12 (number)

Short description: Natural number

| <- 11  | 12 |  13 ->

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← 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 →

List of numbers — Integers

← 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 →

Cardinal| twelve
Ordinal| 12th
(twelfth)
Numeral system| duodecimal
Factorization| 22 × 3
Divisors| 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Greek numeral| ΙΒ´
Roman numeral| XII
Greek prefix| dodeca-
Greek prefix| duodeca-
Binary| 11002
Ternary| 1103
Quaternary| 304
Quinary| 225
Senary| 206
Octal| 148
Duodecimal| 1012
Hexadecimal| C16
Vigesimal| C20
Base 36| C36
Malayalam| ൰൨
Bengali| ১২

12 (twelve) is the natural number following 11 and preceding 13. Twelve is a superior highly composite number, divisible by the numbers 2, 3, 4, and 6.

It is the number of years required for an orbital period of Jupiter. It is central to many systems of timekeeping, including the Western calendar and units of time of day and frequently appears in the world's major religions.

## Contents

* 1 Name
* 1.1 Written representation
* 2 Mathematical properties
* 2.1 List of basic calculations
* 2.1.1 In other bases
* 3 In nature
* 4 Religion
* 4.1 Ancient Greek religion
* 4.2 Judaism and Christianity
* 4.3 Islam
* 4.4 Hinduism
* 4.5 Others
* 5 Law
* 6 Timekeeping
* 7 In numeral systems
* 8 In science
* 9 In sports
* 10 In technology
* 11 In the arts
* 11.1 Film
* 11.2 Television
* 11.3 Theatre
* 11.4 Literature
* 11.5 Music
* 11.5.1 Music theory
* 11.5.2 Pop music
* 11.6 Art theory
* 11.7 Games
* 12 In other fields
* 13 See also
* 14 Notes
* 15 References
* 16 Sources
* 17 Further reading
* 17.1 Books
* 17.2 Journal articles
* 18 External links

## Name

Twelve is the largest number with a single-syllable name in English. Early Germanic numbers have been theorized to have been non-decimal: evidence includes the unusual phrasing of eleven and twelve, the former use of "hundred" to refer to groups of 120, and the presence of glosses such as "tentywise" or "ten-count" in medieval texts showing that writers could not presume their readers would normally understand them that way.[1][2][3] Such uses gradually disappeared with the introduction of Arabic numerals during the 12th-century Renaissance.

Derived from Old English, twelf and tuelf are first attested in the 10th-century Lindisfarne Gospels' Book of John.[note 1][5] It has cognates in every Germanic language (e.g. German zwölf), whose Proto-Germanic ancestor has been reconstructed as *twaliƀi..., from *twa ("two") and suffix *-lif- or *-liƀ- of uncertain meaning.[5] It is sometimes compared with the Lithuanian dvýlika, although -lika is used as the suffix for all numbers from 11 to 19 (analogous to "-teen").[5] Every other Indo-European language instead uses a form of "two"+"ten", such as the Latin duōdecim.[5] The usual ordinal form is "twelfth" but "dozenth" or "duodecimal" (from the Latin word) is also used in some contexts, particularly base-12 numeration. Similarly, a group of twelve things is usually a "dozen" but may also be referred to as a "dodecad" or "duodecad". The adjective referring to a group of twelve is "duodecuple".

As with eleven,[6] the earliest forms of twelve are often considered to be connected with Proto-Germanic *liƀan or *liƀan ("to leave"), with the implicit meaning that "two is left" after having already counted to ten.[5] The Lithuanian suffix is also considered to share a similar development.[5] The suffix *-lif- has also been connected with reconstructions of the Proto-Germanic for ten.[6][7]

As mentioned above, 12 has its own name in Germanic languages such as English (dozen), Dutch (dozijn), German (Dutzend), and Swedish (dussin), all derived from Old French dozaine. It is a compound number in many other languages, e.g. Italian dodici (but in Spanish and Portuguese, 16, and in French, 17 is the first compound number),[dubious - discuss] Japanese 十二 jūni.[clarification needed]

### Written representation

In prose writing, twelve, being the last single-syllable numeral, is sometimes taken as the last number to be written as a word, and 13 the first to be written using digits. This is not a binding rule, and in English language tradition, it is sometimes recommended to spell out numbers up to and including either nine, ten or twelve, or even ninety-nine or one hundred. Another system spells out all numbers written in one or two words (sixteen, twenty-seven, fifteen thousand, but 372 or 15,001).[8] In German orthography, there used to be the widely followed (but unofficial) rule of spelling out numbers up to twelve (zwölf). The Duden[year needed] (the German standard dictionary) mentions this rule as outdated.

