2021 Natanz incident

Short description: Suspected attack on a nuclear site in Natanz, Iran

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2021 Natanz Incident refers to a suspected attack by Israel on the Natanz nuclear facility in Iran.[1] The Natanz nuclear facility is located in the wilderness of the province of Isfahan, in central Iran. This site is overseen by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the U.N. nuclear watchdog.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Background
* 2 Location
* 3 Incident
* 4 Aftermath
* 4.1 Damage
* 4.2 Reconstruction
* 5 Reactions
* 6 See also
* 7 References

## Background

Iran's nuclear program was long suspected of aiming to create a nuclear weapon, with multiple countries, including the US and Israel, using covert methods to try and prevent this.

Iran initially denied they were creating a nuclear weapon, and insisted their nuclear technology was only being used for peaceful purposes such as power generation. Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei issued a fatwa against nuclear weapons. This fatwa is viewed with suspicion in the West, with some experts questioning its existence, impact or applicability.[3]

A cyber attack, known as Operation Olympic Games, was carried out by the US and Israel against the Natanz facility. This operation used the Stuxnet computer virus, which caused the destruction of hundreds of centrifuges and other damage. The virus was first discovered in 2010, but it is thought to have been in development since at least 2005.[4][5]

The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), that was repealed by the US in 2018, granted sanctions relief in exchange for destruction of technology and material that could aid nuclear weapons development.[6][7][8] After the JCPOA was repealed by the US, Iran started openly ignoring its provisions, enriching uranium beyond the specified limits.[9] By 2022, Iran was "speaking openly on nuclear bomb prospects".[10]

## Location

The Natanz nuclear facility is part of Iran's nuclear program. It is located in the central province of Isfahan, near a major highway, and is generally recognized as Iran's central facility for uranium enrichment.[11] This site was made underground, some 250 km (155 miles) south of the Iranian capital Tehran, to resist enemy airstrikes.[12]

## Incident

On 10 April 2021, Iran revealed that it was feeding gas to several all-Iranian centrifuges, including 164 IR6 machines, 30 IR5 centrifuges, 30 IR6s centrifuges, and mechanical tests on the advanced IR9 machine on their National Nuclear Technology Day.[13] On 11 April 2021, early on Sunday, the day after the unveiling, a blackout hit the Natanz facility.[14] which caused damage to the electrical distribution grid.[1] The blackout seemed to be caused by a planned blast. The Natanz incident happened almost a week after Iran and President Joe Biden tried to revive the JCPOA, from which President Donald Trump had unilaterally withdrawn in May 2018.[2]

There were contradictory reports of the incident, including a cyber attack or an explosion.[15] Iran, citing security issues, refused to reveal additional information. Israel publicly refused to confirm or deny any responsibility for the incident.[1] US and Israeli intelligence officials claimed that Israel was behind a cyber-attack at the time of this incident.[16][8]

## Aftermath

Ali Akbar Salehi, the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI) head claimed that the incident was an act of "sabotage" and "nuclear terrorism".[17]

Several Israeli media outlets claimed that the operation was carried out by Israels' Mossad spy service.[18][19] Israel had expressed dissatisfaction over Biden's revival of the JCPOA nuclear deal, which the United States unilaterally withdrew from in May 2018.[20] Iran does not recognize the existence of Israel and often refers to it as the "Zionist state."[21]

On the morning of the accident, Lloyd Austin, the American defense secretary, met with Benjamin Netanyahu and Benny Gantz and viewed Israeli air and missile defense systems and its F-35 Lightning II stealth combat aircraft. It was not clear whether they had discussed the Natanz attack.[22]

### Damage

Behrouz Kamalvandi, the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran spokesman, said that the accident caused no casualties nor pollution.[1]

Several Israeli media say that the blackout was a hard blow to Iran's uranium enrichment.[citation needed]

Alireza Zakani said that the damage was great and that several thousand centrifuges were damaged, on the Ofoq TV channel.[23]

According to The New York Times, two intelligence officials claimed: it had been made by the accident that destroyed the internal power system responsible for feeding underground uranium enrichment centrifuges. Israel has taken action ranging against Iran, from cyberattacks to the killings of several Iranian nuclear scientists in recent years.[8][clarification needed]

