Applications of virtual reality

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NASA astronaut and Expedition 59 Flight Engineer Christina Koch wears a VR headset for the Vection study that is exploring how microgravity affects an astronaut's motion, orientation and distance perception in 2019

Applications of virtual reality can be applied to various fields and used to manipulate our perception of physical surroundings. It can be found in architectural and urban design, digital marketing and activism, education and training, engineering and robotics, entertainment, fine arts, healthcare and clinical therapies, heritage and archaeology, occupational safety as well as social science and psychology.

## Contents

* 1 Architectural and urban design
* 2 Digital marketing and activism
* 3 Education and training
* 3.1 Flight and vehicular applications
* 3.2 Medical training
* 3.3 Military uses
* 3.4 Space training
* 4 Engineering and robotics
* 5 Entertainment
* 5.1 Video games
* 5.2 Cinema
* 5.3 Music and concerts
* 5.4 Family entertainment centers
* 6 Fine arts
* 7 Healthcare and clinical therapies
* 8 Heritage and archaeology
* 9 Occupational safety
* 10 Social science and psychology
* 10.1 Altering perception, emotion and physiological states
* 10.2 Understanding biases and stereotypes
* 11 Disadvantages and drawbacks to virtual reality
* 12 References

## Architectural and urban design

One of the first recorded uses of virtual reality in architecture was in the late 1980s when the University of North Carolina modelled its Sitterman Hall, home of its computer science department, in a virtual environment.[1] Designers can wear a headset and use a hand controller to move about a virtual space. With an Autodesk Revit model they can walk through a schematic design. VR enables architects to better understand the details of a project such as the transition of materials, exploring sightlines, or visually displaying wall stress, wind loads, solar heat gain or other engineering factors.[2] By 2010, VR programs were developed for urban regeneration, planning and transportation projects.[3][4]

## Digital marketing and activism

Virtual reality's growing market presents an opportunity and an alternative channel for digital marketing. The International Data Corporation expects spending to increase for augmented and virtual reality; forecasting a compound annual growth rate of 198% in 2015–2020, reaching $143.3 billion in the final year.[5] [6] It is also estimated that global spending on digital advertisements will increase to $335.5 billion by 2020.[7] However, it is encouraged that utilizing technology as a marketing tool should be based on its potential results rather than its number of users.[8] In 2015, a study revealed 75% of Forbes' World Most Valuable Brands had developed a VR or AR experience.[9] Although VR is not as widespread among consumers compared to other forms of digital media,[10] companies have increased their use of VR in recent years. Some companies have embraced the VR technology to enable greater collaboration in the workplace , allowing employees to work together on projects from multiple different locations. [11]

Consumers can learn in detail about the products through VR. It can present high definition, three-dimensional images and interactivity with a product, increasing its telepresence.[12] Its marketing benefits are observed by Suh and Lee through their laboratory experiments: with a VR interface, participants' product knowledge and product attitude had noticeably increased. VR marketing can engage consumers' emotions.[13] Both studies indicate an increased desire to purchase products marketed through VR; however, these benefits showed minimal return on investment (ROI) compared to the costs of VR.[9] Suh and Lee also found that a product's type impacts VR marketing's effect on consumers.[12] Products that are primarily sensed through hearing and vision are more likely to be advertised effectively through VR. Products experienced primarily through other senses cannot have their attributes adequately reflected in VR.

The design of a VR advertisement is an important consideration as it can affect brand equity. Without a feature for consumers to prevent VR advertisements, they may consider them invasive and react negatively.[10] In this method, it is considered as interruption marketing.[8] Consumers want information to be presented in a format where they can observe its relevance before investing their time.[14] Organizations are able to make interaction with their VR campaign optional. For example, UNICEF requires the user to download a mobile app before experiencing their VR campaign.[15]

VR has allowed organizations to engage their target audience through a variety of methods. Non-profit organizations have used VR to bring potential supporters closer to distant social, political and environmental issues in immersive ways not possible with traditional media. Panoramic views of the conflict in Syria[15] and face-to-face encounters with CGI tigers in Nepal[16] have been used in experiential activation and shared online for educational and fundraising purposes.