## Mathematical properties

12 is the sixth composite number and the superfactorial of 3.[9][10] It is the fourth pronic number (equal to 3 × 4),[11] whose digits in decimal are also successive. It is the smallest abundant number, since it is the smallest integer for which the sum of its proper divisors (1 \+ 2 \+ 3 + 4 + 6 = 16) is greater than itself,[12] and the second semiperfect number, since there is a subset of the proper divisors of 12 that add up to itself.[13] It is equal to the sum between the second pair of twin primes (5 \+ 7),[14] while it is also the smallest number with exactly six divisors (1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12) which makes it the fifth highly composite number,[15] and since 6 is also one of them, twelve is also the fifth refactorable number.[16] 12, as a number with a perfect number of divisors (six), has a sum of divisors that yields the second perfect number, σ(12) = 28,[17] and as such it is the smallest of two known sublime numbers, which are numbers that have a perfect number of divisors whose sum is also perfect.[18] 12 is the fifth Pell number (preceded by 0, 1, 2, and 5)[19] as well as the third pentagonal number,[20] and a Harshad number in all bases except octal.

Twelve is the number of divisors of 60 and 90, the second and third unitary perfect numbers (6 is the first). It is also the number of distinct prime factors that belong to the fifth unitary perfect number, the largest known,

218×3×54×7×11×13×19×37×79×109×157×313=146361946186458562560000[21][22]

The second perfect number, 28, is the arithmetic mean of the twelve divisors of the fourth harmonic divisor number, 140 (like 6, and 28), which generates an integer harmonic mean of 5.[23][24][25]

If an odd perfect number is not divisible by 3, it will have at least twelve distinct prime factors.[26]

There are 12 Latin squares of size 3 × 3, where symbols appear exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column.[27]

There are twelve Jacobian elliptic functions and twelve cubic distance-transitive graphs.

A twelve-sided polygon is a dodecagon. In its regular form, it is the largest polygon that can uniformly tile the plane alongside other regular polygons, as with the truncated hexagonal tiling or the truncated trihexagonal tiling. There are 12 regular and semiregular tilings when enantiomorphic forms of the snub hexagonal tiling are counted separately.[28]

A regular dodecahedron has twelve pentagonal faces. Regular cubes and octahedrons both have 12 edges, while regular icosahedrons have 12 vertices. The rhombic dodecahedron has twelve rhombic faces and is able to tessellate three-dimensional space; it is the only Catalan solid to generate a honeycomb with copies of itself. Its dual polyhedron, the cuboctahedron, has 12 vertices with radial equilateral symmetry, and is one of two quasiregular polyhedra.

The densest three-dimensional lattice sphere packing has each sphere touching twelve other spheres, and this is almost certainly true for any arrangement of spheres (the Kepler conjecture). Twelve is also the kissing number in three dimensions.

There are twelve complex apeirotopes in dimensions five and higher, which include van Oss polytopes in the form of complex n-orthoplexes.[29] There are also twelve paracompact hyperbolic Coxeter groups of uniform polytopes in five-dimensional space.

Bring's curve is a Riemann surface of genus four, with a domain that is a regular hyperbolic 20-sided icosagon.[30] By the Gauss-Bonnet theorem, the area of this fundamental polygon is equal to 12π.

The Leech lattice, which holds the solution to the kissing number in twenty-four dimensions,[31] has a density equal to:

π1212!≈0.00193 [32]

Its quaternionic representation contains vectors modulo 1+i that are congruent to either one of 1,365=196,560144 coordinate-frames, or zero;[33][34] with 1,365 the twelfth Jacobsthal number, and 144 equal to 122.

Fischer group Fi22 is a sporadic group with a total of twelve maximal subgroups, the smallest of which is Mathieu group M12.[35][36] Fi22 holds standard generators (a,b,ab) equal to (2A, 13, 11),[37] with a further condition where o((ab)2(abab2)2ab2)=12.[38] Furthermore, its faithful complex representation is 78-dimensional,[39] where 78 is the twelfth triangular number.[40] Otherwise, the largest alternating group represented inside any sporadic groups is A12, as a maximal subgroup inside the third-largest third generation sporadic group, Harada-Norton group HN.[41][42] While Fi22 or A12 are not maximal subgroups of the largest sporadic group, the friendly giant F1, one of its maximal subgroup is (A5×A12):2.[43] More deeply, the double cover 2.Fi22 is a maximal subgroup of Fi23,[44][45] which is the third-largest maximal subgroup inside B;[46][47] with the double cover 2.B as the largest maximal subgroup inside F1.[43] The smallest second generation sporadic group, Janko group J2, holds standard generators (2A, 3B, 7) that yield o([a,b])=12.[38]

Twelve is the smallest weight for which a cusp form exists. This cusp form is the discriminant Δ(q) whose Fourier coefficients are given by the Ramanujan τ-function and which is (up to a constant multiplier) the 24th power of the Dedekind eta function:

Δ(τ)=(2π)12η24(τ)

This fact is related to a constellation of interesting appearances of the number twelve in mathematics ranging from the fact that the abelianization of special linear group SL⁡(2,Z) has twelve elements, to the value of the Riemann zeta function at −1 being −112, which stems from the Ramanujan summation

1+2+3+4+⋯=−112(ℜ)

Although the series is divergent, methods such as Ramanujan summation can assign finite values to divergent series.

