Textbook writing tutorial

This article or chapter is incomplete and its contents need further attention. Some information may be missing or may be wrong, spelling and grammar may have to be improved, use your judgment!

Some sections are missing, but some elements may be useful. Unfortunately it is unlikely that I will finish this sometimes soon - Daniel K. Schneider 19:08, 3 September 2008 (UTC). Maybe someone else ;)

## Contents

* 1 Definition
* 2 Textbook writing and pedagogical theory
* 3 Pedagogical objectives
* 4 Textbook language and organization of contents
* 5 The book structure and genre
* 5.1 Objectives and genres
* 5.2 Structure (headings)
* 5.3 Good topical structure
* 6 Overview of textbook chapter elements
* 7 Chapter Openers
* 7.1 Chapter Previews
* 7.2 Introductions
* 7.3 Chapter outlines
* 7.4 Learning objectives
* 7.5 Focus questions
* 7.6 Case problems
* 8 Other elements
* 9 Integrated pedagogical devices
* 10 Special features strands
* 10.1 Case studies and scenarios
* 10.2 Quotations and epigrams
* 10.3 Pictures
* 10.4 Summary and reference tables
* 11 Chapter Closers
* 11.1 Conclusion
* 11.2 Summary
* 11.3 Lists of principles
* 11.4 List of definitions or key terms
* 11.5 Review questions
* 11.6 Review questions for Transfer
* 11.7 Transfer aids
* 11.8 Self-assessment
* 11.9 Exercises
* 11.10 Projects
* 11.11 Further reading
* 12 Typographic Design
* 12.1 Overall style
* 12.2 Titles
* 12.3 Marginalia
* 12.4 Strong text
* 12.5 Crossreferences
* 12.6 Figures
* 12.7 Boxes
* 12.8 Using a word processor
* 13 Links
* 14 References
* 14.1 Practical Advise
* 14.2 Instructional objectives
* 14.3 Examples of textbooks

## Definition[edit | edit source]

This article deals with how to write a textbook, i.e. tries to formalize a few recipes. The first sections rather deal with principles.

Disclaimer: I am not a textbook writer. This is just based on a summary of some literature and a superficial analysis of some textbooks. My motivation was twofold: I had to write a small textbook for a distance teaching course on educational technology. I also plan to use this to improve tutorials in this wiki over time - Daniel K. Schneider 10:17, 24 September 2008.

See also (and maybe before):

* Textbook (Introduction)
* Textbook genres and examples
* Textbook research

## Textbook writing and pedagogical theory[edit | edit source]

Firstly, textbook writing is related to instructional design and therefore one might look at textbooks in terms of some instructional design models and methods.

On a prescriptive level, one might argue that authors should use at least some kind of backwards design, i.e. define what students are supposed to be able to do (e.g. solve problems) and then write the books that enables them to do so. In the same spirit, one also could argue that textbooks should respect some first principles of instruction, e.g. let's recall Merrill's:

* The demonstration principle: Learning is promoted when learners observe a demonstration
* The application principle: Learning is promoted when learners apply the new knowledge
* The activation principle: Learning is promoted when learners activate prior knowledge or experience
* The integration principle: Learning is promoted when learners integrate their new knowledge into their everyday world
* The task-centered principle: Learning is promoted when learners engage in a task-centered instructional strategy

However, textbook writing is a specific activity and one should not forget that textbooks are usually just an element in a wider pedagogic strategy. Therefore, writing should be planned together with some possible pedagogical use cases. E.g. Horsley and Walker (2005:265) identify a changing conception of textbooks that is related to changing learning theories. Teaching and learning materials e.g. textbooks are used differently according to pedagogical theory:

* Transmission: Source of information, Basis of transmission, Knowledge authority, Structure of a teaching and learning program
* Constructivist: Activity and inquiry source; Provision of multiple sources for students; student knowledge ;construction Multiple sources for teacher selection.
* Sociocultural: Scaffolds learning; Enculturates students into disciplinary knowledge and practices; Source of inquiry activities; Basis of explicit teachings.

See also the related discussion around the pedagogical purpose of various kinds of learning objects.