Retailers developed systems which allow their products to be seen in VR to provide consumers with a clearer idea of how the product will look and fit in their home without entering a physical store.[17] Consumers looking at digital photos of the products can "turn" each product around virtually to view it from the side or back.

Companies have developed software or services to allow architectural design firms and real estate clients to tour virtual models of proposed buildings. During the design process, architects can use VR to experience their developing designs so as to provide the correct sense of scale and proportion.[18] VR models can replace physical miniatures to demonstrate a design to clients or the public. In addition, developers and owners can create VR models of built spaces, allowing potential buyers or tenants to tour them in VR. This is particularly beneficial when real-life circumstances make a physical tour unfeasible.

## Education and training

VR is used to provide learners with a virtual environment where they can develop their skills without the real-world consequences of failing. It has also been used and studied in primary education. For example, in Japan's online high school ("N High School") VR plays a major role in education. Even the school's opening ceremony was a virtual experience for 73 of the students: they received headsets, which were connected to the campus hundreds of miles away – so they got to listen to the principal's opening speech without having to travel so far. According to the school's workers, they wanted to give the students a chance to experience VR technology, before having to use it "live" as part of their education.[19] The specific device used to provide the VR experience, whether it be through a mobile phone or desktop computer, does not appear to impact on any educational benefit.[20]

### Flight and vehicular applications

Flight simulators are a form of VR pilot training. They can range from a fully enclosed module to a series of computer monitors providing the pilot's point of view.[21] By the same token, virtual driving simulations are used to train tank drivers on the basics before allowing them to operate the real vehicle.[22] Similar principles are applied in truck driving simulators for specialized vehicles such as fire trucks. As these drivers often have less opportunity for real-world experience, VR training provides additional training time.[23]

### Medical training

VR technology has many useful applications in the medical field.[24] Surgery training can be done via virtual reality. Through VR, medical students and novice surgeons have the ability to view and experience complex surgeries without stepping into the operating room.[25] Simulated surgeries allow surgeons to practice their technical skills without any risk to patients. Numerous studies have shown that the physicians who received surgical training via VR simulations improved their dexterity and performance in the operating room significantly more than the control groups.[26][27][28][29] Physicians can produce a three dimensional model of a particular patient's anatomy that patients can see and manipulate, which allows surgeons to map out the surgery ahead of time.[30]

### Military uses

U.S. Marines from 2nd Battalion, 8th Marine Regiment walk through a scenario during a Future Immersive Training Environment (FITE) joint capability technology demonstration at Camp Lejeune in 2010

Thomas A. Furness III was one of the first to develop the use of VR for military training when, in 1982, he presented the United States Air Force with a working model of his virtual flight simulator, the Visually Coupled Airborne Systems Simulator (VCASS). The second phase of his project, which he called the "Super Cockpit", was even more advanced, with high-resolution graphics (for the time) and a responsive display.{{Citation needed|date=March 2017} oneer in virtual reality for this research.[31] The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence has been using VR in military training since the 1980s.[32] The United States military announced the Dismounted Soldier Training System in 2012.[33] It was cited as the first fully immersive military VR training system.[34]

Supplementing military training with virtual training environments has been claimed to offer avenues of realism in military training while minimizing cost.[35][36][37] It also has been said to minimize the amounts of ammunition expended during training periods, reducing costs.[35] The stated motivations for virtual environments is not to replace guided instruction. In 2016, researchers at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory reported that informed feedback by instructors is necessary for virtual training environment technology. Virtual environments have been said to be used in many ways, examples being combined arms training, instructing soldiers to learn when to shoot, etc.[38]

Military programs such as Battle Command Knowledge Systems (BCKS) and Advanced Soldier Sensor Information and Technology (ASSIST) were intended to assist the development of virtual technology.[35] Described goals of the ASSIST initiative were to develop software and wearable sensors for soldiers to improve battlefield awareness and data collection.[39] Researchers stated that these programs would allow the soldier to update their virtual environment as conditions change.[35] Virtual Battlespace 3 (VBS3, successor to the earlier versions named VBS1 and VBS2) is a widely used military training solution based off a Commercial off the Shelf (COTS) virtual technology.[40] Live, Virtual, Constructive – Integrated Architecture (LVC-IA) is a U.S. military technology that allows for multiple training systems to work together to create an integrated training environment. Reported primary uses of the LVC-IA were live training, virtual training, and constructive training. In 2014, the LVC-IA version 1.3 was made to include VBS3.[41] This technology is expected to be eventually replaced by the Army's Synthetic Training Environment (STE) once it is developed.[42]