* 12 is an Anti-Meertens Number. If we power the digits from the end to the prime numbers starting from 2 and then multiply, then the result will be the number Itself.

2^2 * 3^1 = 12

### List of basic calculations

Multiplication | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 10  | 11  | 12  | 13  | 14  | 15  | 16  | 17  | 18  | 19  | 20  | 21  | 22  | 23  | 24  | 25  |  | 50  | 100  | 1000

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12 × x | 12 | 24 | 36 | 48 | 60 | 72 | 84 | 96 | 108 | 120 | 132 | 144 | 156 | 168 | 180 | 192 | 204 | 216 | 228 | 240 | 252 | 264 | 276 | 288 | 300 |  | 600 | 1200  | 12000
Division | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 10  |  | 11  | 12  | 13  | 14  | 15  | 16

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12 ÷ x | 12 | 6  | 4  | 3  | 2.4  | 2  | 1.714285 | 1.5  | 1.3 | 1.2  |  | 1.09 | 1  | 0.923076 | 0.857142 | 0.8  | 0.75
x ÷ 12 | 0.083 | 0.16 | 0.25  | 0.3 | 0.416 | 0.5  | 0.583 | 0.6 | 0.75  | 0.83 |  | 0.916 | 1  | 1.083 | 1.16 | 1.25  | 1.3
Exponentiation | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 10  |  | 11  | 12

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12x | 12 | 144  | 1728  | 20736  | 248832  | 2985984  | 35831808  | 429981696  | 5159780352  | 61917364224  |  | 743008370688  | 8916100448256
x12 | 1  | 4096  | 531441  | 16777216  | 244140625  | 2176782336  | 13841287201  | 68719476736  | 282429536481  | 1000000000000  |  | 3138428376721  | 8916100448256

#### In other bases

The duodecimal system (1210 [twelve] = 1012), which is the use of 12 as a division factor for many ancient and medieval weights and measures, including hours, probably originates from Mesopotamia.

In base thirteen and higher bases (such as hexadecimal), twelve is represented as C.

## In nature

Notably, twelve is the number of full lunations in a solar year, hence the number of months in a solar calendar, as well as the number of signs in the Western, Islamic and the Chinese zodiac. Twelve is also the number of years for an orbital period of Jupiter.

## Religion

The number twelve carries religious, mythological and magical symbolism, generally representing perfection, entirety, or cosmic order in traditions since antiquity.[48]

### Ancient Greek religion

* The Twelve Olympians are the principal gods of the pantheon, they were preceded by twelve Titans, and Hercules carries out twelve labours.[49]
* Several sets of twelve cities are identified in history as a dodecapolis, the most familiar being the Etruscan League. In ancient Rome, the twelve lictors carried fasces of twelve rods.

### Judaism and Christianity

* The significance is especially pronounced in the Hebrew Bible.

Ishmael – the first-born son of Abraham – has 12 sons/princes (Genesis 25:16), and Jacob also has 12 sons, who are the progenitors of the Twelve Tribes of Israel.[50] This is reflected in Christian tradition, notably in the twelve Apostles. When Judas Iscariot is disgraced, a meeting is held (Acts) to add Saint Matthias to complete the number twelve once more. The Book of Revelation contains much numerical symbolism, and many of the numbers mentioned have 12 as a divisor. 12:1 mentions a woman--interpreted as the people of Israel, the Church and the Virgin Mary--wearing a crown of twelve stars (representing each of the twelve tribes of Israel). Furthermore, there are 12,000 people sealed from each of the twelve tribes of Israel (the Tribe of Dan is omitted while Manasseh is mentioned), making a total of 144,000 (which is the square of 12 multiplied by a thousand).

* According to the New Testament, Jesus had twelve Apostles.
* The "Twelve Days of Christmas" count the interval between Christmas and Epiphany.
* Eastern Orthodoxy observes twelve Great Feasts.

12 was the only number considered to be religiously divine in the 1600s causing many Catholics to wear 12 buttons to church every Sunday. Some extremely devout Catholics would always wear this number of buttons to any occasion on any type of clothing.[citation needed]

### Islam

Twelve is referred to in three different verses of the Quran. Two are in reference to the Twelve Tribes of Israel.

> And ˹remember˺ when Moses prayed for water for his people, We said, "Strike the rock with your staff." Then twelve springs gushed out, ˹and˺ each tribe knew its drinking place. ˹We then said,˺ "Eat and drink of Allah’s provisions, and do not go about spreading corruption in the land."