This short discussion only tells us that textbooks can be analyzed in terms of their function and in this perspective it becomes less clear what a textbook is. E.g. Johnsen (2001) argues that "the definition of a textbook may be as general as to include other books made and published for educational purpose, or even any book used in the classroom. The textbook may also be a subset of an even broader and increasingly more commonly-used term "teaching media"".

Daniel K. Schneider adheres to the idea that a textbook is a special genre of teaching media and that includes some kind of "built-in" pedagogy or at least affordances to support a range of pedagogies.

## Pedagogical objectives[edit | edit source]

Textbooks are written with pedagogical objectives in mind. But since teachers and learners must construct their own representation, they sometimes re-purpose a text in ways not anticipated. E.g. a textbook could be used just for reference instead of for direct instruction. The opposite is also true, a good reference book also could be used as textbook.

For an author, there are several ways to manage objectives (each ISD model or extensions like the Kemp model will tell you more). Often, advise on writing textbooks suggests to plan book chapters in terms of desired learning level outcomes. But, again, the author should be aware that teachers define reading assignments (textbooks as a whole or portions of it) in function of their pedagogical objectives. These may not be compatible with the original intent of the author.

The most important objectives concern learning objectives, e.g. what the student should master after having worked through parts of the textbook. Reading is usually linked to other class/homework activities. Again, both authors and teachers (and one could argue, learners too) should also engage in this exercise. For example, the IOWA writing assistant identifies 6 levels of emphasis based on Bloom's taxonomy of learning that we reproduce here exactly as defined in Applying your results (retrieved 20:03, 27 July 2007 (MEST)):

1. Knowledge: rote memorization, recognition, or recall of facts.
2. Comprehension: understanding what the facts mean.
3. Application: correct use of the facts, rules, or ideas.
4. Analysis: breaking down information into component parts.
5. Synthesis: combind parts to make a new whole.
6. Evaluation: judging the value or worth of information or ideas.

Depending on global objectives of the book, an author can put different emphasis on each of "Bloom" levels.

Objectives at book and chapter level should also be associated with activities, assessment, etc.

Here is an example for Synthesis-level objective. Target students are students in educational technology. The learning activity handed out is to prepare an e-Text about e-learning standards.

* Objective: "By the end of this section, you (as a student) will be able to design a learning object that introduces key components of e-learning standards, and in particular modeling languages.
* Activities: Make your own summary of the most important concepts you can find in articles on educational modeling languages and then design a course module with eXe
* Assessment: Quality of your course module (details to be announced)
* Key Words: Design, formulate, build, invent, create, compose, generate, derive, modify, develop.

Usually in textbooks, objectives are not just used to plan the text, but they are made explicit. Objectives can be written out at the start of chapters and/or sections and activities inserted where appropriate. Hints for self-assessment can added too.

## Textbook language and organization of contents[edit | edit source]

Textbooks, in language research seems to be identified as a genre (or genres). Most research focuses on structural analysis of textbooks, but some research also produces knowledge that can be used for prescriptions: According to Jones (2005), textbook writers have three choices: simplification, easyfication, or the scaffolding of concept knowledge. We shall summarize some prescriptions can be derived from this article.

Simplification strategies - enhanced cohesion/coherence

* simplification of content: explain new technical terms as they arise
* simplification of form: make sure that the text has cohesive links and restores implicit relationships, e.g. when using general-specific of problem-solution progressions.
* simplification by including explanations and exemplifications
* using similar structures, i.e. syntactic repetition acts as a form of syntactic scaffolding.

Note that simplification may turn against learning. For example NcNamara et al. (1996) found that "text coherence improved readers' comprehension, but also that giving readers with sufficient background knowledge an incoherent text that forced them to infer unstated relations engaged them in compensatory processing, allowing deeper text understanding than might occur with a coherent text."

Easyfication strategies - enhancing structure

The purpose easyfication is to "give learners an additional instructional appahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbookratus by developing a kind of "access structure" around the text without his [sic] having gone through the intervening stages of simplified materials" Bhatia cited by Jones (2005:9). Examples of such devices are:

* Provide introductory paragraph(s) to a text (or text segment)
* Provide a structural analysis ('tagging' sections) to a text (or text segment), e.g. as in Advance Organizers.
* Provide a schematic representation of a text (or text segment)
* Add annotations/explanations to the text, e.g. marginalia
* Add metadiscursive commentaries (before, in the middle, or after)
* Add questions to encourage interactions with the text

Scaffolding - providing domain knowledge

"Scaffolding in the sense intended here means the provision of a series of carefully designed pre-task exercises (or activities) which allow students to familiarize themselves with concepts of increasing complexity and to explore these concepts in terms of their reactances and interrelations." Jones (2005:10)

Typical scaffolding activities can be:

* filling in gaped texts
* complete sentences
* propositional clusters
* produce or complete tables and flow charts
* write summaries of various sorts, e.g. include critique, most things relevant, organize information, etc.

