Williamson matrices

A Hadamard matrix of order $n$ is an $( n \times n )$-matrix $H$ with entries $+ 1$ and $- 1$ such that $H H ^ { T } = H ^ { T } H = n I _ { n }$, where $H ^ { T }$ is the transposed matrix of $H$ and $ { I } _ { n }$ is the unit matrix of order $n$. Note that the problem of constructing Hadamard matrices of all orders $n \equiv 0 \pmod 4 $ is as yet unsolved (1998; the first open case is $n = 428$). For a number of methods for constructing Hadamard matrices of concrete orders, see [a1], [a9], [a7]. One of these methods, described below, is due to J. Williamson [a10]. Let $A$, $B$, $C$, and $D$ be pairwise commuting symmetric circulant $( - 1 , + 1 )$-matrices of order $m$ such that $A ^ { 2 } + B ^ { 2 } + C ^ { 2 } + D ^ { 2 } = 4 m I _ { m }$ (such matrices are called Williamson matrices). Then the Williamson array

\begin{equation*} W = \left( \begin{array} { c c c c } { A } & { B } & { C } & { D } \\\ { - B } & { A } & { - D } & { C } \\\ { - C } & { D } & { A } & { - B } \\\ { - D } & { - C } & { B } & { A } \end{array} \right) \end{equation*}

is a Hadamard matrix of order $4 m$. The recent achievements about the construction of Hadamard matrices are connected with the construction of orthogonal designs [a4] (cf. also Design with mutually orthogonal resolutions), Baumert–Hall arrays [a2], Goethals–Seidel arrays [a5] and Plotkin arrays [a6], and with the construction of Williamson-type matrices, i.e., of four or eight $( - 1 , + 1 )$-matrices $\\{ A _ { i } \\} _ { i = 1 } ^ { k }$, $k = 4,8$, of order $m$ that satisfy the following conditions:

i) $M N ^ { T } = N M ^ { T }$, $M , N \in \\{ A_i \\} _ { i = 1 } ^ { k }$;

ii) $\sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { k } A _ { i } A _ { i } ^ { T } = k m I _ { m }$. Williamson-four matrices have been constructed for all orders $m \leq 40$, with the exception of $m = 35$, which was eliminated by D.Z. Djokovic [a3], by means of an exhaustive computer search. It is worth mentioning that Williamson-type-four matrices of order $m = 35$ are not yet known (1998). Williamson-four and Williamson-type-four matrices are known for many values of $m$. For details, see [a9], Table A1; pp. 543–547. The most recent results can be found in [a11].

There are known Williamson-type-eight matrices of the orders $( p + 1 ) q / 2$, where $p \equiv 1 \pmod 4 $, $q \equiv 1 \pmod 4$ are prime numbers [a8].

A set of $( - 1 , + 1 )$-matrices $\\{ A _ { 1 } , \dots , A _ { k } \\}$ is called a Williamson family, of type $( s _ { 1 } , \dots , s _ { k } , B _ { m } )$, if the following conditions are fulfilled:

a) There exists a $( 0,1 )$-matrix $B _ { m }$ of order $m$ such that for arbitrary $i,j = 1 , \dots , k$, $A _ { i } B _ { m } A _ { j } ^ { T } = A _ { j } B _ { m } A _ { i } ^ { T }$;

b) $\sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { k } s _ { i } A _ { i } A _ { i } ^ { T } = ( m \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { k } s _ { i } ) I _ { m }$. If $s _ { 1 } = \ldots = s _ { k } = s$, then the type $( s , \dots , s , B _ { m } )$ is denoted by $( s , k , B _ { m } )$.

If $k = 4$, $s _ { 1 } = s _ { 2 } = s _ { 3 } = s _ { 4 } = 1$, and $B _ { m } = I _ { m }$, then each Williamson family of type $( 1,1,1,1 , I _ { m } ) = ( 1,4 , I _ { m } )$ coincides with a family of Williamson-type matrices.

If $k = 8$, $s _ { i } = 1$ for $i = 1 , \dots , 8$, and $B _ { m } = I _ { m }$, then each Williamson family of type $( 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 , I _ { m } ) = ( 1,8 , I _ { m } )$ coincides with a family of Williamson-type-eight matrices.