### Space training

NASA has used VR technology for decades.[43] Most notable is their use of immersive VR to train astronauts while they are still on Earth. Such applications of VR simulations include exposure to zero-gravity work environments and training on how to spacewalk.[44][45] Astronauts can even simulate what it is like to work with tools in space while using low cost 3D printed mock up tools.[46]

## Engineering and robotics

The use of 3D computer-aided design (CAD) data was limited by 2D monitors and paper printouts until the mid-to-late 1990s, when video projectors, 3D tracking, and computer technology enabled a renaissance in the use of 3D CAD data in virtual reality environments. With the use of active shutter glasses and multi-surface projection units, immersive engineering was made possible by companies like VRcom and IC.IDO. Virtual reality has been used in automotive, aerospace, and ground transportation original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in their product engineering and manufacturing engineering. Virtual reality adds more dimensions to virtual prototyping, product building, assembly, service, performance use-cases. This enables engineers from different disciplines to view their design as its final product. Engineers can view the virtual bridge, building or other structure from any angle.[47] Some computer models allow engineers to test their structure's resistance to winds, weight, and other elements.[48] Immersive VR engineering systems enable engineers to see virtual prototypes prior to the availability of any physical prototypes.

Virtual reality has been used to control robots in telepresence and telerobotic systems.[49][50] It has been used in robotics development. For example, in experiments that investigate how robots—through virtual articulations—can be applied as an intuitive human user interface.[51] Another example is the use of robots that are remotely controlled in dangerous environments such as space. Here, virtual reality not only offers insights into the manipulation and locomotion of robotic technology but also shows opportunities for inspection.[51]

## Entertainment

### Video games

A man plays a virtual reality video game at Tokyo Game Show 2018

Several early commercial virtual reality headsets were released for gaming during the early-mid 1990s. These included the Virtual Boy developed by Nintendo, the iGlasses developed by Virtual I-O, the Cybermaxx developed by Victormaxx and the VFX1 Headgear developed by Forte Technologies. Since 2010, commercial tethered headsets for VR gaming include the Oculus Rift, the HTC Vive and PlayStation VR.[52] Additionally, the Samsung Gear VR is an example of a mobile-phone based device.[53]

Other modern examples of narrow VR for gaming include the Wii Remote, the Kinect, and the PlayStation Move/PlayStation Eye, all of which track and send motion input of the players to the game console. Many devices have been developed to compliment VR programs with specific controllers or haptic feedback systems.[54] Following the widespread release of commercial VR headsets in the mid-2010s, several VR-specific and VR versions of popular video games have been released.

### Cinema

Films produced for VR permit the audience to view a 360-degree environment. This can involve the use of VR cameras to produce films and series that are interactive in VR.[55][56] Pornographic studios apply VR into their products, usually shooting from an angle that resembles POV-style porn.[57][58]

The 2016 World Chess Championship match between Magnus Carlsen and Sergey Karjakin, was promoted as "the first in any sport to be broadcast in 360-degree virtual reality."[59] However, a VR telecast featuring Oklahoma hosting Ohio State, took place September 17, 2016.[60][61] The telecasts (which used roughly 180 degrees of rotation, not the 360 required for full VR) were made available through paid smartphone apps and head-mounted displays.

Since 2015, virtual reality has been installed onto a number of roller coasters and theme parks. The Void is a virtual reality theme park in Pleasant Grove, Utah that has attractions where, by using virtual reality, AR and customized mechanical rooms, an illusion of tangible reality is created by the use of multiple senses.[62]

### Music and concerts

VR can allow individuals to attend concerts without actually being there.[63][64] The experience of VR concerts can feel passive with the lack of interaction between the user and the performers and audience, but it can be enhanced using feedback from user's heartbeat rates and brainwaves.[65] Virtual reality can also be used for other forms of music, such as music videos[66] and music visualization or visual music applications.[67][68]