Of course these activities can be assigned by teacher, i.e. they must not necessarily be part of the text itself.

## The book structure and genre[edit | edit source]

### Objectives and genres[edit | edit source]

Let's recall that a textbook should be written with respect to an identified set of objectives. These should include an analysis of learning objectives and pedagogical function of the book within potential learning situations/environments. You may have to compromise here, i.e. anticipate different use cases.

In addition, in some areas you may consider switching genres in different chapters. E.g. a text on educational multimedia animation may include a chapter on learning theoretical background (e.g. cognitive load) and a introduction to flash. Clearly, such chapters are not of the same kind and may adopt different rhetorics.

See Textbook genres and examples for a discussion of some genres we superficially analyzed.

### Structure (headings)[edit | edit source]

Often textbooks are divided into a structure like this:

Parts
Chapters
Sections
Sub-sections

Parts either represent different major topics (e.g. conceptual vs. technical) or levels

Chapters contain a clearly identifiable major topic. In the US teaching university system, a textbook corresponds to a week's work, e.g. two classes and a homework assignment. This may be the reason why most textbooks are divided into 8-12 chapters. You need a least 8 if you want to sell the book to a "teaching professor" it seems.

Sections contain major subtopics, i.e. a independent unit of instruction. Sub-sections usually cover a concept or procedure to be learned. For a reason I do not understand, sections are generally not numbered in American textbooks. An exception is Deitel (2004).

Each heading that has subheadings must have at least two of its kind. E.g. a chapter should not just include a single section, but at least two. In most "hard-core" textbooks, everything is usually divided by three or four, plus openers and closers. Btw. this is also how military units are organized ...

Style of headings may be imposed by the publisher, e.g. capitalization and numbering scheme. Therefore, structuring is not only a pedagogical issue and you may have to give up pedagogical beliefs in order to comply with external constraints. E.g. I find it strange that navigation is so difficult in typical US textbooks and I suspect that this may be the result of "artistic" guidelines.

### Good topical structure[edit | edit source]

Heading structure should have a function as conceptual organizers. The structure "reflects the amount of information you are providing, the amount of differentiation you are making within and between topics, and each topic's relative importance in you scheme of things" (Lepionka: 106).

Lepionka (2003:108) outlines a few characteristics of good topical structure that we reproduce here with different wording:

(1) Each major section (chapter, section and sub-section) should include a thesis statement, either typographically marked or in the introductory paragraph. E.g. in Alessi (2001:138) we find in the third paragraph of introduction to the "Hypermedia chapter":

Two components are necessary for a hypermedia program to be successful. First, it must have a clear and well-reasoned purpose. Second, it must be designed in accordance with that purpose ...

(2) Ideas or points are grouped into meaningful chunks of information.

(3) There should be a balance of topical development and including a reasonable amount of information. E.g. for smaller concept (a sub-section level) between 1/2 and 1 1/2 pages (figures not included).

(4) Topics (sections, subsections, etc.) should lead to each other. In other words, a textbook should not be written like an Encyclopedia. (This wiki is clearly not a textbook).

(5) These transitions should be clear, i.e. made explicit for the novices that your readers are.

(6) Each main concept should be supported, e.g. by data or examples.

(7) Each topic should only be treated once and you should avoid forward pointers.

## Overview of textbook chapter elements[edit | edit source]

Most textbooks are written with a sort of direct instruction model in mind. However, this is not an obligation. Consider that teachers engaged in other pedagogical approaches do not necessarily use textbooks, but rather a combination of manuals and "normal" academic texts. I.e. a textbook that mainly targets research university students as opposed to teaching college students may implement very different design principles.

But in any case, chapters should include various functional elements that will at least help the reader to understand the text. These elements also may show visually. Lepionka (2003:117-118,123) distinguishes four major kinds of elements which we will summarize here, before a more detailed discussion later on.