— Surah Al-Baqarah (The Heifer):60[51]

The second reference is:

> We divided them into twelve tribes—each as a community. And We revealed to Moses, when his people asked for water, "Strike the rock with your staff." Then twelve springs gushed out. Each tribe knew its drinking place. We shaded them with clouds and sent down to them manna and quails,1 ˹saying˺, "Eat from the good things We have provided for you." They ˹certainly˺ did not wrong Us, but wronged themselves.

— Surah Al-A'raf (The Heights):160[52]

Note 1: Manna (heavenly bread) and quails (chicken-like birds) sustained the children of Israel in the wilderness after they left Egypt.

The last reference is to the number of months and the sacred ones amongst them:

> Indeed, the number of months with Allāh is twelve [lunar] months in the register of Allāh [from] the day He created the heavens and the earth; of these, four are sacred.2

— Surah At-Tawbah (The Repentance):36[53]

Note 2: The four sacred months of the Islamic calendar are Dhu al-Qa'dah, Dhu al-Hijjah, Muharram, and Rajab (months 11, 12, 1 and 7).

### Hinduism

* There are twelve Jyotirlinga (Self-formed Lingas) of Lord Shiva in Hindu temples across India according to the Shaiva tradition.
* The Sun god Surya has 12 names.
* The god Hanuman has 12 names.
* There are 12 Petals in Anahata or "heart chakra".
* There are frequently said to be 12 Âdityas.

### Others

Ancient Hittite relief carving from Yazılıkaya, a sanctuary at Hattusa, depicting twelve gods of the underworld[54]

* The chief Norse god, Odin, has twelve sons.[citation needed]
* In the King Arthur legend, Arthur is said to subdue 12 rebel princes and to win 12 great battles against Saxon invaders.[55]
* In Twelver Shi'a Islam, there are twelve Imams, legitimate successors of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. These twelve early leaders of Islam are--Ali, Hasan, Husayn, and nine of Husayn's descendants. Sura 12 in the Quran is sura Yusuf, narrating the story of the sons of Jacob.
* In the mythologies of the ancient Hurrians and Hittites, there were the Twelve gods of the Underworld.

## Law

* The number of twelve jurors in jury trials is depicted by Aeschylus in the Eumenides. In the play, the innovation is brought about by the goddess Athena, who summons twelve citizens to sit as jury.
* In English Common Law, the tradition of twelve jurors harks back to the 10th-century law code introduced by Aethelred the Unready.

## Timekeeping

* The lunar year is 12 lunar months. Adding 11 or 12 days completes the solar year.[56]
* Most calendar systems – solar or lunar – have twelve months in a year.
* The Chinese use a 12-year cycle for time-reckoning called Earthly Branches.
* There are twelve hours in a half day, numbered one to twelve for both the ante meridiem (a.m.) and the post meridiem (p.m.). 12:00 p.m. is midday or noon, and 12:00 a.m. is midnight.
* The basic units of time (60 seconds, 60 minutes, 24 hours) are evenly divisible by twelve into smaller units.

## In numeral systems

۱۲ | Arabic | ១២ | Khmer | ԺԲ | Armenian

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১২ | Bangla  | ΔΙΙ | Attic Greek | 𝋬 | Maya
יב | Hebrew | <hiero>V20-Z1-Z1</hiero> | Egyptian
१२ | Indian and Nepali (Devanāgarī)  | 十二 | Chinese and Japanese
௧௨ | Tamil  | XII | Roman and Etruscan
๑๒ | Thai | IIX | Chuvash
౧౨ | Telugu and Kannada  | ١٢ | Urdu
ιβʹ | Ionian Greek | ൧൨ | Malayalam

## In science

Image of the globular cluster Messier 12 by Hubble Space Telescope

* The atomic number of magnesium in the periodic table.
* The Standard Model identifies twelve types of elementary fermions as well as twelve types of elementary gauge bosons.
* The human body has twelve cranial nerves.
* The duodenum (from Latin: duodecim, lit. 'twelve') is the first part of the small intestine, that is about twelve inches (30 cm) long. More precisely, this section of the intestine was measured not in inches but in fingerwidths. In fact, in German the name of the duodenum is Zwölffingerdarm, in Dutch the name is twaalfvingerige darm and in Bulgarian the name is дванадесетопръстник, all meaning "twelve-finger bowel".
* Force 12 on the Beaufort wind force scale corresponds to the maximum wind speed of a hurricane.
* The human body has twelve thoracic vertebrae.
* Messier 12 (NGC 6218), an globular cluster in the constellation Ophiuchus, located at 16,400 light years away from earth