### Family entertainment centers

Since 2015, roller coasters and theme parks have incorporated virtual reality to match visual effects with haptic feedback.[69] Virtual Reality Attractions can now be found in many Family Entertainment Centers (FECs), and increasingly hold a substantial presence in FEC Expos such as the major International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) Expo. In March 2018, a VR system for water slides was launched at the Galaxy Erding in Germany, using a waterproof headset.[70]

## Fine arts

"World Skin, A Photo Safari in the Land of War" - Maurice Benayoun, Jean-Baptiste Barrière, Virtual Reality Installation (1997)

David Em was the first fine artist to create navigable virtual worlds in the 1970s.[71] His early work was done on mainframes at Information International, Inc., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and California Institute of Technology. Jeffrey Shaw with Legible City in 1988 and Matt Mullican with Five into One in 1991, were among the first to exhibit elaborate artworks based on virtual reality.

Virtopia was the first VR artwork to be premiered at a film festival. Created by artist/researcher Jacquelyn Ford Morie with researcher Mike Goslin, it debuted at the 1992 Florida Film Festival. Subsequent screenings of a more developed version of the project were at the 1993 Florida Film Festival and at SIGGRAPH 1994's emerging tech venue, The Edge. Morie was one of the first artists to focus on emotional content in VR experiences.[72][73] Other artists to explore the early artistic potential of VR through the 1990s include Jeffrey Shaw, Ulrike Gabriel, Char Davies, Maurice Benayoun, Knowbotic Research, Rebecca Allen and Perry Hoberman.[74]

The first Canadian virtual reality film festival was the FIVARS Festival of International Virtual & Augmented Reality Stories, founded in 2015 by Keram Malicki-Sánchez.[75] In 2016, the first Polish VR program, The Abakanowicz Art Room was realized – it was documentation of the art office of Magdalena Abakanowicz made by Jarosław Pijarowski and Paweł Komorowski.[76] Some museums have begun making some of their content virtual reality accessible including the British Museum[77] and the Guggenheim.[78]

## Healthcare and clinical therapies

A 2017 Goldman Sachs report examined VR and AR uses in healthcare.[79] VR devices are also used in clinical therapy. Some companies are adapting VR for fitness by using gamification concepts to encourage exercise.[80]

Virtual reality has been used in rehabilitation since the 2000s. Despite numerous studies conducted, good quality evidence of its efficacy compared to other rehabilitation methods without sophisticated and expensive equipment is lacking for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.[81] A 2018 review on the effectiveness of mirror therapy by virtual reality and robotics for any type of pathology concluded in a similar way.[82]

Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is a form of exposure therapy for treating anxiety disorders such as post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and phobias. Studies have indicated that when VRET is combined with other forms of behavioral therapy, patients experience a reduction of symptoms.[83][84] In some cases, patients no longer meet the DSM-V criteria for PTSD after a series of treatments with VRET.[85]

Immersive VR has been studied for acute pain management, on the theory that it may distract people, reducing their experience of pain.[86][51] Researchers theorize that immersive VR helps with pain reduction by distracting the mind and flooding sensories with a positive experience.[87][88]

## Heritage and archaeology

Virtual reality enables heritage sites to be recreated extremely accurately so that the recreations can be published in various media.[89] The original sites are often inaccessible to the public or, due to the poor state of their preservation, hard to depict.[90] This technology can be used to develop virtual replicas of caves, natural environment, old towns, monuments, sculptures and archaeological elements.[91]

The first use of VR in a heritage application was in 1994 when a museum visitor interpretation provided an interactive "walk-through" of a 3D reconstruction of Dudley Castle in England as it was in 1550. This consisted of a computer controlled laserdisc-based system designed by British-based engineer Colin Johnson. The system was featured in a conference held by the British Museum in November 1994, and in the subsequent technical paper, Imaging the Past – Electronic Imaging and Computer Graphics in Museums and Archaeology.[92]

## Occupational safety

VR simulates real workplaces for occupational safety and health purposes. Information and projection technology is used to produce a virtual, three-dimensional, dynamic work environment. Within work scenarios, for example, some parts of a machine move of their own accord while others can be moved by human operators. Perspective, angle of view, and acoustic and haptic properties change according to where the person is standing and how he or she moves relative to the environment. VR technology allows human information processing close to real life situations.