### Reconstruction

On November 17, 2021, the IAEA released their quarterly safeguards report regarding verification and monitoring in the Islamic Republic of Iran, in light of United Nations Security Council resolution 2231 (2015). The report concludes that the number of enriching IR-1 cascades and IR-2m cascades at the Natanz Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP) appear to have almost fully recovered from a sabotage incident in April. Iran installed 31 cascades of IR-1 centrifuges, six cascades of IR-2m centrifuges, and two cascades of IR-4 centrifuges at the FEP. Of those, as of November 13, 28 IR-1 cascades, six IR-2m cascades, and two IR-4 cascades “were being fed” with uranium.[24]

## Reactions

Iran has blamed Israel for the Natanz accident and the assassination of nuclear scientist Mohsen Fakhrizadeh in November 2020.[18]

Hassan Rouhani, President of Iran, said that in response to the attack, Iran would increase it's enriching of uranium by up to 60% and would replace the old centrifuges with more advanced ones.[25]

Ali Akbar Salehi, the head of Iran's Atomic Energy Organization, called the incident a terrorist act and said that the Natanz accident showed the opponents of the country's industrial and political progress have failed in preventing significant development of the nuclear industry.[16] He announced that Iran will build a new hall "in the heart of the mountain" near Natanz.[26]

Mohammad Javad Zarif, the foreign minister of Iran, in a letter to Antonio Guterres, described the Natanz sabotage as "a grave war crime" due to the high risk of potential release of radioactive material, and said that any power that is aware of the crime, must be held accountable as an accomplice to this war crime.[17] He also condemned two Israeli attacks on Natanz in one year.[27]

Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu claimed that "the struggle against Iran and its proxies and the Iranian armament efforts is a huge mission".[14] He warned about the return of the U.S to JCPOA and said: that the new deal will not be binding on Israel.[28]

After this sabotage at Natanz the European Union described these actions as efforts to endanger talks to return the US to the JCPOA and to send out a warning.[29]

Aviv Kochavi, the Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces said: "operations in the Middle East are not hidden from the eyes of the enemy".[16]

According to Reuters, diplomats said that due to security concerns following the attack on the Natanz site in April, Iran has been restricting access by U.N. nuclear inspectors to its main uranium enrichment site in Natanz.[30]