## In sports

* In both soccer and American football, the number 12 can be a symbolic reference to the fans because of the support they give to the 11 players on the field. Texas A&M University reserves the number 12 jersey for a walk-on player who represents the original "12th Man", a fan who was asked to play when the team's reserves were low in a college American football game in 1922. Similarly, Bayern Munich, Hammarby, Feyenoord, Atlético Mineiro, Flamengo, Seattle Seahawks, Portsmouth and Cork City do not allow field players to wear the number 12 on their jersey because it is reserved for their supporters. It also serves as the jersey number for some the National Football League's best and most well-known quarterback, Tom Brady.
* In Canadian football, 12 is the maximum number of players that can be on the field of play for each team at any time.
* In cricket, another sport with eleven players per team, teams may select a "12th man", who may replace an injured player for the purpose of fielding (but not batting or bowling).
* In women's lacrosse, each team has 12 players on the field at any given time, except in penalty situations.
* In rugby league, one of the starting second-row forwards wears the number 12 jersey in most competitions. An exception is in the Super League, which uses static squad numbering.
* In rugby union, one of the starting centres, most often but not always the inside centre, wears the 12 shirt.
* In an NBA game, a quarter lasts 12 minutes.
* In pool:
* The pool ball 12 is the 12th in pool and its color is purple.

## In technology

* ASCII and Unicode code point for form feed.
* The number of function keys on most PC keyboards (F1 through F12).
* The number of keys in any standard digital telephone (1 through 9, 0, * and #).
* Microsoft's Rich Text Format specification assigns numbers congruent to 12 mod 256 to variants of the French language.

## In the arts

### Film

Films with the number twelve or its variations in their titles include:

* 12
* 12 Angry Men (1957 and 1997)
* Cheaper by the Dozen
* Ocean's Twelve
* 12 Monkeys
* The Dirty Dozen
* The Twelve Chairs (1970, 1971 and 1976)
* 12 Rounds
* Twelve
* Twelve Years a Slave

### Television

* The number twelve plays a significant role in the television franchise Battlestar Galactica. The characters come from the Twelve Colonies of Kobol and worship the twelve gods of Kobol. In the re-imagined series, there are also twelve models of humanoid Cylons.
* Twelve Angry Men, the original 1954 live performance on the anthology television series Studio One
* "Number 12 Looks Just Like You" is an episode of the television show The Twilight Zone.
* Schoolhouse Rock! portrayed an alien child using base-twelve arithmetic in the short "Little Twelvetoes".
* 12 oz. Mouse was an animated television show on Adult Swim.
* The News 12 Networks are a group of American regional cable news television channels covering New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut.
* Les Douze Coups de Midi (fr) (douze = 12) is a French game show broadcast on TF1 with Jean-Luc Reichmann at midday CEST.
* In Star Twinkle PreCure, the Star Palace is home to the twelve Star Princesses, one for each sign of the Zodiac.

### Theatre

* Twelfth Night is a comedy by William Shakespeare.
* The Vision of the Twelve Goddesses is a Jacobean masque by Samuel Daniel.
* Twelve Angry Men, by Reginald Rose, adapted from his own teleplay (see above).

### Literature

* "The Twelve" is a poem by Aleksandr Blok.
* Twelve is a novel by Nick McDonell.
* The Twelve Chairs is a satirical novel by the Soviet authors Ilf and Petrov.
* Cheaper by the Dozen is a 1946 novel by Frank Bunker Gilbreth Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey.
* The Twelve Dancing Princesses is a folk tale.
* The Aeneid, an epic poem by Virgil is divided into two halves composed of twelve books.
* Paradise Lost, an epic poem by John Milton is divided into twelve books perhaps in imitation of the Aeneid.
* Miguel de Cervantes wrote twelve Novelas ejemplares.
* The number twelve is a key feature in the plot of the novel Murder on the Orient Express by Agatha Christie.

### Music

#### Music theory

* Twelve is the number of pitch classes in an octave, not counting the duplicated (octave) pitch. Also, the total number of major keys, (not counting enharmonic equivalents) and the total number of minor keys (also not counting equivalents). This applies only to twelve tone equal temperament, the most common tuning used today in western influenced music.
* The twelfth is the interval of an octave and a fifth. Instruments such as the clarinet which behave as a stopped cylindrical pipe overblow at the twelfth.
* The twelve-tone technique (also dodecaphony) is a method of musical composition devised by Arnold Schoenberg. Music using the technique is called twelve-tone music.
* The twelve-bar blues is one of the most prominent chord progressions in popular music.
* 12-inch phonograph record.

#### Pop music

* The 12-inch single is a vinyl record format.
* Twelfth Night is a progressive rock band.
* 12 Play is an R. Kelly album.
* The Number 12 Looks Like You is a mathcore band.
* "12", a song from the album Brave Murder Day by Katatonia.
* 12 is a studio album by German singer Herbert Grönemeyer.
* Twelve is an album by Patti Smith.
* Twelve Deadly Cyns...and Then Some is an album by Cyndi Lauper.
* D12 a rap group also known as the Dirty Dozen.
* 12 Stones is an American Christian rock band.
* "12 Hundred" is a song by band Mushroomhead of their Savior Sorrow album.
* 12 is the 12th studio album by Keller Williams.
* "12" ("Dodeka" in Greek) is one of the most well-known hits by Anna Vissi.
* "Twelve drummers drumming" is the gift on the twelfth day of Christmas in the carol "The Twelve Days of Christmas".
* Twelve Girls Band are an all female Chinese musical group .
* 12 (American Song Book) is an album by Italian singer Mina.
* "Revelation #12" is a song by American rock band Marilyn Manson.
* 12 is the maximum score a competing entry can receive by each country in the Eurovision Song Contest.