VR enables all phases of a product life cycle, from design, through use, up to disposal, to be simulated, analyzed and optimized. VR can be used for OSH purposes to:

* Review and improve the usability of products and processes whilst their development and design are still in progress. This can visualize errors during development and reduces the need for subsequent modifications.
* Systematically and empirically review design solutions for the human-system interfaces and their influence upon human behavior. This reduces the need for physical modifications to machinery, and for extensive field studies.
* Safely test potentially hazardous products, processes and safety concepts. This avoids actual hazards during the study of human-system interaction.[93] * Identify cause-effect relationships following accidents on and involving products. This saves material, personnel, time and financial outlay associated with in-situ testing.[94]

## Social science and psychology

Virtual reality offers social scientists and psychologists a cost-effective tool to study and replicate interactions in a controlled environment. It enables a new form of perspective-taking by allowing an individual to embody a virtual avatar. Research in this area suggests that embodying another being presents a very different experience from solely imagining one's self in a digital form.[95] Researchers have used the immersion of virtual reality to investigate how digital stimuli can alter human perception, emotion and physiological state, and how it has transformed social interaction, in addition to studying how digital interaction can enact social change in the physical world.

### Altering perception, emotion and physiological states

Studies have considered how the form we take in virtual reality can affect our perception and actions. One study suggests that embodying the body of a young child can influence perception of object sizes such that objects are perceived as being much larger than if the objects were perceived by an individual embodying an adult body.[96] Similarly, another study has found that white individuals who embodied the form of a dark-skinned avatar performed a drumming task with a more varied style than when they were represented by a pair of white-shaded hands and in comparison to individuals who embodied a light-skin avatar.[97]

Research exploring perception, emotions and physiological responses within virtual reality suggest that controlled virtual environments can alter how a person feels or responds to stimuli.  For example, a controlled virtual environment of a park coupled with a strong perceived feeling of presence causes an individual to feel anxious or relaxed.[98] Similarly, simulated driving through areas of darkness in a virtual tunnel can induce fear.[99] Social interaction with virtual characters in a virtual environment has also been shown to produce physiological responses such as changes in heart rate and galvanic skin responses.[100] In fact, individuals with high levels of social anxiety were found to have larger changes in heart rate than their more socially confident counterparts.[100]

The sense of presence in virtual reality is also linked to the triggering of emotional and physiological responses. Research suggests that a strong presence can facilitate an emotional response, and this emotional response can further increase one's feeling of presence.[98] Similarly, breaks in the presence (or a loss in the sense of presence) can cause physiological changes.[100]

### Understanding biases and stereotypes

Researchers have utilized embodied perspective-taking in virtual reality to evaluate whether changing a person's self-representation may help in reducing bias against particular social groups. However, the nature of the relationship between embodiment and implicit bias is not yet clear as studies have demonstrated contrasting effects. Individuals who embodied the avatars of old people have demonstrated a significant reduction in negative stereotyping of the elderly when compared with individuals placed in avatars of young people.[101] Similarly, light-skinned individuals placed in avatars with a dark body have shown a reduction in their implicit racial bias.[102] However, other research has shown individuals taking the form of a black avatar had higher levels of implicit racial bias favoring whites after leaving the virtual environment than individuals who were embodied as white avatars.[95]

## Disadvantages and drawbacks to virtual reality

Motion sickness is a major drawback of virtual reality. There is an inevitable delay between the motion of the user's head and the updating of the screen image. If it is severe enough, the user will experience discomfort. It has been known that users often report discomfort due to their use. In a study reported by Ruddle et al. All 12 participants complained of at least two side effects while three had to withdraw from severe nausea and dizziness.[103]

Virtual reality users exclude themselves from the environment. By doing so, there is a higher risk of accidents by walking into tables, etc. Users must immerse themselves into the technology and this can cause social exclusion which may lead to a decrease in positive mood ratings and increased anger ratings. Behavioral responses can be influenced by time spent in VR. There has been evidence that behavior in virtual reality can have lasting psychological impact when in the physical world. Behavioral changes can be beneficial or harmful depending on the situation. The virtual reality world can lead to false hope or therapeutic misconception.[104][105]

