clear. - Cristina Chiappini, "The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way," American Scientist (vol. 89, Nov./Dec. 2001), p. 506.[9]

The Institute for Creation Research wrote the following regarding a 2005 article in Science News the following:

> A strange cartoon graced the cover of Science News last fall (10/08/2005) that serves as a symbol for a whole class of problems for evolutionary astronomers. It showed a star-shaped old man in a stellar maternity ward. With its title, "Crisis in the Cosmos? Galaxy-formation theory is in peril," the article exposed a running theme in astronomy: as far back as we look, stars and galaxies appear mature.

> "Imagine peering into a nursery and seeing, among the cooing babies, a few that look like grown men," Ron Cowen quipped. "That's the startling situation that astronomers have stumbled upon as they've looked deep into space and thus back to a time when newborn galaxies filled the cosmos."....

> These findings corroborate a January 8, 2002, NASA press release that was considered astonishing at the time: based on Hubble surveys, "the grand finale came first" in stellar and galactic evolution. As far back as telescopes look, they see mature creation, not evolution.[10]

Young earth creationists also cite the following:

> “In its simplest form, the big bang scenario doesn’t look like a good way to make galaxies. It allows too little time for the force of gravity by itself to gather ordinary matter—neutrons, protons and electrons—into the patterns of galaxies seen today. Yet the theory survives for want of a better idea.” Ivars Peterson, Science News, "Seeding the universe: how did matter assemble itself into the giant filaments, clusters, bubbles and walls of galaxies that now fill the universe?" March 24, 1990, p. 184.[7][11]

> “It [the Great Wall, composed of tens of thousands of galaxies] is far too large and too massive to have formed by the mutual gravitational attraction of its member galaxies.” M. Mitchell Waldrop, “Astronomers Go Up Against the Great Wall,” Science, Vol. 246, 17 November 1989, p. 885. (See also Margaret J. Geller and John P. Huchra, “Mapping the Universe,” Science, Vol. 246, 17 November 1989, pp. 897–903).[7]

## References[edit]

1. ↑ Wile, Dr. Jay L. Exploring Creation With Physical Science. Apologia Educational Ministries, Inc. 1999, 2000
2. ↑ In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood - 62. Galaxies. creationscience.com (2019-09-01). Retrieved on 2019-09-15.
3. ↑ Andrew Rigg (2004-06-01). Young Galaxies Too Old for the Big Bang. answersingenesis.org. Retrieved on 2019-09-15.
4. ↑ Rod Bernitt (August 2000). Phoenix Galaxy stars explode stellar evolution theory. creation.com. Retrieved on 2019-09-15.
5. ↑ Andrew Rigg (2004-12-01). Galaxy Games. anwersingenesis.org. Retrieved on 2019-09-15.
6. ↑ Andy McIntosh and Carl Wieland (March 2003). ‘Early’ galaxies don’t fit!. creation.com. Retrieved on 2019-09-15.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood - 60. Fast Binaries. creationscience.com. Retrieved on 2019-09-15.
8. ↑ Bland-Hawthorn, J. (1999). "Clues to galaxy formation". Nature 400: 220-221. doi:10.1038/22230.
9. ↑ Henry M. Morris (2002-07-01). What Astronomers Don't Know. icr.org. Retrieved on 2019-09-15.
10. ↑ David F. Coppedge (2006-10-01). Mature at Birth: Universe Discredits Evolution. Retrieved on 2019-09-15.
11. ↑ Seeding the universe: how did matter assemble itself into the giant filaments, clusters, bubbles and walls of galaxies that now fill the universe?. Archived from the original on 2019-09-15.

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Astronomy

Galaxies|

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v • d • e

Galaxy

General|

Galactic disk · Galactic halo

Elliptical galaxy|

M87

Spiral galaxy|

Andromeda galaxy · Grand Design Galaxy · Hubble Ultra Deep Field · Milky Way galaxy · NGC 1365 · NGC 4414 · Whirlpool Galaxy

Lenticular galaxy|

NGC 4374 · Spindle galaxy

Irregular galaxy|

Magellanic Clouds · Cigar Galaxy

Stars|

| |

v • d • e

Star

General|

Hertzsprung–Russell diagram · Open cluster · Star chart · Star magnitude · Starlight problem · Supernova

Hypergiants|

Cygnus OB2-12 · Eta Carinae · LBV 1806-20 · MWC 314 · P Cygni · Pistol Star · Rho Cassiopeiae · RW Cephei · S Doradus · S Persei · VY Canis Majoris · Zeta Scorpii · 6 Cassiopeiae

Supergiants|

Antares · Betelgeuse · Gamma Orionis · KW Sagittarii · KY Cygni · Mu Cephei · Rigel · VV Cephei · V354 Cephei · Wolf-Rayet star

Bright giant stars|

Alpha Herculis · Alpha Hydrae · Beta Capricorni · Epsilon Canis Majoris · Gamma Ursae Minoris · Theta Scorpii

Giant stars|

Alcyone · Mira · Pollux · Sigma Octantis · Thuban

Subgiant stars|

Procyon

Main sequence stars|

Alpha Coronae Borealis · Alpha Mensae · Beta Comae Berenices · Beta Pictoris · Eta Arietis · Gamma Virginis · Pi Andromedae · Phi Orionis · Sun · Zeta Puppis · 70 Ophiuchi

Binary stars|

Acrux · Alpha Centauri · Luyten 726-8 · Sirius

Nebulae|

| |

v • d • e

Nebula

Diffuse nebulae|

Barnard's loop · Bubble nebula · Bubble nebula in Barnard's galaxy · California nebula · Cave nebula · Corona Australis nebula · Cone Nebula · Crescent nebula · Double Helix nebula · Eagle nebula · Elephant's Trunk nebula · Eta Carinae nebula · Flame nebula · Gum nebula · Heart nebula · Lagoon nebula · North America Nebula · Omega nebula · Orion nebula · Pistol nebula · Rosette nebula · Soul nebula · Tarantula nebula · Trifid nebula · Witch head nebula

Planetary nebulae|

Bug nebula · Butterfly nebula · Cat's eye nebula · Dumbbell nebula · Eight-burst nebula · Eskimo nebula · Footprint nebula · Ghost of Jupiter · Helix nebula · Hourglass nebula · Little dumbbell nebula · Little ghost nebula · Medusa nebula · NGC 2346 · NGC 2438 · Owl nebula · Red spider nebula · Retina nebula · Ring nebula · Saturn nebula · Spiral planetary nebula · Spirograph nebula · Stingray nebula · Thor's helmet

Protoplanetary nebulae|

Boomerang nebula · Calabash nebula · Egg nebula · Frosty Leo nebula · Red rectangle nebula · Cotton candy nebula · Water lily nebula

Dark nebulae|

Coalsack nebula · Dark horse nebula · E nebula · Horsehead nebula · Pipe nebula · Snake nebula

Herbig–Haro objects|

HH32 · HH47

Supernova remnants|

Cassiopeia A · Crab nebula · Sagittarius A East · Veil nebula · Vela supernova · SN G1.9+0.3 · SN 1572 · SN 1604

Exo-planets|

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Extrasolar planets

Gliese 581c · Fomalhaut b · HD 209458