1\. Openers
Express "subject, theme, aims, topics, and organization of a chapter [... readers should] know at the outset what they are reading and why or to what end" (Lepionka 2003:117). E.g. if you follow Gagné's nine events of instruction then you should include something to motivate and gain attention (step 1), something to help the frame and organize (step 2) and something to recall prior knowledge (step 3).

Typical openers are:

* overviews (previews)
* introductions
* outlines (text, bullets or graphics)
* focus questions (knowledge and comprehension questions)
* learning goals / objectives / outcomes / competences / skills
* A case problem
* In addition one may use the "special features" used inside chapters, e.g. vignettes, photos, quotations, ...

2\. Closers
Give students opportunities to review, reinforce, or extend their learning, i.e. help with transfer of learning (Lepionka 2003:118)

Typical closers are:

* conclusions and summaries (may include diagrams)
* list of definitions
* reference boxes (e.g. computer instructions)
* review questions
* self-assessment (usually simple quizzes)
* small exercises
* substantial exercises and problem cases
* fill-in tables (for "learning-in-action" books) to prepare a real world task
* ideas for projects (academic or real world)
* bibliographies and links (that can be annotated)

3\. Integrated Pedagogical Devices
These elements aid the learning process in several ways, e.g. by giving advice on how to understand / interpret or navigate, by engaging the learner in some reflection, by pointing out important elements, or to summarize key elements treated in previous text.

Typical elements are:

* Emphasis (bold face) of words
* Marginalia that summarize paragraphs
* Lists that highlight main points
* Summary tables and graphics
* Crossreferences that link backwards (or sometimes forwards) to important concepts
* Markers to identify embedded subjects (e.g. an "external" term used and that needs explanation)
* Study and review questions
* Pedagogical illustrations (concepts rendered graphically)
* Tips (to insure that the learner doesn't get caught in misconceptions or procedural errors)
* Reminders (e.g. make sure that something that was previously introduced is remembered)

4\. Interior Feature Strands
"Intext features, whether boxes or portions of text set off through design, function pedagogically to attract attention; arouse curiosity; increase motivation to read stimulate critical thinking; and provide opportunities for reflection, application, or problem solving" (Lepionka, 2003: 118).

Typical elements are:

* Case studies
* Problem descriptions
* Debates and reflections
* Profiles (case descriptions)
* Primary sources and data
* Models

Some of these four kinds of elements will be discussed in more details below

## Chapter Openers[edit | edit source]

Chapter openers should be used consistently through the text, at least in form (in case chapter genres are different). Below we present a few techniques that can be use in combination or (as seen in some textbooks) alone.

Again, it is not always obvious to differentiate between function and structure. A well written introductory text labelled "introduction" may very well cover preview, introduction and outline without making a clear distinction. But its probably best to use a paragraph for each. E.g Alessi (2001:138) which is a highly regarded book since 1985 now in its third edition, structures the introduction to the "Hypermedia chapter" with three elements:

* Topic and definition of the concept
* A list of 5 topics (truncated below)
* A chapter preview (truncated below)

Quotation:

This chapter focuses on the hypermedia technology. Programs of this methodology consist of a database of information with multiple methods of navigation and features to facilitate learning. The chapter includes:

1. A brief description of hypermedia's history and origins
2. A description of the basic structure of hypermedia and its essential characteristics
3. Description of various hypermedia formats
4. ....

Two components are necessary for a hypermedia program to be successful. First, it must have a clear and well-reasoned purpose. Second, it must be designed in accordance with that purpose ...

Below we shall examine various chapter opener elements with some more examples.

### Chapter Previews[edit | edit source]

Also called chapter overviews (but there might be a slight different), these elements summarize the "big picture" and frame the reader for acquiring the details.

Here is an example from Clark (2003:97) in the chapter "Applying the Redundancy Principle"

SOME e-LEARNING describe graphics using words in both onscreen text and audio narration in which the audio repeats the text. We call this technique redundant onscreen text. In this chapter, we summarize empirical evidence that graphics explained by audio alone rather that graphics explained by audio and redundant onscreen text gets better learning results. [...four lines cut ...]

Previews also act as self-monitoring device, i.e. it will you as an author whether you are able to understand what you wrote ...