## See also

* 2020 Iran explosions
* 2023 Iran drone attacks
* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Motamedi, Maziar. "Iran calls blackout at Natanz atomic site 'nuclear terrorism'". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/4/11/incident-at-iranian-nuclear-site-targeted-by-blast-last-year.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wintour, Patrick (12 April 2021). "Natanz nuclear plant attack 'will set back Iran's programme by nine months'". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/12/iran-blames-israel-attack-natanz-nuclear-plant.
3. ↑ Oren, Dorell (4 October 2013). "Iran says nuclear fatwa exists; others don't buy it". USAToday. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/10/04/iran-fatwa-nuclear-weapons/2922517.
4. ↑ Broad, William J.; Markoff, John; Sanger, David E. (2011-01-15). "Israeli Test on Worm Called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html.
5. ↑ Bergman, Ronen; Gladstone, Rick; Fassihi, Farnaz (2021-04-11). "Blackout Hits Iran Nuclear Site in What Appears to Be Israeli Sabotage" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/11/world/middleeast/iran-nuclear-natanz.html.
6. ↑ "The Iran Nuclear Deal: A Definitive Guide". p. 6. http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/IranDealDefinitiveGuide.pdf?webSyncID=481969e1-d6e1-01d6-9107-7657215a1003&sessionGUID=9e1b2808-6ac0-b0b9-565e-d7b6411031c5.
7. ↑ Broad, Markoff and Sanger, William J., John and David E. (15 January 2011). "Israeli Test on Worm Called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay". https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/16/world/middleeast/16stuxnet.html.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Bergman, Gladstone and Fassihi, Ronen, Rick and Farnaz (11 April 2021). "Blackout Hits Iran Nuclear Site in What Appears to Be Israeli Sabotage". https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/11/world/middleeast/iran-nuclear-natanz.html.
9. ↑ "Iran news: Iranian President Hassan Rouhani announces partial withdrawal from 2015 nuclear deal" (in en-US). CBS News. 8 May 2019. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nuclear-deal-iran-announces-partial-withdrawal-2015-pact/.
10. ↑ "Analysis: Iran now speaking openly on nuclear bomb prospects" (in en). 2022-08-04. https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-iran-dubai-nuclear-d96093efcf1e6b8581138b9db48cbedc.
11. ↑ "Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement and relevant provisions of Security Council Resolutions 1737 (2006), 1747 (2007) and 1803 (2008) in the Islamic Republic of Iran, September 15, 2008". http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2008/gov2008-38.pdf.
12. ↑ "Electrical Problem Strikes Iran's Natanz Nuclear Facility". 11 April 2021. https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_voa-news-iran_electrical-problem-strikes-irans-natanz-nuclear-facility/6204425.html.
13. ↑ Coulter, Michael (11 April 2021). "Accident' at Iran's Natanz nuclear plant as new uranium enrichment starts". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/11/accident-at-irans-natanz-nuclear-plant-as-new-uranium-enrichment-starts.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Iran says key Natanz nuclear facility hit by 'sabotage'". BBC News. 12 April 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56708778.
15. ↑ DeYoung, Rubin and Fahim, Karen, Shira and Kareem. "U.S. prepares for further talks with Iran as Tehran blames Israel for attack on nuclear facility". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/natanz-nuclear-israel-iran-cyber-attack/2021/04/12/f97f1a60-9b51-11eb-b2f5-7d2f0182750d_story.html.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Chulov, Martin (11 April 2021). "Israel appears to confirm it carried out cyberattack on Iran nuclear facility". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/11/israel-appears-confirm-cyberattack-iran-nuclear-facility.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Hafezi, Parisa (12 April 2021). "Iran blames Israel for Natanz nuclear plant outage, vows revenge". https://www.reuters.com/world/irans-zarif-blames-israel-natanz-incident-vows-revenge-tv-2021-04-12/.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Rasmussen and Schwartz, Sune Engel and Felicia (13 April 2021). "Attack in Iran Stirs Fears for Future of Nuclear Talks". https://www.wsj.com/articles/iran-blames-israel-for-attack-on-nuclear-facility-vows-to-retaliate-11618229993.
19. ↑ "Iran identifies suspect behind blast at Natanz nuclear site". 17 April 2021. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-state-tv-identifies-man-it-says-was-behind-blast-natanz-nuclear-site-2021-04-17/.
20. ↑ "US, Israel hold talks on Iran nuclear diplomacy, security threats". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/11/xx-hold-us-israel-meeting-thursday.
21. ↑ "Iran vows revenge for 'Israeli' attack on Natanz nuclear site". BBC News. 12 April 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56715520.
22. ↑ Caspit, Ben (13 April 2021). "Israel on high alert after Natanz blast". https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/04/israel-high-alert-after-natanz-blast.
23. ↑ "Iran Natanz nuclear site suffered major damage, official says". BBC News. 13 April 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56734657.
24. ↑ "Analysis of IAEA Iran Verification and Monitoring Report - November 2021 | Institute for Science and International Security". https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/analysis-of-iaea-iran-verification-and-monitoring-report-november-2021.
25. ↑ "Iran to enrich uranium to 60% after 'wicked' nuclear site attack". BBC News. 14 April 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-56743560.
26. ↑ "Iran building new production hall for centrifuges in mountains near Natanz". 8 September 2020. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-natanz-idUSKBN25Z239.
27. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (13 April 2021). "Iran to boost uranium enrichment levels in wake of Israeli attack". https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/13/natanz-nuclear-site-attack-iran-accuses-israel-of-bad-gamble.
28. ↑ "Israel not bound by deal with Iran: Netanyahu". 14 July 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-nuclear-netanyahu-bound-idUSKCN0PO1VI20150714.
29. ↑ AGENCIES and TOI STAFF. "After Natanz incident, EU warns against attempts to 'undermine' nuclear talks". https://www.timesofisrael.com/events-at-irans-natanz-site-not-positive-for-nuclear-talks-germany-says/.
30. ↑ John, Francois, Irish, Murphy (July 2021). "EXCLUSIVE Iran restricts IAEA access to main enrichment plant after attack -diplomats". https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/exclusive-iran-restricts-iaea-access-main-enrichment-plant-after-attack-2021-07-01/.

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