## References

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22. ↑ "How Virtual Reality Military Applications Work". 2007-08-27. http://science.howstuffworks.com/virtual-military1.htm.
23. ↑ RDS. "Nieuws Pivo en VDAB bundelen rijopleiding vrachtwagens". Het Nieuwsblad. http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=DMF20131112_00836126. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
24. ↑ Kuehn, Bridget M. (2018). "Virtual and Augmented Reality Put a Twist on Medical Education" (in en). JAMA 319 (8): 756–758. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.20800. PMID 29417140.
25. ↑ Moro, Christian; Štromberga, Zane; Raikos, Athanasios; Stirling, Allan (2017-11-01). "The effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality in health sciences and medical anatomy". Anatomical Sciences Education 10 (6): 549–559. doi:10.1002/ase.1696. ISSN 1935-9780. PMID 28419750. https://pure.bond.edu.au/ws/files/10131329/The_effectiveness_of_virtual_and_augmented_reality_in_health_sciences_and_medical_anatomy.pdf.
26. ↑ Seymour, Neal E.; Gallagher, Anthony G.; Roman, Sanziana A.; O'Brien, Michael K.; Bansal, Vipin K.; Andersen, Dana K.; Satava, Richard M. (October 2002). "Virtual Reality Training Improves Operating Room Performance: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blinded Study" (in en-US). Annals of Surgery 236 (4): 458–63; discussion 463–4. doi:10.1097/00000658-200210000-00008. PMID 12368674. PMC 1422600. http://journals.lww.com/annalsofsurgery/Abstract/2002/10000/Virtual_Reality_Training_Improves_Operating_Room.8.aspx.
27. ↑ Ahlberg, Gunnar; Enochsson, Lars; Gallagher, Anthony G.; Hedman, Leif; Hogman, Christian; McClusky III, David A.; Ramel, Stig; Smith, C. Daniel et al. (2007-06-01). "Proficiency-based virtual reality training significantly reduces the error rate for residents during their first 10 laparoscopic cholecystectomies". The American Journal of Surgery 193 (6): 797–804. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.06.050. PMID 17512301.
28. ↑ Colt, Henri G.; Crawford, Stephen W.; Galbraith, III, Oliver (2001-10-01). "Virtual reality bronchoscopy simulation*: A revolution in procedural training". Chest 120 (4): 1333–1339. doi:10.1378/chest.120.4.1333. ISSN 0012-3692. PMID 11591579.
29. ↑ Larsen, C.R., Oestergaard, J., Ottesen, B.S., and Soerensen, J.L. The efficacy of virtual reality simulation training in laparoscopy: a systematic review of randomized trials. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012; 91: 1015–1028
30. ↑ "virtual reality system helps surgeons, reassures patients". https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2017/07/virtual-reality-system-helps-surgeons-reassures-patients.html.
31. ↑ Chesher, Chris (1994). "Colonizing Virtual Reality: Construction of the Discourse of Virtual Reality". Cultronix. http://cultronix.eserver.org/chesher/.
32. ↑ "How VR is training the perfect soldier" (in en). Wareable. https://www.wareable.com/vr/how-vr-is-training-the-perfect-soldier-1757.
33. ↑ "DSTS: First immersive virtual training system fielded" (in en). www.army.mil. https://www.army.mil/article/84728/DSTS__First_immersive_virtual_training_system_fielded.
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35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Shufelt, Jr., J.W. (2006) A Vision for Future Virtual Training. In Virtual Media for Military Applications (pp. KN2-1 – KN2-12). Meeting Proceedings RTO-MP-HFM-136, Keynote 2. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France: RTO. Available from: http://www.rto.nato.int/abstracts.asp
36. ↑ Smith, Roger (2010-02-01). "The Long History of Gaming in Military Training" (in en). Simulation & Gaming 41 (1): 6–19. doi:10.1177/1046878109334330. ISSN 1046-8781.
37. ↑ Bukhari, Hatim; Andreatta, Pamela; Goldiez, Brian; Rabelo, Luis (2017-01-01). "A Framework for Determining the Return on Investment of Simulation-Based Training in Health Care" (in en). INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 54: 0046958016687176. doi:10.1177/0046958016687176. ISSN 0046-9580. PMID 28133988.
