Bitcoin

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## Contents

* 1 Introduction
* 1.1 Definitions
* 1.2 How it works
* 1.3 Who accepts bitcoins ?
* 2 Software
* 2.1 Client software (wallets)
* 3 Links
* 3.1 Short introductions
* 3.2 Serious introductions
* 3.3 Why would you use it for payments ?
* 3.4 Exchanges
* 3.5 Organizations and Web sites
* 4 Bibliography

## Introduction[edit | edit source]

According to Wikipedia "Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer payment system and digital currency introduced as open source software in 2009 by developer Satoshi Nakamoto. It is a cryptocurrency, so-called because it uses cryptography to control the creation and transfer of money. Conventionally, the capitalized word "Bitcoin" refers to the technology and network, whereas lowercase "bitcoin" refers to the currency itself" (retrieved March 12 2014). Satoshi Nakamoto is a pseudonym and may refer to a group of people.

Digital currency like Bitcoins may in the future be used for educational micro-payment (e.g. buy a resource, follow a class, buy a batch for some completed class), since transaction costs are very low and do not require any credit card or banking account.

Bicoins can be obtained in several ways. The easiest is though so-called digital currency exchanges (Wikipedia). You also can get payments, use machines (in some countries), etc. The Market value of one Bitcoin has been as high as $1000. On March 13 2014 it was around $650. Bitcoins can be used in very small parts (fractional coins).

There exist several other digital currencies (Wikipedia), e.g. Litecoin or Peercoin

### Definitions[edit | edit source]

Bitcoin wiki (retrieved March 12 2014), defines Bitcoin as {{an experimental, decentralized digital currency that enables instant payments to anyone, anywhere in the world. Bitcoin uses peer-to-peer technology to operate with no central authority: managing transactions and issuing money are carried out collectively by the network.}}

Popular BitCoin wallet defines Bitcoin "as a decentralized P2P electronic cash system without a central server or trusted parties. Users hold the crypto keys to their own money and transact directly with each other, with the help of the network to check for double-spending." (3/2014).

CoinDesk (3/2014) provides the following definition: "Bitcoin is a form of digital currency, created and held electronically. No one controls it. Bitcoins aren’t printed, like dollars or euros – they’re produced by lots of people running computers all around the world, using software that solves mathematical problems. It’s the first example of a growing category of money known as cryptocurrency."

### How it works[edit | edit source]

Bitcoins are created digitally by a long mining process using computers in a distributed network. The difficulty of the mining process is increased every two weeks. About 21 Mio Bitcoins will be created by 2140.

The same network then also processes transactions. Every 10 minutes a block of transactions is executed. I.e. it always will take about 10 minutes to process it.

Bitcoin transactions are sent to and from electronic bitcoin wallets.

Read more in:

* What is bitcoin? and how bitcoin mining works (CoinDesk)
* Bitcoin or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Crypto (section 1), Udemy online class. by Charles Hoskinson.

### Who accepts bitcoins ?[edit | edit source]

The list of businesses (offline and online) is rather small, but growing. But many (e.g. Amazon) do accept vouchers and the vouchers can be obtained by third party businesses.

* Consult: Trade (Bitcoin Wiki)

In education (March 2014)

* University of Cumbria. Times Higher Education article, (UK)

## Software[edit | edit source]

Bitcoin users do need so-called wallet software that allows to exchange Bitcoins.

See the list of bitcoin wallets at bitcoin.org or Getting Started at WeUseCoins.com.

### Client software (wallets)[edit | edit source]

Please, consider the links below as example, there is absolutely zero recommendation. As of 2019, most wallets accepts several types of cryptocurrencies.

Desktops

* MultiBit is a light-weight client for Windows, Mac and Linux.

* Armory. Advanced client for Win/Mac/Linux. Allows off-line story. This client also requires BitCoin QT (below).

* Bitcoin QT wallet software. Full-featured thick client that downloads the entire block chain, using code from the original Bitcoin. It can be used both for regular payments and as server utility for merchants. When you first install it, it may take a day to synchronize about 12-20GB of blockchain data to your hard drive.
* Appropriate for computers that are always connected. Needed to run the Armory client.
* manul on Bitcoin wiki.

* Coinbase

Android

* Edge (Android, iOS)

* Coinomi (Android/IOS/Windows/Linux/MacOS)

* Bitcoin Wallet (Android). You can pay by quickly scanning a QR-code.

* Mycelium Bitcoin Wallet
* SourceForge page and code.

## Links[edit | edit source]

### Short introductions[edit | edit source]

(see also various web sites, below)

* What is Bitcoin and how does it work? Short Video (You Tube)
* Bitcoin: A Simple Explanation, by BitCoin Warrios, 2014.

### Serious introductions[edit | edit source]

* Khan Academy Bitcoin Series

* Bitcoin or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Crypto, Udemy online class. by Charles Hoskinson. As of March 2014, probably the most complete free online class.

### Why would you use it for payments ?[edit | edit source]

* Why would anyone use Bitcoin when PayPal or Visa work perfectly well?, by Jerry Brito on December 4, 2013.

### Exchanges[edit | edit source]

Here are two lists:

* How to buy bicoins in ...
* Getting started (WeuseCoins.com)

### Organizations and Web sites[edit | edit source]

* bitcoin.org. Main site of the "organization" ?

Global

* Bitcoin Foundation

* Bitcoin Wiki. Probably the best overall technical information source.

* CoinDesk, includes News and tutorials,

* The Genesis Block, includes market and mining statistics, plus blog posts.

* Bitcoin Education Project

* Let's talk BitCoin

* Bitcoin Warrior
* BitCoin Interest by BitCoin Warrior. A soop.it page that collects various resources and news.

Local

* Bitcoin Association Switzerland

## Bibliography[edit | edit source]

* Barber, S., Boyen, X., Shi, E., & Uzun, E. (2012). Bitter to better—how to make bitcoin a better currency. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security (pp. 399-414). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. (Access restricted)

* Bergstra, J. A., & de Leeuw, K. (2013). Bitcoin and beyond: exclusively informational monies. arXiv preprint arXiv:1304.4758. http://arxiv.org/abs/1304.4758

* Bergstra, J. A., & de Leeuw, K. (2013). Questions related to Bitcoin and other Informational Money. arXiv preprint arXiv:1305.5956. http://arxiv.org/abs/1305.5956

* Brito, J., & Castillo, A. (2013). Bitcoin: A Primer for Policymakers. Mercatus Center: Geroge Mason University. http://mercatus. org/sites/default/files/Brito_BitcoinPrimer_ embargoed. pdf.

* Eyal, I., & Sirer, E. G. (2013). Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable. arXiv preprint arXiv:1311.0243. PDF Preprint

* Grinberg, R. (2011). Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency. Hastings Science & Technology Law Journal, 4, 160-208. HTML

* Plassaras, N. A. (2013). Regulating Digital Currencies: Bringing Bitcoin within the Reach of the IMF. Chicago Journal of International Law, 14(1). (Access restricted)

* Satoshi Nakamoto Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Retrieved March 2014 from https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf

* Velde, F. (2013). Bitcoin: a primer. Chicago Fed Letter, (Dec). PDF

* Wallace, B. (2011). The rise and fall of Bitcoin. Wired Magazine. reprint