### Introductions[edit | edit source]

Introductions both at chapter and section level rather focus on the problem, i.e. try to convey to learner why the topic is important and in which context this knowledge is relevant. It also can link to previous chapters. E.g. the editors introduction to David Merrills' chapter on "First Principles of Instruction" (Reiser, 2006:62) starts like this:

In section 2 of this book, several of the authors point to differences in design practices between positivists (objectivists) and relativists (constructionists). In this chapter, David Merrril takes a different tack. Having spent several years studying a number of different instructional design theories and models, including a variety of positivist and constructivist approaches, he concludes that these different theories and models do share common instructional principles, which he labels First Principles of Instruction.

This text states a goals or an achievement, but it does not (like in a chapter preview) summarize these first principles of instruction

Here is another example from Deitel (2004:141). The Introduction is a numbered section and comes right after the outline (see below).

In Chapters 4 and 5, we introduced the Extensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML) for marking up information. In this chapter, we shift our focus to formatting and presenting information. To do this, we use a W3C technology called Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) that allows document authors to specify the presentation of elements on a Web page (e.g., fonts, spacing, margins, etc.) separately from the structure of the document (section headers, body text, links, etc.). this separation of structure from presentation simplifies maintaining an modifying a document's layout.

Again, this introduction, makes a link and provides motivation for reading on.

### Chapter outlines[edit | edit source]

Chapter outlines either support or integrate (replace) the function of Preview and Introduction. E.g. Morsund (2000:35) in the "the case for PBL" chapter uses a rather short multi-purpose introduction:

PBL is a versatile approach to instruction that can readily be used in conjunction with other approaches. A huge number of articles have been written about PBL. Most, however, are specific examples and testimonials rather than carefully conducted research studies.

This chapter discusses a number of different types of arguments that support the use of PBL and IT-assisted PBL in the classroom. In total, they present a strong case for increased use of PBL in K-12 education.

Driscoll (2005) starts chapter 6 "Simulations" with a quote from two researchers and then outlines the chapter as follows:

In This Chapter
In this chapter, we will

* Define the term simulation
* Discuss the factors that have been obstacles to the adoption of simulations as and instructional strategy
* Describe the benefits and limitations of simulations
* Describe nine types of simulations to add to your portfolio of simulation techniques and explain how these types of simulation differ
* Provide a portfolio of examples of simulation

In addition to an introductory text, one may also just display the chapter's internal table of content. It may replace the outline 'if' the section titles are well chosen.

E.g. Deitel (2004: 141) after presenting Objectives and funny quotes on page one presents an outline of the 12 sections:

Outline

* * *

6.1 Introduction
6.2 Inline Styles
6.3 Embedded Style Sheets

...

This is followed by an introduction.

### Learning objectives[edit | edit source]

Learning objectives can be interwoven with any of the above, but in a "hard-core" textbook they are usually stated in box à-part in list form.

E.g. Carey (2007:227) in the "Working with Cascading Style Sheets" Tutorial (chapter) defines objectives for each of the three Sessions (sections) in a sidebox next to the case problem that opens the chapter.

Session 5.1

* Understand the history and theory of CSS
* Write selectors for specific XML elements
* Set the display style for elements
* Size and position elements on a rendered page

...

### Focus questions[edit | edit source]

Focus questions or in terms of Reiser (2007:viii) "knowledge and comprehension questions "at the start of each chapter require students to identify the key ideas presented and demonstrate their understanding of those ideas"

There are five focus questions attached to David Merrills' chapter on "First Principles of Instruction" (Reiser, 2006:62) and rendered in a smaller left-side column of the first chapter page. We list the two first ones:

1. In your own words, briefly describe each of the five first principles of instruction discussed in this chapter.
2. Merrill briefly indicates why each of the first principles is important. Briefly summarize his position regarding the importance of each principle and the indicate, for each principle, whether you agree or disagree with his point of view. Explain why you feel this way.

### Case problems[edit | edit source]

Case problems have two functions:

* They motivate since the link topics to be covered to a real world problem
* They provide an example which can structure and/or exemplify the discourse

Clark (2003) use what the call a Design dilemma for each chapter. It is part of the chapter preview, i.e. follows a paragraph in the proper sense of preview as illustrated above. Design dilemmas are marked in a grey box and take up 1 or pages. In the chapter "Applying the Redundancy Principle", there is a 2-page dilemma of which we quote a few excepts (it also contains 2 figures).