38. ↑ Maxwell, Douglas (2016-07-17). "Application of Virtual Environments for Infantry Soldier Skills Training: We are Doing it Wrong". Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 9740. pp. 424–432. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39907-2_41. ISBN 9783319399065. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304055177.
39. ↑ Technology evaluations and performance metrics for soldier-worn sensors for assist BA Weiss, C Schlenoff, M Shneier, A Virts - Performance Metrics for Intelligent Systems Workshop, 2006
40. ↑ "Bohemia Interactive Simulations" (in en). https://bisimulations.com/products/virtual-battlespace.
41. ↑ "STAND-TO!" (in en). https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2015-05-27.
42. ↑ "Army Shoots for Single Synthetic Training Environment" (in en-US). GovTechWorks. 2015-11-17. https://www.govtechworks.com/army-shoots-for-single-synthetic-training-environment/.
43. ↑ "NASA shows the world its 20-year virtual reality experiment to train astronauts: The inside story - TechRepublic" (in en). TechRepublic. http://www.techrepublic.com/article/nasa-shows-the-world-its-20-year-vr-experiment-to-train-astronauts/.
44. ↑ James, Paul (2016-04-19). "A Look at NASA's Hybrid Reality Astronaut Training System, Powered by HTC Vive – Road to VR" (in en-US). Road to VR. http://www.roadtovr.com/a-look-at-nasas-hybrid-reality-astronaut-training-system-powered-by-htc-vive/.
45. ↑ "How NASA is Using Virtual and Augmented Reality to Train Astronauts" (in en-US). Unimersiv. 2016-04-11. https://unimersiv.com/how-nasa-is-using-virtual-and-augmented-reality-to-train-astronauts-37/.
46. ↑ "Hybrid Reality Astronaut Training Will NASA Prepare Astronauts | NASA Blog" (in en-US). The Official NVIDIA Blog. 2016-08-01. https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/2016/08/01/astronauts-next-steps-journey-space-will-virtual/.
47. ↑ Omer (2018). "Performance evaluation of bridges using virtual reality". Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM 6) & 7th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD 7), Glasgow, Scotland. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325194259.
48. ↑ Seu (2018). "Use of gaming and affordable VR technology for the visualization of complex flow fields". Proceedings of the 6th European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM 6) & 7th European Conference on Computational Fluid Dynamics (ECFD 7), Glasgow, Scotland. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327189667.
49. ↑ Rosenberg, Louis (1992). "The Use of Virtual Fixtures As Perceptual Overlays to Enhance Operator Performance in Remote Environments." Technical Report AL-TR-0089, USAF Armstrong Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB OH, 1992.
50. ↑ Rosenberg, L., "Virtual fixtures as tools to enhance operator performance in telepresence environments," SPIE Manipulator Technology, 1993.
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53. ↑ "Gear VR: How Samsung makes Virtual Reality a Reality" (in en). https://news.samsung.com/global/gear-vr-how-samsung-makes-virtual-reality-a-reality.
54. ↑ Kharpal, Arjun (31 August 2017). "Lenovo, Disney launch 'Star Wars' Jedi augmented reality game that lets you use a real Lightsaber". https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/31/star-wars-jedi-challenges-augmented-reality-game-launches-with-lenovo-mirage-headset.html.
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59. ↑ Virtual reality to be added to World Champs Viewing Experience (Chess.com)
60. ↑ Rœttgers, Janko (September 13, 2016). "Fox Sports Streams College Football Match in Virtual Reality". https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/fox-sports-college-football-vr-1201858653/. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
61. ↑ "Fox Sports streaming Red River Rivalry live in virtual reality". Sports Illustrated. October 7, 2016. https://www.si.com/college-football/2016/10/07/texas-oklahoma-virtual-reality-stream-fox-sports. Retrieved October 26, 2016.
62. ↑ kelly, kevin (April 2016). "The Untold Story of Magic Leap, the World's Most Secretive Startup". WIRED. https://www.wired.com/2016/04/magic-leap-vr/. Retrieved 13 March 2017.