If $k = 4$, $s _ { 1 } = s _ { 2 } = s _ { 3 } = s _ { 4 } = 1$, and $B _ { m } = R$, $R = (r_{i,j})_{i,j=1}^m$,

\begin{equation*} r _ { i , j } = \left\\{ \begin{array} { l l } { 1 , } & { \text { if } i + j = m + 1, } \\\ { 0 } & { \text { otherwise, } } \end{array} \right. \end{equation*}

and $A _ { i } A _ { j } = A _ { j } A _ { i }$, then each Williamson family of type $( 1,1,1,1 , R ) = ( 1,4 , R )$ coincides with a family of generalized Williamson-type matrices.

An orthogonal design of order $n$ and type $( s _ { 1 } , \dots , s _ { k } )$ ($s _ { i } > 0$) on commuting variables $x _ { 1 } , \dots , x _ { k }$ is an $( n \times n )$-matrix $A$ with entries from $\\{ 0 , \pm x _ { 1 } , \ldots , \pm x _ { k } \\}$ such that

\begin{equation*} A A ^ { T } = A ^ { T } A = \left( \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { k } s _ { i } x _ { i } ^ { 2 } \right) I _ { n }. \end{equation*}

Let $\\{ A _ { 1 } , \dots , A _ { k } \\}$ be a Williamson family of type $( s _ { 1 } , \dots , s _ { k } , I _ { m } )$ and suppose there exists an orthogonal design of type $( s _ { 1 } , \dots , s _ { k } )$ and order $n$ that consists of elements $\pm x _ { i }$, $x _ { i } \neq 0$. Then there exists a Hadamard matrix of order $mn$. In other words, the existence of orthogonal designs and Williamson families implies the existence of Hadamard matrices. For more details and further constructions see [a4], [a9].

#### References[edit]

[a1] |  S.S. Agaian, "Hadamard matrices and their applications" , Lecture Notes Math. , 1168 , Springer (1985) MR0818740

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[a2] |  L.D. Baumert, M. Hall Jr., "A new construction for Hadamard matrices" Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. , 71 (1965) pp. 169–170 MR0169860 Zbl 0156.02803
[a3] |  D.Z. Djokovic, "Williamson matrices of order $4 n$ for $n = 33,35,39$" Discrete Math. , 115 (1993) pp. 267–271 Zbl 0771.05024
[a4] |  A.V. Geramita, J. Seberry, "Orthogonal designs: Quadratic forms and Hadamard matrices" , M. Dekker (1979) Zbl 0411.05023
[a5] |  J.M. Goethals, J.J. Seidel, "A skew–Hadamard matrix of order 36" J. Austral. Math. Soc. A , 11 (1970) pp. 343–344 MR0269527 Zbl 0226.05015
[a6] |  M. Plotkin, "Decomposition of Hadamard matrices" J. Combin. Th. A , 2 (1972) pp. 127–130 MR0300914 Zbl 0241.05016
[a7] |  W.D. Wallis, A.P. Street, J.S. Wallis, "Combinatorics: Room squares, sum-free sets and Hadamard matrices" , Lecture Notes Math. , 292 , Springer (1972) MR0392580
[a8] |  J.S. Wallis, "Construction of Williamson type matrices" Linear and Multilinear Algebra , 3 (1975) pp. 197–207 MR0396299 Zbl 0321.05021
[a9] |  J. Seberry, M. Yamada, "Hadamard matrices, sequences and block designs" J.H. Dinitz (ed.) D.R. Stinson (ed.) , Contemporary Design Theory: A Collection of Surveys , Wiley (1992) pp. 431–560 MR1178508 Zbl 0776.05028
[a10] |  J. Williamson, "Hadamard's determinant theorem and the sum of four squares" Duke Math. J. , 11 (1944) pp. 65–81
[a11] |  M.Y. Xia, "An infinite class of supplementary difference sets and Williamson matrices" J. Combin. Th. A , 58 (1991) pp. 310–317 MR1129121 Zbl 0758.05032