### Art theory

* There are twelve basic hues in the color wheel: three primary colors (red, yellow, blue), three secondary colors (orange, green, purple) and six tertiary colors (names for these vary, but are intermediates between the primaries and secondaries).

### Games

* In the game of craps, a dice roll of two sixes (value 12) on the come-out roll constitutes a "craps" and the shooter (dice thrower) loses immediately.
* Twelve is a character in the Street Fighter video game series.
* Games such as Backgammon have a long history of 12 points on each side of the gaming board, as evidenced in the XII scripta board in the museum at Ephesus.[57]

## In other fields

12 stars are featured on the Flag of Europe.

* There are 12 troy ounces in a troy pound (used for precious metals).
* Twelve of something is called a dozen.
* In the former British currency system, there were twelve pence in a shilling.[58]
* In Greek mythology, the number of Labours of Heracles was increased from ten to make twelve.
* In English, twelve is the number of greatest magnitude that has just one syllable.The numerical range on the analog clock ends at 12.
* 12 is the last number featured on the analogue clock, and also the starting point of the transition from A.M. to P.M. hours or vice-versa.
* There are twelve months within a year, with the last one being December.
* The level of grades in which one must attend school typically ends at 12 (although some jurisdictions may include a thirteenth grade depending on the country).[citation needed]
* Twelve hours form half a day, and twelve hours away from another lead to the same time but with a different period (ex. Twelve hours away from 6:00 AM leads to 6:00 PM).
* There are normally twelve pairs of ribs in the human body.
* The Twelve Tables or Leges Duodecim Tabularum, more informally simply Duodecim Tabulae, was the ancient legislation underlying Roman law.
* In the United States , twelve people are appointed to sit on a jury for felony trials in all but four states, and in federal and Washington, D.C. courts. The number of jurors gave the title to the play (and subsequent films) Twelve Angry Men.
* Twelve men have walked on Earth's moon.
* The United States is divided into twelve Federal Reserve Districts (Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas, and San Francisco); American paper currency has serial numbers beginning with one of twelve different letters, A through L, representing the Federal Reserve Bank from which the currency originated.
* According to UFO conspiracy theory, Majestic 12 is a secret committee, allegedly set up by U.S. President Harry S. Truman to investigate the Roswell UFO incident and cover up future extraterrestrial contact.
* 12 is the number of the French department Aveyron.
* King Arthur's Round Table had 12 knights plus King Arthur himself.
* 12 inches in a foot.
* Alcoholics Anonymous has 12 steps, 12 traditions and 12 concepts for world service.
* Wilhelm Heinrich Schüßler developed a list of 12 biochemical cell salts, also known as tissue salts.
* In the People's Republic of China, 12 Core Socialist Values were promoted as part of a campaign beginning in 2012.

## See also

* The Twelfth

## Notes

1. ↑ Specially, a passage referring to Judas Iscariot as "one of the twelve" (an of ðæm tuelfum).[4]