63. ↑ "How virtual reality is redefining live music". http://www.nbcnews.com/mach/innovation/how-virtual-reality-redefining-live-music-n687786.
64. ↑ Hu, Cherie. "Virtual Reality In The Music Industry Needs To Be A Tool, Not Just An Experience". https://www.forbes.com/sites/cheriehu/2016/04/23/virtual-reality-in-the-music-industry-needs-to-be-a-tool-not-just-an-experience/#5e8146216147.
65. ↑ Horie, Ryota; Wada, Minami; Watanabe, Eri (2017-07-17) (in en). Participation in a Virtual Reality Concert via Brainwave and Heartbeat. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. 276–284. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60495-4_30. ISBN 9783319604947.
66. ↑ Smith, Nicola K. (31 January 2017). "How virtual reality is shaking up the music industry". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-38795190.
67. ↑ Robertson, Adi (28 December 2015). "Does anybody really want a virtual reality music visualizer?". https://www.theverge.com/2015/12/28/10675270/gear-vr-virtual-reality-music-visualizer-groovr.
68. ↑ "Inventor updates '70s creation to bring 3-D vision to music - The Boston Globe". https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/04/01/inventor-updates-creation-bring-vision-music/4KRSQ8c35h4ejqSU2Zk4EO/story.html.
69. ↑ Kelly, Kevin (19 April 2016). "The Untold Story of Magic Leap, the World's Most Secretive Startup". Wired. https://www.wired.com/2016/04/magic-leap-vr/. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
70. ↑ "Ready or not, the world's first VR water slide is here". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/7/17/17582004/virtual-reality-water-slide-vrslide-ballastvr.
71. ↑ Mura, Gianluca (2011). Metaplasticity in Virtual Worlds: Aesthetics and Semantic Concepts. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-60960-077-8.
72. ↑ Goslin, M and Morie, J F (1996) Virtopia: Emotional Experiences in Virtual Environments with Mike Goslin. Leonardo Journal, Vol 29, no. 2, 1996. MIT Press.
73. ↑ Reichhardt, Tony (1994) Virtual Worlds without End. American Way Magazine, 27 (22). November 1994
74. ↑ "Database of Virtual Art". https://www.digitalartarchive.at/nc/home.html.
75. ↑ "Digital Journal: Inside Canada's first virtual-reality film festival". 2015-09-18. http://www.digitaljournal.com/a-and-e/entertainment/inside-canada-s-first-virtual-reality-film-festival/article/444210.
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77. ↑ "Virtual reality at the British Museum: What is the value of virtual reality environments for learning by children and young people, schools, and families? - MW2016: Museums and the Web 2016". http://mw2016.museumsandtheweb.com/paper/virtual-reality-at-the-british-museum-what-is-the-value-of-virtual-reality-environments-for-learning-by-children-and-young-people-schools-and-families/.
78. ↑ "Extending the Museum Experience with Virtual Reality". 18 March 2016. https://www.guggenheim.org/blogs/checklist/extending-the-museum-experience-with-virtual-reality.
79. ↑ "Goldman Sachs | Our Thinking - Virtual & Augmented Reality: The Next Big Computing Platform?" (in en-US). http://www.goldmansachs.com/our-thinking/pages/virtual-and-augmented-reality-report.html.
80. ↑ Kim, Meeri (August 21, 2016). "Virtual reality apps aim to make exercise less tedious". Tyler Morning Telegraph: pp. A1, A11.
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94. ↑ Burgess, Scott (December 3, 2018). "Use of Virtual Environments for Simulation of Accident Investigation". https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1077&context=aircon.
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96. ↑ Slater, Mel; Pérez Marcos, Daniel; Ehrsson, Henrik; Sanchez-Vives, Maria V. (2009). "Inducing illusory ownership of a virtual body" (in English). Frontiers in Neuroscience 3 (2): 214–20. doi:10.3389/neuro.01.029.2009. ISSN 1662-453X. PMID 20011144.
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105. ↑ Madary, Michael; Metzinger, Thomas K. (2016-02-19). "Recommendations for Good Scientific Practice and the Consumers of VR-Technology". Frontiers in Robotics and AI 3. doi:10.3389/frobt.2016.00003. ISSN 2296-9144.

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