Design Dilemma

In response to a request from the quality director of Madison Industries, you have created the perfect multimedia presentation for a company training program. As described in the previous chapter, your introductory lesson gives an overview of the quality control tools as part of the overall company quality process. As shown in figure 6.1, it contains a short animation and is consistent [ ... ] In spite of your valiant efforts, the directory says "we need to accommodate different learning style ... [ ... ] Although you have complied with the director's request, you are not convinced ...

Carey (2007:227) in his chapter design only uses a list of objectives and a case to open chapters. The case description usually takes a half a page (but specifics are introduced throughout the rest of the chapter). We quote a few excerpts:

Tour Nation Janet Schmidtt works in the Advertising Department of Tour Nation, a leading bicycle manufacturer. On of her responsibilities is to maintain an XML document that describes the various models offered by Tour Nation. Janet created a [ ... ]

In its current form, the document is not very easy for other Tour Nation employees to read. Janet wants to format the document [...]

## Other elements[edit | edit source]

At chapter start one also may use typical features that are use as interior feature strands. See [#Special_features_strands|Special features strands]

## Integrated pedagogical devices[edit | edit source]

(missing)

## Special features strands[edit | edit source]

### Case studies and scenarios[edit | edit source]

(missing)

### Quotations and epigrams[edit | edit source]

(missing)

### Pictures[edit | edit source]

(missing)

### Summary and reference tables[edit | edit source]

(missing)

## Chapter Closers[edit | edit source]

### Conclusion[edit | edit source]

A conclusion should make a point. It may be seen as the "alter ego" of the the Chapter Introduction.

David Merrills' chapter "First Principles of Instruction" (Reiser, 2006:69) conclusion takes about 2/3s of a column and starts like this:

It would apprear from the limited sources quoted in this chapter that first principles are not only common to and prescribed by mny instructional design theories and models, but that they are also consistent with empirical research on instruction ...

Alessi (2001:173)'s conclusion takes up a bit more than a page and ismore of a summary. But it starts like this, i.e with a point:

There are many important factors in hypermedia design. It cannot be distilled into a specfific set of things to do and not do. However, some general and some specific principles, when applied intelligentyl (that is, in consideration of your context, content, and learner characteristics), ca help you make good design decisions.

### Summary[edit | edit source]

The summary has a similar function as the chapter preview. It may be part of the conclusion or be labelled as a separate section or sub-section. It may for instance summarize essential points for each section. "A summary should be a content review, not a catalogue of what has been covered" (Lepionka 2003:141)

Alessi (2001:173)'s hypermedia chapter conclusion is mostly a summary of design principles, i.e. 2 paragraphs and a longer item list The first summary paragraph looks like this (see above for the conclusion opener):

First and most importantly, you should be clear about the purpose of your program and identify which of the eight hypermedia formats you will use to accomplish that purpose. Most other design decisions concerning the knowledge database, navigation, an support for learning follow logically from your purpose and chose format.

After stating an other second principle, the authors then list some morespecific recommendations as a list (see below)

Carey (2007:282)'s tutorial chapter summary is just a review of topics covered. In Daniel K. Schneider's this may be ok for a technical textbook. The summary starts like this:

This tutoraiil covered how to create a CSS style sheet and apply it to an XML document. The first session covered the history and theory behind the development of CSS. The session then explored [ ...] The second session [...]

### Lists of principles[edit | edit source]

Alessi (2001:173) ends the conclusion of the hypermedia chapter with a list of specific recommendations that can apply to most hypermedia programes. We quote the first four (out of 21) here:

* Use multiple media, including both visual and autitory presentations.
* Make the structure of information visible to learners
* Provide cues, coaching, landmarks, section labels, and display consistency to facilitate learner orientation.
* Design for text readability and to encourage deep processing of text.

### List of definitions or key terms[edit | edit source]

Carey (2007:283) ends a tutorial (a chapter) with a tutorial summary(a paragraph) and a list of "naked" key terms, followed by several "practice pages".

absolute position CSS3 relative position

absolute unit              em unit      relative unit

....

This is IMHO rather useless, unless it is meant to challenge the student to make sure that he integrated definitions of these.