## References

1. ↑ Gordon, E. V. (1957). Introduction to Old Norse. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. pp. 292–293. https://www.scribd.com/doc/49127454/Introduction-to-Old-Norse-by-E-V-Gordon. Retrieved 2017-09-08.
2. ↑ Stevenson, W. H. (December 1899). "The Long Hundred and its Use in England". Archaeological Review 4 (5): 313–317.
3. ↑ Goodare, Julian (1993). "The Long Hundred in medieval and early modern Scotland". Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland 123: 395–418. doi:10.9750/PSAS.123.395.418. http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_123/123_395_418.pdf.
4. ↑ John 6:71.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "twelve, adj. and n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1916.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Oxford English Dictionary, 1st ed. "eleven, adj. and n." Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1891.
7. ↑ Dantzig, Tobias (1930), Number: The Language of Science .
8. ↑ "Numbers: Writing Numbers // Purdue Writing Lab". https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/grammar/writing_numbers.html.
9. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A002808 (The composite numbers: numbers n of the form x*y for x > 1 and y > 1.)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A002808. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
10. ↑ "Sloane's A000178: Superfactorials". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A000178.
11. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A002378 (Oblong (or promic, pronic, or heteromecic) numbers)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A002378. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
12. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A005101 (Abundant numbers (sum of divisors of m exceeds 2m).)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A005101. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
13. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A005835 (Pseudoperfect (or semiperfect) numbers n: some subset of the proper divisors of n sums to n.)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A005835. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
14. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A001097 (Twin primes.)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A001097. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
15. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A002182 (Highly composite numbers, definition (1): numbers n where d(n), the number of divisors of n (A000005), increases to a record.)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A002182. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
16. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A033950 (Refactorable numbers: number of divisors of k divides k. Also known as tau numbers.)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A033950. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
17. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A000396 (Perfect numbers k: k is equal to the sum of the proper divisors of k.)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A000396. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
18. ↑ "Sloane's A081357 : Sublime numbers". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A081357.
19. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A000129 (Pell numbers)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A000129. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
20. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A000326 (Pentagonal numbers)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A000326. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
21. ↑ Wall, Charles R. (1988). "New unitary perfect numbers have at least nine odd components". Fibonacci Quarterly 26 (4): 312. ISSN 0015-0517. https://www.fq.math.ca/Scanned/26-4/wall.pdf.
22. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A002827 (Unitary perfect numbers)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A002827. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
23. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A000203 (Sigma n, the sum of the divisors of n)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A000203. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
24. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A001599 (Harmonic or Ore numbers: numbers n such that the harmonic mean of the divisors of n is an integer.)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A001599. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
25. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A001600 (Harmonic means of divisors of harmonic numbers.)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A001600. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
26. ↑ Pace P., Nielsen (2007). "Odd perfect numbers have at least nine distinct prime factors". Mathematics of Computation (Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society) 76: 2109–2126. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-07-01990-4. Bibcode: 2007MaCom..76.2109N. https://www.ams.org/journals/mcom/2007-76-260/S0025-5718-07-01990-4/.
27. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A002860 (Number of Latin squares of order n)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A002860. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
28. ↑ Grünbaum, Branko; Shephard, G. C. (1987). "Section 2.1: Regular and uniform tilings". Tilings and Patterns. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. pp. 59. doi:10.2307/2323457. ISBN 0-7167-1193-1. OCLC 13092426. https://archive.org/details/isbn_0716711931.
29. ↑ H. S. M. Coxeter (1991). Regular Complex Polytopes (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 144–146. doi:10.2307/3617711. ISBN 978-0-521-39490-1.
30. ↑ Weber, Matthias (2005). "Kepler's small stellated dodecahedron as a Riemann surface". Pacific Journal of Mathematics 220 (1): 172. doi:10.2140/pjm.2005.220.167. https://msp.org/pjm/2005/220-1/pjm-v220-n1-p09-s.pdf.
31. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A002336 (Maximal kissing number of n-dimensional laminated lattice.)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A002336. Retrieved 2023-04-06.

Equal to 196,560 24-spheres in twenty-four dimensions.
32. ↑ Cohn, Henry; Kumar, Abhinav (2009). "Optimality and uniqueness of the Leech lattice among lattices". Annals of Mathematics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University & the Institute for Advanced Study) 170 (3): 1003–1050. doi:10.4007/annals.2009.170.1003.
33. ↑ Wilson, Robert A. (1982). "The Quaternionic Lattice for 2G2(4) and its Maximal Subgroups". Journal of Algebra (Elsevier) 77 (2): 451–453. doi:10.1016/0021-8693(82)90266-6.
34. ↑ Allcock, Daniel (2005). "Orbits in the Leech Lattice". Experimental Mathematics (Taylor & Francis) 14 (4): 508. doi:10.1080/10586458.2005.10128938. https://projecteuclid.org/journals/experimental-mathematics/volume-14/issue-4/Orbits-in-the-Leech-Lattice/em/1136926978.full.

"The reader should note that each of Wilson's frames [Wilson 82] contains three of ours, with 3 · 48 = 144 vectors, and has slightly larger stabilizer."
35. ↑ Wilson, Robert A. (1984). "On maximal subgroups of the Fischer group Fi22". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 95 (2): 197–222. doi:10.1017/S0305004100061491. ISSN 0305-0041.
36. ↑ Wilson, R.A.; Parker, R.A.; Nickerson, S.J.; Bray, J.N. (1999). "ATLAS: Fischer group Fi22". https://brauer.maths.qmul.ac.uk/Atlas/v3/spor/F22/.
37. ↑ Nickerson, S.J.; Wilson, R.A. (2011). "Semi-Presentations for the Sporadic Simple Groups". Experimental Mathematics (Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis) 14 (3): 359−371. doi:10.1080/10586458.2005.10128927. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10586458.2005.10128927.
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Wilson, R.A (1998). "Chapter: An Atlas of Sporadic Group Representations". The Atlas of Finite Groups - Ten Years On (LMS Lecture Note Series 249). Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press. p. 261–273. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511565830.024. ISBN 9780511565830. OCLC 726827806. https://webspace.maths.qmul.ac.uk/r.a.wilson/pubs_files/ASGRweb.pdf.
39. ↑ Jansen, Christoph (2005). "The Minimal Degrees of Faithful Representations of the Sporadic Simple Groups and their Covering Groups". LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics (London Mathematical Society) 8: 122−144. doi:10.1112/S1461157000000930.
40. ↑ Sloane, N. J. A., ed. "Sequence A000217 (Triangular numbers: a(n) is binomial(n+1,2) equal to n*(n+1)/2, in-turn 0 + 1 + 2 + ... + n.)". OEIS Foundation. https://oeis.org/A000217. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
41. ↑ Norton, S. P.; Wilson, Robert A. (1986). "Maximal subgroups of the Harada-Norton group". Journal of Algebra 103 (1): 362–376. doi:10.1016/0021-8693(86)90192-4. ISSN 0021-8693.
42. ↑ Wilson, R.A.; Parker, R.A.; Nickerson, S.J.; Bray, J.N. (1999). "ATLAS: Harada-Norton group HN". https://brauer.maths.qmul.ac.uk/Atlas/v3/spor/HN/.
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Wilson, R.A.; Parker, R.A.; Nickerson, S.J.; Bray, J.N. (1999). "ATLAS: Monster group M". https://brauer.maths.qmul.ac.uk/Atlas/v3/spor/M/.
44. ↑ Kleidman, Peter B.; Parker, Richard A.; Wilson, Robert A. (1989). "The maximal subgroups of the Fischer group Fi₂₃". Journal of the London Mathematical Society. Second Series 39 (1): 89–101. doi:10.1112/jlms/s2-39.1.89. ISSN 0024-6107.
45. ↑ Wilson, R.A.; Parker, R.A.; Nickerson, S.J.; Bray, J.N. (1999). "ATLAS: Fischer group Fi23". https://brauer.maths.qmul.ac.uk/Atlas/v3/spor/F23/.
46. ↑ Wilson, Robert A. (1999). "The maximal subgroups of the Baby Monster. I". Journal of Algebra 211 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1006/jabr.1998.7601.
47. ↑ Wilson, R.A.; Parker, R.A.; Nickerson, S.J.; Bray, J.N. (1999). "ATLAS: Baby Monster group B". https://brauer.maths.qmul.ac.uk/Atlas/v3/spor/B/.
48. ↑ Drews (1972), p. 43, n. 10.
49. ↑ Weinreich, Th., "Zwölfgötter", in Roscher, W.H., Ausführliches Lexikon der Griechischen und Römischen Mythologie, VI, col. 764-848 .
50. ↑ "And it is thought that there is a special significance in the number twelve. It was typified, we know, by many things in the Old Testament; by the twelve sons of Jacob, by the twelve princes of the children of Israel, by the twelve fountains in Elim, by the twelve stones in Aaron's breast-plate, by the twelve loaves of the shew-bread, by the twelve spies sent by Moses, by the twelve stones of which the altar was made, by the twelve stones taken out of Jordan, by the twelve oxen which bare" P. Young, Daily readings for a year (1863), p. 150.
51. ↑ "Surah Al-Baqarah - 60" (in en). https://quran.com/al-baqarah/60.
52. ↑ "Surah Al-A'raf - 160" (in en). https://quran.com/al-araf/160.
53. ↑ "Surah At-Tawbah - 36" (in en). https://quran.com/at-tawbah/36.
54. ↑ Collins 2002, p. 228.
55. ↑ Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia, 3d ed.
56. ↑ "Lunar versus solar calendar". http://www.ghazali.net/calander/Linar_v_Solar/linar_v_solar.html.
57. ↑ Attia, Peter (2018-09-05). "The Full History of Board Games" (in en). https://medium.com/@peterattia/the-full-history-of-board-games-5e622811ce89.
58. ↑ "Shilling | currency" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/topic/shilling.

## Sources

* Collins, Billie Jean (2002), Mirecki, Paul; Meyer, Marvin, eds., Magic and Ritual in the Ancient World, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, pp. 224–233, ISBN 90-04-10406-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=xMDHgzjSU_MC&q=Hittite+underworld+deities&pg=PA224
* Drews, Robert (January 1972). "Light from Anatolia on the Roman Fasces". The American Journal of Philology 93 (1): 40–51. doi:10.2307/292899. .

## Further reading

### Books

* Schwartzman, Steven (1994). The words of mathematics: An etymological dictionary of mathematical terms used in English. The Mathematical Association of America. ISBN 0-88385-511-9. https://archive.org/details/wordsofmathemati0000schw.

### Journal articles

* Poonen, Bjorn; Rodriguez-Villegas, Fernando (March 2000). "Lattice Polygons and the Number 12". American Mathematical Monthly 107 (3): 238–250. doi:10.1080/00029890.2000.12005186. http://www.math.utexas.edu/users/villegas/publications/polygons.pdf.

## External links

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