### Review questions[edit | edit source]

Carey (2007) inserts review questions at the end of sessions (sections). E.g. the review (also marked with a marginalia title) of session 5.3 includes 7 questions and starts like this:

Session 5.3 Quick Check

1. What is the difference between a specific font and a generic font ?
2. What is a relative unit ? What are the two relative units supported by CSS?
3. How would you display the the Summary element in a boldface Arial font?

### Review questions for Transfer[edit | edit source]

Driscoll's (2005) chapter 6 "Simulations" end includes as final element, a section labelled "Reflection and application": It starts like this:

To reflect on the material presented in this chapter and apply in in a real e-learning situation, consider how you would respond to the following challenges. (Each of these challenges is intentionally left vague. If you are unsure about a piece of information, make an assumption about it and list the assumption

On of the challenges starts and ends like this:

To vice president of human resources in your company has scheduled a mdeeting with you to talk about an initiative to improve customer service. Your company is in the hospitality business [...] You are considering recommending an online learning program that uses a simulation strategy. Outline the the benefits and limitations of this strategy before your meeting.

This is a short and open ended case problem for which the student is support to sketch out a design.

### Transfer aids[edit | edit source]

Driscoll (2005) ends chapter 6 "Simulations" with a section labelled "Conclusion". The second paragraph looks like this:

Using the examples in this chapter, think about how you might use simulations in a blended mode. If you don't have the budget, time, or support to develop a pur simulation-based program, consider simulation as a post-training program. Use smaller programs with a focus on authentic and corrective feedback to re-inforce classroom lessons.

She then continues with a short annotated bibliography labelled "Learn More about it" an finally finally some review questions (see above)

Some authors also include planning aides (e.g. till-in tables) for reader who want to put theory into practise.

### Self-assessment[edit | edit source]

(missing)

### Exercises[edit | edit source]

(missing)

### Projects[edit | edit source]

(missing)

### Further reading[edit | edit source]

(missing)

## Typographic Design[edit | edit source]

### Overall style[edit | edit source]

Pedagogical discourse should be reflected in layout. However, as it is the general rule in educational technology, there is no single solution. Daniel K. Schneider believes that a lot of design decisions are rather based on intuition than on solide knowledge what works.

Globally speaking, there exist two extremes. Textbooks that relativeley "sober" with relatively few words per page and the opposite end textbooks that use wide pages, lots of color and graphical markup. Here are two examples from "real" textbooks:

Carey, Patrick (2006) New Perspectives on XML, Second Edition, Comprehensive.

This is the second page of the chapter (tutorial on CSS). The first page contains instructions dealing with code.

Carey, Patrick (2006) New Perspectives on XML

This is the third page of the same chapter

Carey, Patrick (2006) New Perspectives on XM

Driscoll

This is the first page of the simulation chapter

Driscoll, M., Carliner, S. (2005) Advanced Web-Based Training - Real World Strategies in Your Online Learning

### Titles[edit | edit source]

(missing)

### Marginalia[edit | edit source]

(missing)

### Strong text[edit | edit source]

(missing)

### Crossreferences[edit | edit source]

(missing)

### Figures[edit | edit source]

(missing)

### Boxes[edit | edit source]

(missing)

### Using a word processor[edit | edit source]

* See Microsoft Word if you must use it ...

## Links[edit | edit source]

* Richard Felder's resources in science and engineering education.
* What I've Learned about Writing Economics by Hal R. Varian, University of California, Berkeley
* Writing Guidelines for Engine (Eco)ering and Science Students by Michael Alley
* Getting Started Creating A Textbook by David Rees (goals and process). (also here).
* Instructional literature, Development of Educational Material, CARNet, retrieved 19:57, 8 August 2007 (MEST)).
* Technical Writing, An Introduction to the Craft of Technical Communication] (2009) by Rachael Shoemaker
* So You Want to Write a Book (O'Reilly)

## References[edit | edit source]

For research-related questions, see textbook research

### Practical Advise[edit | edit source]

* Alley, M. 1996 The Craft of Scientific Writing (3rd Ed.). Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. ISBN 0-387-94766-3

* Ben-Ari, M., Walker, H. M., Redvers-Mutton, G., and Mansfield, K. 2002. Writing a textbook. In Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference on innovation and Technology The Textbook and after... Pierre Moeglinin Computer Science Education (Aarhus, Denmark, June 24 - 28, 2002). ITiCSE '02. ACM Press, New York, NY, 94-95. DOI 10.1145/544414.544444 (Summary of a panel discussion).

* Dale, N., Mercer, R., Koffman, E., and Savitch, W. 2001. Writing a textbook: walking the gauntlet. SIGCSE Bull. 33, 1 (Mar. 2001), 408-409. Abstract (summary of a panel discussion)

* Forbes, David J., (1996), Make History Textbook Writing "A Puzzlement", The History Teacher. Vol. 29, No. 4 (Aug., 1996), pp. 455-461. 2.0.CO;2-O">JSTOR Bitmap/POF

* Hatch, Mary Jo (2007). Writing From Teaching: A Textbook Writer's Tale, Journal of Management Education, Vol. 31, No. 3, 405-412 (2007). DOI 10.1177/1052562906298443

* Jones, Alan (2005) Conceptual Development in Technical and Textbook Writing: A Challenge for L1 and L2 Student Readers, Proceedings of the International Professional Communication Conference, Limerick, Ireland, 12-15 July, 2005. PDF \- Abstract

* Lepionka, Mary Ellen (2003), Writing and Developing Your College Textbook, ISBN 0-9728164-0-2. (This practical book gets good reviews. I bought it and find it useful - Daniel K. Schneider)

* Lepionka, Mary Ellen (2005), Writing and Developing College Textbook Supplements ISBN 0-9728164-1-0

* Silv (Eco)erman, Franklin H. (2004), Self-Publishing Textbooks and Instructional Materials, ISBN 0-9728164-3-7

* Thirlway, M. 1994 Writing Software Manuals: a Practical Guide. Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 0-13-138801-0

* Ranking, Elizabeth, The Work of Writing: Insights and Strategies for Academics and Professionals, Wiley, ISBN: 978-0-7879-5679-0

Remark: My reason for writing in English is simple. That way I can find at least a few readers. I know that my unedited English is bad. Some things I could fix myself (like spelling, omission of words, too long sentences etc. if I had more time). Anyhow, there exist some manuals about style. However, Geoffrey K. Pullum in his piece 50 Years of Stupid Grammar Advice warns that "English syntax is a deep and interesting subject. It is much too important to be reduced to a bunch of trivial don't-do-this prescriptions by a pair of idiosyncratic bumblers who can't even tell when they've broken their own misbegotten rules.".

### Instructional objectives[edit | edit source]

See also: instructional design and instructional design method in particular.

* Felder, Richard M. and Rebecca Brent (1997). Objectively Speaking, Chemical Engineering Education, 31(3), 178-179 (1997). HTML reprint

* Gronlund, N.E. (1991)- How to write and use instructional objectives (4th ed.) New York, Macmillan.

### Examples of textbooks[edit | edit source]

* Alessi, Stephen. M. & Trollop, Stanley. R., (2001) Multimedia for Learning (3rd Edition), Pearson Allyn & Bacon, ISBN 0-205-27691-1.

* Clark, Ruth Colvin and Richard E. Mayer (2003). E-Learning and the Science of Instruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers of Multimedia Learning, Pfeiffer, ISBN 0787960519

* Carey, Patrick (2006) New Perspectives on XML, Second Edition, Comprehensive. ISBN 1418860646, 655 pages

* Deitel, Harvey M., Paul J. Deitel, Andrew B. Goldberg, (2004) Internet & World Wide Web How to Program (3rd Edition). Prentice Hall; 3 edition, ISBN 0131450913

* Dépelteau, François (2000), a démarche d'une recherche en sciences humaines, De Boeck ISBN-10 2804135268

* Driscoll, M., Carliner, S. (2005) Advanced Web-Based Training : Adapting Real World Strategies in Your Online Learning, Pfeiffer. ISBN 0787969796

* Morsund, David (2002) Project-based learning: Using Information Technology, 2nd edition, ISTE. ISBN 1-56484-196-0

* Reiser Robert A. and John V. Dempsey (eds). (2006). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology, 2nd edition. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0131708058

* Veer, E.A. Vander and Chris Grover (2007). Flash CS3: The Missing Manual. ISBN 0596510446